1
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Stern HL, M Gilardoni C, Gu Q, Eizagirre Barker S, Powell OFJ, Deng X, Fraser SA, Follet L, Li C, Ramsay AJ, Tan HH, Aharonovich I, Atatüre M. A quantum coherent spin in hexagonal boron nitride at ambient conditions. Nat Mater 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01887-z. [PMID: 38769205 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state spin-photon interfaces that combine single-photon generation and long-lived spin coherence with scalable device integration-ideally under ambient conditions-hold great promise for the implementation of quantum networks and sensors. Despite rapid progress reported across several candidate systems, those possessing quantum coherent single spins at room temperature remain extremely rare. Here we report quantum coherent control under ambient conditions of a single-photon-emitting defect spin in a layered van der Waals material, namely, hexagonal boron nitride. We identify that the carbon-related defect has a spin-triplet electronic ground-state manifold. We demonstrate that the spin coherence is predominantly governed by coupling to only a few proximal nuclei and is prolonged by decoupling protocols. Our results serve to introduce a new platform to realize a room-temperature spin qubit coupled to a multiqubit quantum register or quantum sensor with nanoscale sample proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Stern
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Photon Science Institute and Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | | | - Qiushi Gu
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Oliver F J Powell
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, Hitachi Europe Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaoxi Deng
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Louis Follet
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chi Li
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J Ramsay
- Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, Hitachi Europe Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mete Atatüre
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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2
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Ma J, Zhang J, Horder J, Sukhorukov AA, Toth M, Neshev DN, Aharonovich I. Engineering Quantum Light Sources with Flat Optics. Adv Mater 2024:e2313589. [PMID: 38477536 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Quantum light sources are essential building blocks for many quantum technologies, enabling secure communication, powerful computing, and precise sensing and imaging. Recent advancements have witnessed a significant shift toward the utilization of "flat" optics with thickness at subwavelength scales for the development of quantum light sources. This approach offers notable advantages over conventional bulky counterparts, including compactness, scalability, and improved efficiency, along with added functionalities. This review focuses on the recent advances in leveraging flat optics to generate quantum light sources. Specifically, the generation of entangled photon pairs through spontaneous parametric down-conversion in nonlinear metasurfaces, and single photon emission from quantum emitters including quantum dots and color centers in 3D and 2D materials are explored. The review covers theoretical principles, fabrication techniques, and properties of these sources, with particular emphasis on the enhanced generation and engineering of quantum light sources using optical resonances supported by nanostructures. The diverse application range of these sources is discussed and the current challenges and perspectives in the field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Ma
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, 2600, Australia
| | - Jihua Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, 2600, Australia
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Jake Horder
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
| | - Andrey A Sukhorukov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, 2600, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
| | - Dragomir N Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, 2600, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
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3
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Do TTH, Nonahal M, Li C, Valuckas V, Tan HH, Kuznetsov AI, Nguyen HS, Aharonovich I, Ha ST. Room-temperature strong coupling in a single-photon emitter-metasurface system. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2281. [PMID: 38480721 PMCID: PMC10937668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid state single-photon sources with high brightness and long coherence time are promising qubit candidates for modern quantum technology. To prevent decoherence processes and preserve the integrity of the qubits, decoupling the emitters from their surrounding environment is essential. To this end, interfacing single photon emitters (SPEs) with high-finesse cavities is required, especially in the strong coupling regime, when the interaction between emitters can be mediated by cavity fields. However, achieving strong coupling at elevated temperatures is challenging due to competing incoherent processes. Here, we address this long-standing problem by using a quantum system, which comprises a class of SPEs in hexagonal boron nitride and a dielectric cavity based on bound states in the continuum (BIC). We experimentally demonstrate, at room temperature, strong coupling of the system with a large Rabi splitting of ~4 meV thanks to the combination of the narrow linewidth and large oscillator strength of the emitters and the efficient photon trapping of the BIC cavity. Our findings unveil opportunities to advance the fundamental understanding of quantum dynamical system in strong coupling regime and to realise scalable quantum devices capable of operating at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thu Ha Do
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Milad Nonahal
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Chi Li
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Vytautas Valuckas
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Arseniy I Kuznetsov
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hai Son Nguyen
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, INL, UMR5270, 69130, Ecully, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75231, Paris, France.
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Son Tung Ha
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
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Sortino L, Gale A, Kühner L, Li C, Biechteler J, Wendisch FJ, Kianinia M, Ren H, Toth M, Maier SA, Aharonovich I, Tittl A. Optically addressable spin defects coupled to bound states in the continuum metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2008. [PMID: 38443418 PMCID: PMC10914779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Van der Waals (vdW) materials, including hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), are layered crystalline solids with appealing properties for investigating light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. hBN has emerged as a versatile building block for nanophotonic structures, and the recent identification of native optically addressable spin defects has opened up exciting possibilities in quantum technologies. However, these defects exhibit relatively low quantum efficiencies and a broad emission spectrum, limiting potential applications. Optical metasurfaces present a novel approach to boost light emission efficiency, offering remarkable control over light-matter coupling at the sub-wavelength regime. Here, we propose and realise a monolithic scalable integration between intrinsic spin defects in hBN metasurfaces and high quality (Q) factor resonances, exceeding 102, leveraging quasi-bound states in the continuum (qBICs). Coupling between defect ensembles and qBIC resonances delivers a 25-fold increase in photoluminescence intensity, accompanied by spectral narrowing to below 4 nm linewidth and increased narrowband spin-readout efficiency. Our findings demonstrate a new class of metasurfaces for spin-defect-based technologies and pave the way towards vdW-based nanophotonic devices with enhanced efficiency and sensitivity for quantum applications in imaging, sensing, and light emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sortino
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Angus Gale
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Lucca Kühner
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Chi Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jonas Biechteler
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Fedja J Wendisch
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Haoran Ren
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Stefan A Maier
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany.
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5
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Ganyecz Á, Babar R, Benedek Z, Aharonovich I, Barcza G, Ivády V. First-principles theory of the nitrogen interstitial in hBN: a plausible model for the blue emitter. Nanoscale 2024; 16:4125-4139. [PMID: 38332749 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05811e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Color centers in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) have attracted considerable attention due to their remarkable optical properties enabling robust room temperature photonics and quantum optics applications in the visible spectral range. On the other hand, identification of the microscopic origin of color centers in hBN has turned out to be a great challenge that hinders the in-depth theoretical characterization, on-demand fabrication, and development of integrated photonic devices. This is also true for the blue emitter, which is a result of irradiation damage in hBN, emitting at 436 nm wavelength with desirable properties. Here, we propose the negatively charged nitrogen split interstitial defect in hBN as a plausible microscopic model for the blue emitter. To this end, we carried out a comprehensive first-principles theoretical study of the nitrogen interstitial. We carefully analyzed the accuracy of first-principles methods and showed that the commonly used HSE hybrid exchange-correlation functional fails to describe the electronic structure of this defect. Using the generalized Koopman's theorem, we fine-tuned the functional and obtained a zero-phonon photoluminescence (ZPL) energy in the blue spectral range. We showed that the defect exhibits a high emission rate in the ZPL line and features a characteristic phonon side band that resembles the blue emitter's spectrum. Furthermore, we studied the electric field dependence of the ZPL and numerically showed that the defect exhibits a quadratic Stark shift that is perpendicular to plane electric fields, making the emitter insensitive to electric field fluctuations in the first order. Our work emphasizes the need for assessing the accuracy of common first-principles methods in hBN and exemplifies a workaround methodology. Furthermore, our work is a step towards understanding the structure of the blue emitter and utilizing it in photonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Ganyecz
- Strongly Correlated Systems Lendület Research Group, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" NewQubit Research Group, Pázmány Péter, Sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Rohit Babar
- Strongly Correlated Systems Lendület Research Group, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" NewQubit Research Group, Pázmány Péter, Sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Benedek
- Strongly Correlated Systems Lendület Research Group, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" NewQubit Research Group, Pázmány Péter, Sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Gergely Barcza
- Strongly Correlated Systems Lendület Research Group, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" NewQubit Research Group, Pázmány Péter, Sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Viktor Ivády
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" NewQubit Research Group, Pázmány Péter, Sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, H-1053 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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6
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Huang X, Horder J, Wong WW, Wang N, Bian Y, Yamamura K, Aharonovich I, Jagadish C, Tan HH. Scalable Bright and Pure Single Photon Sources by Droplet Epitaxy on InP Nanowire Arrays. ACS Nano 2024. [PMID: 38315082 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
High-quality quantum light sources are crucial components for the implementation of practical and reliable quantum technologies. The persistent challenge, however, is the lack of scalable and deterministic single photon sources that can be synthesized reproducibly. Here, we present a combination of droplet epitaxy with selective area epitaxy to realize the deterministic growth of single quantum dots in nanowire arrays. By optimization of the single quantum dot growth and the nanowire cavity design, single emissions are effectively coupled with the dominant mode of the nanowires to realize Purcell enhancement. The resonance-enhanced quantum emitter system boasts a brightness of millions of counts per second with nanowatt excitation power, a short radiation lifetime of 350 ± 5 ps, and a high single-photon purity with g(2)(0) value of 0.05 with continuous wave above-band excitation. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation results show that the emissions of single quantum dots are coupled into the TM01 mode of the nanowires, giving a Purcell factor ≈ 3. Our technology can be used for creating on-chip scalable single photon sources for future quantum technology applications including quantum networks, quantum computation, and quantum imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Huang
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Jake Horder
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Wei Wen Wong
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Naiyin Wang
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Yue Bian
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Karin Yamamura
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
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7
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Ding L, Chen C, Shan X, Liu B, Wang D, Du Z, Zhao G, Su QP, Yang Y, Halkon B, Tran TT, Liao J, Aharonovich I, Zhang M, Cheng F, Fu L, Xu X, Wang F. Optical Nonlinearity Enabled Super-Resolved Multiplexing Microscopy. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2308844. [PMID: 37972577 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical multiplexing for nanoscale object recognition is of great significance within the intricate domains of biology, medicine, anti-counterfeiting, and microscopic imaging. Traditionally, the multiplexing dimensions of nanoscopy are limited to emission intensity, color, lifetime, and polarization. Here, a novel dimension, optical nonlinearity, is proposed for super-resolved multiplexing microscopy. This optical nonlinearity is attributable to the energy transitions between multiple energy levels of the doped lanthanide ions in upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), resulting in unique optical fingerprints for UCNPs with different compositions. A vortex beam is applied to transport the optical nonlinearity onto the imaging point-spread function (PSF), creating a robust super-resolved multiplexing imaging strategy for differentiating UCNPs with distinctive optical nonlinearities. The composition information of the nanoparticles can be retrieved with variations of the corresponding PSF in the obtained image. Four channels multiplexing super-resolved imaging with a single scanning, applying emission color and nonlinearity of two orthogonal imaging dimensions with a spatial resolution higher than 150 nm (1/6.5λ), are demonstrated. This work provides a new and orthogonal dimension - optical nonlinearity - to existing multiplexing dimensions, which shows great potential in bioimaging, anti-counterfeiting, microarray assays, deep tissue multiplexing detection, and high-density data storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Chaohao Chen
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xuchen Shan
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Baolei Liu
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dajing Wang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ziqing Du
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Guanshu Zhao
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Qian Peter Su
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Benjamin Halkon
- Centre for Audio, Acoustics and Vibration, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Toan Trong Tran
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Jiayan Liao
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Min Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Faliang Cheng
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Lan Fu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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8
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Wong WW, Wang N, Esser BD, Church SA, Li L, Lockrey M, Aharonovich I, Parkinson P, Etheridge J, Jagadish C, Tan HH. Bottom-up, Chip-Scale Engineering of Low Threshold, Multi-Quantum-Well Microring Lasers. ACS Nano 2023; 17:15065-15076. [PMID: 37449797 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Integrated, on-chip lasers are vital building blocks in future optoelectronic and nanophotonic circuitry. Specifically, III-V materials that are of technological relevance have attracted considerable attention. However, traditional microcavity laser fabrication techniques, including top-down etching and bottom-up catalytic growth, often result in undesirable cavity geometries with poor scalability and reproducibility. Here, we utilize the selective area epitaxy method to deterministically engineer thousands of microring lasers on a single chip. Specifically, we realize a catalyst-free, epitaxial growth of a technologically critical material, InAsP/InP, in a ring-like cavity with embedded multi-quantum-well heterostructures. We elucidate a detailed growth mechanism and leverage the capability to deterministically control the adatom diffusion lengths on selected crystal facets to reproducibly achieve ultrasmooth cavity sidewalls. The engineered devices exhibit a tunable emission wavelength in the telecommunication O-band and show low-threshold lasing with over 80% device efficacy across the chip. Our work marks a significant milestone toward the implementation of a fully integrated III-V materials platform for next-generation high-density integrated photonic and optoelectronic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wen Wong
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Naiyin Wang
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Bryan D Esser
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Stephen A Church
- Photon Science Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Li Li
- Australian National Fabrication Facility ACT Node, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Mark Lockrey
- Microstructural Analysis Unit, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Patrick Parkinson
- Photon Science Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Etheridge
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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9
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Nonahal M, Horder J, Gale A, Ding L, Li C, Hennessey M, Ha ST, Toth M, Aharonovich I. Deterministic Fabrication of a Coupled Cavity-Emitter System in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37418703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Light-matter interactions in optical cavities underpin many applications of integrated quantum photonics. Among various solid-state platforms, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is gaining considerable interest as a compelling van der Waals host of quantum emitters. However, progress to date has been limited by an inability to engineer simultaneously an hBN emitter and a narrow-band photonic resonator at a predetermined wavelength. Here, we overcome this problem and demonstrate deterministic fabrication of hBN nanobeam photonic crystal cavities with high quality factors over a broad spectral range (∼400 to 850 nm). We then fabricate a monolithic, coupled cavity-emitter system designed for a blue quantum emitter that has an emission wavelength of 436 nm and is induced deterministically by electron beam irradiation of the cavity hotspot. Our work constitutes a promising path to scalable on-chip quantum photonics and paves the way to quantum networks based on van der Waals materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Nonahal
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jake Horder
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Angus Gale
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Lu Ding
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Kinesis 138635 Singapore
| | - Chi Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Madeline Hennessey
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Son Tung Ha
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Kinesis 138635 Singapore
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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10
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Robertson IO, Scholten SC, Singh P, Healey AJ, Meneses F, Reineck P, Abe H, Ohshima T, Kianinia M, Aharonovich I, Tetienne JP. Detection of Paramagnetic Spins with an Ultrathin van der Waals Quantum Sensor. ACS Nano 2023. [PMID: 37406158 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Detecting magnetic noise from small quantities of paramagnetic spins is a powerful capability for chemical, biochemical, and medical analysis. Quantum sensors based on optically addressable spin defects in bulk semiconductors are typically employed for such purposes, but the 3D crystal structure of the sensor inhibits sensitivity by limiting the proximity of the defects to the target spins. Here we demonstrate the detection of paramagnetic spins using spin defects hosted in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), a van der Waals material that can be exfoliated into the 2D regime. We first create negatively charged boron vacancy (VB-) defects in a powder of ultrathin hBN nanoflakes (<10 atomic monolayers thick on average) and measure the longitudinal spin relaxation time (T1) of this system. We then decorate the dry hBN nanopowder with paramagnetic Gd3+ ions and observe a clear T1 quenching under ambient conditions, consistent with the added magnetic noise. Finally, we demonstrate the possibility of performing spin measurements, including T1 relaxometry using solution-suspended hBN nanopowder. Our results highlight the potential and versatility of the hBN quantum sensor for a range of sensing applications and make steps toward the realization of a truly 2D, ultrasensitive quantum sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islay O Robertson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Sam C Scholten
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Priya Singh
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Alexander J Healey
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fernando Meneses
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Philipp Reineck
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
- Department of Materials Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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11
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Gale A, Scognamiglio D, Zhigulin I, Whitefield B, Kianinia M, Aharonovich I, Toth M. Manipulating the Charge State of Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37363816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Negatively charged boron vacancies (VB-) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) have recently gained interest as spin defects for quantum information processing and quantum sensing by a layered material. However, the boron vacancy can exist in a number of charge states in the hBN lattice, but only the -1 state has spin-dependent photoluminescence and acts as a spin-photon interface. Here, we investigate the charge state switching of VB defects under laser and electron beam excitation. We demonstrate deterministic, reversible switching between the -1 and 0 states (VB- ⇌ VB0 + e-), occurring at rates controlled by excess electrons or holes injected into hBN by a layered heterostructure device. Our work provides a means to monitor and manipulate the VB charge state, and to stabilize the -1 state which is a prerequisite for spin manipulation and optical readout of the defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Gale
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dominic Scognamiglio
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ivan Zhigulin
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Benjamin Whitefield
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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12
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Montblanch ARP, Barbone M, Aharonovich I, Atatüre M, Ferrari AC. Layered materials as a platform for quantum technologies. Nat Nanotechnol 2023:10.1038/s41565-023-01354-x. [PMID: 37322143 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Layered materials are taking centre stage in the ever-increasing research effort to develop material platforms for quantum technologies. We are at the dawn of the era of layered quantum materials. Their optical, electronic, magnetic, thermal and mechanical properties make them attractive for most aspects of this global pursuit. Layered materials have already shown potential as scalable components, including quantum light sources, photon detectors and nanoscale sensors, and have enabled research of new phases of matter within the broader field of quantum simulations. In this Review we discuss opportunities and challenges faced by layered materials within the landscape of material platforms for quantum technologies. In particular, we focus on applications that rely on light-matter interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R-P Montblanch
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Barbone
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, (MCQST), Munich, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institut and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mete Atatüre
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Bylinkin A, Calavalle F, Barra-Burillo M, Kirtaev RV, Nikulina E, Modin E, Janzen E, Edgar JH, Casanova F, Hueso LE, Volkov VS, Vavassori P, Aharonovich I, Alonso-Gonzalez P, Hillenbrand R, Nikitin AY. Dual-Band Coupling of Phonon and Surface Plasmon Polaritons with Vibrational and Electronic Excitations in Molecules. Nano Lett 2023; 23:3985-3993. [PMID: 37116103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling (SC) between light and matter excitations bears intriguing potential for manipulating material properties. Typically, SC has been achieved between mid-infrared (mid-IR) light and molecular vibrations or between visible light and excitons. However, simultaneously achieving SC in both frequency bands remains unexplored. Here, we introduce polaritonic nanoresonators (formed by h-BN layers on Al ribbons) hosting surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at visible frequencies and phonon polaritons (PhPs) at mid-IR frequencies, which simultaneously couple to excitons and molecular vibrations in an adjacent layer of CoPc molecules, respectively. Employing near-field optical nanoscopy, we demonstrate the colocalization of near fields at both visible and mid-IR frequencies. Far-field transmission spectroscopy of the nanoresonator structure covered with a layer of CoPc molecules shows clear mode splittings in both frequency ranges, revealing simultaneous SPP-exciton and PhP-vibron coupling. Dual-band SC may offer potential for manipulating coupling between exciton and molecular vibration in future optoelectronics, nanophotonics, and quantum information applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Bylinkin
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia - San Sebastian 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia - San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | | | | | - Roman V Kirtaev
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Dubai, DIP 00000, UAE
| | | | - Evgeny Modin
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia - San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia - San Sebastian 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Luis E Hueso
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia - San Sebastian 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Valentyn S Volkov
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Dubai, DIP 00000, UAE
| | - Paolo Vavassori
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia - San Sebastian 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Pablo Alonso-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), El Entego 33940, Spain
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA and EHU/UPV, Donostia - San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Alexey Y Nikitin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia - San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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14
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Jones C, Xavier J, Vartabi Kashanian S, Nguyen M, Aharonovich I, Vollmer F. Time-dependent Mandel Q parameter analysis for a hexagonal boron nitride single photon source. Opt Express 2023; 31:10794-10804. [PMID: 37157618 DOI: 10.1364/oe.485216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The time-dependent Mandel Q parameter, Q(T), provides a measure of photon number variance for a light source as a function of integration time. Here, we use Q(T) to characterise single photon emission from a quantum emitter in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Under pulsed excitation a negative Q parameter was measured, indicating photon antibunching at an integration time of 100 ns. For larger integration times Q is positive and the photon statistics become super-Poissonian, and we show by comparison with a Monte Carlo simulation for a three-level emitter that this is consistent with the effect of a metastable shelving state. Looking towards technological applications for hBN single photon sources, we propose that Q(T) provides valuable information on the intensity stability of single photon emission. This is useful in addition to the commonly used g(2)(τ) function for the complete characterisation of a hBN emitter.
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15
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Chen Y, Li C, Yang T, Ekimov EA, Bradac C, Ha ST, Toth M, Aharonovich I, Tran TT. Real-Time Ratiometric Optical Nanoscale Thermometry. ACS Nano 2023; 17:2725-2736. [PMID: 36661346 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All-optical nanothermometry has become a powerful, remote tool for measuring nanoscale temperatures in applications ranging from medicine to nano-optics and solid-state nanodevices. The key features of any candidate nanothermometer are brightness, sensitivity, and (signal, spatial, and temporal) resolution. Here, we demonstrate a real-time, diamond-based nanothermometry technique with excellent sensitivity (1.8% K-1) and record-high resolution (5.8 × 104 K Hz-1/2 W cm-2) based on codoped nanodiamonds. The distinct performance of our approach stems from two factors: (i) temperature sensors─nanodiamonds cohosting two group IV color centers─engineered to emit spectrally separated Stokes and anti-Stokes fluorescence signals under excitation by a single laser source and (ii) a parallel detection scheme based on filtering optics and high-sensitivity photon counters for fast readout. We demonstrate the performance of our method by monitoring temporal changes in the local temperature of a microcircuit and a MoTe2 field-effect transistor. Our work advances a powerful, alternative strategy for time-resolved temperature monitoring and mapping of micro-/nanoscale devices such as microfluidic channels, nanophotonic circuits, and nanoelectronic devices, as well as complex biological environments such as tissues and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Evgeny A Ekimov
- Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk142190, Russia
- Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow117924, Russia
| | - Carlo Bradac
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, OntarioK9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Son Tung Ha
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has emerged as a fascinating platform to explore quantum emitters and their applications. Beyond being a wide-bandgap material, it is also a van der Waals crystal, enabling direct exfoliation of atomically thin layers─a combination which offers unique advantages over bulk, 3D crystals. In this Mini Review we discuss the unique properties of hBN quantum emitters and highlight progress toward their future implementation in practical devices. We focus on engineering and integration of the emitters with scalable photonic resonators. We also highlight recently discovered spin defects in hBN and discuss their potential utility for quantum sensing. All in all, hBN has become a front runner in explorations of solid-state quantum science with promising future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | | | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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17
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Ding L, Shan X, Wang D, Liu B, Du Z, Di X, Chen C, Maddahfar M, Zhang L, Shi Y, Reece P, Halkon B, Aharonovich I, Xu X, Wang F. Lanthanide Ion Resonance-Driven Rayleigh Scattering of Nanoparticles for Dual-Modality Interferometric Scattering Microscopy. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2203354. [PMID: 35975425 PMCID: PMC9661846 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Light scattering from nanoparticles is significant in nanoscale imaging, photon confinement. and biosensing. However, engineering the scattering spectrum, traditionally by modifying the geometric feature of particles, requires synthesis and fabrication with nanometre accuracy. Here it is reported that doping lanthanide ions can engineer the scattering properties of low-refractive-index nanoparticles. When the excitation wavelength matches the ion resonance frequency of lanthanide ions, the polarizability and the resulted scattering cross-section of nanoparticles are dramatically enhanced. It is demonstrated that these purposely engineered nanoparticles can be used for interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy. Conceptually, a dual-modality iSCAT microscopy is further developed to identify different nanoparticle types in living HeLa cells. The work provides insight into engineering the scattering features by doping elements in nanomaterials, further inspiring exploration of the geometry-independent scattering modulation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
- School of Electrical and Data EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Information TechnologyUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
| | - Xuchen Shan
- School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
- School of Electrical and Data EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Information TechnologyUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
- School of PhysicsBeihang UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Dejiang Wang
- School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
| | - Baolei Liu
- School of PhysicsBeihang UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Ziqing Du
- School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
| | - Xiangjun Di
- School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
| | - Chaohao Chen
- School of Electrical and Data EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Information TechnologyUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
| | - Mahnaz Maddahfar
- School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Electrical and Data EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Information TechnologyUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano FabricationDepartment of Micro/Nano ElectronicsShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Peter Reece
- School of PhysicsThe University of New South WalesKensingtonNew South Wales2033Australia
| | - Benjamin Halkon
- Centre for Audio, Acoustics & VibrationFaculty of Engineering & ITUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta‐Optical Systems (TMOS)Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information TechnologyUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Electrical and Data EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Information TechnologyUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South Wales2007Australia
- School of PhysicsBeihang UniversityBeijing100191China
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18
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Nonahal M, Li C, Tjiptoharsono F, Ding L, Stewart C, Scott J, Toth M, Ha ST, Kianinia M, Aharonovich I. Coupling spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride to titanium dioxide ring resonators. Nanoscale 2022; 14:14950-14955. [PMID: 36069362 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02522a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spin-dependent optical transitions are attractive for a plethora of applications in quantum technologies. Here we report on utilization of high quality ring resonators fabricated from TiO2 to enhance the emission from negatively charged boron vacancies (VB-) in hexagonal Boron Nitride. We show that the emission from these defects can efficiently couple into the whispering gallery modes of the ring resonators. Optically coupled VB- showed photoluminescence contrast in optically detected magnetic resonance signals from the hybrid coupled devices. Our results demonstrate a practical method for integration of spin defects in 2D materials with dielectric resonators which is a promising platform for quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Nonahal
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Chi Li
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Febiana Tjiptoharsono
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Kinesis, 138635 Singapore
| | - Lu Ding
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Kinesis, 138635 Singapore
| | - Connor Stewart
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - John Scott
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Son Tung Ha
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Kinesis, 138635 Singapore
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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19
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Chen D, Fröch JE, Ru S, Cai H, Wang N, Adamo G, Scott J, Li F, Zheludev N, Aharonovich I, Gao W. Quantum Interference of Resonance Fluorescence from Germanium-Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond. Nano Lett 2022; 22:6306-6312. [PMID: 35913802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Resonance fluorescence from a quantum emitter is an ideal source to extract indistinguishable photons. By using the cross-polarization to suppress the laser scattering, we observed resonance fluorescence from GeV color centers in diamond at cryogenic temperature. The Fourier-transform-limited line width emission with T2/2T1 ∼ 0.86 allows for two-photon interference based on single GeV color center. Under pulsed excitation, the separated photons exhibit a Hong-Ou-Mandel quantum interference above classical limit, whereas the continuous-wave excitation leads to a coalescence time window of 1.05 radiative lifetime. In addition, we demonstrated a single-shot readout of spin states with a fidelity of 74%. Our experiments lay down the foundation for building a quantum network with GeV color centers in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disheng Chen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Shihao Ru
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongbing Cai
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Naizhou Wang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Giorgio Adamo
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - John Scott
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Fuli Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Nikolay Zheludev
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Hampshire, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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20
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White SJU, Yang T, Dontschuk N, Li C, Xu ZQ, Kianinia M, Stacey A, Toth M, Aharonovich I. Author Correction: Electrical control of quantum emitters in a Van der Waals heterostructure. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:226. [PMID: 35843977 PMCID: PMC9288996 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J U White
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Tieshan Yang
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Nikolai Dontschuk
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Chi Li
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Zai-Quan Xu
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Alastair Stacey
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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21
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White SJU, Yang T, Dontschuk N, Li C, Xu ZQ, Kianinia M, Stacey A, Toth M, Aharonovich I. Electrical control of quantum emitters in a Van der Waals heterostructure. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:186. [PMID: 35725815 PMCID: PMC9209426 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Controlling and manipulating individual quantum systems in solids underpins the growing interest in the development of scalable quantum technologies. Recently, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has garnered significant attention in quantum photonic applications due to its ability to host optically stable quantum emitters. However, the large bandgap of hBN and the lack of efficient doping inhibits electrical triggering and limits opportunities to study the electrical control of emitters. Here, we show an approach to electrically modulate quantum emitters in an hBN-graphene van der Waals heterostructure. We show that quantum emitters in hBN can be reversibly activated and modulated by applying a bias across the device. Notably, a significant number of quantum emitters are intrinsically dark and become optically active at non-zero voltages. To explain the results, we provide a heuristic electrostatic model of this unique behavior. Finally, employing these devices we demonstrate a nearly-coherent source with linewidths of ~160 MHz. Our results enhance the potential of hBN for tunable solid-state quantum emitters for the growing field of quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J U White
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Tieshan Yang
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Nikolai Dontschuk
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Chi Li
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Zai-Quan Xu
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Alastair Stacey
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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22
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Mu Z, Cai H, Chen D, Kenny J, Jiang Z, Ru S, Lyu X, Koh TS, Liu X, Aharonovich I, Gao W. Excited-State Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance of Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:216402. [PMID: 35687466 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.216402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Negatively charged boron vacancy (V_{B}^{-}) centers in hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) are promising spin defects in a van der Waals crystal. Understanding the spin properties of the excited state (ES) is critical for realizing dynamic nuclear polarization. Here, we report zero-field splitting in the ES of D_{ES}=2160 MHz and its associated optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) contrast of 12% at cryogenic temperature. In contrast to nitrogen vacancy (NV^{-}) centers in diamond, the ODMR contrast of V_{B}^{-} centers is more prominent at cryotemperature than at room temperature. The ES has a g factor similar to the ground state. The ES photodynamics is further elucidated by measuring the level anticrossing of the V_{B}^{-} defects under varying external magnetic fields. Our results provide important information for utilizing the spin defects of h-BN in quantum technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Mu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Hongbing Cai
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Disheng Chen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Kenny
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhengzhi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Shihao Ru
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiaodan Lyu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Teck Seng Koh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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23
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Zeng HZ, Ngyuen MAP, Ai X, Bennet A, Solntsev AS, Laucht A, Al-Juboori A, Toth M, Mildren RP, Malaney R, Aharonovich I. Integrated room temperature single-photon source for quantum key distribution: publisher's note. Opt Lett 2022; 47:2161. [PMID: 35486749 DOI: 10.1364/ol.460614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This publisher's note contains a correction to Opt. Lett.47, 1673 (2022)10.1364/OL.454450.
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24
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Murzakhanov FF, Mamin GV, Orlinskii SB, Gerstmann U, Schmidt WG, Biktagirov T, Aharonovich I, Gottscholl A, Sperlich A, Dyakonov V, Soltamov VA. Electron-Nuclear Coherent Coupling and Nuclear Spin Readout through Optically Polarized V B- Spin States in hBN. Nano Lett 2022; 22:2718-2724. [PMID: 35357842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coherent coupling of defect spins with surrounding nuclei along with the endowment to read out the latter are basic requirements for an application in quantum technologies. We show that negatively charged boron vacancies (VB-) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) meet these prerequisites. We demonstrate Hahn-echo coherence of the VB- spin with a characteristic decay time Tcoh = 15 μs, close to the theoretically predicted limit of 18 μs for defects in hBN. Elongation of the coherence time up to 36 μs is demonstrated by means of the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill decoupling technique. Modulation of the Hahn-echo decay is shown to be induced by coherent coupling of the VB- spin with the three nearest 14N nuclei via a nuclear quadrupole interaction of 2.11 MHz. DFT calculation confirms that the electron-nuclear coupling is confined to the defective layer and stays almost unchanged with a transition from the bulk to the single layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Uwe Gerstmann
- Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Wolf Gero Schmidt
- Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Timur Biktagirov
- Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Andreas Gottscholl
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Sperlich
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Dyakonov
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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25
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Zeng HZJ, Ngyuen MAP, Ai X, Bennet A, Solnstev AS, Laucht A, Al-Juboori A, Toth M, Mildren RP, Malaney R, Aharonovich I. Integrated room temperature single-photon source for quantum key distribution. Opt Lett 2022; 47:1673-1676. [PMID: 35363706 DOI: 10.1364/ol.454450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High-purity single-photon sources (SPS) that can operate at room temperature are highly desirable for a myriad of applications, including quantum photonics and quantum key distribution. In this work, we realize an ultra-bright solid-state SPS based on an atomic defect in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) integrated with a solid immersion lens (SIL). The SIL increases the source efficiency by a factor of six, and the integrated system is capable of producing over ten million single photons per second at room temperature. Our results are promising for practical applications of SPS in quantum communication protocols.
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26
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Yang T, Mendelson N, Li C, Gottscholl A, Scott J, Kianinia M, Dyakonov V, Toth M, Aharonovich I. Spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride for strain sensing on nanopillar arrays. Nanoscale 2022; 14:5239-5244. [PMID: 35315850 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07919k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has attracted much attention as a platform for studies of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale, especially in quantum nanophotonics. Recent efforts have focused on spin defects, specifically negatively charged boron vacancy (VB-) centers. Here, we demonstrate a scalable method to enhance the VB- emission using an array of SiO2 nanopillars. We achieve a 4-fold increase in photoluminescence (PL) intensity, and a corresponding 4-fold enhancement in optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) contrast. Furthermore, the VB- ensembles provide useful information about the strain fields associated with the strained hBN at the nanopillar sites. Our results provide an accessible way to increase the emission intensity as well as the ODMR contrast of the VB- defects, while simultaneously form a basis for miniaturized quantum sensors in layered heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieshan Yang
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Noah Mendelson
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Chi Li
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Andreas Gottscholl
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - John Scott
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Vladimir Dyakonov
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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27
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Tan Q, Lai JM, Liu XL, Guo D, Xue Y, Dou X, Sun BQ, Deng HX, Tan PH, Aharonovich I, Gao W, Zhang J. Donor-Acceptor Pair Quantum Emitters in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. Nano Lett 2022; 22:1331-1337. [PMID: 35073101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum emitters are needed for a myriad of applications ranging from quantum sensing to quantum computing. Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) quantum emitters are one of the most promising solid-state platforms to date due to their high brightness and stability and the possibility of a spin-photon interface. However, the understanding of the physical origins of the single-photon emitters (SPEs) is still limited. Here we report dense SPEs in hBN across the entire visible spectrum and present evidence that most of these SPEs can be well explained by donor-acceptor pairs (DAPs). On the basis of the DAP transition generation mechanism, we calculated their wavelength fingerprint, matching well with the experimentally observed photoluminescence spectrum. Our work serves as a step forward for the physical understanding of SPEs in hBN and their applications in quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Jia-Min Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue-Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongzhou Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuming Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao-Quan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui-Xiong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping-Heng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Science, Beijing 100193, China
- CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Science, Beijing 100193, China
- CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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28
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Liu H, Mendelson N, Abidi IH, Li S, Liu Z, Cai Y, Zhang K, You J, Tamtaji M, Wong H, Ding Y, Chen G, Aharonovich I, Luo Z. Rational Control on Quantum Emitter Formation in Carbon-Doped Monolayer Hexagonal Boron Nitride. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:3189-3198. [PMID: 34989551 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon emitters (SPEs) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are promising candidates for quantum light generation. Despite this, techniques to control the formation of hBN SPEs down to the monolayer limit are yet to be demonstrated. Recent experimental and theoretical investigations have suggested that the visible wavelength single-photon emitters in hBN originate from carbon-related defects. Here, we demonstrate a simple strategy for controlling SPE creation during the chemical vapor deposition growth of monolayer hBN via regulating surface carbon concentration. By increasing the surface carbon concentration during hBN growth, we observe increases in carbon doping levels by 2.4-fold for B-C bonds and 1.6-fold for N-C bonds. For the same samples, we observe an increase in the SPE density from 0.13 to 0.30 emitters/μm2. Our simple method enables the reliable creation of hBN SPEs in monolayer samples for the first time, opening the door to advanced two-dimensional (2D) quantum state engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Noah Mendelson
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Irfan H Abidi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 117542 Singapore
| | - Shaobo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Cai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiawen You
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Mohsen Tamtaji
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hoilun Wong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yao Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Guojie Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, P. R. China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, P. R. China
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Zhengtang Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
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29
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Tashima T, Takashima H, Schell AW, Tran TT, Aharonovich I, Takeuchi S. Hybrid device of hexagonal boron nitride nanoflakes with defect centres and a nano-fibre Bragg cavity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:96. [PMID: 34996941 PMCID: PMC8741929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-state quantum emitters coupled with a single mode fibre are of interest for photonic and quantum applications. In this context, nanofibre Bragg cavities (NFBCs), which are microcavities fabricated in an optical nanofibre, are promising devices because they can efficiently couple photons emitted from the quantum emitters to the single mode fibre. Recently, we have realized a hybrid device of an NFBC and a single colloidal CdSe/ZnS quantum dot. However, colloidal quantum dots exhibit inherent photo-bleaching. Thus, it is desired to couple an NFBC with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as stable quantum emitters. In this work, we realize a hybrid system of an NFBC and ensemble defect centres in hBN nanoflakes. In this experiment, we fabricate NFBCs with a quality factor of 807 and a resonant wavelength at around 573 nm, which matches well with the fluorescent wavelength of the hBN, using helium-focused ion beam (FIB) system. We also develop a manipulation system to place hBN nanoflakes on a cavity region of the NFBCs and realize a hybrid device with an NFBC. By exciting the nanoflakes via an objective lens and collecting the fluorescence through the NFBC, we observe a sharp emission peak at the resonant wavelength of the NFBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Tashima
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takashima
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Andreas W Schell
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany.,Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Toan Trong Tran
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Shigeki Takeuchi
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.
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30
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Mendelson N, Ritika R, Kianinia M, Scott J, Kim S, Fröch JE, Gazzana C, Westerhausen M, Xiao L, Mohajerani SS, Strauf S, Toth M, Aharonovich I, Xu ZQ. Coupling Spin Defects in a Layered Material to Nanoscale Plasmonic Cavities. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2106046. [PMID: 34601757 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride, and specifically the negatively charged boron vacancy (VB - ) centers, are emerging candidates for quantum sensing. However, the VB - defects suffer from low quantum efficiency and, as a result, exhibit weak photoluminescence. In this work, a scalable approach is demonstrated to dramatically enhance the VB - emission by coupling to a plasmonic gap cavity. The plasmonic cavity is composed of a flat gold surface and a silver cube, with few-layer hBN flakes positioned in between. Employing these plasmonic cavities, two orders of magnitude are extracted in photoluminescence enhancement associated with a corresponding twofold enhancement in optically detected magnetic resonance contrast. The work will be pivotal to progress in quantum sensing employing 2D materials, and in realization of nanophotonic devices with spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Mendelson
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Ritika Ritika
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - John Scott
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Camilla Gazzana
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Mika Westerhausen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Licheng Xiao
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Seyed Sepehr Mohajerani
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Stefan Strauf
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Zai-Quan Xu
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
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31
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Fröch JE, Li C, Chen Y, Toth M, Kianinia M, Kim S, Aharonovich I. Purcell Enhancement of a Cavity-Coupled Emitter in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. Small 2022; 18:e2104805. [PMID: 34837313 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Integration of solid-state quantum emitters into nanophotonic circuits is a critical step towards fully on-chip quantum photonic-based technologies. Among potential materials platforms, quantum emitters in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) have emerged as a viable candidate over the last years. While the fundamental physical properties have been intensively studied, only a few works have focused on the emitter integration into photonic resonators. Yet, for a potential quantum photonic material platform, the integration with nanophotonic cavities is an important cornerstone, as it enables the deliberate tuning of the spontaneous emission and the improved readout of distinct transitions for a quantum emitter. In this work, the resonant tuning of a monolithic cavity integrated hBN quantum emitter is demonstrated through gas condensation at cryogenic temperature. In resonance, an emission enhancement and lifetime reduction are observed, with an estimate for the Purcell factor of ≈15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Chi Li
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Yongliang Chen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
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32
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Tran TN, Kim S, White SJU, Nguyen MAP, Xiao L, Strauf S, Yang T, Aharonovich I, Xu ZQ. Enhanced Emission from Interlayer Excitons Coupled to Plasmonic Gap Cavities. Small 2021; 17:e2103994. [PMID: 34605163 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of interlayer excitons (IEs) from atomic layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) heterostructures has drawn tremendous attention due to their unique and exotic optoelectronic properties. Coupling the IEs into optical cavities provides distinctive electromagnetic environments which plays an important role in controlling multiple optical processes such as optical nonlinear generation or photoluminescence enhancement. Here, the integration of IEs in TMDCs into plasmonic nanocavities based on a nanocube on a metallic mirror is reported. Spectroscopic studies reveal an order of magnitude enhancement of the IE at room temperature and a 5-time enhancement in fluorescence at cryogenic temperatures. Cavity modeling reveals that the enhancement of the emission is attributed to both increased excitation efficiency and Purcell effect from the cavity. The results show a novel method to control the excitonic processes in TMDC heterostructures to build high performance photonics and optoelectronics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinh N Tran
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Simon J U White
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Minh Anh Phan Nguyen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Licheng Xiao
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Stefan Strauf
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Tieshan Yang
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Zai-Quan Xu
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
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33
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Chen Y, Li C, White S, Nonahal M, Xu ZQ, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Toth M, Tran TT, Aharonovich I. Generation of High-Density Quantum Emitters in High-Quality, Exfoliated Hexagonal Boron Nitride. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:47283-47292. [PMID: 34549932 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon emitters in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are promising constituents for integrated quantum photonics. Specifically, engineering these emitters in large-area, high-quality, exfoliated hBN is needed for their incorporation into photonic devices and two dimensional heterostructures. Here, we report on two different routes to generate high-density quantum emitters with excellent optical properties-including high brightness and photostability. We study in detail high-temperature annealing and plasma treatments as an efficient means to generate dense emitters. We show that both an optimal oxygen flow rate and annealing temperature are required for the formation of high-density quantum emitters. In parallel, we demonstrate that the plasma treatment in various environments, followed by standard annealing is also an effective route for emission engineering. Our work provides vital information for the fabrication of quantum emitters in high-quality, exfoliated hBN flakes and paves the way toward the integration of the quantum emitters with photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Chen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Chi Li
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Simon White
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Milad Nonahal
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Zai-Quan Xu
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Toan Trong Tran
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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34
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Fröch JE, Spencer LP, Kianinia M, Totonjian DD, Nguyen M, Gottscholl A, Dyakonov V, Toth M, Kim S, Aharonovich I. Coupling Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride to Monolithic Bullseye Cavities. Nano Lett 2021; 21:6549-6555. [PMID: 34288695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Color centers in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are becoming an increasingly important building block for quantum photonic applications. Herein, we demonstrate the efficient coupling of recently discovered spin defects in hBN to purposely designed bullseye cavities. We show that boron vacancy spin defects couple to the monolithic hBN cavity system and exhibit a 6.5-fold enhancement. In addition, by comparative finite-difference time-domain modeling, we shed light on the emission dipole orientation, which has not been experimentally demonstrated at this point. Beyond that, the coupled spin system exhibits an enhanced contrast in optically detected magnetic resonance readout and improved signal-to-noise ratio. Thus, our experimental results, supported by simulations, constitute a first step toward integration of hBN spin defects with photonic resonators for a scalable spin-photon interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Lesley P Spencer
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Daniel D Totonjian
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Minh Nguyen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Andreas Gottscholl
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Dyakonov
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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35
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Gottscholl A, Diez M, Soltamov V, Kasper C, Krauße D, Sperlich A, Kianinia M, Bradac C, Aharonovich I, Dyakonov V. Spin defects in hBN as promising temperature, pressure and magnetic field quantum sensors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4480. [PMID: 34294695 PMCID: PMC8298442 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin defects in solid-state materials are strong candidate systems for quantum information technology and sensing applications. Here we explore in details the recently discovered negatively charged boron vacancies (VB-) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and demonstrate their use as atomic scale sensors for temperature, magnetic fields and externally applied pressure. These applications are possible due to the high-spin triplet ground state and bright spin-dependent photoluminescence of the VB-. Specifically, we find that the frequency shift in optically detected magnetic resonance measurements is not only sensitive to static magnetic fields, but also to temperature and pressure changes which we relate to crystal lattice parameters. We show that spin-rich hBN films are potentially applicable as intrinsic sensors in heterostructures made of functionalized 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gottscholl
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Diez
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Victor Soltamov
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Christian Kasper
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Krauße
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Sperlich
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Carlo Bradac
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Vladimir Dyakonov
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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36
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Gale A, Fröch JE, Kianinia M, Bishop J, Aharonovich I, Toth M. Recoil implantation using gas-phase precursor molecules. Nanoscale 2021; 13:9322-9327. [PMID: 33988218 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ion implantation underpins a vast range of devices and technologies that require precise control over the physical, chemical, electronic, magnetic and optical properties of materials. A variant termed "recoil implantation" - in which a precursor is deposited onto a substrate as a thin film and implanted via momentum transfer from incident energetic ions - has a number of compelling advantages, particularly when performed using an inert ion nano-beam [Fröch et al., Nat. Commun., 2020, 11, 5039]. However, a major drawback of this approach is that the implant species are limited to the constituents of solid thin films. Here we overcome this limitation by demonstrating recoil implantation using gas-phase precursors. Specifically, we fabricate nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond using an Ar+ ion beam and the nitrogen-containing precursor gases N2, NH3 and NF3. Our work expands the applicability of recoil implantation with the potential to be suitable to a larger portion of the periodic table, and to applications in which thin film deposition/removal is impractical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Gale
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - James Bishop
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia. and ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia. and ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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37
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Yang J, Krix ZE, Kim S, Tang J, Mayyas M, Wang Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Li LH, Hamilton AR, Aharonovich I, Sushkov OP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Near-Field Excited Archimedean-like Tiling Patterns in Phonon-Polaritonic Crystals. ACS Nano 2021; 15:9134-9142. [PMID: 33929186 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phonon-polaritons (PhPs) arise from the strong coupling of photons to optical phonons. They offer light confinement and harnessing below the diffraction limit for applications including sensing, imaging, superlensing, and photonics-based communications. However, structures consisting of both suspended and supported hyperbolic materials on periodic dielectric substrates are yet to be explored. Here we investigate phonon-polaritonic crystals (PPCs) that incorporate hyperbolic hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) to a silicon-based photonic crystal. By using the near-field excitation in scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), we resolved two types of repetitive local field distribution patterns resembling the Archimedean-like tiling on hBN-based PPCs, i.e., dipolar-like field distributions and highly dispersive PhP interference patterns. We demonstrate the tunability of PPC band structures by varying the thickness of hyperbolic materials, supported by numerical simulations. Lastly, we conducted scattering-type nanoIR spectroscopy to confirm the interaction of hBN with photonic crystals. The introduced PPCs will provide the base for fabricating essential subdiffraction components of advanced optical systems in the mid-IR range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zeb E Krix
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yifang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alex R Hamilton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Oleg P Sushkov
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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38
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Regan B, Trycz A, Fröch JE, Schaeper OC, Kim S, Aharonovich I. Nanofabrication of high Q, transferable diamond resonators. Nanoscale 2021; 13:8848-8854. [PMID: 33949563 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00749a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advancement of diamond based photonic circuitry requires robust fabrication protocols of key components - including diamond resonators and cavities. Here, we present 1D (nanobeam) photonic crystal cavities generated from single crystal diamond membranes utilising a metallic tungsten layer as a restraining, conductive and removable hard mask. The use of tungsten instead of a more conventional silicon oxide layer enables good repeatability and reliability of the fabrication procedures. The process yields high quality diamond cavities with quality factors (Q-factors) approaching 1 × 104. Finally, we show that the cavities can be picked up and transferred onto a trenched substrate to realise fully suspended diamond cavities. Our fabrication process demonstrates the capability of diamond membranes as modular components for broader diamond based quantum photonic circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Regan
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Aleksandra Trycz
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Otto Cranwell Schaeper
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia. and Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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39
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Li C, Mendelson N, Ritika R, Chen Y, Xu ZQ, Toth M, Aharonovich I. Scalable and Deterministic Fabrication of Quantum Emitter Arrays from Hexagonal Boron Nitride. Nano Lett 2021; 21:3626-3632. [PMID: 33870699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the fabrication of large-scale arrays of single-photon emitters (SPEs) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Bottom-up growth of hBN onto nanoscale arrays of dielectric pillars yields corresponding arrays of hBN emitters at the pillar sites. Statistical analysis shows that the pillar diameter is critical for isolating single defects, and diameters of ∼250 nm produce a near-unity yield of a single emitter at each pillar site. Our results constitute a promising route toward spatially controlled generation of hBN SPEs and provide an effective and efficient method to create large-scale SPE arrays. The results pave the way to scalability and high throughput fabrication of SPEs for advanced quantum photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Li
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Noah Mendelson
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Ritika Ritika
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - YongLiang Chen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Zai-Quan Xu
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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40
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Gottscholl A, Diez M, Soltamov V, Kasper C, Sperlich A, Kianinia M, Bradac C, Aharonovich I, Dyakonov V. Room temperature coherent control of spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabf3630. [PMID: 33811078 PMCID: PMC11059373 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optically active spin defects are promising candidates for solid-state quantum information and sensing applications. To use these defects in quantum applications coherent manipulation of their spin state is required. Here, we realize coherent control of ensembles of boron vacancy centers in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Specifically, by applying pulsed spin resonance protocols, we measure a spin-lattice relaxation time of 18 microseconds and a spin coherence time of 2 microseconds at room temperature. The spin-lattice relaxation time increases by three orders of magnitude at cryogenic temperature. By applying a method to decouple the spin state from its inhomogeneous nuclear environment the optically detected magnetic resonance linewidth is substantially reduced to several tens of kilohertz. Our results are important for the employment of van der Waals materials for quantum technologies, specifically in the context of high resolution quantum sensing of two-dimensional heterostructures, nanoscale devices, and emerging atomically thin magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gottscholl
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Diez
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Victor Soltamov
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kasper
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Sperlich
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Carlo Bradac
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON K9J 0G2, Canada
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Vladimir Dyakonov
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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41
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Chen Y, Xu X, Li C, Bendavid A, Westerhausen MT, Bradac C, Toth M, Aharonovich I, Tran TT. Bottom-Up Synthesis of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoparticles with Intensity-Stabilized Quantum Emitters. Small 2021; 17:e2008062. [PMID: 33733581 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202008062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles are widely utilized in a large range of nanoscale imaging and sensing applications. While ultra-small nanoparticles (size ≤10 nm) are highly desirable, at this size range, their photostability can be compromised due to effects such as intensity fluctuation and spectral diffusion caused by interaction with surface states. In this article, a facile, bottom-up technique for the fabrication of sub-10-nm hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoparticles hosting photostable bright emitters via a catalyst-free hydrothermal reaction between boric acid and melamine is demonstrated. A simple stabilization protocol that significantly reduces intensity fluctuation by ≈85% and narrows the emission linewidth by ≈14% by employing a common sol-gel silica coating process is also implemented. This study advances a promising strategy for the scalable, bottom-up synthesis of high-quality quantum emitters in hBN nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Chen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Chi Li
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Avi Bendavid
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 36 Bradfield Road, Lindfield, NSW, 2070, Australia
| | - Mika T Westerhausen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Carlo Bradac
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Toan Trong Tran
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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42
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Mendelson N, Chugh D, Reimers JR, Cheng TS, Gottscholl A, Long H, Mellor CJ, Zettl A, Dyakonov V, Beton PH, Novikov SV, Jagadish C, Tan HH, Ford MJ, Toth M, Bradac C, Aharonovich I. Identifying carbon as the source of visible single-photon emission from hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Mater 2021; 20:321-328. [PMID: 33139892 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon emitters (SPEs) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) have garnered increasing attention over the last few years due to their superior optical properties. However, despite the vast range of experimental results and theoretical calculations, the defect structure responsible for the observed emission has remained elusive. Here, by controlling the incorporation of impurities into hBN via various bottom-up synthesis methods and directly through ion implantation, we provide direct evidence that the visible SPEs are carbon related. Room-temperature optically detected magnetic resonance is demonstrated on ensembles of these defects. We perform ion-implantation experiments and confirm that only carbon implantation creates SPEs in the visible spectral range. Computational analysis of the simplest 12 carbon-containing defect species suggest the negatively charged [Formula: see text] defect as a viable candidate and predict that out-of-plane deformations make the defect environmentally sensitive. Our results resolve a long-standing debate about the origin of single emitters at the visible range in hBN and will be key to the deterministic engineering of these defects for quantum photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Mendelson
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dipankar Chugh
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Reimers
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures and Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tin S Cheng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Gottscholl
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hu Long
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir Dyakonov
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sergei V Novikov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michael J Ford
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carlo Bradac
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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43
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Abstract
Energy and charge transfer processes in interacting donor-acceptor systems are the bedrock of many fundamental studies and technological applications ranging from biosensing to energy storage and quantum optoelectronics. Central to the understanding and utilization of these transfer processes is having full control over the donor-acceptor distance. With their atomic thickness and ease of integrability, two-dimensional materials are naturally emerging as an ideal platform for the task. Here, we review how van der Waals semiconductors are shaping the field. We present a selection of some of the most significant demonstrations involving transfer processes in layered materials that deepen our understanding of transfer dynamics and are leading to intriguing practical realizations. Alongside current achievements, we discuss outstanding challenges and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bradac
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 0G2, Canada
| | - Zai-Quan Xu
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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44
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Bernhardt N, Kim S, Fröch JE, White SJU, Duong NMH, He Z, Chen B, Liu J, Aharonovich I, Solntsev AS. Large few-layer hexagonal boron nitride flakes for nonlinear optics. Opt Lett 2021; 46:564-567. [PMID: 33528410 DOI: 10.1364/ol.416564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is a layered dielectric material with a wide range of applications in optics and photonics. In this work, we demonstrate a fabrication method for few-layer hBN flakes with areas up to 5000µm2. We show that hBN in this form can be integrated with photonic microstructures: as an example, we use a circular Bragg grating (CBG). The layer quality of the exfoliated hBN flake on and off a CBG is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. We show that the SHG signal is uniform across the hBN sample outside the CBG and is amplified in the center of the CBG.
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45
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Fröch JE, Bahm A, Kianinia M, Mu Z, Bhatia V, Kim S, Cairney JM, Gao W, Bradac C, Aharonovich I, Toth M. Versatile direct-writing of dopants in a solid state host through recoil implantation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5039. [PMID: 33028814 PMCID: PMC7541527 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifying material properties at the nanoscale is crucially important for devices in nano-electronics, nanophotonics and quantum information. Optically active defects in wide band gap materials, for instance, are critical constituents for the realisation of quantum technologies. Here, we demonstrate the use of recoil implantation, a method exploiting momentum transfer from accelerated ions, for versatile and mask-free material doping. As a proof of concept, we direct-write arrays of optically active defects into diamond via momentum transfer from a Xe+ focused ion beam (FIB) to thin films of the group IV dopants pre-deposited onto a diamond surface. We further demonstrate the flexibility of the technique, by implanting rare earth ions into the core of a single mode fibre. We conclusively show that the presented technique yields ultra-shallow dopant profiles localised to the top few nanometres of the target surface, and use it to achieve sub-50 nm positional accuracy. The method is applicable to non-planar substrates with complex geometries, and it is suitable for applications such as electronic and magnetic doping of atomically-thin materials and engineering of near-surface states of semiconductor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Alan Bahm
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Zhao Mu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Vijay Bhatia
- Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sejeong Kim
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Julie M Cairney
- Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Carlo Bradac
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON, K9J 0G2, Canada
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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46
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Zhang Y, Wei T, Tran TT, Lu KT, Zhang Z, Price JR, Aharonovich I, Zheng R. [U(H 2O) 2]{[(UO 2) 10O 10(OH) 2][(UO 4)(H 2O) 2]}: A Mixed-Valence Uranium Oxide Hydrate Framework. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12166-12175. [PMID: 32822161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A uranium oxide hydrate framework, [U(H2O)2]{[(UO2)10O10(OH)2][(UO4)(H2O)2]} (UOF1), was synthesized hydrothermally using schoepite as a uranium precursor. The crystal strucutre of UOF1 was revealed with synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction and confirmed with transmission electron miscroscopy. The typical uranyl oxide hydroxide layers similar to those in β-U3O8 are further connected via double-pentagonal-bipyramidal uranium polyhedra to form a three-dimensional (3D) framework structure with tetravalent uranium species inside the channels. The presence of mixed-valence uranium was investigated with a combination of X-ray absorption near-edge structure and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Apart from the major hexavalent uranium, evidence for tetravalent uranium was also found, consistent with the bond valence sum calculations. The successful preparation of UOF1 as the first pure uranium oxide hydrate framework sheds light on the structural understanding of the alteration of UO2+x as either a mineral or spent nuclear fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhang
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia
| | - Tao Wei
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia
| | - Toan Trong Tran
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Kimbal T Lu
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia.,School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zhaoming Zhang
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia
| | - Jason R Price
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Rongkun Zheng
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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47
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Kim S, Lim YC, Kim RM, Fröch JE, Tran TN, Nam KT, Aharonovich I. A Single Chiral Nanoparticle Induced Valley Polarization Enhancement. Small 2020; 16:e2003005. [PMID: 32794345 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Valley polarization is among the most critical attributes of atomically thin materials. However, increasing contrast from monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) has so far been challenging. In this work, a large degree of circular polarization up to 45% from a monolayer WS2 is achieved at room temperature by using a single chiral plasmonic nanoparticle. The increased contrast is attributed to the selective enhancement of both the excitation and the emission rate having one particular handedness of the circular polarization, together with accelerated radiative recombination of valley excitons due to the Purcell effect. The experimental results are corroborated by the optical simulation using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Additionally, the single chiral nanoparticle enables the observation of valley-polarized luminescence with a linear excitation. The results provide a promising pathway to enhance valley contrast from monolayer TMDs and utilize them for nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejeong Kim
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Yae-Chan Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeong Myeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Thinh N Tran
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Ki Tae Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
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48
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Mu Z, Zargaleh SA, von Bardeleben HJ, Fröch JE, Nonahal M, Cai H, Yang X, Yang J, Li X, Aharonovich I, Gao W. Coherent Manipulation with Resonant Excitation and Single Emitter Creation of Nitrogen Vacancy Centers in 4H Silicon Carbide. Nano Lett 2020; 20:6142-6147. [PMID: 32644809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) has become a key player in the realization of scalable quantum technologies due to its ability to host optically addressable spin qubits and wafer-size samples. Here, we have demonstrated optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) with resonant excitation and clearly identified the ground state energy levels of the NV centers in 4H-SiC. Coherent manipulation of NV centers in SiC has been achieved with Rabi and Ramsey oscillations. Finally, we show the successful generation and characterization of single nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in SiC employing ion implantation. Our results highligh the key role of NV centers in SiC as a potential candidate for quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Mu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Soroush Abbasi Zargaleh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Hans Jürgen von Bardeleben
- Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Milad Nonahal
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Hongbing Cai
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Xinge Yang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Jianqun Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin institute of Technology, Harbin 15000, P. R. China
| | - Xingji Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin institute of Technology, Harbin 15000, P. R. China
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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Westerhausen MT, Trycz AT, Stewart C, Nonahal M, Regan B, Kianinia M, Aharonovich I. Controlled Doping of GeV and SnV Color Centers in Diamond Using Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:29700-29705. [PMID: 32492334 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Group IV color centers in diamond (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) have recently emerged as promising candidates for realization of scalable quantum photonics. However, their synthesis in nanoscale diamond is still in its infancy. In this work we demonstrate controlled synthesis of selected group IV defects (Ge and Sn) into nanodiamonds and nanoscale single crystal diamond membranes by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. We take advantage of inorganic salts to prepare the chemical precursors that contain the required ions that are then incorporated into the growing diamond. Photoluminescence measurements confirm that the selected group IV emitters are present in the diamond without degrading its structural quality. Our results are important to expand the versatile synthesis of color centers in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika T Westerhausen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Aleksandra T Trycz
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Connor Stewart
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Milad Nonahal
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Blake Regan
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Fröch JE, Kim S, Mendelson N, Kianinia M, Toth M, Aharonovich I. Coupling Hexagonal Boron Nitride Quantum Emitters to Photonic Crystal Cavities. ACS Nano 2020; 14:7085-7091. [PMID: 32401482 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantum photonics technologies require a scalable approach for the integration of nonclassical light sources with photonic resonators to achieve strong light confinement and enhancement of quantum light emission. Point defects from hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are among the front runners for single photon sources due to their ultra-bright emission; however, the coupling of hBN defects to photonic crystal cavities has so far remained elusive. Here we demonstrate on-chip integration of hBN quantum emitters with photonic crystal cavities from silicon nitride (Si3N4) and achieve an experimentally measured quality factor (Q-factor) of 3300 for hBN/Si3N4 hybrid cavities. We observed 6-fold photoluminescence enhancement of an hBN single photon emission at room temperature. Our work will be useful for further development of cavity quantum electrodynamic experiments and on-chip integration of two-dimensional (2D) materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Sejeong Kim
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Noah Mendelson
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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