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Dillon RM, Paterson JE, Manorome P, Ritchie K, Shirose L, Slavik E, Davy CM. Effects of ophidiomycosis on movement, survival, and reproduction of eastern foxsnakes (Pantherophis vulpinus). Sci Rep 2024; 14:4948. [PMID: 38418485 PMCID: PMC10901895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Ophidiomycosis (snake fungal disease) is caused by the fungal pathogen Ophidiomyces ophidiicola, which causes dermal lesions, occasional systemic infections, and in some cases, mortality. To better understand potential conservation implications of ophidiomycosis (i.e., population-level effects), we investigated its impacts on individual fitness in a population of endangered eastern foxsnakes (Pantherophis vulpinus). We tracked 38 foxsnakes over 6 years and quantified body condition, movement patterns, oviposition rates, and survival. Body condition, distance travelled, and oviposition rates were similar between snakes with and without ophidiomycosis. Interestingly, snakes that tested positive for the pathogen travelled farther, suggesting that movement through a greater diversity of habitats increases risk of exposure. Ophidiomycosis did not negatively affect survival, and most apparently infected snakes persisted in a manner comparable to snakes without ophidiomycosis. Only one mortality was directly attributed to ophidiomycosis, although infected snakes were overrepresented in a sample of snakes killed by predators. Overall, our results suggest that ophidiomycosis may have sublethal effects on eastern foxsnakes, but do not suggest direct effects on survival, ovipositioning, or viability of the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Dillon
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9H 7B8, Canada.
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2Nd Flr DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON, K9L 1Z8, Canada.
- Wildlife Preservation Canada, 5420 Highway 6 North, Guelph, ON, N1H 6J2, Canada.
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - James E Paterson
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9H 7B8, Canada
- Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research, Ducks Unlimited Canada, Stonewall, MB, Canada
| | - Pilar Manorome
- Ontario Parks, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation, and Parks, 300 Water Street, 3Rd Floor S, Peterborough, ON, K9J 8M5, Canada
| | - Kyle Ritchie
- Wildlife Preservation Canada, 5420 Highway 6 North, Guelph, ON, N1H 6J2, Canada
| | - Leonard Shirose
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative - Ontario/Nunavut, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Emily Slavik
- Lake Erie Management Unit, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 320 Milo Road, Wheatley, ON, N0P 2P0, Canada
| | - Christina M Davy
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9H 7B8, Canada.
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2Nd Flr DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON, K9L 1Z8, Canada.
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Paterson JE, Pulfer T, Horrigan E, Sukumar S, Vezina BI, Zimmerling R, Davy CM. Individual and synergistic effects of habitat loss and roads on reptile occupancy. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Paterson JE, Carstairs S, Davy CM. Population-level effects of wildlife rehabilitation and release vary with life-history strategy. J Nat Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2021.125983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Davy CM, Shirose L, Campbell D, Dillon R, McKenzie C, Nemeth N, Braithwaite T, Cai H, Degazio T, Dobbie T, Egan S, Fotherby H, Litzgus JD, Manorome P, Marks S, Paterson JE, Sigler L, Slavic D, Slavik E, Urquhart J, Jardine C. Revisiting Ophidiomycosis (Snake Fungal Disease) After a Decade of Targeted Research. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:665805. [PMID: 34136555 PMCID: PMC8200636 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.665805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are typically characterized by novelty (recent detection) and by increasing incidence, distribution, and/or pathogenicity. Ophidiomycosis, also called snake fungal disease, is caused by the fungus Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (formerly “ophiodiicola”). Ophidiomycosis has been characterized as an EID and as a potential threat to populations of Nearctic snakes, sparking over a decade of targeted research. However, the severity of this threat is unclear. We reviewed the available literature to quantify incidence and effects of ophidiomycosis in Nearctic snakes, and to evaluate whether the evidence supports the ongoing characterization of ophidiomycosis as an EID. Data from Canada remain scarce, so we supplemented the literature review with surveys for O. ophidiicola in the Canadian Great Lakes region. Peer-reviewed reports of clinical signs consistent with ophidiomycosis in free-ranging, Nearctic snakes date back to at least 1998, and retrospective molecular testing of samples extend the earliest confirmed record to 1986. Diagnostic criteria varied among publications (n = 33), confounding quantitative comparisons. Ophidiomycosis was diagnosed or suspected in 36/121 captive snakes and was fatal in over half of cases (66.7%). This result may implicate captivity-related stress as a risk factor for mortality from ophidiomycosis, but could also reflect reporting bias (i.e., infections are more likely to be detected in captive snakes, and severe cases are more likely to be reported). In contrast, ophidiomycosis was diagnosed or suspected in 441/2,384 free-ranging snakes, with mortality observed in 43 (9.8 %). Ophidiomycosis was only speculatively linked to population declines, and we found no evidence that the prevalence of the pathogen or disease increased over the past decade of targeted research. Supplemental surveys and molecular (qPCR) testing in Ontario, Canada detected O. ophidiicola on 76 of 657 free-ranging snakes sampled across ~136,000 km2. The pathogen was detected at most sites despite limited and haphazard sampling. No large-scale mortality was observed. Current evidence supports previous suggestions that the pathogen is a widespread, previously unrecognized endemic, rather than a novel pathogen. Ophidiomycosis may not pose an imminent threat to Nearctic snakes, but further research should investigate potential sublethal effects of ophidiomycosis such as altered reproductive success that could impact population growth, and explore whether shifting environmental conditions may alter host susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Davy
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, ON, Canada.,Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Leonard Shirose
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative - Ontario/Nunavut, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Doug Campbell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative - Ontario/Nunavut, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel Dillon
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Christina McKenzie
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative - Ontario/Nunavut, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Nemeth
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative - Ontario/Nunavut, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Hugh Cai
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tammy Dobbie
- Point Pelee National Park, Leamington, ON, Canada
| | - Sean Egan
- Egan Fife Animal Hospital, Chatham, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Pilar Manorome
- Ontario Parks, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Steve Marks
- Essex County Field Naturalists' Club, c/o Ojibway Nature Centre, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - James E Paterson
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Lynne Sigler
- Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Slavik
- Ontario Parks, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | | | - Claire Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative - Ontario/Nunavut, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Davy CM, Donaldson ME, Bandouchova H, Breit AM, Dorville NA, Dzal YA, Kovacova V, Kunkel EL, Martínková N, Norquay KJ, Paterson JE, Zukal J, Pikula J, Willis CK, Kyle CJ. Transcriptional host-pathogen responses of Pseudogymnoascus destructans and three species of bats with white-nose syndrome. Virulence 2020; 11:781-794. [PMID: 32552222 PMCID: PMC7549942 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1768018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how context (e.g., host species, environmental conditions) drives disease susceptibility is an essential goal of disease ecology. We hypothesized that in bat white-nose syndrome (WNS), species-specific host-pathogen interactions may partly explain varying disease outcomes among host species. We characterized bat and pathogen transcriptomes in paired samples of lesion-positive and lesion-negative wing tissue from bats infected with Pseudogymnoascus destructans in three parallel experiments. The first two experiments analyzed samples collected from the susceptible Nearctic Myotis lucifugus and the less-susceptible Nearctic Eptesicus fuscus, following experimental infection and hibernation in captivity under controlled conditions. The third experiment applied the same analyses to paired samples from infected, free-ranging Myotis myotis, a less susceptible, Palearctic species, following natural infection and hibernation (n = 8 sample pairs/species). Gene expression by P. destructans was similar among the three host species despite varying environmental conditions among the three experiments and was similar within each host species between saprophytic contexts (superficial growth on wings) and pathogenic contexts (growth in lesions on the same wings). In contrast, we observed qualitative variation in host response: M. lucifugus and M. myotis exhibited systemic responses to infection, while E. fuscus up-regulated a remarkably localized response. Our results suggest potential phylogenetic determinants of response to WNS and can inform further studies of context-dependent host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Davy
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, Canada
| | | | - Hana Bandouchova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ana M. Breit
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Nicole A.S. Dorville
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yvonne A. Dzal
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Emma L. Kunkel
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Natália Martínková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kaleigh J.O. Norquay
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - James E. Paterson
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
| | - Jan Zukal
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Craig K.R. Willis
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Kyle
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
- Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
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Paterson JE, Baxter‐Gilbert J, Beaudry F, Carstairs S, Chow‐Fraser P, Edge CB, Lentini AM, Litzgus JD, Markle CE, McKeown K, Moore JA, Refsnider JM, Riley JL, Rouse JD, Seburn DC, Zimmerling JR, Davy CM. Road avoidance and its energetic consequences for reptiles. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9794-9803. [PMID: 31534694 PMCID: PMC6745830 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Roads are one of the most widespread human-caused habitat modifications that can increase wildlife mortality rates and alter behavior. Roads can act as barriers with variable permeability to movement and can increase distances wildlife travel to access habitats. Movement is energetically costly, and avoidance of roads could therefore impact an animal's energy budget. We tested whether reptiles avoid roads or road crossings and explored whether the energetic consequences of road avoidance decreased individual fitness. Using telemetry data from Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii; 11,658 locations of 286 turtles from 15 sites) and eastern massasaugas (Sistrurus catenatus; 1,868 locations of 49 snakes from 3 sites), we compared frequency of observed road crossings and use of road-adjacent habitat by reptiles to expected frequencies based on simulated correlated random walks. Turtles and snakes did not avoid habitats near roads, but both species avoided road crossings. Compared with simulations, turtles made fewer crossings of paved roads with low speed limits and more crossings of paved roads with high speed limits. Snakes made fewer crossings of all road types than expected based on simulated paths. Turtles traveled longer daily distances when their home range contained roads, but the predicted energetic cost was negligible: substantially less than the cost of producing one egg. Snakes with roads in their home range did not travel further per day than snakes without roads in their home range. We found that turtles and snakes avoided crossing roads, but road avoidance is unlikely to impact fitness through energetic expenditures. Therefore, mortality from vehicle strikes remains the most significant impact of roads on reptile populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Paterson
- Environmental and Life Sciences ProgramTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
| | - James Baxter‐Gilbert
- Department of Botany and ZoologyCentre for Invasion BiologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschWestern CapeSouth Africa
| | - Frederic Beaudry
- Environmental Studies and Geology DivisionAlfred UniversityAlfredNYUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chantel E. Markle
- School of Geography and Earth SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | | | | | | | - Julia L. Riley
- Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschWestern CapeSouth Africa
| | - Jeremy D. Rouse
- Parry Sound District OfficeOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryParry SoundONCanada
| | | | - J. Ryan Zimmerling
- Canadian Wildlife ServiceEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaGatineauQCCanada
| | - Christina M. Davy
- Environmental and Life Sciences ProgramTrent UniversityPeterboroughONCanada
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring SectionOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryPeterboroughONCanada
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Paterson JE, Blouin-Demers G. Tree lizard (Urosaurus ornatus) growth decreases with population density, but increases with habitat quality. J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol 2018; 329:527-535. [PMID: 30096219 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Habitat selection models can explain spatial patterns in the relative abundance of animals in different habitats based on the assumption that fitness declines as density in a habitat increases. Ectotherms, such as lizards, may not follow predictions of density-dependent habitat selection models because temperature, which is unaffected by density, strongly influences their habitat selection. If competition for limited resources decreases fitness, then crowding should cause a decrease in body size and growth rates. We used skeletochronology and body size data from tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) at six sites that each spanned two habitats varying in quality to test the hypothesis that habitat selection is density dependent because growth is limited by competition for resources and by habitat quality. First, we tested that the maximum body size of lizards decreased with higher densities in a habitat by comparing growth between sites. Second, we tested whether body size and growth were higher in the habitat with more resources by controlling for density in a habitat and comparing growth between habitats in different sites. We found evidence of density-dependent growth in females, but not in males. Females in more crowded sites reached a smaller maximum size. Females in the higher quality habitat also grew larger than females in the lower quality habitat after controlling for differences in density between the habitats. Therefore, we found partial support for our hypothesis that competition for resources limits growth and causes density-dependent habitat selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Paterson
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Competition for resources is an important mechanism that shapes ecological communities. Interspecific competition can affect habitat selection, fitness, and abundance in animals. We used a removal experiment and mark–recapture to test the hypothesis that competition with the larger and more abundant Striped Plateau Lizard (Sceloporus virgatus H.M. Smith, 1938) limits habitat selection, fitness, and abundance in Ornate Tree Lizards (Urosaurus ornatus (Baird in Baird and Girard, 1852)). Ornate Tree Lizards in the plots where Striped Plateau Lizards were removed switched between habitat types more frequently and moved farther than Ornate Tree Lizards in control plots. However, there were no significant changes in the relative densities of Ornate Tree Lizards in each habitat type or in microhabitat use. We also found no changes in growth rates, survival, or abundance of Ornate Tree Lizards in response to the removal of Striped Plateau Lizards. Our results suggest that interspecific competition was not strong enough to limit habitat use or abundance of Ornate Tree Lizards. Perhaps interspecific competition is weak between coexisting species when resource levels are not severely depleted. Therefore, it is important to consider environmental conditions when assessing the importance of interspecific competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Paterson
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stacey L. Weiss
- Biology Department, University of Puget Sound, 1500 North Warner #1088, Tacoma, WA 98416-1088, USA
| | - Gabriel Blouin-Demers
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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Paterson JE, Blouin-Demers G. Distinguishing discrete polymorphism from continuous variation in throat colour of tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Paterson JE, Blouin-Demers G. Distinguishing discrete polymorphism from continuous variation in throat colour of tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Partitioning of the niche space is a mechanism used to explain the coexistence of similar species. Ectotherms have variable body temperatures and their body temperatures influence performance and, ultimately, fitness. Therefore, many ectotherms use behavioral thermoregulation to avoid reduced capacities associated with body temperatures far from the optimal temperature for performance. Several authors have proposed that thermal niche partitioning in response to interspecific competition is a mechanism that allows the coexistence of similar species of ectotherms. We reviewed studies on thermal resource partitioning to evaluate the evidence for this hypothesis. In almost all studies, there was insufficient evidence to conclude unequivocally that thermal resource partitioning allowed species coexistence. Future studies should include sites where species are sympatric and sites where they are allopatric to rule out alternative mechanisms that cause differences in thermal traits between coexisting species. There is evidence of conservatism in the evolution of most thermal traits across a wide range of taxa, but thermal performance curves and preferred temperatures do respond to strong selection under laboratory conditions. Thus, there is potential for selection to act on thermal traits in response to interspecific competition. Nevertheless, more stringent tests of the thermal resource partitioning hypothesis are required before we can assess whether it is widespread in communities of ectotherms in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Paterson
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Lennox R, Choi K, Harrison PM, Paterson JE, Peat TB, Ward TD, Cooke SJ. Improving science-based invasive species management with physiological knowledge, concepts, and tools. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-0884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Paterson JE, Leslie M. COLLOID CYST OF THIRD VENTRICLE OF THE BRAIN: REPORT OF A CASE OPERATED ON, WITH RECOVERY. Br Med J 2011; 1:920-962.2. [PMID: 20779052 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.3878.920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Paterson JE, Carter S, Wallace J, Ahmad Z, Garrett N, Silva PA. Pacific Islands Families Study: risk factors associated with otitis media with effusion among Pacific 2-year-old children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 71:1047-54. [PMID: 17467064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the risk factors associated with middle ear disease in a cohort of Pacific 2-year-old children residing in New Zealand. METHODS The data were gathered as part of the Pacific Island Families: first 2 years of life (PIF) study in which 656 2-year-old were screened using tympanometry to identify children at risk for otitis media with effusion (OME) and other otological disorders. RESULTS Within this 2-year-old cohort of Pacific children, one set of factors significantly associated with OME was clustered around the respiratory and auditory health of the child over the past year. OME was more likely for children who were regularly suffering from fluid/pus discharge from ears (OR=2.10, 95% CI: 1.01-4.35), children with five or more coughs/colds in the last year (OR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.22-3.00), and children who frequently/constantly snored (OR=2.60, 95% CI: 1.09-6.23) to have OME. Those children who were treated at home for breathing problems were more that two times more likely to have OME (OR=2.61, 95% CI: 1.55-4.42). A second set of factors was clustered around environmental risks that exposed children to a large number of other children. Children who attended a day care centre for more than 20h were five times more likely (OR=5.21, 95% CI: 2.90-9.35) and those who regularly attended church (OR=2.78, 95% CI: 1.05-7.40) were almost three times more likely to have OME. CONCLUSIONS These findings portray a child compromised by persistent ear infections and general coughs and colds as being at increased risk of contracting OME. In line with international research these findings raise questions about the negative child health effects associated with the day care environment for young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Paterson
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Paterson JE, Carter S, Wallace J, Ahmad Z, Garrett N, Silva PA. Pacific Islands families study: the prevalence of chronic middle ear disease in 2-year-old Pacific children living in New Zealand. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 70:1771-8. [PMID: 16828885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of chronic middle ear disease in 2-year-old Pacific children living in New Zealand. METHODS The data were gathered as part of the Pacific Islands Families: First Two Years of Life (PIF) Study in which 1001 two year olds were screened using tympanometry to identify children at risk for otitis media with effusion (OME) and other otological disorders. Those failing the screening tests were referred to Manukau Superclinic where they had a further tympanometry test, and if they failed this test, were followed up with a comprehensive otological examination by an otolaryngologist using otomicroscopy and pneumatic otoscopy. RESULTS Bilateral otitis media with effusion (OME) was the most common abnormality detected (N=102) with further cases of unilateral OME (N=8), and unilateral OME resolving (N=2). Other cases of OME were associated with acute otitis media (AOM), impacted wax (N=1), perforation (N=1), and mild retraction (N=2). Overall there were 118 children with unilateral or bilateral OME. AOM of any form was seen in nine cases. Retraction of the tympanic membrane was seen in 26 cases. The population prevalence among Pacific 2-year-old children was estimated as 25.4% for OME, 1.9% for AOM, and 26.9% for OME or AOM. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that over 25% of Pacific Island 2-year-old were affected by OME and recommend the consideration of national screening for OME and other otological disorders at this earlier age.
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Paterson JE, MacPherson A. The influence of a low cobalt intake on the neutrophil function and severity of Ostertagia infection in cattle. Br Vet J 1990; 146:519-30. [PMID: 2271909 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(90)90055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two trials involving housed cattle examined the effect of Co depletion and supplementation on immune status as assessed by the neutrophil function test which measures the ability of isolated neutrophils to kill the yeast Candida albicans. A third trial investigated the extent to which Co status influenced the severity of Ostertagia ostertagi infection. In the first two trials liveweight gains were unaffected until some 40-60 weeks on the low dietary Co intake despite very low serum vitamin B12 values being recorded after 10 weeks. However, the immune status as measured by the neutrophil function test was reduced within 10 weeks of commencing the low Co diet. On administration of Ostertagia ostertagi larvae, Co-depleted cattle showed a greater weight loss than Co-supplemented cattle but showed no difference in the length of the prepatent period, worm egg production or serum gastrin and pepsinogen concentrations. After anthelmintic treatment both groups showed a similar response. It is postulated that the lowered immune response of Co-depleted cattle resulted in the greater severity of the Ostertagia ostertagi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Paterson
- Central Analytical Laboratory, East of Scotland College of Agriculture, Edinburgh
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Paterson JE, MacPherson A. A comparison of serum vitamin B12 and serum methylmalonic acid as diagnostic measures of cobalt status in cattle. Vet Rec 1990; 126:329-32. [PMID: 2339489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In two trials an assessment was made of serum methylmalonic acid as a diagnostic criterion of cobalt status in housed cattle. Despite the small number of animals used the method showed some promise, and normal concentrations are tentatively suggested as being less than 2 mumole/litre, subclinically cobalt deficient 2 to 4 mumole/litre and cobalt-deficient greater than 4 mumole/litre. However, for assessing how cobalt status is likely to influence the rate of liveweight gain of cattle, measurements of both serum methylmalonic acid and vitamin B12 concentrations would appear to be better.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Paterson
- East of Scotland College of Agriculture, Edinburgh
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Paciga JE, Shelley SA, Paterson JE, Knuppel RA, Scerbo JC, Balis JU. Lung surfactant-associated glycoproteins and proteolipids in human amniotic fluids evaluated by dot immunobinding assays. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1988; 18:141-7. [PMID: 3382157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dot immunobinding assays for the quantitation of two classes of proteins associated with lung surfactant phospholipids in human amniotic fluid are described. With the use of these assays it was determined that the two classes of surfactant proteins accumulate in the amniotic fluid at the same rate. The concentrations of disaturated phosphatidylcholine and the surfactant-associated proteins are less closely correlated. Centrifugation of amniotic fluids either before or after freezing resulted in a loss ranging from 10 to 35 percent of both surfactant disaturated phosphatidylcholine and proteins depending on the relative centrifugal force used. Preterm amniotic fluids contained significantly less of both surfactant-associated proteins, as well as disaturated phosphatidylcholine, than did term amniotic fluids which suggests that the use of these specific protein markers may enhance the assessment of fetal lung maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Paciga
- Department of Pathology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa 33612
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Abstract
A group of 212 children in a partnership practice suffered from acute otitis media in the course of 1 year. These children were subjected to clinical surveillance by their general practitioners and were offered an independent follow-up examination 3 months after the onset of the illness by an otolarygologist. Their mothers were interviewed by a social worker who completed a questionnaire covering 31 items. Selected clinical findings from the general practitioner's record and from the final follow-up examination were compared with selected factors from the social study. It was found that children with less favourable social backgrounds had a poorer experience of medical supervision and poorer end results following treatment.
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Paterson JE. Gas Chromatographic Determination of Dioxathion and Chlorfenvinphos in Emulsifiable Formulations and Livestock Dips. J AOAC Int 1970. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/53.3.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A gas chromatographic method is described for the quantitative determination of dioxathion and chlorfenvinphos in emulsifiable concentrates and livestock dips. A convenient quantity of the emulsifiable formulation is dissolved in xylene and the aqueous dip is extracted with xylene for gas chromatographic analysis, using a mixed silicone oil stationary phase and a flame ionization detector. The coefficients of variation for the dioxathion and chlorfenvinphos determinations in the emulsifiable concentrate are 2.4 and 1.0%, respectively. Recoveries of the former from a fouled dip ranged from 97 to 103% and recoveries of the latter ranged from 92 to 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Paterson
- African Explosives and Chemical Industries, Ltd., Research Department, P.O. North Rand, Transvaal, South Africa
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Paterson JE. A review of the development of medical social work. Health Bull (Edinb) 1969; 27:34-9. [PMID: 5407196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Paterson JE. Early diagnosis of social problems. J R Coll Gen Pract 1967; 14:Suppl 2:35-42. [PMID: 5587984 PMCID: PMC2257453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Paterson JE. The Treatment of Certain Sequelæ of Head Injuries by the Intraspinal Injection of Air. Glasgow Med J 1931; 115:322-323. [PMID: 30439251 PMCID: PMC5982927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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