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Xu Y, Yang RX, Li DY, Zhang Y, Huang JD, Hu JJ, Guan YC, Sun LJ. [The effect of unexpected follicular development in artificial cycles on the clinical outcomes in frozen thawed embryo transfer based on propensity score matching]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2023; 103:2720-2726. [PMID: 37675544 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20221215-02653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To study the effect of unexpected follicular development in artificial cycles on the clinical outcomes in frozen thawed embryo transfer based on propensity score matching(PSM). Methods: The retrospective cohort study analyzed the clinical data of 7 064 cycles (5 716 patients) of artificial cycle frozen-thawed embryo transfer (AC-FET) in the Reproduction Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2020. The clinical data were divided into three groups according to the degree of follicular development in AC-FET: no follicular growth group (group A, 6 349 cycles), small follicular growth group (group B, 248 cycles), and large follicular growth group (group C, 467 cycles). Differences in clinical outcomes between the small follicle growth group (Group B) and the large follicle growth group (Group C) were compared with the no follicle growth group (Group A) after PSM and logistic regression to adjust for confounding factors at baseline. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors related to the unanticipated follicular development in AC-FET. Results: Age [M(Q1,Q3)] was [31.0 (28.0, 36.0)] years in Group A, [34.5 (30.0, 40.0)] years in Group B, and [36.0 (31.0, 41.0)] years in Group C. After adjusting for confounders, the differences between Groups A and B in clinical pregnancy rate (P=0.169), live birth rate (P=0.318), early abortion rate (P=0.470), and miscarriage rate (P=0.783) were not statistically significant. The differences in clinical pregnancy rate (P=0.743), live birth rate (P=0.486) and miscarriage rate (P=0.080) between Groups A and C were not statistically significant, while early miscarriage rate (P=0.034) differences were statistically significant. The age, BMI, basal AFC, AMH and starting dose of estrogen were correlates of the emergence of non-expected small follicles in Groups B and A. The adjusted OR (AOR) values (95%CI) were 1.03 (1.01-1.06), 0.93 (0.90-0.98), 0.97 (0.95-0.99), 0.96 (0.95-0.97), and 0.59 (0.45-0.77), all P<0.05. Age, basal AFC, AMH and starting dose of estrogen were the associated factors of the appearance of non-expected large follicles in Groups C and A. The AOR values (95%CI) were 1.03 (1.01-1.05), 0.93 (0.91-0.95), 0.96 (0.95-0.97), and 0.52 (0.42-0.64), all P<0.05. Conclusions: In AC-FET, the clinical outcome of small follicular growth is similar to that of unfollicular growth; Compared with the growth without follicles, the growth and development of large follicles can reduce the early abortion rate; Patients with older age, less AFC, lower AMH, and lower initial dose of estrogen could be more likely to have unanticipated follicular development during endometrial preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- Reproductive Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - R X Yang
- Reproductive Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - D Y Li
- Reproductive Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Reproductive Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - J D Huang
- Reproductive Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - J J Hu
- Reproductive Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Y C Guan
- Reproductive Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - L J Sun
- Reproductive Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Chan CM, Tse H, Wong SSY, Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Chen L, Zheng BJ, Huang JD, Yuen KY. Corrigendum to "Examination of seroprevalence of coronavirus HKU1 infection with S protein-based ELISA and neutralization assay against viral spike pseudotyped virus" Journal of Clinical Virology 45 (2009) 54-60. J Clin Virol 2022; 157:105295. [PMID: 36307272 PMCID: PMC9597574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C M Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Hong Kong; Research Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Herman Tse
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Hong Kong; Research Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - S S Y Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Hong Kong; Research Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - P C Y Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Hong Kong; Research Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - S K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Hong Kong; Research Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - L Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - B J Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Hong Kong; Research Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - J D Huang
- Research Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - K Y Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Hong Kong; Research Center of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China.
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Huang JD, Li XD, Wang RQ, Huang H, Ouyang HC, Yang H. [Importance of segmental lymph nodes in the pathological staging of non-small cell lung cancer]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018; 97:1714-1718. [PMID: 28606280 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2017.22.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the role of the segmental lymph node dissection in the pathologic staging of non-small cell lung cancer. Methods: A total of 370 consecutive non-small cell lung cancer patients who underwent radical resection between August 2008 and July 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. All the operations were performed by the same group of surgeons. The relationship of the segmental lymph nodes with pathological stages after radical resection was analyzed in order to explore the role of the lymph node dissection in the pathologic staging of non-small cell lung cancer (using the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer and Union for International Cancer Control TNM classification for lung cancer ). Results: The detection rates of hilar nodes, interlobar nodes, lobar nodes and segmental nodes were 69.7%, 86.8%, 84.0%, 67.0%, respectively. The metastasis rates of hilar nodes, interlobar nodes, lobar nodes and segmental nodes were 6.5%, 10.8%, 15.7% and 10.3%, respectively. There were 238 cases of N0 disease, 62 cases of N1 disease, 69 cases of N2 disease and 1 case of N3 disease. If the analysis of segmental lymph nodes had been omitted, 16 patients (25.8% of N1 disease) would have been down-staged to N0, and 5 cases of multiple-station N1 disease would have been misdiagnosed as single-station N1 disease, 2 patients would have been misdiagnosed as N2 disease with skip metastases. Conclusion: Segmental nodes play an important role in the accurate staging of non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Huang
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510030, China (Huang Jiandong is working at the Thoracic Surgery Department, Shunde Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine now)
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Huang JD, Zheng BJ, Yuen KY. A bioshield against influenza virus infection by commensal bacteria secreting antiviral peptide. Hong Kong Med J 2016; 22:13-15. [PMID: 27390004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J D Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong
| | - B J Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong
| | - K Y Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong
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5
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Huang JD, Zheng BJ, Yuen KY. Live recombinant Salmonella oral vaccine against avian influenza viruses. Hong Kong Med J 2015; 21 Suppl 4:14-16. [PMID: 26157096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J D Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong
| | - B J Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong
| | - K Y Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong
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Shiah HS, Chen CY, Dai CY, Hsiao CF, Lin YJ, Su WC, Chang JY, Whang-Peng J, Lin PW, Huang JD, Chen LT. Randomised clinical trial: comparison of two everolimus dosing schedules in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:62-73. [PMID: 23134470 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling is common in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AIM To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the oral mTOR inhibitor everolimus in advanced HCC patients. METHODS Patients with locally advanced or metastatic HCC (Child-Pugh class A or B) were enrolled in an open-label phase 1 study and randomly assigned to daily (2.5-10 mg) or weekly (20-70 mg) everolimus in a standard 3 + 3 dose-escalation design. MTD was based on the rate of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs). Secondary endpoints included safety, pharmacokinetics and tumour response. In a post hoc analysis, serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels were quantified. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients were enrolled. DLTs occurred in five of 21 patients in the daily and two of 19 patients in the weekly cohort. Daily and weekly MTDs were 7.5 mg and 70 mg respectively. Grade 3/4 adverse events with a ≥10% incidence were thrombocytopenia, hypophosphataemia and alanine transaminase (ALT) elevation. In four hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-seropositive patients, grade 3/4 ALT elevations were accompanied by significant (>1 log) increases in serum HBV levels. The incidence of hepatitis flare (defined as ALT increase >100 IU/mL from baseline) in HBsAg-seropositive patients with and without detectable serum HBV DNA before treatment was 46.2% and 7.1% respectively (P < 0.01, Fisher exact test). Disease control rates in the daily and weekly cohorts were 71.4% and 44.4% respectively. CONCLUSIONS The recommended everolimus dosing schedule for future hepatocellular carcinoma studies is 7.5 mg daily. Prophylactic anti-viral therapy should be mandatory for HBsAg-seropositive patients (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00390195).
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Affiliation(s)
- H-S Shiah
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
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Abstract
Abstract
Intestinal eχsorption of salicylic acid, urea and quinidine was measured during the perfusion of the rat intestinal lumen with Tyrode solution. The intestinal clearance (CLi) of the three compounds was measured by dividing the rate of appearance in the intestinal luminal perfusate by the plasma concentration of the compound. Co-administration of theophylline (0 −2 mg h−1) with the test agents increased the CLi of salicylic acid, did not alter the CLi of urea, but decreased the CLi of quinidine. The effect of theophylline on the CLi of quinidine was enhanced with increasing dose. Theophylline was found to increase microclimate-pH at the intestinal surface, but the magnitude of ΔpH alone could not explain the effect of theophylline on the CLi of quinidine. The data, together with previous observations, suggest that the intestinal eχsorption of drugs was affected by the microclimate pH and by the unstirred water layer. Theophylline affects CLi of salicylic acid and quinidine partly by increasing the microclimate pH of the intestine. Theophylline may also affect quinidine CLi by inhibiting the carrier-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Bair
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Abstract
During intravenous infusion, the luminal concentration of quinidine was higher than the plasma concentration. The intestinal clearance (CLi) of the drug was measured by dividing the rate of appearance of the drug in the intestinal luminal perfusate by the plasma concentration. The CLi of quinidine was therefore much higher than the rate of luminal perfusion. Over the infusion dose range of 0·1–2 mg h−1, the CLi of quinidine decreased with increasing plasma concentration of quinidine. Adding quinidine into the luminal perfusate had little effect on the CLi of quinidine. Co-administration of quinidine with other agents intravenously did not alter the CLi of salicylic acid and urea, while the same treatment decreased the CLi of theophylline and 5-disopyramide. In-vitro experiments on brush-border membrane vesicles showed that quinidine decreased the rate of Na+ uptake and H+ efflux. The inhibition was significant at quinidine concentrations above 20 μm. Quinidine was a more potent inhibitor than amiloride. At quinidine infusion rates less than 2 mg h−1, quinidine concentration in plasma or in the luminal perfusate was at the lower limit of the inhibitory concentration. Microclimate pH at the intestinal surface was also measured. At mid-jejunum, the microclimate pH increased 0·3 pH units by infusing 2 mg h−1 of quinidine, while the microclimate pH at most other measuring sites was not significantly altered by quinidine infusion. It was concluded that quinidine is exsorbed from blood into the intestinal lumen by a carrier-mediated pathway in addition to the passive diffusion. At high plasma concentration, quinidine exsorption becomes saturated. Quinidine inhibited the intestinal exsorption of theophylline and S-disopyramide possibly by competition on the carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Bair
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Huang JD, Sun HZ, Tanner JA, Watt RM. Determination of the functions of the putative metal-binding domain of the SCV helicase. Hong Kong Med J 2009; 15 Suppl 6:15-16. [PMID: 19801711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J D Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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He ML, Zheng BJ, Chen Y, Wong KL, Huang JD, Lin MC, Yuen KY, Sung JJY, Kung HF. Development of interfering RNA agents to inhibit SARS-associated coronavirus infection and replication. Hong Kong Med J 2009; 15:28-31. [PMID: 19509435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M L He
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Zhou J, Smith DK, Lu L, Poon VKM, Ng F, Chen DQ, Huang JD, Yuen KY, Cao KY, Zheng BJ. A non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in IFNAR1 affects susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2009; 16:45-52. [PMID: 18761606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2008.01040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) receptor 1 (IFNAR1) mediates the potent antiviral and immuno-regulatory effects of IFN-alpha/beta that are believed to be pivotal to eradicate hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. IFNAR1 promoter polymorphisms (at -568/-77) have been shown to be associated with susceptibility to chronic HBV infection; however, whether these markers are genetic determinants of HBV infection remains unknown. The functional significance of promoter -568/-77 polymorphisms was assessed by mutagenesis and luciferase assays. Sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphisms in 328 chronic HBV patients, 130 spontaneous resolvers and 148 healthy blood donors identified other polymorphism at IFNAR1 open reading frame. IFNAR1 expression levels in peripheral blood cells were detected by flow cytometry. We found that the -568/-77 promoter variants were unlikely to affect transcription levels. A C/G single nucleotide polymorphism, in strong linkage disequilibrium with the promoter polymorphisms, was found in the coding sequence of IFNAR1 (nt19158). This resulted in a nonsynonymous substitution in the extracellular region of IFNAR1 protein and correlated with susceptibility to chronic HBV infection. Bioinformatic analysis suggested decreased stability of the IFNAR1 protein. Chronic HBV patients with the 19158C/C genotype (Leu141) exhibited higher IFNAR1 protein expression levels in peripheral blood monocytes than those with the 19158G/G genotype (Val141). In conclusion, IFNAR1 19158C/G polymorphism is primarily associated with susceptibility to chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Huang JD, Zheng BJ, Sun HZ. Helicases as antiviral drug targets. Hong Kong Med J 2008; 14 Suppl 4:36-38. [PMID: 18708673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
1. We have demonstrated for the first time that the helicase of a ribonucleic acid virus, the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), is a valid target for drug development. 2. Using high throughput screen and chemical synthesis, several lead compounds targeting the SARS-CoV helicase have been identified. We have shown that these compounds can inhibit SARS-CoV helicase activity and viral growth in cell culture systems. These compounds can potentially be used to target other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Huang YP, Wang JS, Huang KN, Ho CT, Huang JD, Young MS. Envelope pulsed ultrasonic distance measurement system based upon amplitude modulation and phase modulation. Rev Sci Instrum 2007; 78:065103. [PMID: 17614634 DOI: 10.1063/1.2745238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel microcomputer-based ultrasonic distance measurement system is presented. This study proposes an efficient algorithm which combines both the amplitude modulation (AM) and the phase modulation (PM) of the pulse-echo technique. The proposed system can reduce error caused by inertia delay and amplitude attenuation effect when using the AM and PM envelope square wave form (APESW). The APESW ultrasonic driving wave form causes a phase inversion phenomenon in the relative wave form of the receiver. The phase inversion phenomenon sufficiently identifies the "measurement pulse" in the received wave forms, which can be used for accurate time-of-flight (TOF) measurement. In addition, combining a countertechnique to compute the phase shifts of the last cycle for TOF, the presented system can obtain distance resolution of 0.1% of the wavelength corresponding to the 40 kHz frequency of the ultrasonic wave. The standard uncertainty of the proposed distance measurement system is found to be 0.2 mm at a range of 50-500 mm. The APESW signal generator and phase detector of this measuring system are designed on a complex programmable logic device, which is used to govern the TOF measurement and send the data to a personal computer for distance calibration and examination. The main advantages of this APESW system are high resolution, low cost, narrow bandwidth requirement, and ease of implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan, Republic of China
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Wu J, Lu ZY, Hu JC, Feng L, Huang JD, Gu XS. Disruption of granules by hydrodynamic force in internal circulation anaerobic reactor. Water Sci Technol 2006; 54:9-16. [PMID: 17163037 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2006.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A process of granule disruption by hydrodynamic force is discussed in this paper. Shear force and attrition among granules originated from hydrodynamic force are the main causes of the disruption. Since it is positively correlated to the attrition force, the shear force is utilized to describe the effect of hydrodynamic force on granule disruption. In the experiment, when increase rate of average shear rate (IRgamma) of the 1st stage is about 0.2 s(-1) x d(-1), the granules are disrupted; while re-granulation could develop when IRgamma is about 0.07 s(-1) x d(-1); even when the shear rate is as high as about 30s(-1), the granulation rate keeps stably at a relatively high level, which shows that granules could bear the high hydrodynamic force only if it increases by low increase rate. The experimental results would be valuable for the operation and controlling of the upflow reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Dept of Envirronmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Lee YH, Du JL, Yueh WS, Lin BY, Huang JD, Lee CY, Lee MF, Lau EL, Lee FY, Morrey C, Nagahama Y, Chang CF. Sex change in the protandrous black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli: a review in gonadal development, estradiol, estrogen receptor, aromatase activity and gonadotropin. J Exp Zool 2001; 290:715-26. [PMID: 11748620 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli Bleeker, a marine protandrous hermaphrodite, is functional male for the first two years of life but begins to sexually change to female after the third year. Testicular tissue and ovarian tissue was separated by connective tissue in the bisexual gonad. This sex pattern provides a very good model to study the endocrine mechanism of sex change in fish. The annual profiles of plasma estradiol, vitellogenin and 11-ketotestosterone concentrations in males were significantly different from those in the three-year-old females. Significantly high levels of plasma estradiol during the prespawning/spawning season and low levels of plasma 11-ketotestosterone during the spawning season were observed in the inversing females. No difference of plasma testosterone levels was observed in males and females. Oral administration of estradiol stimulated high levels of gonadal aromatase activity, plasma gonadotropin II levels and sex change in the two-year-old fish. Exogenous estradiol administered for 5-6 months induced a reversible sex change in one- and two-year-old fish. The sensitive period for estradiol treatment of sex change is from early prespawning to spawning season. Implantation with testosterone for more than a year could not block the natural sex change in three-year-old fish. Exogenous aromatase inhibitors (1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione or fadrozole) suppressed aromatase activity in the brain. Oral administration with aromatase inhibitors for a year further inhibited the natural sex change in three-year-old black porgy and all fish became functional male with spermiation. Estrogen receptor alpha gene in the ovarian tissue of bisexual gonad is significantly less expressed than that in the vitellogenic ovary of female on the basis of reverse-transcription polymerase-chain reaction. There was no difference in the annual profiles of the plasma gonadotropin II levels in the males and natural inversing females. Plasma gonadotropin II levels were significantly higher in estradiol-treated group than those in the control. It is concluded that estradiol, aromatase activity and estrogen receptor in the ovarian tissue play an important role in the natural and controlled sex change in black porgy. The association of gonadotropin and sex change in black porgy is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chou FC, Tzeng SJ, Huang JD. Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 3A5 in Chinese. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29:1205-9. [PMID: 11502729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The CYP3A subfamily enzymes are the most abundant and important drug-metabolizing enzymes. Wide variation in the CYP3A5 expression was well known. Recently, G(-44) to A of CYP3AP1 was found to segregate with CYP3A5*3 defective allele. The homozygous A(-44) subjects showed low expression of CYP3A5. In Caucasian, only 9.2% of CYP3AP1 alleles were with G(-44) and associated with the wild-type CYP3A5*1 allele, which expressed CYP3A5 significantly. By using polymerase chain reaction and FauI endonuclease digestion, we found that 28% of CYP3AP1 alleles are G(-44) in 110 Chinese subjects. The frequency is 3 times higher in Chinese than in Caucasian, implying more Chinese subjects are probably extensive CYP3A5 metabolizers. In two Chinese subjects, we also found a heterozygous G(13048)gt-to-G(13048)gc mutation at the intron 5 splicing donor site, leading to a splicing defect. A 6478-base pair minigene, including intron 4 to intron 7, was used for in vitro transcription. Both the wild-type and the mutated minigenes produced splicing variants. The wild-type minigene used Ggt(13050) as the splicing donor. The mutant minigene used gt(8504) in intron 4 or gt(13112) in intron 5 as the splicing donor for various splicing acceptors. The splicing defect may result in a shorter peptide or cause the frame shift. In the other two Chinese subjects, we found A(14763)-to-G mutation in exon 7, resulting in the Q200R amino acid change. The consequence of the polymorphism site has not been known. In Caucasian, there is a reported T398N polymorphism. In these Chinese subjects, we did not find polymorphism at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Chou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Medical Center, 1 University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Lee YH, Du JL, Yen FP, Lee CY, Dufour S, Huang JD, Sun LT, Chang CF. Regulation of plasma gonadotropin II secretion by sex steroids, aromatase inhibitors, and antiestrogens in the protandrous black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli Bleeker. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 129:399-406. [PMID: 11399474 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasma gonadotropin II (GTH II) concentrations were significantly higher (approx. 15-20-fold) in estradiol-17beta (E(2)) treated (1.0 microg or 2.5 microg g(-1) body weight) female black porgy from days 4 to 12 compared with the control. E(2) (1 microg g(-1) wt.) had a stronger stimulation on plasma GTH II in early recrudescent phase (low GSI) males (11-fold) than in high GSI and late spermiating males (2.6-fold, P< 0.05). No effect of androgens (testosterone, T; 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, DHT) on plasma GTH II levels was observed either sex. The levels of plasma GTH II were stimulated in 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD, 1 microg g(-1), 2 microg g(-1) body wt.) and fadrozole-treated (1 microg g(-1), 3 microg g(-1) body wt.) groups compared to control. Tamoxifen (1 microg g(-1), 3 microg g(-1) body wt.) but not enclomiphene could stimulate high GTH II levels in plasma. In another experiment of ATD in combination with T, T treatment further attenuated the ATD stimulation of plasma GTH II levels. We concluded that GTH II secretion is positively regulated by an estrogen-specific effect in female and male black porgy. Gonadal stage had significant effects on the responsiveness of GTH II to E(2) stimulation in males. A negative aromatase-dependent feedback control of plasma GTH II levels was also suggested in the protandrous black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, 202, Taiwan, Republic of, Keelung, China
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18
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Kung HF, Huang JD. [The mouse model and human disease (sequel)]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2001; 23:97-102. [PMID: 12905881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H F Kung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China
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19
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Hsieh KP, Lin YY, Cheng CL, Lai ML, Lin MS, Siest JP, Huang JD. Novel mutations of CYP3A4 in Chinese. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29:268-73. [PMID: 11181494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 3A4 is a major P450 enzyme in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. It plays important roles in the metabolism of a wide variety of drugs, some endogenous steroids, and harmful environmental contaminants. CYP3A4 exhibits a remarkable interindividual activity variation as high as 20-fold. To investigate whether the interindividual variation in CYP3A4 levels can be partly explained by genetic polymorphism, we analyzed DNA samples from 102 Chinese subjects by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for novel point mutation in the CYP3A4 coding sequence and promoter region. Using PCR and directed sequencing method to establish the complete intron sequence of CYP3A4 from leukocytes, the complete genomic sequence from exon 1 through 13 of CYP3A4 was determined and published in the GenBank database (accession no. AF209389). CYP3A4-specific primers were designed accordingly. After PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism and restriction fragment length polymorphism screening, we found three novel mutations; two are point mutations and one is insertion. The first variant allele (CYP3A4*4), an Ile118Val change, was found in 3 of 102 Chinese subjects. The next allele (CYP3A4*5), which causes a Pro218Arg amino acid change, was found in 2 of 102 subjects. We found an insertion in A(17776), designated as CYP3A4*6, which causes frame shift and an early stop codon in exon 9, in one heterozygous subject. We also investigated the CYP3A4 activity in these mutant subjects by measuring the morning spot urinary 6beta-hydroxycortisol to free cortisol ratio with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. When compared with healthy Chinese population data, the 6beta-hydroxycortisol to free cortisol ratio data suggested that these alleles (CYP3A4*4, CYP3A4*5, and CYP3A4*6) may decrease the CYP3A4 activity. Incidences of these mutations in Chinese subjects are rare. The prevalence of these point mutations in other ethnic groups and its effect on the metabolic activity of CYP3A4 remain to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, 1 University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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20
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Abstract
Etoposide, an anti-neoplastic agent and a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), exhibits variable oral bioavailability. P-gp, the multidrug resistance gene (mdr1) product, has been considered as an absorption barrier against intestinal drug absorption. Terfenadine, an antihistamine, has been shown to be a P-gp inhibitor. The current study was designed to assess the effect of hydroxyzine, an antihistamine, on the transport of etoposide in the small intestine. Everted rat gut sacs were used to determine the absorption and exsorption of etoposide under different conditions, as rhodamine 123 was chosen to evaluate the role of P-gp in the drug interaction. The results showed that the transport of etoposide was significantly increased from the luminal site to the serosal site in the jejunum by 2- and 4-fold after 90 min in the presence of hydroxyzine and quinidine, respectively. A similar trend was observed in the ileal sacs. This in vitro exsorption study also demonstrated that hydroxyzine could reduce the efflux of etoposide to the luminal site in either jejunum or ileum. The effect of hydroxyzine on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide differed by the in vivo route of administration, thus assuming clinical importance for chemotherapeutic treatment.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacokinetics
- Biological Availability
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Etoposide/pharmacokinetics
- Histamine H1 Antagonists/pharmacology
- Hydroxyzine/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Intestinal Absorption/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Jejunum/metabolism
- Male
- Microvilli/metabolism
- Quinidine/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Kan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
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21
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Kung HF, Huang JD. [The mouse model and human disease]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2001; 23:2-7. [PMID: 12905807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The mouse is an ideal model organism for studies of human disease, because mouse is physiologically very similar to human. Also, there is a large genetic reservoir of potential models of human diseases that has been generated. In addition, high-resolution genetic and physical linkage maps are now available and the sequence of mouse genome will be completed in the near future. Furthermore, the techniques necessary for the modification of mouse genome, such as transgenic and knockout techniques, and chromosome engineering methods have been established. These techniques enable us to introduce any mutations anywhere in the mouse genome. The methods for analyzing complex genetic diseases also have been developed. These advances facilitate the identification and cloning of mouse disease loci and the establishment of new models. It makes mouse the model organism of choice by academic and industrial researchers to study human diseases. In Part I of this review, we summarize the classical and modern approaches that provide the basis of establishing mouse model of human diseases. In the following parts, we will list more than 100 mouse models of human diseases. In most of these models, the mouse mutant phenotype closely resembles the human disease phenotype. These mouse models are valuable sources for the understanding of the human diseases and they can be used to develop strategies for prevention and treatment of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Kung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Jones JM, Huang JD, Mermall V, Hamilton BA, Mooseker MS, Escayg A, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Meisler MH. The mouse neurological mutant flailer expresses a novel hybrid gene derived by exon shuffling between Gnb5 and Myo5a. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:821-8. [PMID: 10749990 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/9.5.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exon shuffling is thought to be an important mechanism for evolution of new genes. Here we show that the mouse neurological mutation flailer (flr) expresses a novel gene that combines the promoter and first two exons of guanine nucleotide binding protein beta 5 (Gnb5) with the C-terminal exons of the closely linked Myosin 5A (MyoVA) gene (Myo5a). The flailer protein, which is expressed predominantly in brain, contains the N-terminal 83 amino acids of Gnb5 fused in-frame with the C-terminal 711 amino acids of MyoVA, including the globular tail domain that binds organelles for intracellular transport. Biochemical and genetic studies indicate that the flailer protein competes with wild-type MyoVA in vivo, preventing the localization of smooth endoplasmic reticulum vesicles in the dendritic spines of cerebellar Purkinje cells. The flailer protein thus has a dominant-negative mechanism of action with a recessive mode of inheritance due to the dependence of competitive binding on the ratio between mutant and wild-type proteins. The chromosomal arrangement of Myo5a upstream of Gnb5 is consistent with non-homologous recombination as the mutational mechanism. To our knowledge, flailer is the first example of a mammalian mutation caused by germ line exon shuffling between unrelated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Jones
- Department of Human Genetics, 4708 Medical Science II, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0618, USA
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23
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Lo YL, Huang JD. Effects of sodium deoxycholate and sodium caprate on the transport of epirubicin in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell layers and everted gut sacs of rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:665-72. [PMID: 10677583 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of sodium deoxycholate (Deo-Na), a bile salt, and sodium caprate (Cap-Na), a fatty acid, on the transport of epirubicin were investigated in both the human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell line and the everted gut sacs of the rat jejunum and ileum. The possible use of these two potent absorption enhancers as multidrug resistance (MDR) reversing agents also was examined. Epirubicin uptake experiments using a flow cytometer showed that Deo-Na and Cap-Na significantly increased the accumulation of epirubicin in Caco-2 cells. These two enhancers significantly increased apical to basolateral absorption of epirubicin across Caco-2 monolayers and mucosal to serosal absorption of epirubicin in the rat jejunum and ileum. Moreover, the addition of Deo-Na or Cap-Na significantly reduced the basolateral to apical efflux of epirubicin across Caco-2 monolayers. The co-presence of verapamil, one typical P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, and Deo-Na or Cap-Na demonstrated further reduction of epirubicin efflux. The study suggests that inhibition of P-gp or other transporter proteins located in the intestines may be involved, at least partially, in the reduction of epirubicin efflux. In conclusion, the therapeutic efficacy of epirubicin may be improved by the use of such low toxicity excipients as absorption enhancers and MDR modulators in formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Lo
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan College of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan Hsien, Taiwan.
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24
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Huang GW, Zhan LL, Huang JD. [The determination of activated partial thromboplastin time, coagulate time and thrombin time in patients with epistaxis of indeterminate cause]. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi 2000; 14:51-2. [PMID: 12541471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the coagulation mechanism of indeterminate epistaxis. METHOD 36 cases with epistaxis of indeterminate cause were studies by mean of detecting activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), coagulate time (CT) and thrombin time. The results of first APTT, APTT after 8 min and CT were observed. RESULT 1. The first APTT in epistaxis and normal group didn't show statistical difference (P > 0.05). But the APTT after 8 min in epistaxis were significantly different compared with the first APTT and that in normal group (P < 0.01). 2. The CT prolonged in 33.3% patients with epistaxis, which was higher significantly than that in the normal group (P < 0.01). (3) The epistaxis thrombin time (TT) was longer than that in normal group. CONCLUSION The result suggest that during blood coagulation in indeterminate epistaxis, the activated factors in internal coagulating system may decompose more quickly than that in normal group. Antiagglutinating factors increase in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Clinic Medical College of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021
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25
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Wang SL, Lai MD, Huang JD. G169R mutation diminishes the metabolic activity of CYP2D6 in Chinese. Drug Metab Dispos 1999; 27:385-8. [PMID: 10064570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of the reduced ability of a Chinese to metabolize debrisoquine was explored by sequencing all of the nine exons of the CYP2D6 gene. The subject has T188, A1846, T2938, and C4268 (CYP2D6*14) instead of C188, G1846, C2938, and G4268 as in wild-type subjects. XbaI restriction fragment length polymorphism indicated that the subject has a 29-kb allele and a gene deletion (11.5 kb) in another allele (CYP2D6*5). A CYP2D6*14 allele together with a CYP2D6*5 allele may cause the poor metabolism of the subject. T188, T2938, and C4268 are common haplotypes in Chinese-extensive metabolizers. The effect of G1846 to A mutation in CYP2D6 metabolism has not been reported. A polymerase chain reaction-based endonuclease digestion test was designed for the G/N1846 polymorphism and 124 Chinese subjects were screened. With DNA sequencing, two other subjects showed the heterozygous G/A1846 and have a relatively high metabolic ratio of debrisoquine hydroxylation. The site-directed mutagenesis was used to create recombinant CYP2D6 cDNA with T188, A1846, or C4268. The cDNA was then transfected into Rat-1 cells. The transfection was confirmed by Southern, Northern, and Western blots. Based on the same microsomal protein level, the bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation activity of CYP2D6(T188) or CYP2D6(A1846) was significantly lower than that of the wild-type CYP2D6. P34S mutation (C188 to T) significantly decreased CYP2D6 activity. G169R mutation (G1846 to A) also decreased CYP2D6 activity and may further reduce the metabolic activity of CYP2D6 protein with P34S, R296C, and S486T mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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26
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Abstract
The microtubule network is thought to be used for long-range transport of cellular components in animal cells whereas the actin network is proposed to be used for short-range transport, although the mechanism(s) by which this transport is coordinated is poorly understood. For example, in sea urchins long-range Ca2+-regulated transport of exocytotic vesicles requires a microtubule-based motor, whereas an actin-based motor is used for short-range transport. In neurons, microtubule-based kinesin motor proteins are used for long-range vesicular transport but microtubules do not extend into the neuronal termini, where actin filaments form the cytoskeletal framework, and kinesins are rapidly degraded upon their arrival in neuronal termini, indicating that vesicles may have to be transferred from microtubules to actin tracks to reach their final destination. Here we show that an actin-based vesicle-transport motor, MyoVA, can interact directly with a microtubule-based transport motor, KhcU. As would be expected if these complexes were functional, they also contain kinesin light chains and the localization of MyoVA and KhcU overlaps in the cell. These results indicate that cellular transport is, in part, coordinated through the direct interaction of different motor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Huang
- ABL-Basic Research Program, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702, USA
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27
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Lo YL, Huang JD. Comparison of effects of natural or artificial rodent diet on etoposide absorption in rats. In Vivo 1999; 13:51-5. [PMID: 10218133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The oral administration of etoposide has erratic absorption and low bioavailability. P-glycoprotein (Pgp) located in the intestinal brush-border membrane may pump out orally absorbed etoposide and thus decrease etoposide's absorption. Since flavonoids are abundant in food, we speculated that the common natural rodent diet may contain some flavonoid-related constituents which influence etoposide absorption. We therefore compared the absorption of etoposide's in the everted gut sacs of rats pretreated for 30 minutes with two different diets, natural rodent diet or artificial rodent diet. The effect of quercetin, one of the plant derived flavonoids with Pgp modulating activity, on etoposide's absorption was also compared. The addition of natural rodent diet or quercetin increased etoposide's absorption in everted sacs of jejunum or ileum, in comparison to those added with artificial rodent diet. The enhancing effect of quercetin was compatible with the effect of natural rodent diet in the jejunum and was higher in the ileum. These in vitro data supported the hypothesis that certain dietary components, possibly flavonoid-related compounds, may influence Pgp's function in intestine and thus increase etoposide's absorption. However, when fed with natural rodent diet for one week, a lower enhancing effect on absorption was observed. This may be due to the metabolism of the ingredients with modulating activity to their inactive forms, thus reducing the effect of natural rodent diet on etoposide absorption. The results proved that feeding rats with natural or artificial rodent diet had no obvious effect on etoposide absorption in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Lo
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan College of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan Hsien, Taiwan, R.O.C
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28
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Huang JD, Guo WC, Lai MD, Guo YL, Lambert GH. Detection of a novel cytochrome P-450 1A2 polymorphism (F21L) in Chinese. Drug Metab Dispos 1999; 27:98-101. [PMID: 9884316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a wide interindividual variation of cytochrome P-450 1A2 (CYP1A2) activity, genetic polymorphism of CYP1A2 has not been reported. By amplification of exons of CYP1A2 by polymerase chain reaction in eight Chinese subjects, the polymerase chain reaction products were directly sequenced. One subject showed heterozygous C2866-->G (Phe21-->Leu) polymorphism. DNA from 157 Chinese subjects (104 polychlorinated biphenyl-exposed subjects and 53 control subjects) was screened for polymorphism by single-strand conformation polymorphism method and MboII endonuclease digestion. Only 1 of 157 samples showed another heterozygous C2866-->G mutation. The subject was previously exposed to polychlorinated biphenyl and showed a value of 3.5% in the caffeine breath test. The value is not significantly higher than the mean value of polychlorinated biphenyl-exposed subjects (3.12 +/- 0.29%, mean +/- S.E.M.). The incidence of the point mutation in these Chinese subjects is less than 1%. The prevalence of the F21L mutation in other ethnic groups and its effect on the metabolic activity of CYP1A2 remain to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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29
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Lo YL, Hsu CY, Huang JD. Comparison of effects of surfactants with other MDR reversing agents on intracellular uptake of epirubicin in Caco-2 cell line. Anticancer Res 1998; 18:3005-9. [PMID: 9713500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) actively pumps out a number of anticancer drugs, such as epirubicin, from tumor cells. P-gp is also expressed in the small intestine under normal physiological conditions. Inhibition of intestinal P-gp function using MDR reversing agents may enhance the oral bioavailability of some chemotherapeutic agents. Human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell line expresses many characteristics of differentiated cells of the normal small intestine. Using Caco-2 as an in vitro intestinal model, the overall goal of the present study was to evaluate the MDR-reversing effects of some commonly used nonabsorptive pharmaceutical surfactants, such as Tween 20, Tween 80 and acacia on the intracellular accumulation of epirubicin by flow cytometry. Tween 20, Tween 80 or acacia all significantly increased intracellular accumulation of epirubicin with the highest enhancing effect for acacia and the lowest for Tween 20. Apart from progesterone, the enhancing effects of surfactants were better than those of non-surfactant MDR reversing agents such as verapamil, trifluoperazine and reserpine. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that progesterone, acacia, Tween 20 and Tween 80 are potent MDR modifiers of epirubicin in Caco-2 at concentrations that could be achieved in vivo. Use of surfactants in excipients may increase the intestinal absorption of some drugs through P-gp inhibition and thus improve drug bioavailability for P-gp substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Lo
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan College of Pharmacy and Science, Hsien, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Su HJ, Guo YL, Lai MD, Huang JD, Cheng Y, Christiani DC. The NAT2* slow acetylator genotype is associated with bladder cancer in Taiwanese, but not in the Black Foot Disease endemic area population. Pharmacogenetics 1998; 8:187-90. [PMID: 10022756 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-199804000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H J Su
- College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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31
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Huang JD, Mermall V, Strobel MC, Russell LB, Mooseker MS, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA. Molecular genetic dissection of mouse unconventional myosin-VA: tail region mutations. Genetics 1998; 148:1963-72. [PMID: 9560409 PMCID: PMC1460104 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/148.4.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We used an RT-PCR-based sequencing approach to identify the mutations responsible for 17 viable dilute alleles, a mouse-coat-color locus encoding unconventional myosin-VA. Ten of the mutations mapped to the MyoVA tail and are reported here. These mutations represent the first extensive collection of tail mutations reported for any unconventional mammalian myosin. They identify sequences important for tail function and identify domains potentially involved in cargo binding and/or proper folding of the MyoVA tail. Our results also provide support for the notion that different myosin tail isoforms produced by alternative splicing encode important cell-type-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Huang
- ABL-Basic Research Program, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702, USA
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32
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Huang JD, Cope MJ, Mermall V, Strobel MC, Kendrick-Jones J, Russell LB, Mooseker MS, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA. Molecular genetic dissection of mouse unconventional myosin-VA: head region mutations. Genetics 1998; 148:1951-61. [PMID: 9560408 PMCID: PMC1460099 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/148.4.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse dilute (d) locus encodes unconventional myosin-VA (MyoVA). Mice carrying null alleles of dilute have a lightened coat color and die from a neurological disorder resembling ataxia and opisthotonus within three weeks of birth. Immunological and ultrastructural studies suggest that MyoVA is involved in the transport of melanosomes in melanocytes and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in cerebellar Purkinje cells. In studies described here, we have used an RT-PCR-based sequencing approach to identify the mutations responsible for 17 viable dilute alleles that vary in their effects on coat color and the nervous system. Seven of these mutations mapped to the MyoVA motor domain and are reported here. Crystallographic modeling and mutant expression studies were used to predict how these mutations might affect motor domain function and to attempt to correlate these effects with the mutant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Huang
- ABL-Basic Research Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702, USA
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33
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Chang CF, Lin BY, Lau EL, Lee MF, Yueh WS, Lee YH, Chang CN, Huang JD, Tacon P, Lee FY, Du JL, Sun LT. The endocrine mechanism of sex reversal in the protandrous black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli: a review. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 1997; 40:197-205. [PMID: 9551248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli Bleeker, a marine protandrous hermaphrodite, is a functional male for the first 2 years of life but begin to sexually reverse to female after the third year. This sex pattern provides a very good model to study the mechanism of sex reversal in fish. The gonad at 5 month of age consisted of testicular tissue with few primary oocytes at 5 month of age. The ovarian tissue became dominant at 18 months of age during the non-spawning season. Testicular and ovarian tissues were separated by connective tissue. Plasma estradiol-17 beta(E2), vitellogenin and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) profiles in males were significantly different from those in the 3-year-old reversing females. Peak levels of plasma E2 in the reversing females occurred during the early prespawning season (in October). Lower levels of plasma E2 were, however, observed in the males. Plasma 11-KT levels significant decreased but no changes of plasma testosterone were detected in the reversing females. Exogenous E2 suppressed the testicular development but induced the gonadal aromatase activity, ovarian development and sex reversal in 2-year-old black porgy. Exogenous T and LHRH analog did not have effects on the sex reversal. Higher concentrations of pituitary GtH II and mRNA of GtH II-beta subunit were detected in the reversed females. These data suggested that E2 and gonadal aromatase closely associated to the occurrence of sex reversal. A working model of the sex reversal in black porgy is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, ROC.
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Chen CH, Lai ML, Lai MD, Huang JD. Apolipoprotein B gene polymorphisms in Taiwanese ischemic stroke patients. J Formos Med Assoc 1997; 96:499-502. [PMID: 9262053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the AluI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the apolipoprotein B (apoB) gene to determine the association between AluI allelic distribution and the occurrence of ischemic stroke in Taiwan. A total of 44 healthy volunteers and 159 ischemic stroke patients were included in the study. The allele frequency of AluI was very similar in the two groups, 0.87 in the patient group and 0.89 in the control group, for the major allele A-. The distribution of A-/A-, A-/A+, and A+/A+ genotypes of the patients was not significantly different from that of the controls. Among ischemic stroke patients, the A+ allele of the AluI restriction site was significantly associated with elevated apoB levels. The results of this study suggest that the presence of the rare AluI RFLP may contribute to an elevated plasma apoB level, which is a known risk factor for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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35
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Abstract
Codeine and morphine pharmacokinetics among different CYP2D6 genotypes was compared in this study. Polymerase chain reaction tests were used to determine CYP2D6 genotypes in leukocyte deoxyribonucleic acid in 32 unrelated volunteers. Based on the genotypes, subjects were categorized into three groups: homozygous C/C188 (n = 8), heterozygous C/T188 (n = 12), and homozygous T/T188 (n = 12). Each subject was given a single oral dose of 30 mg codeine phosphate tablet after overnight fasting. Plasma concentration of codeine and 24-hour urinary morphine recovery were measured with HPLC. All three genotypes of subjects showed almost identical time profiles of plasma codeine. Urinary morphine glucuronide was hydrolyzed with beta-glucuronidase. The total recovered amount of morphine and glucuronides was 4349 +/- 646, 2564 +/- 242, and 1127 +/- 164 nmol (mean +/- SEM), respectively, for C/C188, C/T188, and T/T188 subjects (p < 0.05). The significant lower amount of urinary morphine but identical codeine plasma concentration suggested a lower partial clearance of the formation of morphine from codeine in T/T188 subjects. The results suggest a future study to assess the analgesic effect of codeine in different genotypes of CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Tseng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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36
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Daly AK, Brockmöller J, Broly F, Eichelbaum M, Evans WE, Gonzalez FJ, Huang JD, Idle JR, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Ishizaki T, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Meyer UA, Nebert DW, Steen VM, Wolf CR, Zanger UM. Nomenclature for human CYP2D6 alleles. Pharmacogenetics 1996; 6:193-201. [PMID: 8807658 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-199606000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To standardize CYP2D6 allele nomenclature, and to conform with international human gene nomenclature guidelines, an alternative to the current arbitrary system is described. Based on recommendations for human genome nomenclature, we propose that alleles be designated by CYP2D6 followed by an asterisk and a combination of roman letters and arabic numerals distinct for each allele with the number specifying the key mutation and, where appropriate, a letter specifying additional mutations. Criteria for classification as a separate allele and protein nomenclature are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Daly
- Pharmacogenetics Research Unit, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Medical School, UK
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Su HB, Tseng CC, Jenn CT, Chang CL, Huang JD. Changes of propofol levels in isolated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 1996; 34:17-20. [PMID: 9084514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dose fentanyl anesthesia in cardiac surgery has been supplemented with propofol to prevent patient's awareness and recall. It has been known that during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), fentanyl or midazolam concentration decreases, except for propofol where it remains unknown. This study evaluated the interaction between propofol and the CPB circuit in vitro. METHODS Three identical experiments were conducted. In each experiment we used a set of CPB circuit composed of a standard 3/8 inch PVC tubing trap, a reservoir and a pump. The reservoir was primed with 2,000 ml solution of 2.5% dextrose and 0.45% NaCl in which 20 mg propofol was added. The solution was circulated in the circuit at a flow rate of 2 L/min. The experimental period was 30 min. A 5 ml sample of the solution was taken from the venous sampling site of the circuit immediately prior to the experiment, and thereafter each from the arterial and venous sampling sites at 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 30 min after the start of the experiment. The samples were kept at 4 degrees C and assayed by HPLC. RESULTS The propofol concentrations decreased exponentially with the increase of experimental time. There were no significant differences in the concentrations and the rates of decrease between the arterial sampling site and the venous sampling site. The decrease was 20% at 1 min, 68% at 10 min, 83% at 20 min, and 92% at 30 min after the beginning of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the presence of propofol sequestration by the CPB circuit. Evaporation in the bubble oxygenator, absorption by and/or adherence to the circuit are suspected as the possible causative factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dong Gang Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
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38
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Su SF, Huang JD. Inhibition of the intestinal digoxin absorption and exsorption by quinidine. Drug Metab Dispos 1996; 24:142-7. [PMID: 8742224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Digoxin-quinidine interaction is well documented in the literature. The mechanism is, however, unknown. Previously, it was shown that quinidine reduced digoxin secretion by inhibiting P-glycoprotein (Pgp) in the renal tubule. Because Pgp is expressed in the small intestine to an extent no less than that in the kidney, the study was designed to investigate the possible effect of quinidine on the absorption and exsorption of digoxin in the rat intestine. Results from the everted sac study using different Pgp inhibitors and inducers support that digoxin is a substrate of Pgp in both jejunum and ileum. Plasma concentration of digoxin after intravenous administration increased 2-fold when 1 mg/hr quinidine was coinfused, whereas the amount that appeared in the intestinal lumen decreased by approximately 40%. In the presence of quinidine, total clearance decreased from 318.0 +/- 19.3 to 167.1 +/- 11.0 ml/hr, whereas intestinal clearance decreased from 28.8 +/- 1.7 to 11.1 +/- 1.6 ml/hr. In a separate study, 3H-labeled digoxin was infused intravenously together with luminal perfusion of unlabeled digoxin in the intestine. The change of 3H-labeled digoxin concentrations in plasma and in the intestinal lumen was similar to those in the exsorption study. However, concentration of unlabeled digoxin in plasma or the intestinal lumen did not alter significantly with the addition of quinidine. The absorption clearance in the control group (N = 6, 6.4 +/- 0.47 ml/hr) was significantly higher than that in the group with quinidine coadministration (N = 6, 4.8 +/- 0.31 ml/hr; p < 0.05). This indicates that quinidine may affect not only the elimination of digoxin, such as renal secretion, but also the absorption/exsorption of digoxin in the gastrointestinal tract. This study suggests that Pgp is involved in the drug interaction between digoxin and quinidine in the small intestine. It is clinically important to understand the effect of quinidine on digoxin absorption for further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Su
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Liaw GJ, Rudolph KM, Huang JD, Dubnicoff T, Courey AJ, Lengyel JA. The torso response element binds GAGA and NTF-1/Elf-1, and regulates tailless by relief of repression. Genes Dev 1995; 9:3163-76. [PMID: 8543159 DOI: 10.1101/gad.9.24.3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of transcription factor activity leading to changes in cell behavior (e.g., differentiation versus proliferation) is one of the critical outcomes of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) stimulation. In the early Drosophila embryo, activation of the torso (tor) RTK at the poles of the embryo activates a phosphorylation cascade that leads to the spatially specific transcription of the tailless (tll) gene. Our analysis of the tor response element (tor-RE) in the tll promoter indicates that the key activity modulated by the tor RTK pathway is a repressor present throughout the embryo. We have mapped the tor-RE to an 11-bp sequence; using this sequence as the basis for protein purification, we have determined that the proteins GAGA and NTF-1 (also known as Elf-1, product of the grainyhead gene) bind to the tor-RE. We demonstrate that NTF-1 can be phosphorylated by MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), and that tll expression is expanded in embryos lacking maternal NTF-1 activity; these results make NTF-1 a likely target for modulation by the tor RTK pathway in vivo. The data presented here support a model in which activation of the tor RTK at the poles of the embryos leads to inactivation of the repressor and therefore, to transcriptional activation (by activators present throughout the embryo) of the tll gene at the poles of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Liaw
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
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40
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Huang JD, Dubnicoff T, Liaw GJ, Bai Y, Valentine SA, Shirokawa JM, Lengyel JA, Courey AJ. Binding sites for transcription factor NTF-1/Elf-1 contribute to the ventral repression of decapentaplegic. Genes Dev 1995; 9:3177-89. [PMID: 8543160 DOI: 10.1101/gad.9.24.3177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Dorsal morphogen is a transcription factor that activates some genes and represses others to establish multiple domains of gene expression along the dorsal/ventral axis of the early Drosophila embryo. Repression by Dorsal appears to require accessory proteins that bind to corepression elements in Dorsal-dependent regulatory modules called ventral repression regions (VRRs). We have identified a corepression element in decapentaplegic (dpp), a zygotically active gene that is repressed by the Dorsal morphogen. This dpp repression element (DRE) is located within a previously identified VRR and close to essential Dorsal-binding sites. We have purified a factor from Drosophila embryo extracts that binds to the DRE but not to mutant forms of the DRE that fail to support efficient repression. This protein also binds to an apparently essential region in a VRR associated with the zerknüllt (zen) gene. One of the DREs in the dpp VRR overlaps the binding site for a potential activator protein suggesting that one mechanism of ventral repression may be the mutually exclusive binding of repressor and activator proteins. We have found the DRE-binding protein to be identical to NTF-1 (equivalent to Elf-1, the product of the grainyhead gene), a factor originally identified as an activator of the Ultrabithorax and Dopa decarboxylase promoters. NTF-1 mRNA is synthesized during oogenesis and deposited in the developing oocyte where it is available to contribute to ventral repression during early embryogenesis. Previous studies have shown that overexpression of NTF-1 in the postblastoderm embryo results in a phenotype that is consistent with a role for this factor in the repression of dpp later in embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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42
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Fernandez-Salguero P, Hoffman SM, Cholerton S, Mohrenweiser H, Raunio H, Rautio A, Pelkonen O, Huang JD, Evans WE, Idle JR. A genetic polymorphism in coumarin 7-hydroxylation: sequence of the human CYP2A genes and identification of variant CYP2A6 alleles. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 57:651-60. [PMID: 7668294 PMCID: PMC1801261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A group of human cytochrome P450 genes encompassing the CYP2A, CYP2B, and CYP2F subfamilies were cloned and assembled into a 350-kb contig localized on the long arm of chromosome 19. Three complete CYP2A genes--CYP2A6, CYP2A7, and CYP2A13--plus two pseudogenes truncated after exon 5, were identified and sequenced. A variant CYP2A6 allele that differed from the corresponding CYP2A6 and CYP2A7 cDNAs previously sequenced was found and was designated CYP2A6v2. Sequence differences in the CYP2A6v2 gene are restricted to regions encompassing exons 3, 6, and 8, which bear sequence relatedness with the corresponding exons of the CYP2A7 gene, located downstream and centromeric of CYP2A6v2, suggesting recent gene-conversion events. The sequencing of all the CYP2A genes allowed the design of a PCR diagnostic test for the normal CYP2A6 allele, the CYP2A6v2 allele, and a variant--designated CYP2A6v1--that encodes an enzyme with a single inactivating amino acid change. These variant alleles were found in individuals who were deficient in their ability to metabolize the CYP2A6 probe drug coumarin. The allelic frequencies of CYP2A6v1 and CYP2A6v2 differed significantly between Caucasian, Asian, and African-American populations. These studies establish the existence of a new cytochrome P450 genetic polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fernandez-Salguero
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Propranolol pharmacokinetics among different genotypes of CYP2D6 was compared in this study. The Chinese (Han) population consisted of 44 healthy unrelated individuals living in southern Taiwan. Endonuclease tests based on polymerase chain reaction were used to determine C/T188 genotypes of CYP2D6 in leukocyte deoxyribonucleic acid. Based on codon 188 genotypes, subjects were categorized into three groups: homozygous C/C188 (n = 13), heterozygous C/T188 (n = 14); and homozygous T/T188 (n = 17). Each subject was given a 40 mg propranolol tablet. Blood samples were drawn before and 12 hours after propranolol administration to measure propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol. Three genotypes showed distinct time profiles of plasma propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol. The area under plasma concentration curve values (mean +/- SEM), were 322.0 +/- 40.8, 481.6 +/- 77.5, and 766.1 +/- 92.8 nmol.hr/L, respectively, for C/C188, C/T188, and T/T188 subjects (p < 0.05). The 48-hour excreted amount of 4-hydroxy-S-propranolol-O-glucuronide, but not 4-hydroxy-R-propranolol-O-glucuronide, was significantly higher for C/C188 than for T/T188 subjects (p < 0.05). This study shows a different propranolol disposition in Chinese subjects of different CYP2D6 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Lai
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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Schwyter DH, Huang JD, Dubnicoff T, Courey AJ. The decapentaplegic core promoter region plays an integral role in the spatial control of transcription. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:3960-8. [PMID: 7791801 PMCID: PMC230635 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.7.3960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster decapentaplegic (dpp) gene encodes a transforming growth factor beta-related cell signaling molecule that plays a critical role in dorsal/ventral pattern formation. The dpp expression pattern in the Drosophila embryo is dynamic, consisting of three phases. Phase I, in which dpp is expressed in a broad dorsal domain, depends on elements in the dpp second intron that interact with the Dorsal transcription factor to repress transcription ventrally. In contrast, phases II and III, in which dpp is expressed first in broad longitudinal stripes (phase II) and subsequently in narrow longitudinal stripes (phase III), depend on multiple independent elements in the dpp 5'-flanking region. Several aspects of the normal dpp expression pattern appear to depend on the unique properties of the dpp core promoter. For example, this core promoter (extending from -22 to +6) is able to direct a phase II expression pattern in the absence of additional upstream or downstream regulatory elements. In addition, a ventral-specific enhancer in the dpp 5'-flanking region that binds the Dorsal factor activates the heterologous hsp70 core promoter but not the dpp core promoter. Thus, the dpp core promoter region may contribute to spatially regulated transcription both by interacting directly with spatially restricted activators and by modifying the activity of proteins bound to enhancer elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Schwyter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1569, USA
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Courey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1569
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46
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Abstract
P-glycoprotein (Pgp) actively pumps a number of antineoplastic drugs, such as etoposide, out of cancer cells and causes multidrug resistance. Pgp is also expressed at the brush-border membrane of the small intestine under normal physiological conditions. We hypothesized that inhibition of intestinal Pgp might decrease the efflux of etoposide from the blood into the intestinal lumen, thereby, increasing the bioavailability of etoposide. The absorption of etoposide was studied using everted gut sacs prepared from rat jejunum and ileum. The addition of C219, a monoclonal antibody of Pgp, at 100 ng/ml or of 0.2 M 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate, a nonhydrolyzable adenosine triphosphate (ATP) analog, increased the absorption of etoposide. Quinidine, an antiarrythmic agent, has been demonstrated to circumvent multidrug resistance in cell lines, possibly by interfering with Pgp function. Adding quinidine at 1 mg/ml to the everted gut sac increased the absorption of etoposide. In vivo absorption of etoposide was also studied by intraluminal perfusion of the drug in the small intestine of anesthetized rats. Intravenous infusion of quinidine at either 1 or 2 mg/h increased the serum level of etoposide in a dose-dependent manner. Intravenous infusion of etoposide at 0.2 mg/h resulted in luminal exsorption of the drug in the small intestine. The intestinal clearance of etoposide was 41.7 +/- 7.2 ml kg-1, which decreased to 18.4 +/- 3.9 ml kg-1 with the infusion of quinidine at 1 mg/h. The present data confirm that intestinal Pgp mediates the efflux of etoposide and that the use of Pgp-inhibiting agents such as quinidine may increase the bioavailability of etoposide.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Biological Availability
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Etoposide/administration & dosage
- Etoposide/blood
- Etoposide/pharmacokinetics
- Etoposide/therapeutic use
- In Vitro Techniques
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Intestinal Absorption/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Jejunum/metabolism
- Male
- Microvilli/metabolism
- Quinidine/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Leu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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47
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Abstract
A widely utilized pig liver esterase preparation has been found to be derived essentially exclusively from the cytosolic fraction of pig livers. Esterases in cytosol and microsomes prepared from a fresh pig liver hydrolyzed the S- and R-enantiomers of racemic oxazepam 3-acetate (rac-OXA) with specific activity ratios of approximately 2.3:1 and 1:62, respectively. Product formations were analyzed by chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The commercial pig liver esterase preparation showed greater activity toward S-OXA than did the esterases in the cytosolic fraction prepared from fresh pig liver. The results established that (i) esterases contained in microsomes and cytosol of pig liver have opposite enantioselectivity in the hydrolysis of rac-OXA and (ii) the commercial pig liver esterase preparation has a cytosolic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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48
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Yang SK, Chang WC, Huang JD. Effects of sodium fluoride and cobalt chloride on the enantioselectivity of microsomal and cytosolic esterases in rat intestinal mucosa. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46:1511-4. [PMID: 8240404 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90120-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) and cobalt chloride (CoCl2) on the enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic oxazepam 3-acetate (rac-OXA) by microsomal and cytosolic esterases in rat intestinal mucosa were studied. Microsomal and cytosolic esterases hydrolyzed S-OXA and R-OXA in approximately 1:19 and 4:1 ratios, respectively. The hydrolysis of R-OXA by microsomal esterases was inhibited by NaF with an IC50 of 13.4 +/- 1.5 mM. Hydrolyses of both S-OXA and R-OXA by cytosolic esterases were inhibited by NaF with a similar IC50 value (approximately 3 mM). The hydrolysis of S-OXA by cytosolic esterases was inhibited by CoCl2 (IC50 = approximately 5 mM), whereas the hydrolysis of R-OXA by cytosolic esterases was stimulated by approximately 10% in the presence of 1 mM CoCl2. In comparison, the hydrolysis of R-OXA by microsomal esterases was stimulated by approximately 55% in the presence of 1 mM CoCl2. These results not only revealed the effects of NaF and CoCl2 on the catalytic activities of enantioselective cytosolic and microsomal esterases, but also indicated that microsomal and cytosolic esterases that selectively hydrolyzed R-OXA were distinctly different protein entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799
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49
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Abstract
To evaluate the effects of valproic acid on the disposition of phenytoin, a single dose of 600 mg valproic acid and multiple doses of valproic acid (200 mg four times a day for 5 days) were administered together with a single oral dose of 600 mg phenytoin to 12 young male volunteers. Fraction of unbound phenytoin and the area under curve (AUC) of the total and unbound phenytoin in plasma were compared with the control phase in which only 600 mg phenytoin was given. Valproic acid increased the unbound fraction of phenytoin in both single- and multiple-dose studies by 15 per cent and 41 per cent, respectively. Single-dose valproic acid increased the total AUC of phenytoin by 11 per cent. Multiple-dose valproic acid decreased the total AUC by 7 per cent. Single- and multiple-dose valproic acid increased the unbound AUC by 25 per cent and 18 per cent, respectively, probably due to the inhibition on the metabolizing enzymes. We concluded that there are at least two mechanisms involved in valproic acid-phenytoin interaction. Whereas valproic acid displacing phenytoin on the plasma protein decreased the total drug concentration of phenytoin, the enzyme inhibition by valproic acid increased both the total and unbound concentration of phenytoin. The two conflicting mechanisms may result in different effects on the total plasma concentration of phenytoin. Therapeutic drug monitoring based on the total concentration of phenytoin may be misleading when valproic acid is co-administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Lai
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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50
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Huang JD, Schwyter DH, Shirokawa JM, Courey AJ. The interplay between multiple enhancer and silencer elements defines the pattern of decapentaplegic expression. Genes Dev 1993; 7:694-704. [PMID: 8458580 DOI: 10.1101/gad.7.4.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The product of the zygotically active decapentaplegic (dpp) gene appears to function as a morphogen that specifies positional information in the dorsal half of the Drosophila embryo. The dorsal-specific transcription of dpp is the key step in establishing a morphogen gradient. We demonstrate here that multiple regions within the second intron of the gene cooperate with one another to generate the wild-type level and pattern of dpp transcription. These regions contain both generalized enhancer elements as well as ventral-specific repressor elements. Placed within the context of heterologous promoters, the intron retains its ability to direct general activation and ventral repression. The ventral specific repression of dpp transcription is directly mediated by binding sites for the dorsal (dl) morphogen in the repressor elements. In contrast with the zerknüllt (zen) ventral repressor element, which contains a few high-affinity dl-binding sites, dpp contains multiple relatively low-affinity sites that function together to bring about complete ventral repression. Because dpp and zen have nearly coincident early expression domains, these results indicate that the same boundary of repression can be specified by dl-binding sites of different affinity. We discuss the possibility that unknown factors interact with dl protein to determine the domain of dl-mediated repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1569
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