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Kümpfel T, Giglhuber K, Aktas O, Ayzenberg I, Bellmann-Strobl J, Häußler V, Havla J, Hellwig K, Hümmert MW, Jarius S, Kleiter I, Klotz L, Krumbholz M, Paul F, Ringelstein M, Ruprecht K, Senel M, Stellmann JP, Bergh FT, Trebst C, Tumani H, Warnke C, Wildemann B, Berthele A. Correction to: Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part II: Attack therapy and long-term management. J Neurol 2024:10.1007/s00415-024-12288-2. [PMID: 38578500 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Katrin Giglhuber
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivien Häußler
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin W Hümmert
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Department of Neurology and Pain Treatment, Immanuel Klinik Rüdersdorf, University Hospital of the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Stellmann
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- APHM, Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Corinna Trebst
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Warnke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
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Duchow A, Bellmann-Strobl J, Friede T, Aktas O, Angstwurm K, Ayzenberg I, Berthele A, Dawin E, Engels D, Fischer K, Flaskamp M, Giglhuber K, Grothe M, Havla J, Hümmert MW, Jarius S, Kaste M, Kern P, Kleiter I, Klotz L, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Kraemer M, Krumbholz M, Kümpfel T, Lohmann L, Ringelstein M, Rommer P, Schindler P, Schubert C, Schwake C, Senel M, Then Bergh F, Tkachenko D, Tumani H, Trebst C, Vardakas I, Walter A, Warnke C, Weber MS, Wickel J, Wildemann B, Winkelmann A, Paul F, Stellmann JP, Häußler V. Time to Disability Milestones and Annualized Relapse Rates in NMOSD and MOGAD. Ann Neurol 2024; 95:720-732. [PMID: 38086777 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate accumulation of disability in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) in a changing treatment landscape. We aimed to identify risk factors for the development of disability milestones in relation to disease duration, number of attacks, and age. METHODS We analyzed data from individuals with NMOSD and MOGAD from the German Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group registry. Applying survival analyses, we estimated risk factors and computed time to disability milestones as defined by the Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS). RESULTS We included 483 patients: 298 AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD, 52 AQP4-IgG-/MOG-IgG- NMOSD patients, and 133 patients with MOGAD. Despite comparable annualized attack rates, disability milestones occurred earlier and after less attacks in NMOSD patients than MOGAD patients (median time to EDSS 3: AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD 7.7 (95% CI 6.6-9.6) years, AQP4-IgG-/MOG-IgG- NMOSD 8.7) years, MOGAD 14.1 (95% CI 10.4-27.6) years; EDSS 4: 11.9 (95% CI 9.7-14.7), 11.6 (95% lower CI 7.6) and 20.4 (95% lower CI 14.1) years; EDSS 6: 20.1 (95% CI 16.5-32.1), 20.7 (95% lower CI 11.6), and 37.3 (95% lower CI 29.4) years; and EDSS 7: 34.2 (95% lower CI 31.1) for AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD). Higher age at onset increased the risk for all disability milestones, while risk of disability decreased over time. INTERPRETATION AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD, AQP4-IgG-/MOG-IgG- NMOSD, and MOGAD patients show distinctive relapse-associated disability progression, with MOGAD having a less severe disease course. Investigator-initiated research has led to increasing awareness and improved treatment strategies appearing to ameliorate disease outcomes for NMOSD and MOGAD. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:720-732.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankelien Duchow
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Friede
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klemens Angstwurm
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Dawin
- Department of Neurology with Institute of translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Engels
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katinka Fischer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Flaskamp
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Giglhuber
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Grothe
- Department of Neurology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin W Hümmert
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kaste
- Department of Neurology, Nordwest Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande, Germany
| | - Peter Kern
- Department of Neurology, Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz, Teupitz, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mirjam Korporal-Kuhnke
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Kraemer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Department of Neurology and Pain Treatment, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Center for Translational Medicine, Immanuel Klinik Rüdersdorf, University Hospital of the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Lohmann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Centre for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paulus Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Patrick Schindler
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schubert
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg -Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Schwake
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Daria Tkachenko
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Corinna Trebst
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Annette Walter
- Department of Neurology, Herford Hospital, Herford, Germany
| | - Clemens Warnke
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin S Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and, Pharmacology, Göttingen, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Wickel
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Friedemann Paul
- Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Stellmann
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg -Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- APHM, Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
| | - Vivien Häußler
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg -Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Abdelhak A, Antweiler K, Kowarik MC, Senel M, Havla J, Zettl UK, Kleiter I, Skripuletz T, Haarmann A, Stahmann A, Huss A, Gingele S, Krumbholz M, Benkert P, Kuhle J, Friede T, Ludolph AC, Ziemann U, Kümpfel T, Tumani H. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein and disability progression in progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024; 11:477-485. [PMID: 38111972 PMCID: PMC10863922 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progression prediction is a significant unmet need in people with progressive multiple sclerosis (pwPMS). Studies on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) have either been limited to single center with relapsing MS or were based solely on Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), which limits its generalizability to state-of-the-art clinical settings and trials applying combined outcome parameters. METHODS Serum GFAP and NfL (neurofilament light chain) were investigated in EmBioProMS participants with primary (PP) or secondary progressive MS. Six months confirmed disability progression (CDP) was defined using combined outcome parameters (EDSS, timed-25-foot walk test (T25FW), and nine-hole-peg-test (9HPT)). RESULTS 243 subjects (135 PPMS, 108 SPMS, age 55.5, IQR [49.7-61.2], 135 female, median follow-up: 29.3 months [17.9-40.9]) were included. NfL (age-) and GFAP (age- and sex-) adjusted Z scores were higher in pwPMS compared to HC (p < 0.001 for both). 111 (32.8%) CDP events were diagnosed in participants with ≥3 visits (n = 169). GFAP Z score >3 was associated with higher risk for CDP in participants with low NfL Z score (i.e., ≤1.0) (HR: 2.38 [1.12-5.08], p = 0.025). In PPMS, GFAP Z score >3 was associated with higher risk for CDP (HR: 2.88 [1.21-6.84], p = 0.016). Risk was further increased in PPMS subjects with high GFAP when NfL is low (HR: 4.31 [1.53-12.13], p = 0.006). INTERPRETATION Blood GFAP may help identify pwPPMS at risk of progression. Combination of high GFAP and low NfL levels could distinguish non-active pwPMS with particularly high progression risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelhak
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California San Francisco (UCSF)San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital of UlmUlmGermany
| | - Kai Antweiler
- Department of Medical StatisticsUniversity Medical Centre GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Markus C. Kowarik
- Department of Neurology and StrokeUniversity Hospital of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital of UlmUlmGermany
| | - Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Uwe K. Zettl
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunological SectionUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Marianne‐Strauß‐KlinikBehandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbHBergGermany
| | | | - Axel Haarmann
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Alexander Stahmann
- Forschungs‐ und Projektentwicklungs‐gGmbHMS‐Registry by the German MS‐SocietyHanoverGermany
| | - Andre Huss
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital of UlmUlmGermany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Department of NeurologyHannover Medical SchoolHanoverGermany
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Department of Neurology and StrokeUniversity Hospital of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Department of Neurology and Pain Treatment, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Center for Translational Medicine, Immanuel Klinik RüdersdorfUniversity Hospital of the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor FontaneRüdersdorf bei BerlinGermany
- Faculty of Health Sciences BrandenburgBrandenburg Medical School Theodor FontaneRüdersdorf bei BerlinGermany
| | - Pascal Benkert
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Department of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Department of Clinical ResearchUniversity Hospital and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Department of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Department of Clinical ResearchUniversity Hospital and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Tim Friede
- Department of Medical StatisticsUniversity Medical Centre GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Albert C. Ludolph
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital of UlmUlmGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesUlmGermany
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and StrokeUniversity Hospital of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians UniversityMunichGermany
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Abdelhak A, Antweiler K, Kowarik MC, Senel M, Havla J, Zettl UK, Kleiter I, Hoshi MM, Skripuletz T, Haarmann A, Stahmann A, Huss A, Gingele S, Krumbholz M, Selge C, Friede T, Ludolph AC, Overell J, Koendgen H, Clinch S, Wang Q, Ziemann U, Hauser SL, Kümpfel T, Green AJ, Tumani H. Patient-reported outcome parameters and disability worsening in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 81:105139. [PMID: 38000130 PMCID: PMC10959125 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Detection and prediction of disability progression is a significant unmet need in people with progressive multiple sclerosis (PwPMS). Government and health agencies have deemed the use of patient-reported outcomes measurements (PROMs) in clinical practice and clinical trials a major strategic priority. Nevertheless, data documenting the clinical utility of PROMs in neurological diseases is scarce. This study evaluates if assessment of PROMs could track progression in PwPMS. METHODS Emerging blood Biomarkers in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (EmBioProMS) investigated PROMs (Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II), multiple sclerosis impact scale-29 (MSIS-29), fatigue scale for motor and cognition (FSMC)) in PwPMS (primary [PPMS] and secondary progressive MS [SPMS]). PROMs were evaluated longitudinally and compared between participants with disability progression (at baseline; retrospective evidence of disability progression (EDP), and during follow up (FU); prospective evidence of confirmed disability progression (CDP)) and those without progression. In an independent cohort of placebo participants of the phase III ORATORIO trial in PPMS, the diagnostic and prognostic value of another PROMs score (36-Item Short Form Survey [SF-36]) regarding CDP was evaluated. RESULTS EmBioProMS participants with EDP in the two years prior to inclusion (n = 136/227), or who suffered from CDP during FU (number of events= 88) had worse BDI-II, MSIS-29, and FSMC scores compared to PwPMS without progression. In addition, baseline MSIS29physical above 70th, 80th, and 90th percentiles predicted future CDP/ progression independent of relapse activity in EmBioProMS PPMS participants (HR of 3.7, 6.9, 6.7, p = 0.002, <0.001, and 0.001, respectively). In the placebo arm of ORATORIO (n = 137), the physical component score (PCS) of SF-36 worsened at week 120 compared to baseline, in cases who experienced progression over the preceding trial period (P = 0.018). Worse PCS at baseline was associated with higher hazard ratios of disability accumulation over the subsequent 120 weeks (HR: 2.01 [30th-], 2.11 [20th-], and 2.8 [10th percentile], P = 0.007, 0.012 and 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS PROMs could provide additional, practical, cost-efficient, and remotely accessible insight about disability progression in PMS through standardized, structured, and quantifiable patient feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelhak
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Kai Antweiler
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus C Kowarik
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe K Zettl
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunological Section, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Muna-Miriam Hoshi
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | | | - Axel Haarmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Stahmann
- Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, MS-Registry by the German MS-Society, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andre Huss
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Neurology, Hanover, Germany
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Pain Treatment, Immanuel Klinik Rüdersdorf, University Hospital of the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Selge
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Tim Friede
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Qing Wang
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephen L Hauser
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ari J Green
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - Hayrettin Tumani
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, Ulm 89081, Germany.
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Kümpfel T, Giglhuber K, Aktas O, Ayzenberg I, Bellmann-Strobl J, Häußler V, Havla J, Hellwig K, Hümmert MW, Jarius S, Kleiter I, Klotz L, Krumbholz M, Paul F, Ringelstein M, Ruprecht K, Senel M, Stellmann JP, Bergh FT, Trebst C, Tumani H, Warnke C, Wildemann B, Berthele A. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part II: Attack therapy and long-term management. J Neurol 2024; 271:141-176. [PMID: 37676297 PMCID: PMC10770020 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript presents practical recommendations for managing acute attacks and implementing preventive immunotherapies for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), a rare autoimmune disease that causes severe inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), primarily affecting the optic nerves, spinal cord, and brainstem. The pillars of NMOSD therapy are attack treatment and attack prevention to minimize the accrual of neurological disability. Aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G antibodies (AQP4-IgG) are a diagnostic marker of the disease and play a significant role in its pathogenicity. Recent advances in understanding NMOSD have led to the development of new therapies and the completion of randomized controlled trials. Four preventive immunotherapies have now been approved for AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD in many regions of the world: eculizumab, ravulizumab - most recently-, inebilizumab, and satralizumab. These new drugs may potentially substitute rituximab and classical immunosuppressive therapies, which were as yet the mainstay of treatment for both, AQP4-IgG-positive and -negative NMOSD. Here, the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS) provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on NMOSD treatments and offers statements and practical recommendations on the therapy management and use of all available immunotherapies for this disease. Unmet needs and AQP4-IgG-negative NMOSD are also discussed. The recommendations were developed using a Delphi-based consensus method among the core author group and at expert discussions at NEMOS meetings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Katrin Giglhuber
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivien Häußler
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin W Hümmert
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Department of Neurology and Pain Treatment, Immanuel Klinik Rüdersdorf, University Hospital of the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Stellmann
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- APHM, Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Corinna Trebst
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Warnke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
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Neumann B, Angstwurm K, Dohmen C, Mergenthaler P, Kohler S, Schönenberger S, Lee DH, Gerner ST, Huttner HB, Thieme A, Steinbrecher A, Dunkel J, Roth C, Schneider H, Reichmann H, Fuhrer H, Kleiter I, Schneider-Gold C, Alberty A, Zinke J, Schroeter M, Linker R, Meisel A, Bösel J, Stetefeld HR. Weaning and extubation failure in myasthenic crisis: a multicenter analysis. J Neurol 2024; 271:564-574. [PMID: 37923937 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Myasthenic crisis (MC) requiring mechanical ventilation is a serious complication of myasthenia gravis (MG). Here we analyze the frequency and risk factors of weaning- and extubation failure as well as its impact on the clinical course in a large cohort. We performed a retrospective chart review on patients treated for MC in 12 German neurological departments between 2006 and 2015. Weaning failure (WF) was defined as negative spontaneous breathing trial, primary tracheostomy, or extubation failure (EF) (reintubation or death). WF occurred in 138 episodes (64.2%). Older Age (p = 0.039), multiple comorbidities (≥ 3) (p = 0.007, OR = 4.04), late-onset MG (p = 0.004, OR = 2.84), complications like atelectasis (p = 0.008, OR = 3.40), pneumonia (p < 0.0001, OR = 3.45), cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (p = 0.005, OR = 5.00) and sepsis (p = 0.02, OR = 2.57) were associated with WF. WF occurred often in patients treated with intravenous immungloblins (IVIG) (p = 0.002, OR = 2.53), whereas WF was less often under first-line therapy with plasma exchange or immunoadsorption (p = 0.07, OR = 0.57). EF was observed in 58 of 135 episodes (43.0%) after first extubation attempt and was related with prolonged mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay and hospital stay (p ≤ 0.0001 for all). Extubation success was most likely in a time window for extubation between day 7 and 12 after intubation (p = 0.06, OR = 2.12). We conclude that WF and EF occur very often in MC and are associated with poor outcome. Older age, multiple comorbidities and development of cardiac and pulmonary complications are associated with a higher risk of WF and EF. Our data suggest that WF occurs less frequently under first-line plasma exchange/immunoadsorption compared with first-line use of IVIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Donau-Isar-Klinikum Deggendorf, Deggendorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Angstwurm
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Dohmen
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Department for Neurology and Neurological Intensive Care Medicine, LVR-Klinik Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Mergenthaler
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Siegfried Kohler
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Sana Klinikum Landkreis Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - De-Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan T Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Gießen Und Marburg, Gießen, Germany
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Gießen Und Marburg, Gießen, Germany
| | - Andrea Thieme
- Department of Neurology, HELIOS Klinikum Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| | | | - Juliane Dunkel
- Department of Neurology, DRK-Kliniken Nordhessen, Kassel, Germany
| | - Christian Roth
- Department of Neurology, DRK-Kliniken Nordhessen, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Kassel General Hospital, Kassel, Germany
| | - Hauke Schneider
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hannah Fuhrer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, HELIOS Klinik Mühlheim, Mühlheim, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | | | - Anke Alberty
- Department of Neurology, Kliniken Maria Hilf GmbH Moenchengladbach, Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Jan Zinke
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralf Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Meisel
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Bösel
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henning R Stetefeld
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
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7
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Gernert JA, Böhm L, Starck M, Buchka S, Kümpfel T, Kleiter I, Havla J. Inner Retinal Layer Changes Reflect Changes in Ambulation Score in Patients with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12872. [PMID: 37629053 PMCID: PMC10454007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of surrogate markers to detect disability progression in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) is important to improve monitoring of clinical deterioration. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) could be such a tool. However, sufficient longitudinal data of retinal neuroaxonal degeneration as a marker of disease progression exist only for PwMS with a relapsing-remitting course (RRMS) so far. In contrast, longitudinal data of retinal layers in patients with primary-progressive MS (PPMS) are inconsistent, and the association of OCT parameters with ambulatory performance in PwMS has rarely been investigated. We aimed to investigate the relative annual rates of change in retinal layers in PwMS (RRMS and PPMS) compared with healthy controls (HC) using OCT and to evaluate their association with ambulatoryfunctionalscore (AS) worsening in PPMS. A retrospective analysis of a longitudinal OCT dataset of the retinal layers of PwMS and HC from two MS centers in Germany was performed. Walking ability was measured over a standardized distance of 500 m, and changes during the observation period were categorized using the AS and the expanded disability status scale (EDSS). 61 HC with 121 eyes and 119 PwMS (PPMS: 57 patients with 108 eyes; RRMS: 62 patients with 114 eyes) were included. The median follow-up time for PwMS was 3 years. The relative annual change of pRNFL (peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer) and INL (inner nuclear layer) was significantly different in PwMS compared with HC. RRMS and PPMS subgroups did not differ in the annual atrophy rates. In patients with PPMS, worsening of the AS was significantly associated with increased thinning of the TMV (total macular volume), GCIP (ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer), and ONPL (outer nuclear and outer plexiform layer) (all p-value < 0.05, r > 0.30). For every -0.1% decrease in the TMV, GCIP, and ONPL, the risk of a deterioration in the AS increased by 31% (hazard ratio (HR): 1.309), 11% (HR: 1.112), and 16% (HR: 1.161), respectively. In addition, worsening EDSS in PPMS was significantly associated with the relative annual atrophy rates of pRNFL, TMV, and GCIP (all p-value < 0.05). Disability progression in PPMS can be measured using OCT, and increasing annual atrophy rates of the inner retinal layers are associated with worsening ambulation. OCT is a robust and side-effect-free imaging tool, making it suitable for routine monitoring of PwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Gernert
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Luise Böhm
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Starck
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, 82335 Berg, Germany
| | - Stefan Buchka
- Institute of Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, 82335 Berg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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8
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Paul F, Marignier R, Palace J, Arrambide G, Asgari N, Bennett JL, Cree BAC, De Sèze J, Fujihara K, Kim HJ, Hornby R, Huda S, Kissani N, Kleiter I, Kuwabara S, Lana-Peixoto M, Law L, Leite MI, Pandit L, Pittock SJ, Quan C, Ramanathan S, Rotstein D, Saiz A, Sato DK, Vaknin-Dembinsky A. International Delphi Consensus on the Management of AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD: Recommendations for Eculizumab, Inebilizumab, and Satralizumab. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2023; 10:10/4/e200124. [PMID: 37258412 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare debilitating autoimmune disease of the CNS. Three monoclonal antibodies were recently approved as maintenance therapies for aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG)-seropositive NMOSD (eculizumab, inebilizumab, and satralizumab), prompting the need to consider best practice therapeutic decision-making for this indication. Our objective was to develop validated statements for the management of AQP4-IgG-seropositive NMOSD, through an evidence-based Delphi consensus process, with a focus on recommendations for eculizumab, inebilizumab, and satralizumab. METHODS We recruited an international panel of clinical experts in NMOSD and asked them to complete a questionnaire on NMOSD management. Panel members received a summary of evidence identified through a targeted literature review and provided free-text responses to the questionnaire based on both the data provided and their clinical experience. Responses were used to generate draft statements on NMOSD-related themes. Statements were voted on over a maximum of 3 rounds; participation in at least 1 of the first 2 rounds was mandatory. Panel members anonymously provided their level of agreement (6-point Likert scale) on each statement. Statements that failed to reach a predefined consensus threshold (≥67%) were revised based on feedback and then voted on in the next round. Final statements were those that met the consensus threshold (≥67%). RESULTS The Delphi panel comprised 24 experts, who completed the Delphi process in November 2021 after 2 voting rounds. In round 1, 23/25 statements reached consensus and were accepted as final. The 2 statements that failed to reach consensus were revised. In round 2, both revised statements reached consensus. Twenty-five statements were agreed in total: 11 on initiation of or switching between eculizumab, inebilizumab, and satralizumab; 3 on monotherapy/combination therapy; 7 on safety and patient population considerations; 3 on biomarkers/patient-reported outcomes; and 1 on research gaps. DISCUSSION An established consensus method was used to develop statements relevant to the management of AQP4-IgG-seropositive NMOSD. These international statements will be valuable for informing individualized therapeutic decision-making and could form the basis for standardized practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedemann Paul
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Romain Marignier
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Georgina Arrambide
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bruce Anthony Campbell Cree
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jérôme De Sèze
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ho Jin Kim
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rebecca Hornby
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Saif Huda
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Najib Kissani
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marco Lana-Peixoto
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lisa Law
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - M Isabel Leite
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lekha Pandit
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sean J Pittock
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chao Quan
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sudarshini Ramanathan
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dalia Rotstein
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Albert Saiz
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Douglas Kazutoshi Sato
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Vaknin-Dembinsky
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P.), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (R.M.), Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle (MIRCEM), Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon-FORGETTING Team (R.M.), INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (R.M.), France; John Radcliff Hospital (J.P.); Clinical Neurology Oxford University (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (G.A.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat); Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (G.A.), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (G.A.), Spain; Departments of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine (N.A.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (N.A.), Slagelse Hospital, Denmark; Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology (J.L.B.), Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Neurology (B.A.C.C.), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; INSERM U1119 Biopathologie de la Myéline (J.D.S.), Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutique; Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd (R.H., L.L.); Department of Neurology (S.H.), Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Medical Research Center (N.K.), Marrakesh Medical School, Cadi Ayyad University; Neurology Department (N.K.), University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakesh, Morocco; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (S.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; CIEM MS Research Center (M.L.-P.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; John Radcliffe Hospital (M.I.L.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; KS Hegde Medical Academy Director (L.P.), Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Neurology (S.J.P.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology and Rare Disease Center (C.Q.), National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China; Translational Neuroimmunology Group (S.R.), Kids Neuroscience Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Concord Hospital, Australia; Division of Neurology (D.R.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (A.S.), Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine (D.K.S.), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics (A.V.-D.), Hadassah-Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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9
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Jarius S, Aktas O, Ayzenberg I, Bellmann-Strobl J, Berthele A, Giglhuber K, Häußler V, Havla J, Hellwig K, Hümmert MW, Kleiter I, Klotz L, Krumbholz M, Kümpfel T, Paul F, Ringelstein M, Ruprecht K, Senel M, Stellmann JP, Bergh FT, Tumani H, Wildemann B, Trebst C. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelits optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part I: Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. J Neurol 2023:10.1007/s00415-023-11634-0. [PMID: 37022481 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The term 'neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders' (NMOSD) is used as an umbrella term that refers to aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG)-positive neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and its formes frustes and to a number of closely related clinical syndromes without AQP4-IgG. NMOSD were originally considered subvariants of multiple sclerosis (MS) but are now widely recognized as disorders in their own right that are distinct from MS with regard to immunopathogenesis, clinical presentation, optimum treatment, and prognosis. In part 1 of this two-part article series, which ties in with our 2014 recommendations, the neuromyelitis optica study group (NEMOS) gives updated recommendations on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of NMOSD. A key focus is on differentiating NMOSD from MS and from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated encephalomyelitis (MOG-EM; also termed MOG antibody-associated disease, MOGAD), which shares significant similarity with NMOSD with regard to clinical and, partly, radiological presentation, but is a pathogenetically distinct disease. In part 2, we provide updated recommendations on the treatment of NMOSD, covering all newly approved drugs as well as established treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Giglhuber
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Vivien Häußler
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Data Integration for Future Medicine (DIFUTURE) Consortium, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin W Hümmert
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Department of Neurology and Pain Treatment, Immanuel Klinik Rüdersdorf, University Hospital of the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Stellmann
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- APHM, Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Corinna Trebst
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Hümmert MW, Bütow F, Tkachenko D, Ayzenberg I, Pakeerathan T, Hellwig K, Klotz L, Häußler V, Stellmann JP, Warnke C, Goereci Y, Etgen T, Luessi F, Bronzlik P, Gingele S, Lauenstein AS, Kleiter I, Rommer PS, Paul F, Bellmann-Strobl J, Duchow A, Then Bergh F, Pul R, Walter A, Pellkofer H, Kümpfel T, Pompsch M, Kraemer M, Albrecht P, Aktas O, Ringelstein M, Senel M, Giglhuber K, Berthele A, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Trebst C. Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients With NMO Spectrum Disorders and MOG-Antibody-Associated Diseases: COPANMO(G)-Study. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2023; 10:10/2/e200082. [PMID: 36693760 PMCID: PMC10108387 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the life of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated diseases (MOGAD). METHODS This multicenter, cross-sectional study included data of 187 patients recruited from 19 different German and Austrian Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS) centers between July 2021 and March 2022. The effects of the pandemic on immunotherapeutic treatment and access to care, the possible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and the potential effect of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 on disease incidence and relapse risk were assessed using a patient questionnaire. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was measured with the EuroQoL Group 5-Dimension 5-Level Scale (EQ-5D-5L). Demographic and clinical characteristics were retrieved from the NEMOS database. RESULTS One hundred eighty-seven patients (75% women; median age 47 [range 21-86] years; median disease duration 5.5 [range 0-67] years; median Expanded Disability Status Scale 2.0 [range 0-8.0]; 51% aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG)-positive, 36% myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-IgG-positive 13% double-seronegative) were analyzed. Most patients maintained excellent access to healthcare services throughout the pandemic. Immunotherapy was not changed in 88% of patients. Ninety-one percent of all patients were satisfied with medical care during the pandemic. Nearly two-thirds (64%) of patients rated their risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 as low or moderate. Among this study sample, 23 patients (12%) knowingly acquired an infection with SARS-CoV-2 and predominantly had a nonsevere course of illness (n = 22/23, 96%). The SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rate was 89%, with 4 cases of confirmed attack or first manifestation of NMOSD/MOGAD occurring in temporal association with the vaccination (range 2-9 days). The reported HRQoL did not decline compared with a prepandemic assessment (mean EQ-5D-5L index value 0.76, 95% bootstrap confidence interval [CI] 0.72-0.80; mean EQ-VAS 66.5, 95% bootstrap CI 63.5-69.3). DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that, overall, patients with NMOSD/MOGAD affiliated with specialized centers received ongoing medical care during the pandemic. Patients' satisfaction with medical care and HRQoL did not decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Hümmert
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Bütow
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daria Tkachenko
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thivya Pakeerathan
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vivien Häußler
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Stellmann
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Warnke
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yasemin Goereci
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorleif Etgen
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Luessi
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Bronzlik
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Sophie Lauenstein
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paulus S Rommer
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ankelien Duchow
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Then Bergh
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Refik Pul
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Walter
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Pellkofer
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mosche Pompsch
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Kraemer
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Giglhuber
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- From the Department of Neurology (M.W.H., F.B., D.T., S.G., C.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A., T.P., K.H., I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.K.), University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Aix-Marseille Univ (J.-P.S.), CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de La Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (C.W., Y.G.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (T.E.), Kliniken Südostbayern-Klinikum Traunstein, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.L.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Hannover Medical School (P.B.), Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.-S.L.), German Diagnostic Clinic, DKD Helios Clinic Wiesbaden, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) (F.P., J.B.-S., A.D.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (F.T.B.), University of Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology (R.P.), University of Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Herford Hospital, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (H.P., T.K.), LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P., M.K.), Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.A., O.A., M.R.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.G., A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Germany; and Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Hümmert MW, Stern C, Paul F, Duchow A, Bellmann-Strobl J, Ayzenberg I, Schwake C, Kleiter I, Hellwig K, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Senel M, Berthele A, Giglhuber K, Luessi F, Grothe M, Klotz L, Schülke R, Gingele S, Faiss JH, Walter A, Warnke C, Then Bergh F, Aktas O, Ringelstein M, Stellmann JP, Häußler V, Havla J, Pellkofer H, Kümpfel T, Kopp B, Trebst C. Cognition in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A prospective multicentre study of 217 patients (CogniNMO-Study). Mult Scler 2023:13524585231151212. [PMID: 36786424 DOI: 10.1177/13524585231151212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited and inconsistent information on the prevalence of cognitive impairment in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). OBJECTIVE To assess cognitive performance and changes over time in NMOSD. METHODS This study included data from 217 aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive (80%) and double-seronegative NMOSD patients. Cognitive functions measured by Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task (PASAT), and/or Multiple Sclerosis Inventory Cognition (MuSIC) were standardized against normative data (N = 157). Intraindividual cognitive performance at 1- and 2-year follow-up was analyzed. Cognitive test scores were correlated with demographic and clinical variables and assessed with a multiple linear regression model. RESULTS NMOSD patients were impaired in SDMT (p = 0.007), MuSIC semantic fluency (p < 0.001), and MuSIC congruent speed (p < 0.001). No significant cognitive deterioration was found at follow-up. SDMT scores were related to motor and visual disability (pBon < 0.05). No differences were found between aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive and double-seronegative NMOSD. CONCLUSIONS A subset of NMOSD patients shows impairment in visual processing speed and in semantic fluency regardless of serostatus, without noticeable changes during a 2-year observation period. Neuropsychological measurements should be adapted to physical and visual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Hümmert
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carlotta Stern
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany/Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany/ Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ankelien Duchow
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany/Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany/Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carolin Schwake
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany/Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Giglhuber
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Grothe
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rasmus Schülke
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen H Faiss
- Department of Neurology, Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz, Teupitz, Germany
| | - Annette Walter
- Department of Neurology, Herford Hospital, Herford, Germany
| | - Clemens Warnke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany/Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Stellmann
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany/Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille, France/APHM, Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Vivien Häußler
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany/Data Integration for Future Medicine Consortium, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Pellkofer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Kopp
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Corinna Trebst
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
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12
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Grüter T, Möllers FE, Tietz A, Dargvainiene J, Melzer N, Heidbreder A, Strippel C, Kraft A, Höftberger R, Schöberl F, Thaler FS, Wickel J, Chung HY, Seifert F, Tschernatsch M, Nagel M, Lewerenz J, Jarius S, Wildemann BC, de Azevedo L, Heidenreich F, Heusgen R, Hofstadt-van Oy U, Linsa A, Maaß JJ, Menge T, Ringelstein M, Pedrosa DJ, Schill J, Seifert-Held T, Seitz C, Tonner S, Urbanek C, Zittel S, Markewitz R, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Schmitter T, Finke C, Brüggemann N, Bien CI, Kleiter I, Gold R, Wandinger KP, Kuhlenbäumer G, Leypoldt F, Ayzenberg I. Clinical, serological and genetic predictors of response to immunotherapy in anti-IgLON5 disease. Brain 2023; 146:600-611. [PMID: 35259208 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-IgLON5 disease is a newly defined clinical entity characterized by a progressive course with high disability and mortality rate. While precise pathogenetic mechanisms remain unclear, features characteristic of both autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases were reported. Data on immunotherapy are limited, and its efficacy remains controversial. In this study, we retrospectively investigated an anti-IgLON5 disease cohort with special focus on clinical, serological and genetic predictors of the immunotherapy response and long-term outcome. Patients were recruited from the GENERATE (German Network for Research on Autoimmune Encephalitis) registry. Along with clinical parameters, anti-IgLON5 immunoglobulin (Ig)G in serum and CSF, anti-IgLON5 IgG1-4, IgA and IgM in serum, neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein in serum as well as human leukocyte antigen-genotypes were determined. We identified 53 patients (symptom onset 63.8 ± 10.3 years, female:male 1:1.5). The most frequent initial clinical presentations were bulbar syndrome, hyperkinetic syndrome or isolated sleep disorder [at least one symptom present in 38% (20/53)]. At the time of diagnosis, the majority of patients had a generalized multi-systemic phenotype; nevertheless, 21% (11/53) still had an isolated brainstem syndrome and/or a characteristic sleep disorder only. About one third of patients [28% (15/53)] reported subacute disease onset and 51% (27/53) relapse-like exacerbations during the disease course. Inflammatory CSF changes were evident in 37% (19/51) and increased blood-CSF-barrier permeability in 46% (21/46). CSF cell count significantly decreased, while serum anti-IgLON5 IgG titre increased with disease duration. The presence of human leukocyte antigen-DRB1*10:01 [55% (24/44)] was associated with higher serum anti-IgLON5 IgG titres. Neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein in serum were substantially increased (71.1 ± 103.9 pg/ml and 126.7 ± 73.3 pg/ml, respectively). First-line immunotherapy of relapse-like acute-to-subacute exacerbation episodes resulted in improvement in 41% (11/27) of patients and early initiation within the first 6 weeks was a predictor for therapy response. Sixty-eight per cent (36/53) of patients were treated with long-term immunotherapy and 75% (27/36) of these experienced no further disease progression (observation period of 20.2 ± 15.4 months). Long-term immunotherapy initiation during the first year after onset and low pre-treatment neurofilament light chain were significant predictors for a better outcome. In conclusion, subacute disease onset and early inflammatory CSF changes support the primary role of autoimmune mechanisms at least at initial stages of anti-IgLON5 disease. Early immunotherapy, prior to advanced neurodegeneration, is associated with a better long-term clinical outcome. Low serum neurofilament light chain at treatment initiation may serve as a potential biomarker of the immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grüter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Franziska E Möllers
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anja Tietz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Justina Dargvainiene
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Heidbreder
- Institute for Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christine Strippel
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Kraft
- Department of Neurology, Martha-Maria Hospital Halle-Dölau, Halle-Dölau, Germany
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Schöberl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska S Thaler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jonathan Wickel
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ha-Yeun Chung
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Seifert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Nagel
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jan Lewerenz
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte C Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucie de Azevedo
- Department of Neurology, Schön hospital Hamburg Eilbek, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fedor Heidenreich
- Department of Neurology, Diakovere Hospital Henriettenstift, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Hofstadt-van Oy
- Department of Neurology, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Dortmund - Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Linsa
- Department of Neurology, Seenland Hospital Lausitz, Hoyerswerda, Germany
| | | | - Til Menge
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David J Pedrosa
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Josef Schill
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Caspar Seitz
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Silke Tonner
- Department of Neurology, Saarland-Heilstätten, Hospital Merzig, Merzig, Germany
| | - Christian Urbanek
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Simone Zittel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Markewitz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mirjam Korporal-Kuhnke
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Finke
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Wandinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gregor Kuhlenbäumer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Schwake C, Pakeerathan T, Kleiter I, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Bayas A, Pul R, Ceylan U, Faissner S, Hellwig K, Ayroza Galvao Ribeiro Gomes AB, Lipps P, Pröbstel AK, Kümpfel T, Oswald E, Then Bergh F, Gödel C, Hümmert MW, Trebst C, Gold R, Ayzenberg I. Humoral COVID-19 vaccine response in patients with NMOSD/MOGAD during anti-IL-6 receptor therapy compared to other immunotherapies. Mult Scler 2023; 29:757-761. [PMID: 36748649 PMCID: PMC9908518 DOI: 10.1177/13524585221151124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the humoral vaccine response in patients on anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor therapy remain scarce. OBJECTIVE The main objective of our study was to investigate the humoral response after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)/myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) patients treated with anti-IL-6 receptor therapy. Secondarily, we analyzed relapse activity timely associated with vaccination. METHODS In this retrospective cross-sectional multicenter study, we included 15 healthy controls and 48 adult NMOSD/MOGAD patients without previous COVID-19 infection. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody titers during anti-IL-6 receptor therapy were compared to anti-CD20 antibody therapy, oral immunosuppressants, and to nonimmunosuppressed individuals. RESULTS We observed 100% seroconversion in the anti-IL-6 receptor treatment group. Titers of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies were lower compared to healthy controls (720 vs 2500 binding antibody units (BAU)/mL, p = 0.004), but higher than in the anti-CD20 (720 vs 0.4 BAU/mL, p < 0.001) and comparable to the oral immunosuppressant group (720 vs 795 BAU/mL, p = 1.0). We found no association between mRNA-based vaccines and relapse activity in patients with or without immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Despite being lower than in healthy controls, the humoral vaccine response during anti-IL-6 receptor therapy was evident in all patients and substantially stronger compared to anti-CD20 treatment. No relevant disease activity occurred after mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schwake
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thivya Pakeerathan
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany/Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany/Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mirjam Korporal-Kuhnke
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonios Bayas
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Refik Pul
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulas Ceylan
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Faissner
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ana Beatriz Ayroza Galvao Ribeiro Gomes
- Departments of Neurology, Biomedicine and Clinical Research and Research Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Lipps
- Departments of Neurology, Biomedicine and Clinical Research and Research Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Katrin Pröbstel
- Departments of Neurology, Biomedicine and Clinical Research and Research Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Oswald
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Gödel
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin W Hümmert
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Corinna Trebst
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- I Ayzenberg Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstraße 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany.
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14
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Heigl F, Hettich R, Fassbender C, Klingel R, Mauch E, Durner J, Kern R, Kleiter I. Immunoadsorption as maintenance therapy for refractory neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2023; 16:17562864221150314. [PMID: 36762319 PMCID: PMC9905021 DOI: 10.1177/17562864221150314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare relapsing autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, affecting mainly optic nerves and spinal cord. NMOSD pathophysiology is associated with anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies. Rapid extracorporeal elimination of autoantibodies with apheresis techniques, such as immunoadsorption (IA), was proven to be an effective treatment of NMOSD attacks. Data on the long-term use of IA to prevent attacks or progression of NMOSD are lacking. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of maintenance IA for preventing recurrence of NMOSD attacks in patients refractory to other immunotherapies. Design Case study. Methods Retrospective analysis of two female patients with severe NMOSD refractory to conventional immunotherapies was performed. Both patients had responded to tryptophan IA (Tr-IA) as attack therapy and subsequently were treated with biweekly maintenance Tr-IA. Results Patient 1 (AQP4-IgG seropositive, age 42 years) had 1.38 attacks of optic neuritis per year within 10.1 years before commencing regular Tr-IA. With maintenance Tr-IA for 3.1 years, one mild attack occurred, which was responsive to steroid pulse therapy. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was stable at 5.0. Visual function score of the last eye improved from 3 to 1. Patient 2 (AQP4-IgG seronegative, age 43 years) experienced 1.7 attacks per year, mainly acute myelitis and optic neuritis, during the period of 10.0 years before the start of Tr-IA. During regular Tr-IA treatment, no further NMOSD attack occurred. The patient was clinically stable without any additional immunosuppressive treatment for 5.3 years. EDSS improved from 6.0 to 5.0, and the ambulation score from 7 to 1. Tolerability of Tr-IA was good in both patients. No serious adverse events occurred during long-term clinical trajectories. Conclusion Tr-IA was well tolerated as maintenance treatment and resulted in clinical stabilization of two patients with highly active NMOSD, who were refractory to standard drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Heigl
- Medical Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany
| | | | | | - Reinhard Klingel
- Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany; 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Erich Mauch
- Clinic for Neurology Dietenbronn, Academic Hospital of University of Ulm, Schwendi, Germany
| | - Joachim Durner
- Neurology Department, M&I Fachklinik Ichenhausen, Ichenhausen, Germany
| | - Rolf Kern
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Worms, Worms, Germany
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15
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Kleiter I, Traboulsee A, Palace J, Yamamura T, Fujihara K, Saiz A, Javed A, Mayes D, von Büdingen HC, Klingelschmitt G, Stokmaier D, Bennett JL. Long-term Efficacy of Satralizumab in AQP4-IgG-Seropositive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder From SAkuraSky and SAkuraStar. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2022; 10:10/1/e200071. [PMID: 36724181 PMCID: PMC9756307 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Satralizumab, an interleukin 6 receptor inhibitor, reduced the risk of protocol-defined relapse (PDR) vs placebo in 2 independent, double-blind studies in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). We assessed the long-term efficacy of satralizumab in patients with aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin G (IgG)-seropositive (AQP4-IgG+) NMOSD. METHODS Following the double-blind periods of SAkuraSky (satralizumab + baseline immunosuppressive treatment [IST]) and SAkuraStar (satralizumab monotherapy), patients could enter the open-label extension (OLE, satralizumab 120 mg Q4W ± IST). This analysis included all AQP4-IgG+ patients who received ≥1 dose of satralizumab in the double-blind and/or OLE periods, from patients' first dose to the data cutoff (February 22, 2021). PDR in the OLE period was determined by the investigator without external adjudication. We evaluated time to first investigator-reported PDR (iPDR), severe iPDR (≥2 point increase in the Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score), and sustained EDSS worsening (EDSS score increase of ≥2, ≥1, or ≥0.5 points for patients with baseline scores of 0, 1-5, or ≥5.5, respectively, confirmed ≥24 weeks post-initial worsening), plus the annualized iPDR rate (ARR). RESULTS Forty-six of 55 AQP4-IgG+ patients (84%) in SAkuraSky and 57/64 patients in SAkuraStar (89%) continued from the double-blind periods into the OLEs. In total, 111 AQP4-IgG+ patients received ≥1 dose of satralizumab in the double-blind and/or OLE periods and were included in these analyses (SAkuraSky: 49; SAkuraStar: 62). The median (range) duration of satralizumab exposure was 4.4 (0.1-7.0) years in SAkuraSky and 4.0 (0.1-6.0) years in SAkuraStar, with a combined 440.1 patient-years of treatment. Seventy-one of 111 patients (64%) received satralizumab for ≥192 weeks (3.7 years). At this time point, 71% (SAkuraSky) and 73% (SAkuraStar) of satralizumab-treated patients were free from iPDR, 91% (SAkuraSky) and 90% (SAkuraStar) were free from severe iPDR, and 90% (SAkuraSky) and 86% (SAkuraStar) had no sustained EDSS worsening. The overall adjusted ARR (95% CI) was 0.12 (0.08-0.18) in SAkuraSky and 0.08 (0.05-0.13) in SAkuraStar and remained stable over time. DISCUSSION These long-term results from the OLE periods of the SAkura studies demonstrate the continued efficacy of satralizumab over more than 3.5 years of treatment. High proportions of patients remained free from relapse, severe relapse, or worsening disease, with a consistently low ARR. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION ClinicalTrials.gov registration numbers: NCT02028884 (SAkuraSky) and NCT02073279 (SAkuraStar). CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that satralizumab reduces the risk of relapse in patients with AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD beyond the first 96 weeks of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Kleiter
- From the Ruhr University Bochum (I.K.), Bochum, Germany, and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany; University of British Columbia (A.T.), Vancouver, Canada; John Radcliffe Hospital (J.P.), Oxford, United Kingdom; National Institute of Neuroscience (T.Y.), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine (K.F.), Japan; Service of Neurology (A.S.), Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain; University of Chicago Department of Neurology (A.J.), IL; ApotheCom (D.M.), London, United Kingdom; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (H.-C.B., G.K., D.S.), Basel, Switzerland; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.
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16
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Ghaidar D, Sippel A, Riemann-Lorenz K, Kofahl C, Morrison R, Kleiter I, Schmidt S, Dettmers C, Schulz H, Heesen C. Experiences of persons with multiple sclerosis with rehabilitation-a qualitative interview study. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:770. [PMID: 35690766 PMCID: PMC9188711 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Managing multiple sclerosis (MS) includes different treatment approaches. Rehabilitation is a key strategy in MS for improving functioning, activity and participation. As part of a larger study on overall patient experiences with different treatment approaches, this study aims to give an overview of different patients’ experiences and perspectives on inpatient rehabilitation in MS. Methods We conducted problem-centered interviews in 50 persons with MS in Germany, of whom most had relapsing–remitting MS. We used the maximum variation sampling method during recruitment. Data were analyzed thematically. Results As a result of the analysis, three major themes were identified: 1) factors contributing to the decision-making concerning rehabilitation, 2) experience with the rehabilitation setting, 3) benefits of rehabilitation treatments. The treating physicians’ attitude had a major impact on the decision to either opt for rehabilitation or not. Setting goals prior to rehabilitation was given a high priority. Exchanging experiences with other persons with MS presented a major benefit from rehabilitation while for some being separated from regular daily life resulted in a more ambiguous attitude ranging from appreciation of escaping daily hassles to substantial behavioral change management. Conclusion Patients reported various experiences in the process of decision-making with regard to rehabilitation. Physicians´ advice, goal setting and the selection of the most suitable rehabilitation clinic were considered most relevant. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08150-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donya Ghaidar
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Sippel
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karin Riemann-Lorenz
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Kofahl
- Institute of Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Kleiter
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | | | | | - Holger Schulz
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heesen
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Elkhalii-Wilhelm S, Sippel A, Riemann-Lorenz K, Kofahl C, Scheiderbauer J, Arnade S, Kleiter I, Schmidt S, Heesen C. Experiences of persons with Multiple Sclerosis with lifestyle adjustment–A qualitative interview study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268988. [PMID: 35622783 PMCID: PMC9140290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persons with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS) follow individual strategies to cope with this highly heterogeneous disease. As surveys show, lifestyle habits play an important role in pwMS. However, little is known about individual experiences of pwMS with different lifestyle adjustment strategies. Objective This study aims to describe and understand individual experiences of pwMS with lifestyle adjustments. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 pwMS in Germany. Criteria for inclusion were age ≥ 18 years and a diagnosis of relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Data were analyzed inductively and deductively according to a six-step thematic analysis. Results The three main themes for experience-based lifestyle adjustments were: 1) nutrition and supplements, 2) exercise and physical activity, and 3) stress management. Influencing factors on the decision-making process such as active disease management, information and advice, desire for mental health and social support, and the wish for self-determination were identified. Impacts of starting or maintaining lifestyle habits included, for example, MS-specific, general, and mental health benefits, the development of coping strategies, social support, and barriers that led to a termination of lifestyle adjustments. Conclusion This study provides a rich and nuanced amount of experiences of pwMS with lifestyle adjustments and leads to three important conclusions: 1) Further research is warranted to better describe the perceived effects of lifestyle habits on MS symptoms and progression, in particular with regard to nutrition and stress reduction; 2) patient education in MS should include the available evidence on lifestyle management and 3) patients need to be actively supported in changing their lifestyle behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Elkhalii-Wilhelm
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Sippel
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karin Riemann-Lorenz
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Kofahl
- Institute of Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sigrid Arnade
- LEBENSNERV–Stiftung zur Förderung der Psychosomatischen MS-Forschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke GmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Heesen
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Mergenthaler P, Stetefeld HR, Dohmen C, Kohler S, Schönenberger S, Bösel J, Gerner ST, Huttner HB, Schneider H, Reichmann H, Fuhrer H, Berger B, Zinke J, Alberty A, Kleiter I, Schneider-Gold C, Roth C, Dunkel J, Steinbrecher A, Thieme A, Lee DH, Linker RA, Angstwurm K, Meisel A, Neumann B. Seronegative myasthenic crisis: a multicenter analysis. J Neurol 2022; 269:3904-3911. [PMID: 35389099 PMCID: PMC8988104 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenic crisis (MC) is a life-threatening condition for patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Seronegative patients represent around 10–15% of MG, but data on outcome of seronegative MCs are lacking. We performed a subgroup analysis of patients who presented with MC with either acetylcholine-receptor-antibody-positive MG (AChR-MG) or seronegative MG between 2006 and 2015 in a retrospective German multicenter study. We identified 15 seronegative MG patients with 17 MCs and 142 AChR-MG with 159 MCs. Seronegative MCs were younger (54.3 ± 14.5 vs 66.5 ± 16.3 years; p = 0.0037), had a higher rate of thymus hyperplasia (29.4% vs 3.1%; p = 0.0009), and were more likely to be female (58.8% vs 37.7%; p = 0.12) compared to AChR-MCs. Time between diagnosis of MG and MC was significantly longer in seronegative patients (8.2 ± 7.6 vs 3.1 ± 4.4 years; p < 0.0001). We found no differences in duration of mechanical ventilation (16.2 ± 15.8 vs 16.5 ± 15.9 days; p = 0.94) and length of stay at intensive care unit (17.6 ± 15.2 vs 17.8 ± 15.4 days; p = 0.96), or in-hospital mortality (11.8% vs. 10.1%; p = 0.69). We conclude that MC in seronegative MG affects younger patients after a longer period of disease, but that crisis treatment efficacy and outcome do not differ compared to AChR-MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mergenthaler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Academy, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning R. Stetefeld
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Dohmen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurology, LVR-Klinik Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Siegfried Kohler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Julian Bösel
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Stefan T. Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Gießen Und Marburg, Giesen, Germany
| | - Hagen B. Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Gießen Und Marburg, Giesen, Germany
| | - Hauke Schneider
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hannah Fuhrer
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Berger
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Zinke
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Alberty
- Department of Neurology, Kliniken Maria Hilf GmbH Moenchengladbach, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen Für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Roth
- Department of Neurology, DRK-Kliniken Nordhessen, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Dunkel
- Department of Neurology, DRK-Kliniken Nordhessen, Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Thieme
- Department of Neurology, Helios Klinikum Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| | - De-Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf A. Linker
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Angstwurm
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Neumann
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum, Regensburg, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Neurology, Donau-Isar-Klinikum Deggendorf, Deggendorf, Germany
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19
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Hümmert MW, Schöppe LM, Bellmann-Strobl J, Siebert N, Paul F, Duchow A, Pellkofer H, Kümpfel T, Havla J, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Berthele A, Bergh FT, Pawlitzki M, Klotz L, Kleiter I, Stangel M, Gingele S, Weber MS, Faiss JH, Pul R, Walter A, Zettl U, Senel M, Stellmann JP, Häußler V, Hellwig K, Ayzenberg I, Aktas O, Ringelstein M, Schreiber-Katz O, Trebst C. Costs and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With NMO Spectrum Disorders and MOG-Antibody-Associated Disease: CHANCE NMO Study. Neurology 2022; 98:e1184-e1196. [PMID: 35082170 PMCID: PMC8935443 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives To evaluate costs and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–associated disease (MOGAD). Methods In this multicenter cross-sectional study, data on consumption of medical and nonmedical resources and work ability were assessed via patient questionnaires. Costs were analyzed in Euros for 2018 from the societal perspective. HRQoL was captured by the EuroQoL Group 5 Dimension 5 Level Scale (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire. Clinical data were retrieved from the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS) database. Results Two hundred twelve patients (80% women, median age 50 [19–83] years, median disease duration 7 [0–43] years, median Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score 3.5 [0–8.5], 66% aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G [IgG] positive, 22% MOG IgG positive, 12% double seronegative) were analyzed. The mean total annual per capita cost of illness accounted for €59,574 (95% CI 51,225–68,293 or US dollars [USD] 70,297, 95% CI 60,445–80,586), and the mean index value of the EQ-5D-5L was 0.693 (95% CI 0.65–0.73). The most important cost drivers were informal care costs (28% of total costs), indirect costs (23%), and drugs (16%), especially immunotherapeutics. Costs showed a positive correlation with disease severity (ρ = 0.56, 95% CI 0.45–0.65); in the EDSS score 6.5 to 8.5 subgroup, the mean annual costs were €129,687 (95% CI 101,946–160,336 or USD 153,031, 95% CI 120,296–189,196). The HRQoL revealed a negative correlation to disease severity (ρ = −0.69, 95% CI −0.76 to −0.61); in the EDSS score 6.5 to 8.5 subgroup, the EQ-5D-5L mean index value was 0.195 (95% CI 0.13–0.28). Neither antibody status nor disease duration influenced the total annual costs or HRQoL. Discussion These German data from the era without approved preventive immunotherapies show enormous effects of the diseases on costs and quality of life. An early and cost-effective therapy should be provided to prevent long-term disability and to preserve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Hümmert
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Louisa M Schöppe
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Siebert
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ankelien Duchow
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannah Pellkofer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marc Pawlitzki
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin S Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juergen H Faiss
- Department of Neurology, Asklepios Expert Clinic Teupitz, Teupitz, Germany
| | - Refik Pul
- Department of Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annette Walter
- Department of Neurology, Herford Hospital, Herford, Germany
| | - Uwe Zettl
- Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Stellmann
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, Marseille Cedex, France.,APHM, Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Vivien Häußler
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Corinna Trebst
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Petrikowski L, Reinehr S, Haupeltshofer S, Deppe L, Graz F, Kleiter I, Dick HB, Gold R, Faissner S, Joachim SC. Progressive Retinal and Optic Nerve Damage in a Mouse Model of Spontaneous Opticospinal Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:759389. [PMID: 35140707 PMCID: PMC8818777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.759389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) are antibody mediated CNS disorders mostly affecting the optic nerve and spinal cord with potential severe impact on the visual pathway. Here, we investigated inflammation and degeneration of the visual system in a spontaneous encephalomyelitis animal model. We used double-transgenic (2D2/Th) mice which develop a spontaneous opticospinal encephalomyelitis (OSE). Retinal morphology and its function were evaluated via spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and electroretinography (ERG) in 6- and 8-week-old mice. Immunohistochemistry of retina and optic nerve and examination of the retina via RT-qPCR were performed using markers for inflammation, immune cells and the complement pathway. OSE mice showed clinical signs of encephalomyelitis with an incidence of 75% at day 38. A progressive retinal thinning was detected in OSE mice via SD-OCT. An impairment in photoreceptor signal transmission occurred. This was accompanied by cellular infiltration and demyelination of optic nerves. The number of microglia/macrophages was increased in OSE optic nerves and retinas. Analysis of the retina revealed a reduced retinal ganglion cell number and downregulated Pou4f1 mRNA expression in OSE retinas. RT-qPCR revealed an elevation of microglia markers and the cytokines Tnfa and Tgfb. We also documented an upregulation of the complement system via the classical pathway. In summary, we describe characteristics of inflammation and degeneration of the visual system in a spontaneous encephalomyelitis model, characterized by coinciding inflammatory and degenerative mechanisms in both retina and optic nerve with involvement of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Petrikowski
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Reinehr
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Steffen Haupeltshofer
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Leonie Deppe
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Florian Graz
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - H. Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Faissner
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Simon Faissner, ; Stephanie C. Joachim,
| | - Stephanie C. Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Simon Faissner, ; Stephanie C. Joachim,
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21
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Jarius S, Pache F, Körtvelyessy P, Jelčić I, Stettner M, Franciotta D, Keller E, Neumann B, Ringelstein M, Senel M, Regeniter A, Kalantzis R, Willms JF, Berthele A, Busch M, Capobianco M, Eisele A, Reichen I, Dersch R, Rauer S, Sandner K, Ayzenberg I, Gross CC, Hegen H, Khalil M, Kleiter I, Lenhard T, Haas J, Aktas O, Angstwurm K, Kleinschnitz C, Lewerenz J, Tumani H, Paul F, Stangel M, Ruprecht K, Wildemann B. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in COVID-19: a multicenter study of 150 lumbar punctures in 127 patients. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:19. [PMID: 35057809 PMCID: PMC8771621 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive data on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile in patients with COVID-19 and neurological involvement from large-scale multicenter studies are missing so far. OBJECTIVE To analyze systematically the CSF profile in COVID-19. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 150 lumbar punctures in 127 patients with PCR-proven COVID-19 and neurological symptoms seen at 17 European university centers RESULTS: The most frequent pathological finding was blood-CSF barrier (BCB) dysfunction (median QAlb 11.4 [6.72-50.8]), which was present in 58/116 (50%) samples from patients without pre-/coexisting CNS diseases (group I). QAlb remained elevated > 14d (47.6%) and even > 30d (55.6%) after neurological onset. CSF total protein was elevated in 54/118 (45.8%) samples (median 65.35 mg/dl [45.3-240.4]) and strongly correlated with QAlb. The CSF white cell count (WCC) was increased in 14/128 (11%) samples (mostly lympho-monocytic; median 10 cells/µl, > 100 in only 4). An albuminocytological dissociation (ACD) was found in 43/115 (37.4%) samples. CSF L-lactate was increased in 26/109 (24%; median 3.04 mmol/l [2.2-4]). CSF-IgG was elevated in 50/100 (50%), but was of peripheral origin, since QIgG was normal in almost all cases, as were QIgA and QIgM. In 58/103 samples (56%) pattern 4 oligoclonal bands (OCB) compatible with systemic inflammation were present, while CSF-restricted OCB were found in only 2/103 (1.9%). SARS-CoV-2-CSF-PCR was negative in 76/76 samples. Routine CSF findings were normal in 35%. Cytokine levels were frequently elevated in the CSF (often associated with BCB dysfunction) and serum, partly remaining positive at high levels for weeks/months (939 tests). Of note, a positive SARS-CoV-2-IgG-antibody index (AI) was found in 2/19 (10.5%) patients which was associated with unusually high WCC in both of them and a strongly increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) index in one (not tested in the other). Anti-neuronal/anti-glial autoantibodies were mostly absent in the CSF and serum (1509 tests). In samples from patients with pre-/coexisting CNS disorders (group II [N = 19]; including multiple sclerosis, JC-virus-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, HSV/VZV encephalitis/meningitis, CNS lymphoma, anti-Yo syndrome, subarachnoid hemorrhage), CSF findings were mostly representative of the respective disease. CONCLUSIONS The CSF profile in COVID-19 with neurological symptoms is mainly characterized by BCB disruption in the absence of intrathecal inflammation, compatible with cerebrospinal endotheliopathy. Persistent BCB dysfunction and elevated cytokine levels may contribute to both acute symptoms and 'long COVID'. Direct infection of the CNS with SARS-CoV-2, if occurring at all, seems to be rare. Broad differential diagnostic considerations are recommended to avoid misinterpretation of treatable coexisting neurological disorders as complications of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florence Pache
- Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Körtvelyessy
- Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) in Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ilijas Jelčić
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Stettner
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Emanuela Keller
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Intensive Care, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Neumann
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, DONAUISAR Klinikum Deggendorf, Deggendorf, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Regeniter
- Medica Medical Laboratories Dr. F. Kaeppeli AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rea Kalantzis
- Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan F. Willms
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Busch
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marco Capobianco
- Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, University Hospital S. Luigi - Orbassano (I), Orbassano, Italy
| | - Amanda Eisele
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ina Reichen
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rick Dersch
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rauer
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Sandner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Catharina C. Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University and University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Hegen
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Khalil
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lenhard
- Neuroinfectiology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Haas
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klemens Angstwurm
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Lewerenz
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hayrettin Tumani
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Specialty Hospital of Neurology Dietenbronn, Schwendi, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - ; in cooperation with the German Society for Cerebrospinal Fluid Diagnostics and Clinical Neurochemistry
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) in Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Intensive Care, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, DONAUISAR Klinikum Deggendorf, Deggendorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Medica Medical Laboratories Dr. F. Kaeppeli AG, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, University Hospital S. Luigi - Orbassano (I), Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University and University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Neuroinfectiology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Specialty Hospital of Neurology Dietenbronn, Schwendi, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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22
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Ringelstein M, Ayzenberg I, Lindenblatt G, Fischer K, Gahlen A, Novi G, Hayward-Könnecke H, Schippling S, Rommer PS, Kornek B, Zrzavy T, Biotti D, Ciron J, Audoin B, Berthele A, Giglhuber K, Zephir H, Kümpfel T, Berger R, Röther J, Häußler V, Stellmann JP, Whittam D, Jacob A, Kraemer M, Gueguen A, Deschamps R, Bayas A, Hümmert MW, Trebst C, Haarmann A, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Grothe M, Siebert N, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Collongues N, Marignier R, Levy M, Karenfort M, Deppe M, Albrecht P, Hellwig K, Gold R, Hartung HP, Meuth SG, Kleiter I, Aktas O. Interleukin-6 Receptor Blockade in Treatment-Refractory MOG-IgG-Associated Disease and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2022; 9:e1100. [PMID: 34785575 PMCID: PMC8596357 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of tocilizumab (TCZ), a humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG-associated disease (MOGAD) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). METHODS Annualized relapse rate (ARR), Expanded Disability Status Scale score, MRI, autoantibody titers, pain, and adverse events were retrospectively evaluated in 57 patients with MOGAD (n = 14), aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG seropositive (n = 36), and seronegative NMOSD (n = 7; 12%), switched to TCZ from previous immunotherapies, particularly rituximab. RESULTS Patients received TCZ for 23.8 months (median; interquartile range 13.0-51.1 months), with an IV dose of 8.0 mg/kg (median; range 6-12 mg/kg) every 31.6 days (mean; range 26-44 days). For MOGAD, the median ARR decreased from 1.75 (range 0.5-5) to 0 (range 0-0.9; p = 0.0011) under TCZ. A similar effect was seen for AQP4-IgG+ (ARR reduction from 1.5 [range 0-5] to 0 [range 0-4.2]; p < 0.001) and for seronegative NMOSD (from 3.0 [range 1.0-3.0] to 0.2 [range 0-2.0]; p = 0.031). During TCZ, 60% of all patients were relapse free (79% for MOGAD, 56% for AQP4-IgG+, and 43% for seronegative NMOSD). Disability follow-up indicated stabilization. MRI inflammatory activity decreased in MOGAD (p = 0.04; for the brain) and in AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD (p < 0.001; for the spinal cord). Chronic pain was unchanged. Regarding only patients treated with TCZ for at least 12 months (n = 44), ARR reductions were confirmed, including the subgroups of MOGAD (n = 11) and AQP4-IgG+ patients (n = 28). Similarly, in the group of patients treated with TCZ for at least 12 months, 59% of them were relapse free, with 73% for MOGAD, 57% for AQP4-IgG+, and 40% for patients with seronegative NMOSD. No severe or unexpected safety signals were observed. Add-on therapy showed no advantage compared with TCZ monotherapy. DISCUSSION This study provides Class III evidence that long-term TCZ therapy is safe and reduces relapse probability in MOGAD and AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Aquaporin 4/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/drug therapy
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/immunology
- Neuromyelitis Optica/drug therapy
- Neuromyelitis Optica/immunology
- Outcome Assessment, Health Care
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Secondary Prevention
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gero Lindenblatt
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Katinka Fischer
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Anna Gahlen
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Novi
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Helen Hayward-Könnecke
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Sven Schippling
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Paulus S. Rommer
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Barbara Kornek
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Tobias Zrzavy
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Damien Biotti
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Ciron
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Bertrand Audoin
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Katrin Giglhuber
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Helene Zephir
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Robert Berger
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Joachim Röther
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Vivien Häußler
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Stellmann
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Daniel Whittam
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Anu Jacob
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Markus Kraemer
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Antoine Gueguen
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Romain Deschamps
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Antonios Bayas
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Martin W. Hümmert
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Corinna Trebst
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Axel Haarmann
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Matthias Grothe
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Nadja Siebert
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Collongues
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Romain Marignier
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Michael Levy
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Michael Karenfort
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Michael Deppe
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology (M.R., K.F., M.K.,P.A., H.P.H., S.G.M., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (I.A., A.G., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; Department of Neurology (G.L.), Johanna Etienne Hospital, Neuss, Germany; Department of Neurology (G.N.), San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (H.H.K., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (P.S.R., B.K., T.Z.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurology (D.B., J.C.), B4 unit, CRC-SEP, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) (D.B., J.C.) INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051 - Université Toulouse III, France; Aix Marseille University (B.A.), APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France; Technical University of Munich (A.B., K.G.), School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany; University of Lille (H.Z.), Inserm, CRC-SEP, CHU Lille, France; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (T.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich; Department of Neurology (R.B., J.R.), Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS) (V.H.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone (J.P.S.), CEMEREM; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM (J.P.S), UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (D.W., A.J.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; the Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, (A.J.) UAE; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.G.,R.D.), Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (A.B.), Universitätsklinikum Augsburg; Department of Neurology (M.W.H., C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (A.H.), University of Würzburg; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (S.J., B.W.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg; Department of Neurology (M.G.), University hospital Greifswald; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (N.S., F.P), Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospital Strasbourg; Service de neurologie (R.M.), sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation – Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of General Pediatrics (M.K.), Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (M.D.), University Hospital, Münster; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
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Mokry C, Warnke C, Gehring K, Hegen H, Salmen A, Kraemer M, Kleiter I, Fasshauer E, Scheiderbauer J, Lühmann D, Köpke S, Berthele A, Heesen C. Implementation study of the 2021 German guideline for diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 57:103434. [PMID: 34920249 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In May 2021, a new guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis and related disorders was released in Germany. Since the success of a guideline depends on how it integrates into everyday clinical practice, the German Society for Neurology (DGN) has launched a multimethod implementation project. Here we report on the results based on the consultation version of the guideline. METHODS We used qualitative and quantitative data analyses to capture the nature and extent of barriers and facilitating factors to the implementation. We centered on the guideline's chapter A on diagnosis, relapse therapy, and immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. We performed nine online focus group discussions and a web-based survey and analyzed emails and letters with comments from stakeholders and independent parties that were sent spontaneously or by invitation. RESULTS 94 neurologists answered the survey, and ≥70% agreed with the recommendations of the guideline on each major content topic. Barriers to implementation were detected in group discussions and written input. The most controversial issues of the guideline were "early treatment", "criteria for starting or switching therapy", "stepwise escalation versus early aggressive treatment", "classification of drugs into three categories of efficacy" and the scenarios on "treatment cessation". Some appreciated the highly structured recommendations, but others felt that the guideline restricts the free choice of therapy, or they were afraid of recourse claims. Some considered the guideline as too cautious regarding treatment initiation, possibly delaying necessary therapies. Others appreciated that conflicts of interests of the guideline's authoring group were minimized and thought that the new guideline is clearer, more extensive and practical. CONCLUSION In contrast to the survey, feedback in the focus group discussions and from individuals was diverse and sometimes more critical. Based on the overall feedback rate of about 250 people in relation to the number of 6500 board-certified neurologists in Germany, the overall appreciation of the guideline can only be considered as an indicator and not proof of acceptance. Results of this analysis were incorporated into several adjustments to the final guideline of 2021. Since the guideline is to be updated regularly under the auspices of a "living guideline", active interaction with users will continue to matter and help to improve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mokry
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Warnke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - K Gehring
- Neurocentre at Klosterforst, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - H Hegen
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Salmen
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Kraemer
- Department of Neurology, Alfried Krupp Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - I Kleiter
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gemeinnützige GmbH, Germany
| | - E Fasshauer
- German Multiple Sclerosis Society (DMSG), Bundesverband e.V., Hannover, Germany
| | - J Scheiderbauer
- Stiftung für Selbstbestimmung und Selbstvertretung von MS-Betroffene, Trier, Germany
| | - D Lühmann
- Department of Family medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Köpke
- Department for Nursing Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Berthele
- School of Medicine, Dept. Of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - C Heesen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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24
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Pache F, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Kleiter I, Jarius S, Siebert N, Bellmann-Strobl J, Paul F, Ruprecht K. C3 and C4 complement levels in AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD and in MOGAD. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 360:577699. [PMID: 34464830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is a known effector mechanism in aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin (Ig)G-positive (AQP4-IgG+) neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), the role of CDC in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is less clear. We determined complement C3 and C4 plasma concentrations in patients with clinically stable AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD (n = 16), MOGAD (n = 15), early multiple sclerosis (MS, n = 19) and in healthy controls (HC, n = 18). C4 was lower in AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD than in MOGAD, MS and HC (p < 0.05, pairwise comparisons). C3 was lower in AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD than in MS (p = 0.034). These findings suggest subtle complement consumption in clinically stable AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD, but not in MOGAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Pache
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neurology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadja Siebert
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neurology, Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neurology, Berlin, Germany.
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Sippel A, Riemann-Lorenz K, Scheiderbauer J, Kleiter I, Morrison R, Kofahl C, Heesen C. Patients experiences with multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies in daily life - a qualitative interview study. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1141. [PMID: 34686166 PMCID: PMC8539738 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Besides coping with a disease with many uncertainties, people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis face complex decisions concerning disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). In an interview study, we aimed to assess patients’ experiences with DMTs. Methods Problem-centred interviews were conducted with 50 people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Germany using maximum variation sampling and covering all licensed DMTs. Data were analysed thematically using deductive and inductive categories. Results 47 of 50 patients had treatment with at least one of the approved DMTs. The main themes were: (1) starting a DMT, (2) switching to another DMT, (3) discontinuing a DMT, and (4) multiple sclerosis without starting a DMT. Different intercorrelated factors influenced the decision-making processes for or against a DMT. Individual experiences with DMTs in daily life contained the effort in administration, success, and failure of DMTs, coping strategies and well-being without DMTs. The decision-making process for or against a DMT and the use of those treatments can be understood as a constant, continually shifting process, complicated by different factors, which change over time. Experiences with DMTs were characterized by attempts to handle uncertainty and to (re)gain control and integrate adaptivity into one’s life. Conclusions The study provides a rich and nuanced amount of patients’ experiences with DMTs. The findings demonstrate the importance for practitioners to look at current life circumstances of patients with multiple sclerosis when recommending a DMT and to promote and enable patients to make informed decisions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-07012-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sippel
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Karin Riemann-Lorenz
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Kleiter
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | | | - Christopher Kofahl
- Patient representative, Trier, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heesen
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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Giovannelli J, Ciron J, Cohen M, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Stellmann JP, Kleiter I, McCreary M, Greenberg BM, Deschamps R, Audoin B, Maillart E, Papeix C, Collongues N, Bourre B, Laplaud D, Ayrignac X, Durand-Dubief F, Ruet A, Vukusic S, Marignier R, Dauchet L, Zephir H. A meta-analysis comparing first-line immunosuppressants in neuromyelitis optica. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:2025-2037. [PMID: 34505407 PMCID: PMC8528466 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective As phase III trials have shown interest in innovative but expensive drugs in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), data are needed to clarify strategies in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). This meta‐analysis compares the efficacy of first‐line strategies using rituximab (RTX), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), or azathioprine (AZA), which are still widely used. Methods Studies identified by the systematic review of Huang et al. (2019) were selected if they considered at least two first‐line immunosuppressants among RTX, MMF, and AZA. We updated this review. The Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and ClinicalTrials databases were queried between November 2018 and April 2020. To be included, the hazard ratio (HR) [95% CI] for the time to first relapse after first‐line immunosuppression had to be available, calculable, or provided by the authors. Results We gathered data from 919 NMO patients (232 RTX‐, 294 MMF‐, and 393 AZA‐treated patients). The risk of first relapse after first‐line immunosuppression was 1.55 [1.04, 2.31] (p = 0.03) for MMF compared with RTX, 1.42 [0.87, 2.30] (p = 0.16) for AZA compared with RTX, and 0.94 [0.58, 1.54] (p = 0.08) for MMF compared with AZA. Interpretation The findings suggest that RTX is more efficient than MMF as a first‐line therapy. Even if the results of our meta‐analysis cannot conclude that RTX has a better efficacy in delaying the first relapse than AZA, the observed effect difference between both treatments combined with the results of previous studies using as outcome the annualized relapse rate may be in favor of RTX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Ciron
- Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, Hôpital Purpan, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mikael Cohen
- CRCRSEP Nice, UR2CA URRIS, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Neurologie, CHU Pasteur 2, Nice, France
| | - Ho-Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute & Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute & Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jan-Patrik Stellmann
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM, UMR 7339, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Morgan McCreary
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Romain Deschamps
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Audoin
- Aix-Marseille Université, Service de Neurologie, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Maillart
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.,National Referral Center of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (MIRCEM), Paris, France
| | - Caroline Papeix
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.,National Referral Center of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (MIRCEM), Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Collongues
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - David Laplaud
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Xavier Ayrignac
- Department of Neurology CHU Montpellier, INM, University of Montpellier, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Aurélie Ruet
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm U1215 - Neurocentre Magendie, CHU de Bordeaux, Neurologie et Maladies inflammatoires du système nerveux central, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Sandra Vukusic
- Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Romain Marignier
- Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuroinflammation, Centre de Référence des maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, U1028, CNRS, UMR 5292, Center for Research in Neuroscience of Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Luc Dauchet
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Hélène Zephir
- Department of Neurology, CRCSEP Lille, CHU de Lille, University of Lille, Inserm U1172, Lille, France
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Marignier R, Hacohen Y, Cobo-Calvo A, Pröbstel AK, Aktas O, Alexopoulos H, Amato MP, Asgari N, Banwell B, Bennett J, Brilot F, Capobianco M, Chitnis T, Ciccarelli O, Deiva K, De Sèze J, Fujihara K, Jacob A, Kim HJ, Kleiter I, Lassmann H, Leite MI, Linington C, Meinl E, Palace J, Paul F, Petzold A, Pittock S, Reindl M, Sato DK, Selmaj K, Siva A, Stankoff B, Tintore M, Traboulsee A, Waters P, Waubant E, Weinshenker B, Derfuss T, Vukusic S, Hemmer B. Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:762-772. [PMID: 34418402 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a recently identified autoimmune disorder that presents in both adults and children as CNS demyelination. Although there are clinical phenotypic overlaps between MOGAD, multiple sclerosis, and aquaporin-4 antibody-associated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) cumulative biological, clinical, and pathological evidence discriminates between these conditions. Patients should not be diagnosed with multiple sclerosis or NMOSD if they have anti-MOG antibodies in their serum. However, many questions related to the clinical characterisation of MOGAD and pathogenetic role of MOG antibodies are still unanswered. Furthermore, therapy is mainly based on standard protocols for aquaporin-4 antibody-associated NMOSD and multiple sclerosis, and more evidence is needed regarding how and when to treat patients with MOGAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Marignier
- Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Yael Hacohen
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alvaro Cobo-Calvo
- Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne-Katrin Pröbstel
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Harry Alexopoulos
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Pia Amato
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- Institute of Regional Health Research and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Brenda Banwell
- Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bennett
- Department of Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marco Capobianco
- Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, University Hospital San Luigi, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kumaran Deiva
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre, Pediatric Neurology Department, National Referral Center for Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases, Université Paris-Sud, and UMR 1184-CEA-IDMIT, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérôme De Sèze
- Department of Neurology, Strasbourg University Hospital and Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1434, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Koriyama, Japan; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Anu Jacob
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Walton Centre National Health Service Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ho Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria-Isabel Leite
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher Linington
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospitals, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Petzold
- Moorfields Eye Hospital and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Sean Pittock
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Douglas Kazutoshi Sato
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul and School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Krzysztof Selmaj
- University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland; Center of Neurology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Aksel Siva
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, CNRS, Inserm, and Saint Antoine Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Mar Tintore
- Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anthony Traboulsee
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Patrick Waters
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Waubant
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian Weinshenker
- Department of Neurology and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Vukusic
- Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-Inflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
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28
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Havla J, Pakeerathan T, Schwake C, Bennett JL, Kleiter I, Felipe-Rucián A, Joachim SC, Lotz-Havla AS, Kümpfel T, Krumbholz M, Wendel EM, Reindl M, Thiels C, Lücke T, Hellwig K, Gold R, Rostasy K, Ayzenberg I. Age-dependent favorable visual recovery despite significant retinal atrophy in pediatric MOGAD: how much retina do you really need to see well? J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:121. [PMID: 34051804 PMCID: PMC8164737 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate age-related severity, patterns of retinal structural damage, and functional visual recovery in pediatric and adult cohorts of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) optic neuritis (ON). Methods All MOGAD patients from the 5 participating centers were included. Patients with initial manifestation <18 years were included in the pediatric (MOGADped) cohort and patients with ≥18 years in the adult (MOGADadult) cohort. For patients with MOGAD ON, examinations at least ≥6 months after ON onset were included in the analyses. Using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), we acquired peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFL) and volumes of combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCIPL). High- and 2.5% low-contrast visual acuity (HCVA, LCVA) and visual-evoked potentials (VEP) were obtained. Results Twenty MOGADped (10.3±3.7 years, 30 MOGAD ON eyes) and 39 MOGADadult (34.9±11.6 years, 42 MOGAD ON eyes) patients were included. The average number of ON episodes per ON eye was similar in both groups (1.8±1.3 and 2.0±1.7). In both pediatric and adult MOGAD, ON led to pronounced neuroaxonal retinal atrophy (pRNFL: 63.1±18.7 and 64.3±22.9 μm; GCIPL: 0.42±0.09 and 0.44±0.13 mm3, respectively) and moderate delay of the VEP latencies (117.9±10.7 and 118.0±14.5 ms). In contrast, visual acuity was substantially better in children (HCVA: 51.4±9.3 vs. 35.0±20.6 raw letters, p=0.001; LCVA: 22.8±14.6 vs. 13.5±16.4, p=0.028). Complete visual recovery (HCVA-logMAR 0.0) occurred in 73.3% of MOGADped and 31% MOGADadults ON eyes, while 3.3% and 31% demonstrated moderate to severe (logMAR > 0.5) visual impairment. Independent of retinal atrophy, age at ON onset significantly correlated with visual outcome. Conclusion Pediatric MOGAD ON showed better visual recovery than adult MOGAD ON despite profound and almost identical neuroaxonal retinal atrophy. Age-related cortical neuroplasticity may account for the substantial discrepancy between structural changes and functional outcomes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02160-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,Data Integration for Future Medicine (DIFUTURE) Consortium, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thivya Pakeerathan
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carolin Schwake
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, USA
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Ana Felipe-Rucián
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Amelie S Lotz-Havla
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Department of Neurology & Stroke and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eva M Wendel
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Olgaspital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Charlotte Thiels
- Department of Neuropaediatrics and Social Pediatrics, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Lücke
- Department of Neuropaediatrics and Social Pediatrics, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kevin Rostasy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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29
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König N, Stetefeld HR, Dohmen C, Mergenthaler P, Kohler S, Schönenberger S, Bösel J, Lee DH, Gerner ST, Huttner HB, Schneider H, Reichmann H, Fuhrer H, Berger B, Zinke J, Alberty A, Kleiter I, Schneider-Gold C, Roth C, Dunkel J, Steinbrecher A, Thieme A, Schlachetzki F, Linker RA, Angstwurm K, Meisel A, Neumann B. MuSK-antibodies are associated with worse outcome in myasthenic crisis requiring mechanical ventilation. J Neurol 2021; 268:4824-4833. [PMID: 33970337 PMCID: PMC8563593 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenic crisis (MC) is a life-threatening condition for patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Muscle-specific kinase-antibodies (MuSK-ABs) are detected in ~ 6% of MG, but data on outcome of MuSK-MCs are still lacking. We made a subgroup analysis of patients who presented with MC with either acetylcholine-receptor-antibody positive MG (AchR-MG) or MuSK-MG between 2006 and 2015 in a retrospective German multicenter study. We identified 19 MuSK-AB associated MCs in 15 patients and 161 MCs in 144 patients with AchR-ABs only. In contrast to patients with AchR-AB, MuSK-AB patients were more often female (p = 0.05, OR = 2.74) and classified as Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America-class IV before crisis (p = 0.04, OR = 3.25). MuSK-AB patients suffer more often from multiple chronic disease (p = 0.016, OR = 4.87) and were treated more invasively in terms of plasma exchanging therapies (not significant). The number of days of mechanical ventilation (MV) (43.0 ± 53.1 vs. 17.4 ± 18; p < 0.0001), days on an intensive care unit (ICU) (45.3 ± 49.5 vs. 21.2 ± 19.7; p < 0.0001), and hospital-length of stay (LOS) (55.9 ± 47.6 vs. 28.8 ± 20.9 days; p < 0.0001) were significantly increased in MuSK-MC. Remarkable is that these changes were mainly due to patients with MusK-ABs only, whereas patients' outcome with both antibodies was similar to AchR-MCs. Furthermore, our data showed a shortened duration of MV after treatment with plasma exchanging therapies compared to treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin in MuSK-MCs. We conclude that MuSK-AB-status is associated with a longer need of MV, ICU-LOS, and hospital-LOS in MC, and therefore recommend early initiation of a disease-specific therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole König
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Universitaetsstraße 84, 93051, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Dohmen
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Neurology, LVR-Klinik Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Mergenthaler
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Departments of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Siegfried Kohler
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Julian Bösel
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Klinikum Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - De-Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Universitaetsstraße 84, 93051, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan T Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hauke Schneider
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hannah Fuhrer
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Berger
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Zinke
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Alberty
- Department of Neurology, Kliniken Maria Hilf GmbH Moenchengladbach, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen Für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Roth
- Department of Neurology, DRK-Kliniken Nordhessen, Kassel, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Phillips University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Dunkel
- Department of Neurology, DRK-Kliniken Nordhessen, Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Thieme
- Department of Neurology, Helios Klinikum Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Schlachetzki
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Universitaetsstraße 84, 93051, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Universitaetsstraße 84, 93051, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Angstwurm
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Universitaetsstraße 84, 93051, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Meisel
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Departments of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Neumann
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Universitaetsstraße 84, 93051, Regensburg, Germany.
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30
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Ayzenberg I, Richter D, Henke E, Asseyer S, Paul F, Trebst C, Hümmert MW, Havla J, Kümpfel T, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Häußler V, Stellmann JP, Senel M, Klotz L, Pellkofer HL, Weber MS, Pawlitzki M, Rommer PS, Berthele A, Wernecke KD, Hellwig K, Gold R, Kleiter I. Pain, Depression, and Quality of Life in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study of 166 AQP4 Antibody-Seropositive Patients. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2021; 8:8/3/e985. [PMID: 34108267 PMCID: PMC8058953 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate prevalence, clinical characteristics, and predictors of pain,
depression, and their impact on the quality of life (QoL) in a large
neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) cohort. Methods We included 166 patients with aquaporin-4–seropositive NMOSD from 13
tertiary referral centers. Patients received questionnaires on demographic
and clinical characteristics, PainDetect, short form of Brief Pain
Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory–II, and Short Form 36 Health
Survey. Results One hundred twenty-five (75.3%) patients suffered from chronic
NMOSD-associated pain. Of these, 65.9% had neuropathic pain, 68.8% reported
spasticity-associated pain and 26.4% painful tonic spasms. Number of
previous myelitis attacks (OR = 1.27, p = 0.018)
and involved upper thoracic segments (OR = 1.31, p
= 0.018) were the only predictive factors for chronic pain. The latter
was specifically associated with spasticity-associated pain (OR = 1.36,
p = 0.002). More than a third (39.8%) suffered
from depression, which was moderate to severe in 51.5%. Pain severity (OR
= 1.81, p < 0.001) and especially neuropathic
character (OR = 3.44, p < 0.001) were associated
with depression. Pain severity and walking impairment explained 53.9% of the
physical QoL variability, while depression and walking impairment 39.7% of
the mental QoL variability. No specific medication was given to 70.6% of
patients with moderate or severe depression and 42.5% of those with
neuropathic pain. Two-thirds (64.2%) of patients with symptomatic treatment
still reported moderate to severe pain. Conclusions Myelitis episodes involving upper thoracic segments are main drivers of pain
in NMOSD. Although pain intensity was lower than in previous studies, pain
and depression remain undertreated and strongly affect QoL. Interventional
studies on targeted treatment strategies for pain are urgently needed in
NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Ayzenberg
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Daniel Richter
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Eugenia Henke
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Susanna Asseyer
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Corinna Trebst
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Martin W Hümmert
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Vivien Häußler
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Stellmann
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Hannah L Pellkofer
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Martin S Weber
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Marc Pawlitzki
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Paulus S Rommer
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Wernecke
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A., D.R., E.H., K.H., R.G., I.K.), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (S.A., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (C.T., M.W.H.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J.H., T.K., H.L.P.), University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R., O.A.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.R.), Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group (B.W., S.J.), Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS) (V.H., J.-P.S.), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (V.H., J.-P.S.), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; APHM (J.-P.S.), Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université (J.-P.S.), CRMBM, CNRS UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (M.S.), University of Ulm, Germany; Münster Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (L.K., M.P.), University Hospital Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.L.P., M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.P.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunology Section (P.S.R.), Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.B.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CRO SOSTANA GmbH Berlin (K.-D.W.), Germany; and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany.
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Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, De Sèze J, Kleiter I, Fox E, Weinshenker BG, Traboulsee A. Efficacité du satralizumab chez des patients atteints de troubles du spectre de la neuromyélite optique (NMOSD) : données des périodes d’extension en ouvert des études SAkuraSky et SakuraStar. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2021.02.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ayzenberg I, Kleiter I. [Treatment of antibody-mediated encephalomyelitis : Strategies for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease]. Nervenarzt 2021; 92:334-348. [PMID: 33783551 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-021-01090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated encephalomyelitis, such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody-associated astrocytopathy belong to a group of newly described autoimmune diseases. AIM Presentation of the treatment of antibody-mediated encephalomyelitis with a focus on NMOSD and MOGAD. METHODS Selective literature search in PubMed taking the consultation version of the S2k guidelines of the German Society of Neurology (DGN) on the diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), NMOSD and MOG IgG-associated diseases into account. RESULTS Acute relapses are treated with high-dose steroid pulse therapy or apheresis therapy (plasma exchange or immunoadsorption). It is crucial to start treatment as quickly as possible and apheresis therapy can also be used as first-line treatment under certain conditions. For prophylactic immunotherapy, steroids, classical immunosuppressants and monoclonal antibodies with specific mechanisms of action are used. Eculizumab, inebilizumab and satralizumab are the first drugs approved for NMOSD. Symptomatic treatment and neurorehabilitation are important complementary measures. CONCLUSION Treatment of antibody-mediated encephalomyelitis differs from treatment of multiple sclerosis and requires specific measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Ayzenberg
- Klinik für Neurologie, St. Josef Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland.
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Klinik für Neurologie, St. Josef Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gemeinnützige GmbH, Milchberg 21, 82335, Berg, Deutschland
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Asseyer S, Henke E, Trebst C, Hümmert MW, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Pawlitzki M, Korsen M, Klotz L, Siebert N, Ruprecht K, Bellmann-Strobl J, Wernecke KD, Häußler V, Havla J, Gahlen A, Gold R, Paul F, Kleiter I, Ayzenberg I. Pain, depression, and quality of life in adults with MOG-antibody-associated disease. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:1645-1658. [PMID: 33423336 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an inflammatory autoimmune condition of the central nervous system. However, data on pain and depression have remained scarce. The aim of this study was to assess features of chronic pain and depression as well as their impact on health-related quality of life (hr-QoL) in MOGAD. METHODS Patients with MOGAD were identified in the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group registry. Data were acquired by a questionnaire, including clinical, demographic, pain (PainDetect, Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form, McGill Pain Questionnaire-Short Form), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II), and hr-QoL (Short Form-36 Health Survey) items. RESULTS Twenty-two of 43 patients suffered from MOGAD-related pain (11 nociceptive, eight definite neuropathic, three possible neuropathic) and 18 from depression. Patients with neuropathic pain had the highest pain intensity and most profound activities of daily living (ADL) impairment. Fifteen patients reported spasticity-associated pain, including four with short-lasting painful tonic spasms. Later disease onset, profound physical impairment, and depression were associated with chronic pain. Physical QoL was more affected in pain sufferers (p < 0.001) than in pain-free patients, being most severely reduced by neuropathic pain (p = 0.016). Pain severity, visual impairment, and gait impairment independently predicted lower physical QoL. Depression was the only factor reducing mental QoL. Twelve patients still suffering from moderate pain (pain severity 4.6 ± 2.3) received pain medication. Only four out of 10 patients with moderate to severe depression took antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS Being highly prevalent, pain and depression strongly affect QoL and ADL in MOGAD. Both conditions remain insufficiently controlled in real-life clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Asseyer
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugenia Henke
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Corinna Trebst
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin W Hümmert
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Pawlitzki
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Korsen
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nadja Siebert
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Wernecke
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,CRO Sostana GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivien Häußler
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Gahlen
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Neurology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Barabasch A, Riemann-Lorenz K, Kofahl C, Scheiderbauer J, Eklund D, Kleiter I, Kasper J, Köpke S, Lezius S, Zapf A, Rahn AC, Heesen C. Impact of a multimedia website with patient experiences of multiple sclerosis (PExMS) on immunotherapy decision-making: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial in a mixed-methods design. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2021; 7:16. [PMID: 33413658 PMCID: PMC7788927 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-020-00749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A variety of management options (e.g. immunotherapies, lifestyle interventions, and rehabilitation) are available for people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Besides coping with the diagnosis, people with MS (pwMS) have to make complex decisions such as deciding about immunotherapies. In addition to factual information, reports of patient experiences (PEx) may support patients in decision-making. The added value of PEx in decision-making is not clear, and controlled studies are rare. Therefore, systematic methods are necessary to develop and analyse PEx. As there are no evaluated PEx for MS in Germany, we are currently creating a website presenting PEx structured according to topics and illustrated by video, audio, and text files. We aim to determine the feasibility of an intervention using PEx and evaluate whether PEx may help pwMS in their immunotherapy decision-making processes as a supplement to evidence-based information. Methods This project will follow the Medical Research Council framework for development and evaluation of complex interventions. After the development of a website with PEx, a randomised controlled pilot trial (pilot RCT) will be conducted in 2–3 MS centres, clinics, or rehabilitation centres including 55 pwMS and accompanied by a process evaluation. Patients with a RRMS diagnosis considering immunotherapy are eligible. The primary outcome is decision self-efficacy. Secondary outcomes include preparation for decision-making, decisional conflict, risk knowledge, confidence in active participation, affective forecasting, social support, and self-reported impact of eHealth on its users. Participants will be randomly assigned either to (i) an intervention group with 4 weeks access to an evidence-based patient information resource and the PExMS-website as an adjunct or to (ii) the control group with access to evidence-based information alone. A 6-member advisory panel involving representatives of pwMS, researchers, and neurologists, who accompany the whole project, will mentor this pilot RCT. Discussion The intervention was developed with systematic methods, created with active patient involvement and in critical appraisal by an expert advisory panel. The study is innovative as it contributes to the controversial evidence on the use of PEx in the context of evidence-based patient information. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04236544 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40814-020-00749-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barabasch
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Karin Riemann-Lorenz
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Kofahl
- Institute of Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.,Patient representative, Hamburg, Trier, Germany
| | | | | | - Ingo Kleiter
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kasper
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, OsloMET, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sascha Köpke
- Institute for Clinical Nursing Science, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Lezius
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Zapf
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Christin Rahn
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Health Services Research, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heesen
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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Angstwurm K, Vidal A, Stetefeld H, Dohmen C, Mergenthaler P, Kohler S, Schönenberger S, Bösel J, Neumann U, Lee DH, Gerner ST, Huttner HB, Thieme A, Dunkel J, Roth C, Schneider H, Schimmel E, Reichmann H, Fuhrer H, Berger B, Kleiter I, Schneider-Gold C, Alberty A, Zinke J, Schalke B, Steinbrecher A, Meisel A, Neumann B. Early Tracheostomy Is Associated With Shorter Ventilation Time and Duration of ICU Stay in Patients With Myasthenic Crisis-A Multicenter Analysis. J Intensive Care Med 2020; 37:32-40. [PMID: 33233998 DOI: 10.1177/0885066620967646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myasthenic crisis (MC) requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) is a rare and serious complication of myasthenia gravis. Here we analyzed the frequency of performed tracheostomies, risk factors correlating with a tracheostomy, as well as the impact of an early tracheostomy on ventilation time and ICU length of stay (LOS) in MC. METHODS Retrospective chart review on patients treated for MC in 12 German neurological departments between 2006 and 2015 to assess demographic/diagnostic data, rates and timing of tracheostomy and outcome. RESULTS In 107 out of 215 MC (49.8%), a tracheostomy was performed. Patients without tracheostomy were more likely to have an early-onset myasthenia gravis (27 [25.2%] vs 12 [11.5%], p = 0.01). Patients receiving a tracheostomy, however, were more frequently suffering from multiple comorbidities (20 [18.7%] vs 9 [8.3%], p = 0.03) and also the ventilation time (34.4 days ± 27.7 versus 7.9 ± 7.8, p < 0.0001) and ICU-LOS (34.8 days ± 25.5 versus 12.1 ± 8.0, p < 0.0001) was significantly longer than in non-tracheostomized patients. Demographics and characteristics of the course of the disease up to the crisis were not significantly different between patients with an early (within 10 days) compared to a late tracheostomy. However, an early tracheostomy correlated with a shorter duration of MV at ICU (26.2 days ± 18.1 versus 42.0 ± 33.1, p = 0.006), and ICU-LOS (26.2 days ± 14.6 versus 42.3 ± 33.0, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION Half of the ventilated patients with MC required a tracheostomy. Poorer health condition before the crisis and late-onset MG were associated with a tracheostomy. An early tracheostomy (≤ day 10), however, was associated with a shorter duration of MV and ICU-LOS by 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemens Angstwurm
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Amelie Vidal
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Dohmen
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Neurology, LVR-Klinik Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Mergenthaler
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin.,Departments of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Siegfried Kohler
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Julian Bösel
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Klinikum Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Ursula Neumann
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps-Universitaet Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - De-Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan T Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Thieme
- Department of Neurology, HELIOS Klinikum Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| | - Juliane Dunkel
- Department of Neurology, DRK-Kliniken Nordhessen, Kassel, Germany
| | - Christian Roth
- Department of Neurology, DRK-Kliniken Nordhessen, Kassel, Germany
| | - Hauke Schneider
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Eik Schimmel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hannah Fuhrer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Berger
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | | | - Anke Alberty
- Department of Neurology, Kliniken Maria Hilf GmbH Moenchengladbach, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Jan Zinke
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Berthold Schalke
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Meisel
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin.,Departments of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Neumann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Solari A, Giordano A, Sastre-Garriga J, Köpke S, Rahn AC, Kleiter I, Aleksovska K, Battaglia MA, Bay J, Copetti M, Drulovic J, Kooij L, Mens J, Murillo ERM, Milanov I, Milo R, Pekmezovic T, Vosburgh J, Silber E, Veronese S, Patti F, Voltz R, Oliver DJ. EAN Guideline on Palliative Care of People with Severe, Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. J Palliat Med 2020; 23:1426-1443. [PMID: 32469284 PMCID: PMC7583337 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2020.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Patients with severe, progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) have complex physical and psychosocial needs, typically over several years. Few treatment options are available to prevent or delay further clinical worsening in this population. The objective was to develop an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the palliative care of patients with severe, progressive MS. Methods: This guideline was developed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. Formulation of the clinical questions was performed in the Patients-Intervention-Comparator-Outcome format, involving patients, carers and healthcare professionals (HPs). No uniform definition of severe MS exists: in this guideline, constant bilateral support required to walk 20 m without resting (Expanded Disability Status Scale score >6.0) or higher disability is referred to. When evidence was lacking for this population, recommendations were formulated using indirect evidence or good practice statements were devised. Results: Ten clinical questions were formulated. They encompassed general and specialist palliative care, advance care planning, discussing with HPs the patient's wish to hasten death, symptom management, multidisciplinary rehabilitation, interventions for caregivers and interventions for HPs. A total of 34 recommendations (33 weak, 1 strong) and seven good practice statements were devised. Conclusions: The provision of home-based palliative care (either general or specialist) is recommended with weak strength for patients with severe, progressive MS. Further research on the integration of palliative care and MS care is needed. Areas that currently lack evidence of efficacy in this population include advance care planning, the management of symptoms such as fatigue and mood problems, and interventions for caregivers and HPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Solari
- Unit of Neuroepidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giordano
- Unit of Neuroepidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jaume Sastre-Garriga
- Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Germany
| | - Sascha Köpke
- Institute of Clinical Nursing Science, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne C. Rahn
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jette Bay
- Multiple Sclerosis International Federation, People with MS Advisory Committee, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Massimiliano Copetti
- Unit of Biostatistics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Jelena Drulovic
- Clinic of Neurology, CCS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - John Mens
- Nieuw Unicum, Zandvoort, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin R. Meza Murillo
- Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Germany
| | | | - Ron Milo
- Department of Neurology, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | - Eli Silber
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francesco Patti
- Neurology Clinic, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University Hospital Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
| | - Raymond Voltz
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Health Services Research (ZVFK), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David J. Oliver
- The Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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Ringelstein M, Harmel J, Zimmermann H, Brandt AU, Paul F, Haarmann A, Buttmann M, Hümmert MW, Trebst C, Schroeder C, Ayzenberg I, Kleiter I, Hellwig K, Havla J, Kümpfel T, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Rommer P, Weber M, Pellkofer H, Röpke L, Geis C, Retzlaff N, Zettl U, Deppe M, Klotz L, Young K, Stellmann JP, Kaste M, Kermer P, Marouf W, Lauda F, Tumani H, Graf J, Klistorner S, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Albrecht P. Author response: Longitudinal optic neuritis-unrelated visual evoked potential changes in NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology 2020; 95:610. [PMID: 32989121 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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38
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Limmroth V, Ziemssen T, Kleiter I, Wagner B, Schmidt S, Lassek C, Baier-Ebert M, Wendt G, Dechend R, Haverkamp W. A Comprehensive Monitoring Study on Electrocardiographic Assessments and Cardiac Events After Fingolimod First Dose-Possible Predictors of Cardiac Outcomes. Front Neurol 2020; 11:818. [PMID: 32903376 PMCID: PMC7434833 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: First dose observation for cardiac effects is required for fingolimod. Previous results in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) suggest that transient bradycardia and conduction abnormalities during the observation phase are rare, benign and reversible. Prior analyses corroborate these findings. The present large scale dataset allows subgroup analyses for differences in the incidence of cardiac findings depending on patient characteristics. Methods: START was an open-label, multi-center study that enrolled 6,998 RRMS patients. Primary endpoints were incidence of bradycardia (heart rate < 45 bpm) and second-/third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block during treatment initiation. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age, gender, body mass index (BMI), baseline expanded disability status scale (EDSS), and concomitant medication to determine the impact of these variables on cardiac outcomes parameters. Results: 63 patients (0.9%) developed bradycardia (<45 bpm), 120 patients (1.7%) had a second-degree Mobitz I (Wenkebach) block and/or 2:1 AV block. One case of an asymptomatic third-degree AV block occurred. No Mobitz II AV block was observed. After 1 week, no second-/third-degree AV block was observed. The incidence of second- or third-degree AV blocks was significantly higher in older patients (≥50 years; p = 0.014 vs. patients 35–49 years). Second- or third-degree AV blocks were more frequent in females (87.5% of all patients with a second- or third-degree AV block; p < 0.001), while bradycardia occurred more often in males (58.7% of all bradycardia events; p < 0.001). Furthermore, patients with a BMI below 25 had a higher incidence of second- or third-degree AV block. Conclusions: In summary, transient bradycardia and AV conduction abnormalities after the first dose of fingolimod were rare and asymptomatic. When compared to females, male patients might have a higher risk for bradycardia during treatment initiation, presumably due to a lower resting heart rate. Furthermore, a low heart rate before treatment initiation, low body weight, or low BMI possibly increases the risk for bradycardia. Second- or third-degree AV blocks were more frequent in females, older patients and patients with a low BMI. Nevertheless, these cardiac events remained rare and benign, confirming the favorable cardiac safety profile of fingolimod upon treatment initiation in MS patients without cardiovascular comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Limmroth
- Department of Neurology, Cologne General Hospitals, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Schmidt
- Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis Schmidt, Neudecker, Viebahn und Kronenberger, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Lassek
- Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis Kassel und Vellmar, Kassel, Germany
| | | | | | - Ralf Dechend
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Campus Buch and HELIOS Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Haverkamp
- Division for Metabolism and Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Jarius S, Pellkofer H, Siebert N, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Hümmert MW, Ringelstein M, Rommer PS, Ayzenberg I, Ruprecht K, Klotz L, Asgari N, Zrzavy T, Höftberger R, Tobia R, Buttmann M, Fechner K, Schanda K, Weber M, Asseyer S, Haas J, Lechner C, Kleiter I, Aktas O, Trebst C, Rostasy K, Reindl M, Kümpfel T, Paul F, Wildemann B. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. Part 1: Results from 163 lumbar punctures in 100 adult patients. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:261. [PMID: 32883348 PMCID: PMC7470615 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New-generation cell-based assays have demonstrated a robust association of serum autoantibodies to full-length human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) with (mostly recurrent) optic neuritis, myelitis, and brainstem encephalitis, as well as with neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-like or acute-disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like presentations. However, only limited data are yet available on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in MOG-IgG-associated encephalomyelitis (MOG-EM; also termed MOG antibody-associated disease, MOGAD). OBJECTIVE To describe systematically the CSF profile in MOG-EM. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cytological and biochemical findings (including white cell counts and differentiation; frequency and patterns of oligoclonal bands; IgG/IgM/IgA and albumin concentrations and CSF/serum ratios; intrathecal IgG/IgA/IgM fractions; locally produced IgG/IgM/IgA concentrations; immunoglobulin class patterns; IgG/IgA/IgM reibergrams; Link index; measles/rubella/zoster (MRZ) reaction; other anti-viral and anti-bacterial antibody indices; CSF total protein; CSF L-lactate) from 163 lumbar punctures in 100 adult patients of mainly Caucasian descent with MOG-EM were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Most strikingly, CSF-restricted oligoclonal IgG bands, a hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS), were absent in almost 90% of samples (N = 151), and the MRZ reaction, the most specific laboratory marker of MS known so far, in 100% (N = 62). If present, intrathecal IgG (and, more rarely, IgM) synthesis was low, often transient and mostly restricted to acute attacks. CSF WCC was elevated in > 50% of samples (median 31 cells/μl; mostly lymphocytes and monocytes; > 100/μl in 12%). Neutrophils were present in > 40% of samples; activated lymphocytes were found less frequently and eosinophils and/or plasma cells only very rarely (< 4%). Blood-CSF barrier dysfunction (as indicated by an elevated albumin CSF/serum ratio) was present in 48% of all samples and at least once in 55% of all patients (N = 88) tested. The frequency and degree of CSF alterations were significantly higher in patients with acute myelitis than in patients with acute ON and varied strongly depending on attack severity. CSF L-lactate levels correlated significantly with the spinal cord lesion load in patients with acute myelitis (p < 0.0001). Like pleocytosis, blood-CSF barrier dysfunction was present also during remission in a substantial number of patients. CONCLUSION MOG-IgG-positive EM is characterized by CSF features that are distinct from those in MS. Our findings are important for the differential diagnosis of MS and MOG-EM and add to the understanding of the immunopathogenesis of this newly described autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hannah Pellkofer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadja Siebert
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Korporal-Kuhnke
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin W Hümmert
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paulus S Rommer
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- Department of Regional Health Research, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tobias Zrzavy
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rafik Tobia
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Kathrin Schanda
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Weber
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanna Asseyer
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Haas
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Lechner
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Corinna Trebst
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kevin Rostasy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Markus Reindl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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40
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Jarius S, Lechner C, Wendel EM, Baumann M, Breu M, Schimmel M, Karenfort M, Marina AD, Merkenschlager A, Thiels C, Blaschek A, Salandin M, Leiz S, Leypoldt F, Pschibul A, Hackenberg A, Hahn A, Syrbe S, Strautmanis J, Häusler M, Krieg P, Eisenkölbl A, Stoffels J, Eckenweiler M, Ayzenberg I, Haas J, Höftberger R, Kleiter I, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Ringelstein M, Ruprecht K, Siebert N, Schanda K, Aktas O, Paul F, Reindl M, Wildemann B, Rostásy K. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. Part 2: Results from 108 lumbar punctures in 80 pediatric patients. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:262. [PMID: 32883358 PMCID: PMC7470445 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01825-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New-generation, cell-based assays have demonstrated a robust association of serum autoantibodies to full-length human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) with (mostly recurrent) optic neuritis, myelitis, and brainstem encephalitis, as well as with neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-like or acute-disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like presentations. However, only limited data are yet available on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in MOG-IgG-associated encephalomyelitis (MOG-EM; also termed MOG antibody-associated disease, MOGAD). OBJECTIVE To describe systematically the CSF profile in children with MOG-EM. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cytological and biochemical findings (including white cell counts [WCC] and differentiation; frequency and patterns of oligoclonal bands; IgG/IgM/IgA and albumin concentrations and CSF/serum ratios; intrathecal IgG/IgM/IgA fractions; locally produced IgG/IgM/IgA concentrations; immunoglobulin class patterns; IgG/IgA/IgM reibergrams; Link index; measles/rubella/zoster [MRZ] reaction; other anti-viral and anti-bacterial antibody indices; CSF total protein; CSF L-lactate) from 108 lumbar punctures in 80 pediatric patients of mainly Caucasian descent with MOG-EM were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Most strikingly, CSF-restricted oligoclonal IgG bands, a hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS), were absent in 89% of samples (N = 96), and the MRZ reaction, the most specific laboratory marker of MS known so far, in 100% (N = 29). If present at all, intrathecal IgG synthesis was low, often transient and mostly restricted to acute attacks. Intrathecal IgM synthesis was present in 21% and exclusively detectable during acute attacks. CSF WCC were elevated in 54% of samples (median 40 cells/μl; range 6-256; mostly lymphocytes and monocytes; > 100/μl in 11%). Neutrophils were present in 71% of samples; eosinophils, activated lymphocytes, and plasma cells were seen only rarely (all < 7%). Blood-CSF barrier dysfunction (as indicated by an elevated albumin CSF/serum ratio) was present in 46% of all samples (N = 79) and at least once in 48% of all patients (N = 67) tested. CSF alterations were significantly more frequent and/or more pronounced in patients with acute spinal cord or brain disease than in patients with acute ON and varied strongly depending on attack severity. CSF L-lactate levels correlated significantly with the spinal cord lesions load (measured in vertebral segments) in patients with acute myelitis (p = 0.0099). An analysis of pooled data from the pediatric and the adult cohort showed a significant relationship of QAlb (p < 0.0005), CST TP (p < 0.0001), and CSF L-lactate (p < 0.0003) during acute attacks with age. CONCLUSION MOG-IgG-associated EM in children is characterized by CSF features that are distinct from those in MS. With regard to most parameters, no marked differences between the pediatric cohort and the adult cohort analyzed in Part 1 were noted. Our findings are important for the differential diagnosis of pediatric MS and MOG-EM and add to the understanding of the immunopathogenesis of this newly described autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christian Lechner
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva M Wendel
- Department of Pediatrics, Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Baumann
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Breu
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mareike Schimmel
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Medical University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Michael Karenfort
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adela Della Marina
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Merkenschlager
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Charlotte Thiels
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Astrid Blaschek
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Leiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and Medical University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Pschibul
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Hackenberg
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Steffen Syrbe
- Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jurgis Strautmanis
- Department of Neurology, Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Martin Häusler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Medical University RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Krieg
- Department of Pediatrics, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Astrid Eisenkölbl
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's and Children's Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Johannes Stoffels
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Neuburg, Neuburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eckenweiler
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Haas
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Korporal-Kuhnke
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Siebert
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schanda
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Neuburg, Neuburg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany.
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Kleiter I, Ayzenberg I, Havla J, Lukas C, Penner IK, Stadelmann C, Linker RA. The transitional phase of multiple sclerosis: Characterization and conceptual framework. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 44:102242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fujihara K, Bennett JL, de Seze J, Haramura M, Kleiter I, Weinshenker BG, Kang D, Mughal T, Yamamura T. Interleukin-6 in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder pathophysiology. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2020; 7:7/5/e841. [PMID: 32820020 PMCID: PMC7455314 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare autoimmune disorder that preferentially affects the spinal cord and optic nerve. Most patients with NMOSD experience severe relapses that lead to permanent neurologic disability; therefore, limiting frequency and severity of these attacks is the primary goal of disease management. Currently, patients are treated with immunosuppressants. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is significantly elevated in the serum and the CSF of patients with NMOSD. IL-6 may have multiple roles in NMOSD pathophysiology by promoting plasmablast survival, stimulating the production of antibodies against aquaporin-4, disrupting blood-brain barrier integrity and functionality, and enhancing proinflammatory T-lymphocyte differentiation and activation. Case series have shown decreased relapse rates following IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) blockade in patients with NMOSD, and 2 recent phase 3 randomized controlled trials confirmed that IL-6R inhibition reduces the risk of relapses in NMOSD. As such, inhibition of IL-6 activity represents a promising emerging therapy for the management of NMOSD manifestations. In this review, we summarize the role of IL-6 in the context of NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Fujihara
- From the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. (M.H.), Ltd, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; ApotheCom (D.K., T.M.), London, UK; and Department of Immunology (T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- From the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. (M.H.), Ltd, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; ApotheCom (D.K., T.M.), London, UK; and Department of Immunology (T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jerome de Seze
- From the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. (M.H.), Ltd, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; ApotheCom (D.K., T.M.), London, UK; and Department of Immunology (T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Haramura
- From the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. (M.H.), Ltd, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; ApotheCom (D.K., T.M.), London, UK; and Department of Immunology (T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- From the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. (M.H.), Ltd, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; ApotheCom (D.K., T.M.), London, UK; and Department of Immunology (T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Brian G Weinshenker
- From the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. (M.H.), Ltd, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; ApotheCom (D.K., T.M.), London, UK; and Department of Immunology (T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Delene Kang
- From the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. (M.H.), Ltd, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; ApotheCom (D.K., T.M.), London, UK; and Department of Immunology (T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tabasum Mughal
- From the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. (M.H.), Ltd, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; ApotheCom (D.K., T.M.), London, UK; and Department of Immunology (T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamura
- From the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; and Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (J.L.B.), Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. (M.H.), Ltd, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (I.K.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany; Department of Neurology (B.G.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; ApotheCom (D.K., T.M.), London, UK; and Department of Immunology (T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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Solari A, Giordano A, Sastre-Garriga J, Köpke S, Rahn AC, Kleiter I, Aleksovska K, Battaglia MA, Bay J, Copetti M, Drulovic J, Kooij L, Mens J, Meza Murillo ER, Milanov I, Milo R, Pekmezovic T, Vosburgh J, Silber E, Veronese S, Patti F, Voltz R, Oliver D. EAN guideline on palliative care of people with severe, progressive multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:1510-1529. [PMID: 32469447 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patients with severe, progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) have complex physical and psychosocial needs, typically over several years. Few treatment options are available to prevent or delay further clinical worsening in this population. The objective was to develop an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the palliative care of patients with severe, progressive MS. METHODS This guideline was developed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. Formulation of the clinical questions was performed in the Patients-Intervention-Comparator-Outcome format, involving patients, carers and healthcare professionals (HPs). No uniform definition of severe MS exists: in this guideline, constant bilateral support required to walk 20 m without resting (Expanded Disability Status Scale score > 6.0) or higher disability is referred to. When evidence was lacking for this population, recommendations were formulated using indirect evidence or good practice statements were devised. RESULTS Ten clinical questions were formulated. They encompassed general and specialist palliative care, advance care planning, discussing with HPs the patient's wish to hasten death, symptom management, multidisciplinary rehabilitation, interventions for caregivers and interventions for HPs. A total of 34 recommendations (33 weak, 1 strong) and seven good practice statements were devised. CONCLUSIONS The provision of home-based palliative care (either general or specialist) is recommended with weak strength for patients with severe, progressive MS. Further research on the integration of palliative care and MS care is needed. Areas that currently lack evidence of efficacy in this population include advance care planning, the management of symptoms such as fatigue and mood problems, and interventions for caregivers and HPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Solari
- Unit of Neuroepidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - A Giordano
- Unit of Neuroepidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - J Sastre-Garriga
- Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Köpke
- Institute of Clinical Nursing Science, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A C Rahn
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - I Kleiter
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | | | - M A Battaglia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - J Bay
- Multiple Sclerosis International Federation, People with MS Advisory Committee, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Copetti
- Unit of Biostatistics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - J Drulovic
- Clinic of Neurology, CCS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - L Kooij
- Nieuw Unicum, Zandvoort, The Netherlands
| | - J Mens
- Nieuw Unicum, Zandvoort, The Netherlands
| | - E R Meza Murillo
- Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Milanov
- Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - R Milo
- Department of Neurology, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - T Pekmezovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Vosburgh
- Israel Multiple Sclerosis Society, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - E Silber
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S Veronese
- FARO Charitable Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - F Patti
- Neurology Clinic, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University Hospital Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
| | - R Voltz
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Health Services Research (ZVFK), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - D Oliver
- The Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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Abdelhak A, Huss A, Stahmann A, Senel M, Krumbholz M, Kowarik MC, Havla J, Kümpfel T, Kleiter I, Wüstinger I, Zettl UK, Schwartz M, Roesler R, Friede T, Ludolph AC, Ziemann U, Tumani H. Explorative study of emerging blood biomarkers in progressive multiple sclerosis (EmBioProMS): Design of a prospective observational multicentre pilot study. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2020; 18:100574. [PMID: 32478196 PMCID: PMC7251538 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Defining clinical and subclinical progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) is challenging. Patient history, expanded disability status scale (EDSS), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) all have shortcomings and may underestimate disease dynamics. Emerging serum biomarkers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light chain (NfL) proved useful in many cross-sectional studies. However, longitudinal data on patients with progressive MS is scarce. Objectives To assess whether the serum biomarkers GFAP and NfL might differentiate between patients with progressive vs. non-progressive disease stages and predict the disease course according to the Lublin criteria. Methods EmBioProMS is a pilot, observational, prospective, multicentric study funded by the German Multiple Sclerosis Society (DMSG). 200 patients with MS according to the 2017 McDonald criteria and history of relapse-independent progression at any time (progressive MS, PMS), younger than 65 years, and with EDSS ≤ 6.5 will be recruited in 6 centres in Germany. At baseline, month 6, and 18, medical history, EDSS, Nine-Hole-Peg-Test (9-HPT), Timed-25-Foot-Walk-Test (T-25FW), Symbol-Digit-Modalities-Test (SDMT), serum GFAP, and NfL, MRI (at least baseline and month 18) and optional optical coherence tomography (OCT) will be performed. Disease progression before and during the study is defined by confirmed EDSS progression, increase by ≥ 20% in 9-HPT or T-25FW time. Conclusions This longitudinal multicentre study will reveal to what extent the prediction of disease progression in patients with PMS will be improved by the analysis of serum biomarkers in conjunction with routine clinical data and neuroimaging measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelhak
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andre Huss
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Stahmann
- MS Forschungs- und Projektentwicklungs-gGmbH, MS-Registry by the German MS-Society, Hanover, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus C. Kowarik
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Isabella Wüstinger
- Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, Berg, Germany
| | - Uwe K. Zettl
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunological Section, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Margit Schwartz
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunological Section, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Romy Roesler
- Fachklinik für Neurologie Dietenbronn, Schwendi, Germany
| | - Tim Friede
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hayrettin Tumani
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Fachklinik für Neurologie Dietenbronn, Schwendi, Germany
- Corresponding author. Universitäts- und Rehabilitationskliniken Ulm (RKU), Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Faissner S, Graz F, Reinehr S, Petrikowski L, Haupeltshofer S, Ceylan U, Stute G, Winklmeier S, Pache F, Paul F, Ruprecht K, Meinl E, Dick HB, Gold R, Kleiter I, Joachim SC. Binding patterns and functional properties of human antibodies to AQP4 and MOG on murine optic nerve and retina. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 342:577194. [PMID: 32143071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune-inflammatory CNS disease affecting spinal cord and optic nerves, mediated by autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG). Effects of those immunoglobulins (Ig) on retina and optic nerve are incompletely understood. We investigated AQP4-IgG and MOG-IgG sera on retina and optic nerve ex vivo and in 2D2 mice, which harbor a transgenic MOG-specific T-cell receptor. Some sera reacted with murine retina and optic nerve showing distinct binding patterns, suggesting different epitopes being targeted in both subgroups. Transfer of total IgG from a MOG-IgG positive patient to 2D2 mice did neither enhance disability nor induce functional or histological alterations in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Faissner
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Florian Graz
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany; Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Reinehr
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Laura Petrikowski
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany; Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Steffen Haupeltshofer
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulaş Ceylan
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Gesa Stute
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Winklmeier
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florence Pache
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center und Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - H Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany.
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Yamamura T, Kleiter I, Fujihara K, Palace J, Greenberg B, Zakrzewska-Pniewska B, Patti F, Saiz A, Haramura M, Terada Y. Efficacy of Satralizumab (SA237) As Add-on Therapy in Pre-Specified Additional Analyses of Sakurasky, a Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD). Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Haupeltshofer S, Leichsenring T, Berg S, Pedreiturria X, Joachim SC, Tischoff I, Otte JM, Bopp T, Fantini MC, Esser C, Willbold D, Gold R, Faissner S, Kleiter I. Smad7 in intestinal CD4 + T cells determines autoimmunity in a spontaneous model of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25860-25869. [PMID: 31796589 PMCID: PMC6926056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905955116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental triggers acting at the intestinal barrier are thought to contribute to the initiation of autoimmune disorders. The transforming growth factor beta inhibitor Smad7 determines the phenotype of CD4+ T cells. We hypothesized that Smad7 in intestinal CD4+ T cells controls initiation of opticospinal encephalomyelitis (OSE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS), depending on the presence of gut microbiota. Smad7 was overexpressed or deleted in OSE CD4+ T cells to determine the effect on clinical progression, T cell differentiation, and T cell migration from the intestine to the central nervous system (CNS). Smad7 overexpression worsened the clinical course of OSE and increased CNS inflammation and demyelination. It favored expansion of intestinal CD4+ T cells toward an inflammatory phenotype and migration of intestinal CD4+ T cells to the CNS. Intestinal biopsies from MS patients revealed decreased transforming growth factor beta signaling with a shift toward inflammatory T cell subtypes. Smad7 in intestinal T cells might represent a valuable therapeutic target for MS to achieve immunologic tolerance in the intestine and suppress CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Haupeltshofer
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Teresa Leichsenring
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarah Berg
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Xiomara Pedreiturria
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- University Eye Clinic, Experimental Eye Research Institute, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Iris Tischoff
- Institut für Pathologie, Bergmannsheil, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan-Michel Otte
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Klinikum Links der Weser, 28277 Bremen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Universitätsmedizin Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Massimo C Fantini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Roma RM, Italy
| | - Charlotte Esser
- Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Faissner
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany;
- Marianne-Strauss-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, 82335 Berg, Germany
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Ringelstein M, Harmel J, Zimmermann H, Brandt AU, Paul F, Haarmann A, Buttmann M, Hümmert MW, Trebst C, Schroeder C, Ayzenberg I, Kleiter I, Hellwig K, Havla J, Kümpfel T, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Rommer P, Weber MS, Pellkofer H, Röpke L, Geis C, Retzlaff N, Zettl U, Deppe M, Klotz L, Young K, Stellmann JP, Kaste M, Kermer P, Marouf W, Lauda F, Tumani H, Graf J, Klistorner A, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Albrecht P. Longitudinal optic neuritis-unrelated visual evoked potential changes in NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology 2019; 94:e407-e418. [PMID: 31796527 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) develop subclinical visual pathway impairment independent of acute attacks. METHODS A total of 548 longitudinally assessed full-field visual evoked potentials (VEP) of 167 patients with NMOSD from 16 centers were retrospectively evaluated for changes of P100 latencies and P100-N140 amplitudes. Rates of change in latencies (RCL) and amplitudes (RCA) over time were analyzed for each individual eye using linear regression and compared using generalized estimating equation models. RESULTS The rates of change in the absence of optic neuritis (ON) for minimal VEP intervals of ≥3 months between baseline and last follow-up were +1.951 ms/y (n = 101 eyes; SD = 6.274; p = 0.012) for the P100 latencies and -2.149 µV/y (n = 64 eyes; SD = 5.013; p = 0.005) for the P100-N140 amplitudes. For minimal VEP intervals of ≥12 months, the RCL was +1.768 ms/y (n = 59 eyes; SD = 4.558; p = 0.024) and the RCA was -0.527 µV/y (n = 44 eyes; SD = 2.123; p = 0.111). The history of a previous ON >6 months before baseline VEP had no influence on RCL and RCA. ONs during the observational period led to mean RCL and RCA of +11.689 ms/y (n = 16 eyes; SD = 17.593; p = 0.003) and -1.238 µV/y (n = 11 eyes; SD = 3.708; p = 0.308), respectively. CONCLUSION This first longitudinal VEP study of patients with NMOSD provides evidence of progressive VEP latency delay occurring independently of acute ON. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to corroborate these findings and help to interpret the clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Ringelstein
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jens Harmel
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hanna Zimmermann
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander U Brandt
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Friedemann Paul
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Axel Haarmann
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mathias Buttmann
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin W Hümmert
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Corinna Trebst
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christoph Schroeder
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joachim Havla
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sven Jarius
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paulus Rommer
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin S Weber
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hannah Pellkofer
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luise Röpke
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christian Geis
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nele Retzlaff
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Uwe Zettl
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Deppe
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luisa Klotz
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kim Young
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jan-Patrick Stellmann
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthias Kaste
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pawel Kermer
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wael Marouf
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Florian Lauda
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hayrettin Tumani
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonas Graf
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander Klistorner
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Orhan Aktas
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- From the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty (M.R., J. Harmel, J.G., H.-P.H., O.A., P.A.), and Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum (M.R.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center (H.Z., A.U.B., F.P.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany; Department of Neurology (A.U.B.), University of California Irvine; Department of Neurology (A.H., M.B.), University of Würzburg; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim; Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry (M.W.H.), Department of Neurology (C.T.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (C.S., I.A., I.K., K.H.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.A.), Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik (I.K.), Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (J. Halva, T.K., H.P.), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology (S.J., B.W.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (P.R.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neuropathology (M.S.W.) and Department of Neurology (M.S.W., H.P., P.K.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Department of Neurology (L.R., C.G.), Jena University Hospital; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology (N.R., U.Z.), University of Rostock; Department of Neurology (M.D., L.K.), University of Münster; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (K.Y., J.-P.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (M.K., P.K.), Nordwest-Hospital Sanderbusch, Sande; Department of Neurology (W.M.), Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund; Department of Neurology (F.L., H.T.), University of Ulm, Germany; and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (A.K.), Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Yamamura T, Kleiter I, Fujihara K, Palace J, Greenberg B, Zakrzewska-Pniewska B, Patti F, Tsai CP, Saiz A, Yamazaki H, Kawata Y, Wright P, De Seze J. Trial of Satralizumab in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. N Engl J Med 2019; 381:2114-2124. [PMID: 31774956 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1901747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system and is associated with autoantibodies to anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG) in approximately two thirds of patients. Interleukin-6 is involved in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Satralizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin-6 receptor. The efficacy of satralizumab added to immunosuppressant treatment in patients with NMOSD is unclear. METHODS In a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, patients with NMOSD who were seropositive or seronegative for AQP4-IgG to receive either satralizumab, at a dose of 120 mg, or placebo, administered subcutaneously at weeks 0, 2, and 4 and every 4 weeks thereafter, added to stable immunosuppressant treatment. The primary end point was the first protocol-defined relapse in a time-to-event analysis. Key secondary end points were the change from baseline to week 24 in the visual-analogue scale (VAS) pain score (range, 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating more pain) and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F) score (range, 0 to 52, with lower scores indicating more fatigue). Safety was also assessed. RESULTS A total of 83 patients were enrolled, with 41 assigned to the satralizumab group and 42 to the placebo group. The median treatment duration with satralizumab in the double-blind period was 107.4 weeks. Relapse occurred in 8 patients (20%) receiving satralizumab and in 18 (43%) receiving placebo (hazard ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16 to 0.88). Multiple imputation for censored data resulted in hazard ratios ranging from 0.34 to 0.44 (with corresponding P values of 0.01 to 0.04). Among 55 AQP4-IgG-seropositive patients, relapse occurred in 11% of those in the satralizumab group and in 43% of those in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.75); among 28 AQP4-IgG-seronegative patients, relapse occurred in 36% and 43%, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.20 to 2.24). The between-group difference in the change in the mean VAS pain score was 4.08 (95% CI, -8.44 to 16.61); the between-group difference in the change in the mean FACIT-F score was -3.10 (95% CI, -8.38 to 2.18). The rates of serious adverse events and infections did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with NMOSD, satralizumab added to immunosuppressant treatment led to a lower risk of relapse than placebo but did not differ from placebo in its effect on pain or fatigue. (Funded by Chugai Pharmaceutical; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02028884.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamura
- From the Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.Y.), and Chugai Pharmaceutical (H.Y., Y.K.), Tokyo, and the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, and the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama (K.F.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg - both in Germany (I.K.); the Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (J.P.), and Chugai Pharma Europe, London (P.W.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.G.); the Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (B.Z.-P.); the Department G.F. Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (F.P.); the Neurologic Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.T.); the Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (A.S.); and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1434, and Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, INSERM 1119 - all in Strasbourg, France (J.D.S.)
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- From the Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.Y.), and Chugai Pharmaceutical (H.Y., Y.K.), Tokyo, and the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, and the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama (K.F.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg - both in Germany (I.K.); the Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (J.P.), and Chugai Pharma Europe, London (P.W.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.G.); the Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (B.Z.-P.); the Department G.F. Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (F.P.); the Neurologic Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.T.); the Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (A.S.); and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1434, and Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, INSERM 1119 - all in Strasbourg, France (J.D.S.)
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- From the Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.Y.), and Chugai Pharmaceutical (H.Y., Y.K.), Tokyo, and the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, and the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama (K.F.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg - both in Germany (I.K.); the Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (J.P.), and Chugai Pharma Europe, London (P.W.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.G.); the Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (B.Z.-P.); the Department G.F. Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (F.P.); the Neurologic Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.T.); the Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (A.S.); and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1434, and Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, INSERM 1119 - all in Strasbourg, France (J.D.S.)
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- From the Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.Y.), and Chugai Pharmaceutical (H.Y., Y.K.), Tokyo, and the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, and the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama (K.F.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg - both in Germany (I.K.); the Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (J.P.), and Chugai Pharma Europe, London (P.W.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.G.); the Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (B.Z.-P.); the Department G.F. Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (F.P.); the Neurologic Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.T.); the Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (A.S.); and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1434, and Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, INSERM 1119 - all in Strasbourg, France (J.D.S.)
| | - Benjamin Greenberg
- From the Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.Y.), and Chugai Pharmaceutical (H.Y., Y.K.), Tokyo, and the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, and the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama (K.F.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg - both in Germany (I.K.); the Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (J.P.), and Chugai Pharma Europe, London (P.W.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.G.); the Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (B.Z.-P.); the Department G.F. Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (F.P.); the Neurologic Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.T.); the Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (A.S.); and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1434, and Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, INSERM 1119 - all in Strasbourg, France (J.D.S.)
| | - Beata Zakrzewska-Pniewska
- From the Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.Y.), and Chugai Pharmaceutical (H.Y., Y.K.), Tokyo, and the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, and the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama (K.F.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg - both in Germany (I.K.); the Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (J.P.), and Chugai Pharma Europe, London (P.W.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.G.); the Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (B.Z.-P.); the Department G.F. Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (F.P.); the Neurologic Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.T.); the Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (A.S.); and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1434, and Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, INSERM 1119 - all in Strasbourg, France (J.D.S.)
| | - Francesco Patti
- From the Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.Y.), and Chugai Pharmaceutical (H.Y., Y.K.), Tokyo, and the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, and the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama (K.F.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg - both in Germany (I.K.); the Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (J.P.), and Chugai Pharma Europe, London (P.W.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.G.); the Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (B.Z.-P.); the Department G.F. Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (F.P.); the Neurologic Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.T.); the Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (A.S.); and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1434, and Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, INSERM 1119 - all in Strasbourg, France (J.D.S.)
| | - Ching-Piao Tsai
- From the Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.Y.), and Chugai Pharmaceutical (H.Y., Y.K.), Tokyo, and the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, and the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama (K.F.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg - both in Germany (I.K.); the Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (J.P.), and Chugai Pharma Europe, London (P.W.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.G.); the Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (B.Z.-P.); the Department G.F. Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (F.P.); the Neurologic Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.T.); the Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (A.S.); and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1434, and Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, INSERM 1119 - all in Strasbourg, France (J.D.S.)
| | - Albert Saiz
- From the Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.Y.), and Chugai Pharmaceutical (H.Y., Y.K.), Tokyo, and the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, and the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama (K.F.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg - both in Germany (I.K.); the Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (J.P.), and Chugai Pharma Europe, London (P.W.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.G.); the Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (B.Z.-P.); the Department G.F. Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (F.P.); the Neurologic Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.T.); the Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (A.S.); and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1434, and Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, INSERM 1119 - all in Strasbourg, France (J.D.S.)
| | - Hayato Yamazaki
- From the Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.Y.), and Chugai Pharmaceutical (H.Y., Y.K.), Tokyo, and the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, and the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama (K.F.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg - both in Germany (I.K.); the Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (J.P.), and Chugai Pharma Europe, London (P.W.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.G.); the Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (B.Z.-P.); the Department G.F. Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (F.P.); the Neurologic Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.T.); the Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (A.S.); and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1434, and Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, INSERM 1119 - all in Strasbourg, France (J.D.S.)
| | - Yuichi Kawata
- From the Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.Y.), and Chugai Pharmaceutical (H.Y., Y.K.), Tokyo, and the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, and the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama (K.F.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg - both in Germany (I.K.); the Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (J.P.), and Chugai Pharma Europe, London (P.W.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.G.); the Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (B.Z.-P.); the Department G.F. Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (F.P.); the Neurologic Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.T.); the Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (A.S.); and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1434, and Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, INSERM 1119 - all in Strasbourg, France (J.D.S.)
| | - Padraig Wright
- From the Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.Y.), and Chugai Pharmaceutical (H.Y., Y.K.), Tokyo, and the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, and the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama (K.F.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg - both in Germany (I.K.); the Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (J.P.), and Chugai Pharma Europe, London (P.W.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.G.); the Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (B.Z.-P.); the Department G.F. Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (F.P.); the Neurologic Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.T.); the Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (A.S.); and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1434, and Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, INSERM 1119 - all in Strasbourg, France (J.D.S.)
| | - Jerome De Seze
- From the Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, and the Multiple Sclerosis Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (T.Y.), and Chugai Pharmaceutical (H.Y., Y.K.), Tokyo, and the Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, and the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama (K.F.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, and Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg - both in Germany (I.K.); the Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (J.P.), and Chugai Pharma Europe, London (P.W.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (B.G.); the Department of Neurology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland (B.Z.-P.); the Department G.F. Ingrassia, Neuroscience Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy (F.P.); the Neurologic Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.T.); the Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (A.S.); and the Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1434, and Fédération de Médecine Translationelle, INSERM 1119 - all in Strasbourg, France (J.D.S.)
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Yamamura T, Kleiter I, Fujihara K, Palace J, Greenberg J, Zakrzewska-Pniewska B, Patti F, Tsai C, Saiz A, Haramura M, Terada Y, Kawata Y, De Seze J. Efficacy of satralizumab in subgroups of patients in SAkuraSky: A phase III double-blind, placebo-controlled, add-on study in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). J Neurol Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.10.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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