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Medeiros JS, Burns JH, Dowrey C, Duong F, Speroff S. Leaf habit and plant architecture integrate whole-plant economics and contextualize trait-climate associations within ecologically diverse genus Rhododendron. AoB Plants 2024; 16:plae005. [PMID: 38406260 PMCID: PMC10888519 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Plant resource strategies negotiate a trade-off between fast growth and stress resistance, characterized by specific leaf area (SLA). How SLA relates to leaf structure and function or plant climate associations remains open for debate, and leaf habit and plant architecture may alter the costs versus benefits of individual traits. We used phylogenetic canonical correspondence analysis and phylogenetic least squares to understand the relationship of anatomy and gas exchange to published data on root, wood, architectural and leaf economics traits and climate. Leaf anatomy was structured by leaf habit and carbon to nitrogen ratio was a better predictor of gas exchange than SLA. We found significant correspondence of leaf anatomy with branch architecture and wood traits, gas exchange corresponded with climate, while leaf economics corresponded with climate, architecture, wood and root traits. Species from the most seasonal climates had the highest trait-climate correspondence, and different aspects of economics and anatomy reflected leaf carbon uptake versus water use. Our study using phylogenetic comparative methods including plant architecture and leaf habit provides insight into the mechanism of whole-plant functional coordination and contextualizes individual traits in relation to climate, demonstrating the evolutionary and ecological relevance of trait-trait correlations within a genus with high biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106USA
| | - Callie Dowrey
- Holden Arboretum, 9500 Sperry Rd, Kirtland, OH 44094, USA
| | - Fiona Duong
- Holden Arboretum, 9500 Sperry Rd, Kirtland, OH 44094, USA
| | - Sarah Speroff
- New England Aquarium, 1 Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110USA
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2
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Liu Y, Zheng Y, Jahn LV, Burns JH. Invaders responded more positively to soil biota than native or noninvasive introduced species, consistent with enemy escape. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Ósvaldsson A, Chesler MK, Burns JH. Effects of snow on reproduction of perennial Thalictrum dioicum: Plants survive but seedlings fail to recruit with reduced snow cover. Am J Bot 2022; 109:406-418. [PMID: 35191014 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Future reductions in snow cover are expected in temperate climates, likely leading to more soil-freezing events and damage to plant tissues. However, whether and how plants can compensate for this damage may depend on the timing of damage and on plant allocations to seed size and number. We need more information about how seed production, germination, and seedling recruitment might respond to changes in snow cover. METHODS We manipulated snow cover over three seasons in a common garden experiment with four treatments: (1) "control," where snowpack was left unmanipulated throughout the winter season; (2) "late addition," where snowpack was experimentally increased at the end of the winter season in order to delay the onset of spring; (3) "late removal," where snowpack was experimentally reduced at the end of the winter season in order to advance the onset of spring; and (4) "freeze," a consistent removal treatment, where snowpack was experimentally reduced following every substantial snowfall in order to induce freeze-thaw events in the soil. In all treatments, we measured survival, growth, reproduction, and recruitment of a native perennial herb, Thalictrum dioicum. RESULTS Reduced snow cover minimally influenced adult survival. Instead, individuals that experienced reduced snow cover throughout the winter produced more massive seeds, whereas individuals that experienced a single snow removal at the end of the season produced less massive seeds. Seedling recruitment was lower in the removal treatments than in the control, as a result of failure to germinate in the freeze treatment and seedling mortality in the late removal treatment. CONCLUSIONS Both reduced snow cover throughout the winter and a single late snow removal in the spring reduced seedling recruitment, but for different reasons, suggesting that a holistic approach to the life cycle is needed to understand responses to shifting climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ósvaldsson
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Maddelana K Chesler
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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4
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Rodger JG, Bennett JM, Razanajatovo M, Knight TM, van Kleunen M, Ashman TL, Steets JA, Hui C, Arceo-Gómez G, Burd M, Burkle LA, Burns JH, Durka W, Freitas L, Kemp JE, Li J, Pauw A, Vamosi JC, Wolowski M, Xia J, Ellis AG. Widespread vulnerability of flowering plant seed production to pollinator declines. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabd3524. [PMID: 34644118 PMCID: PMC8514087 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence of pollinator declines from many regions across the globe, the threat this poses to plant populations is not clear because plants can often produce seeds without animal pollinators. Here, we quantify pollinator contribution to seed production by comparing fertility in the presence versus the absence of pollinators for a global dataset of 1174 plant species. We estimate that, without pollinators, a third of flowering plant species would produce no seeds and half would suffer an 80% or more reduction in fertility. Pollinator contribution to plant reproduction is higher in plants with tree growth form, multiple reproductive episodes, more specialized pollination systems, and tropical distributions, making these groups especially vulnerable to reduced service from pollinators. These results suggest that, without mitigating efforts, pollinator declines have the potential to reduce reproduction for most plant species, increasing the risk of population declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Rodger
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- Biodiversity Informatics Unit, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
| | - Joanne M. Bennett
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Mialy Razanajatovo
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tiffany M. Knight
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260, USA
| | - Janette A. Steets
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Illumination Works, 2689 Commons Blvd., Suite 120, Beavercreek, OH 45431, USA
| | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- Biodiversity Informatics Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town 7945, South Africa
- International Initiative for Theoretical Ecology, Unit 10, 317 Essex Road, London N1 2EE, UK
| | - Gerardo Arceo-Gómez
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Martin Burd
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura A. Burkle
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Jean H. Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Walter Durka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Jurene E. Kemp
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Junmin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Anton Pauw
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Jana C. Vamosi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marina Wolowski
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Allan G. Ellis
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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5
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Paniw M, James TD, Ruth Archer C, Römer G, Levin S, Compagnoni A, Che-Castaldo J, Bennett JM, Mooney A, Childs DZ, Ozgul A, Jones OR, Burns JH, Beckerman AP, Patwary A, Sanchez-Gassen N, Knight TM, Salguero-Gómez R. The myriad of complex demographic responses of terrestrial mammals to climate change and gaps of knowledge: A global analysis. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1398-1407. [PMID: 33825186 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 25% of mammals are currently threatened with extinction, a risk that is amplified under climate change. Species persistence under climate change is determined by the combined effects of climatic factors on multiple demographic rates (survival, development and reproduction), and hence, population dynamics. Thus, to quantify which species and regions on Earth are most vulnerable to climate-driven extinction, a global understanding of how different demographic rates respond to climate is urgently needed. Here, we perform a systematic review of literature on demographic responses to climate, focusing on terrestrial mammals, for which extensive demographic data are available. To assess the full spectrum of responses, we synthesize information from studies that quantitatively link climate to multiple demographic rates. We find only 106 such studies, corresponding to 87 mammal species. These 87 species constitute <1% of all terrestrial mammals. Our synthesis reveals a strong mismatch between the locations of demographic studies and the regions and taxa currently recognized as most vulnerable to climate change. Surprisingly, for most mammals and regions sensitive to climate change, holistic demographic responses to climate remain unknown. At the same time, we reveal that filling this knowledge gap is critical as the effects of climate change will operate via complex demographic mechanisms: a vast majority of mammal populations display projected increases in some demographic rates but declines in others, often depending on the specific environmental context, complicating simple projections of population fates. Assessments of population viability under climate change are in critical need to gather data that account for multiple demographic responses, and coordinated actions to assess demography holistically should be prioritized for mammals and other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paniw
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tamora D James
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - C Ruth Archer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gesa Römer
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics (CPop), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sam Levin
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aldo Compagnoni
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Judy Che-Castaldo
- Alexander Center for Applied Population Biology, Conservation & Science Department, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joanne M Bennett
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew Mooney
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dylan Z Childs
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Arpat Ozgul
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Owen R Jones
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics (CPop), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew P Beckerman
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Abir Patwary
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Tiffany M Knight
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany
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6
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Compagnoni A, Levin S, Childs DZ, Harpole S, Paniw M, Römer G, Burns JH, Che-Castaldo J, Rüger N, Kunstler G, Bennett JM, Archer CR, Jones OR, Salguero-Gómez R, Knight TM. Herbaceous perennial plants with short generation time have stronger responses to climate anomalies than those with longer generation time. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1824. [PMID: 33758189 PMCID: PMC7988175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to synthesize the state of our knowledge on plant responses to climate. The availability of open-access data provide opportunities to examine quantitative generalizations regarding which biomes and species are most responsive to climate drivers. Here, we synthesize time series of structured population models from 162 populations of 62 plants, mostly herbaceous species from temperate biomes, to link plant population growth rates (λ) to precipitation and temperature drivers. We expect: (1) more pronounced demographic responses to precipitation than temperature, especially in arid biomes; and (2) a higher climate sensitivity in short-lived rather than long-lived species. We find that precipitation anomalies have a nearly three-fold larger effect on λ than temperature. Species with shorter generation time have much stronger absolute responses to climate anomalies. We conclude that key species-level traits can predict plant population responses to climate, and discuss the relevance of this generalization for conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Compagnoni
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sam Levin
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dylan Z Childs
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stan Harpole
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Paniw
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Gesa Römer
- Interdisciplinary Center on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Judy Che-Castaldo
- Alexander Center for Applied Population Biology, Conservation & Science Department, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nadja Rüger
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Department of Economics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Joanne M Bennett
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, The University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - C Ruth Archer
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Owen R Jones
- Interdisciplinary Center on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | | | - Tiffany M Knight
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany
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7
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Cope CG, Eysenbach SR, Faidiga AS, Hausman CE, Medeiros JS, Murphy JE, Burns JH. Potential interactive effects between invasive Lumbricus terrestris earthworms and the invasive plant Alliaria petiolata on a native plant Podophyllum peltatum in northeastern Ohio, USA. AoB Plants 2021; 13:plaa073. [PMID: 33604015 PMCID: PMC7877696 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We test whether the invasive earthworm Lumbricus terrestris and leaf litter of the invasive herbaceous plant Alliaria petiolata interact to influence the native plant, Podophyllum peltatum, using both observational field data and a multi-year experiment. We hypothesized invader interactive effects on the native plant might result from either changes in allelochemical distribution in the soil or nutrient availability mediated by the invasive earthworm pulling leaf litter down into the soil. Within the field data we found that Alliaria petiolata presence and higher soil nitrogen correlated with reduced Podophyllum peltatum cover, and no evidence for an invader-invader interaction. Within the factorial experiment, we found a super-additive effect of the two invaders on plant biomass only when activated carbon was present. In the absence of activated carbon, there were no differences in Podophyllum peltatum biomass across treatments. In the presence of activated carbon, Podophyllum peltatum biomass was significantly reduced by the presence of both Lumbricus terrestris and Alliaria petiolata leaf litter. The absence of an effect of Alliaria petiolata leaves without activated carbon, combined with a failure to detect arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, suggests that indirect effects of allelochemicals on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were not the primary driver of treatment responses. Rather direct nutrient availability might influence a potential interaction between these invaders. Leaf nitrogen content was higher and leaf CO2 concentration was lower in the presence of Lumbricus terrestris, but treatment did not influence maximum photosynthetic rate. While the field data do not suggest a negative interaction between these invaders, the experiment suggests that such an interaction is possible with greater environmental stress, such as increasing nitrogen deposition. Further, even plants with rapid physiological responses to increased nitrogen availability may have other physiological limits on growth that prevent them from compensating from the harm caused by multiple invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Cope
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer E Murphy
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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8
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Liu Y, Medeiros JS, Burns JH. The soil biotic community protects Rhododendron spp. across multiple clades from the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi at a cost to plant growth. Oecologia 2020; 195:1-12. [PMID: 33025264 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04762-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of whole soil biotic communities on plants is a result of positive and negative interactions from a complex suite of mutualists and pathogens. However, few experiments have evaluated the composite effects of whole soil biotic communities on plant growth and disease resistance. We conducted a factorial greenhouse experiment with 14 Rhododendron species grown with and without live conspecific soil biota and with and without the disease, Phytophthora cinnamomi. We tested the prediction that the presence of whole soil biotic communities influences survival in the presence of disease. We also explored functional trait correlations with disease susceptibility across the phylogeny. The presence of live soil biota led to higher survival in the presence of disease compared with sterilized soils, and the direction of this effect was consistent for seven species across four clades. The presence of live soil biota also significantly reduced plant growth rate and decreased shoot biomass, relative to plants grown in sterilized soil, indicating that live soil biota might influence plant allocation strategies. We found that Rhododendron species with higher Root Shoot Ratios were less susceptible to Phytophthora, suggesting that water relations influence disease susceptibility. Our findings that disease resistance and susceptibility occur independently across multiple clades and that whole soil biotic communities consistently enhance disease resistance across clades, suggest that soil biota may play an important role in disease resistance and can moderate disease-induced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7080, USA.
| | | | - Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7080, USA
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9
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Lance AC, Burke DJ, Hausman CE, Burns JH. High‐throughput sequencing provides insight into manipulated soil fungal community structure and diversity during temperate forest restoration. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Lance
- Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 U.S.A
| | - David J. Burke
- Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 U.S.A
- Holden Arboretum 9500 Sperry Road Kirtland OH 44094 U.S.A
| | | | - Jean H. Burns
- Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 U.S.A
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10
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Lance AC, Carrino-Kyker SR, Burke DJ, Burns JH. Individual Plant-Soil Feedback Effects Influence Tree Growth and Rhizosphere Fungal Communities in a Temperate Forest Restoration Experiment. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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11
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Burke DJ, Carrino‐Kyker SR, Burns JH. Is it climate or chemistry? Soil fungal communities respond to soil nutrients in a multi‐year high‐resolution analysis. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Burke
- The Holden Arboretum Kirtland Ohio 44094 USA
- The Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | | | - Jean H. Burns
- The Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
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12
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Burns JH, Bennett JM, Li J, Xia J, Arceo-Gómez G, Burd M, Burkle LA, Durka W, Ellis AG, Freitas L, Rodger JG, Vamosi JC, Wolowski M, Ashman TL, Knight TM, Steets JA. Plant traits moderate pollen limitation of introduced and native plants: a phylogenetic meta-analysis of global scale. New Phytol 2019; 223:2063-2075. [PMID: 31116447 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of pollination in the success of invasive plants needs to be understood because invasives have substantial effects on species interactions and ecosystem functions. Previous research has shown both that reproduction of invasive plants is often pollen limited and that invasive plants can have high seed production, motivating the questions: How do invasive populations maintain reproductive success in spite of pollen limitation? What species traits moderate pollen limitation for invaders? We conducted a phylogenetic meta-analysis with 68 invasive, 50 introduced noninvasive and 1931 native plant populations, across 1249 species. We found that invasive populations with generalist pollination or pollinator dependence were less pollen limited than natives, but invasives and introduced noninvasives did not differ. Invasive species produced 3× fewer ovules/flower and >250× more flowers per plant, compared with their native relatives. While these traits were negatively correlated, consistent with a tradeoff, this did not differ with invasion status. Invasive plants that produce many flowers and have floral generalisation are able to compensate for or avoid pollen limitation, potentially helping to explain the invaders' reproductive successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7080, USA
| | - Joanne M Bennett
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Junmin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou City, 318000, China
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Gerardo Arceo-Gómez
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614,, USA
| | - Martin Burd
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Laura A Burkle
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Walter Durka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Allan G Ellis
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Leandro Freitas
- Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, Rio de Janeiro, 22460-030, Brazil
| | - James G Rodger
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, Uppsala, SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - Jana C Vamosi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Marina Wolowski
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15217, USA
| | - Tiffany M Knight
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Janette A Steets
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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Lance AC, Burke DJ, Hausman CE, Burns JH. Microbial inoculation influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community structure and nutrient dynamics in temperate tree restoration. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Lance
- Department of BiologyCase Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 U.S.A
| | - David J. Burke
- Department of BiologyCase Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 U.S.A
- Holden Arboretum, 9500 Sperry Road Kirtland OH 44094 U.S.A
| | | | - Jean H. Burns
- Department of BiologyCase Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 U.S.A
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Burns JH, Murphy JE, Zheng YL. Tests of alternative evolutionary models are needed to enhance our understanding of biological invasions. New Phytol 2019; 222:701-707. [PMID: 30394547 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 701 I. Introduction 701 II. Why we need an explicitly evolutionary perspective 702 III. A case study invasion experiment 702 IV. The way forward 703 V. Conclusions 705 Acknowledgements 706 References 706 SUMMARY: Comparing models of trait evolution might generate new insights into the role of evolutionary history in biological invasions. Assumptions underlying Darwin's naturalization conundrum suggest that close relatives are functionally similar. However, newer work is suggesting more complex relationships between phylogenetic and functional distance. We present an example in which communities of close relatives are functionally divergent in leaf traits and have greater invader biomass. Such an approach leads to new questions, such as: When might selection lead to divergence between close relatives? For example, a history of sympatry might correspond with divergence. We suggest that moving beyond a simplistic version of Darwin's naturalization conundrum as alternative hypotheses will lead to a more nuanced view on how evolution has shaped biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jennifer E Murphy
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yu-Long Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650223, China
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15
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Zheng YL, Burns JH, Liao ZY, Li YP, Yang J, Chen YJ, Zhang JL, Zheng YG. Species composition, functional and phylogenetic distances correlate with success of invasive Chromolaena odorata in an experimental test. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1211-1220. [PMID: 29808558 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biotic resistance may influence invasion success; however, the relative roles of species richness, functional or phylogenetic distance in predicting invasion success are not fully understood. We used biomass fraction of Chromolaena odorata, an invasive species in tropical and subtropical areas, as a measure of 'invasion success' in a series of artificial communities varying in species richness. Communities were constructed using species from Mexico (native range) or China (non-native range). We found strong evidence of biotic resistance: species richness and community biomass were negatively related with invasion success; invader biomass was greater in plant communities from China than from Mexico. Harvesting time had a greater effect on invasion success in plant communities from China than on those from Mexico. Functional and phylogenetic distances both correlated with invasion success and more functionally distant communities were more easily invaded. The effects of plant-soil fungi and plant allelochemical interactions on invasion success were species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Zhi-Yong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Yang-Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | | | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis and Environmental Pollution Control-Remediation Technology, Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities, 32 Hunan Road, Xing Yi, Guizhou, 562400, China
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16
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Afkhami ME, Luke Mahler D, Burns JH, Weber MG, Wojciechowski MF, Sprent J, Strauss SY. Symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria: nodulation and phylogenetic data across legume genera. Ecology 2018; 99:502. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. Afkhami
- Department of Biology; University of Miami; 1301 Memorial Dr, #215 Coral Gables Florida 33146 USA
| | - D. Luke Mahler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Jean H. Burns
- Department of Biology; Case Western Reserve University; 307 DeGrace Hall Cleveland Ohio 4410 USA
| | - Marjorie G. Weber
- Department of Plant Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | | | - Janet Sprent
- College of Life Sciences; University of Dundee at JHI; Dundee DD2 5DA UK
| | - Sharon Y. Strauss
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; University of California, Davis; One Shields Avenue, 2320 Storer Hall Davis California 95616 USA
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17
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Medeiros JS, Burns JH, Nicholson J, Rogers L, Valverde-Barrantes O. Decoupled leaf and root carbon economics is a key component in the ecological diversity and evolutionary divergence of deciduous and evergreen lineages of genus Rhododendron. Am J Bot 2017; 104:803-816. [PMID: 28611072 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE We explored trait-trait and trait-climate relationships for 27 Rhododendron species while accounting for phylogenetic relationships and within-species variation to investigate whether leaf and root traits are coordinated across environments and over evolutionary time, as part of a whole-plant economics spectrum. METHODS We examined specific leaf area (SLA) and four root traits: specific root length (SRL), specific root tip abundance (SRTA), first order diameter, and link average length, for plants growing in a cold, seasonal climate (Kirtland, Ohio) and a warmer, less seasonal climate (Federal Way, Washington) in the United States. We estimated a phylogeny and species' climate of origin, determined phylogenetic signal on mean traits and within-species variation, and used phylogenetically informed analysis to compare trait-trait and trait-climate relationships for deciduous and evergreen lineages. RESULTS Mean SLA and within-species variation in SRL were more similar between close relatives than expected by chance. SLA and root traits differed according to climate of origin and across growth environments, though SLA differed within- and among-species less than roots. A negative SRL-SRTA correlation indicates investment in foraging scale vs. precision as a fundamental trade-off defining the root economic spectrum. Also, the deciduous clade exhibited a strong negative relationship between SLA and SRL, while evergreen clades showed a weaker positive or no relationship. CONCLUSIONS Our work suggests that natural selection has shaped relationships between above- and belowground traits in genus Rhododendron and that leaf and root traits may evolve independently. Morphological decoupling may help explain habitat diversity among Rhododendron species, as well as the changes accompanying the divergence of deciduous and evergreen lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2080 Adelbert Road, 307 DeGrace Hall, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Jaynell Nicholson
- Department of Biology, Kent State University, 256 Cunningham Hall, Kent, Ohio 44242 USA
| | - Louisa Rogers
- Department of Land, Air & Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 1110 Plant and Environmental Sciences Building, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Oscar Valverde-Barrantes
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
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18
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Burns JH, Brandt AJ, Murphy JE, Kaczowka AM, Burke DJ. Spatial heterogeneity of plant–soil feedbacks increases per capita reproductive biomass of species at an establishment disadvantage. Oecologia 2017; 183:1077-1086. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3828-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sweet DD, Burns JH. Plant performance was greater in the soils of more distantly related plants for an herbaceous understory species. AoB Plants 2017; 9:plx005. [PMID: 28702162 PMCID: PMC5499765 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that plant-soil interactions have important implications for plant community composition. However, the role of phylogenetic relatedness in governing interactions between plants and soil biota is unclear, and more case studies are needed to help build a general picture of whether and how phylogeny might influence plant-soil interactions. We performed a glasshouse experiment to test whether degree of phylogenetic relatedness between Aquilegia canadensis and six co-occurring heterospecifics affects A. canadensis biomass through soil legacy effects. We also compared performance of A. canadensis in soils conditioned by invasive Alliaria petiolata versus native heterospecifics, hypothesizing that conditioning by A. petiolata would suppress the performance of the focal native plant. A. canadensis performed significantly better in distant relatives' soils than in close relatives' soils, and this effect disappeared with soil sterilization, consistent with close relatives sharing similar pathogens. Contrary to our expectations, soils conditioned by the invasive species A. petiolata versus by native species had similar effects on A. canadensis. The greater performance of A. canadensis in soils of more versus less distant relatives is consistent with a hypothesis of phylogenetically constrained pathogen escape, a phenomenon expected to promote coexistence of phylogenetically distant species. However, pairwise plant-soil feedback experiments are needed to create a stronger coexistence prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake D. Sweet
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jean H. Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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20
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Murphy JE, Burns JH, Fougère-Danezan M, Drenovsky RE. Functional trait values, not trait plasticity, drive the invasiveness of Rosa sp. in response to light availability. Am J Bot 2016; 103:2058-2069. [PMID: 27965240 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Functional trait plasticity in resource capture traits has been suggested as an underlying mechanism promoting invasive species establishment and spread. Earlier studies on this mechanism treat invasiveness as a discrete characteristic (i.e., invasive vs. noninvasive) and do not consider the potential impacts of evolutionary history. In the present study, we used a continuous measure of invasiveness and a phylogenetic framework to quantify the relationship between functional trait expression, plasticity, and invasiveness in Rosa. METHODS In a manipulative greenhouse experiment, we evaluated how light availability affects functional traits and their plasticity in Rosa sp. and the out-group species, Potentilla recta, which vary in their invasiveness. KEY RESULTS Across functional traits, we found no significant relationship between plasticity and invasiveness. However, more invasive roses demonstrated an ability to produce a more branched plant architecture, promoting optimal light capture. Invasiveness also was linked with lower photosynthetic and stomatal conductance rates, leading to increased water-use efficiency (WUE) in more invasive roses. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that functional trait values, rather than plasticity, promote invasive rose success, counter to earlier predictions about the role of plasticity in invasiveness. Furthermore, our study indicates that invasive roses demonstrate key functional traits, such as increased WUE, to promote their success in the high-light, edge habitats they commonly invade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Murphy
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, Ohio 44118 USA
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 441061 USA
| | - Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, Ohio 44118 USA
| | - Marie Fougère-Danezan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 P.R. China
| | - Rebecca E Drenovsky
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 441061 USA
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21
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Burns JH, Anacker BL, Strauss SY, Burke DJ. Soil microbial community variation correlates most strongly with plant species identity, followed by soil chemistry, spatial location and plant genus. AoB Plants 2015; 7:plv030. [PMID: 25818073 PMCID: PMC4417136 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soil ecologists have debated the relative importance of dispersal limitation and ecological factors in determining the structure of soil microbial communities. Recent evidence suggests that 'everything is not everywhere', and that microbial communities are influenced by both dispersal limitation and ecological factors. However, we still do not understand the relative explanatory power of spatial and ecological factors, including plant species identity and even plant relatedness, for different fractions of the soil microbial community (i.e. bacterial and fungal communities). To ask whether factors such as plant species, soil chemistry, spatial location and plant relatedness influence rhizosphere community composition, we examined field-collected rhizosphere soil of seven congener pairs that occur at Bodega Bay Marine Reserve, CA, USA. We characterized differences in bacterial and fungal communities using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Plant species identity was the single best statistical predictor of both bacterial and fungal community composition in the root zone. Soil microbial community structure was also correlated with soil chemistry. The third best predictor of bacterial and fungal communities was spatial location, confirming that everything is not everywhere. Variation in microbial community composition was also related to combinations of spatial location, soil chemistry and plant relatedness, suggesting that these factors do not act independently. Plant relatedness explained less of the variation than plant species, soil chemistry, or spatial location. Despite some congeners occupying different habitats and being spatially distant, rhizosphere fungal communities of plant congeners were more similar than expected by chance. Bacterial communities from the same samples were only weakly similar between plant congeners. Thus, plant relatedness might influence soil fungal, more than soil bacterial, community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | | | - David J Burke
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA The Holden Arboretum, 9500 Sperry Road, Kirtland, OH 44094, USA
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22
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Abstract
Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University;
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23
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Burns JH, Pardini EA, Schutzenhofer MR, Chung YA, Seidler KJ, Knight TM. Greater sexual reproduction contributes to differences in demography of invasive plants and their noninvasive relatives. Ecology 2013; 94:995-1004. [PMID: 23858640 DOI: 10.1890/12-1310.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the demographic processes contributing to invasions would improve our mechanistic understanding of the invasion process and improve the efficiency of prevention and control efforts. However, field comparisons of the demography of invasive and noninvasive species have not previously been conducted. We compared the in situ demography of 17 introduced plant species in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, to contrast the demographic patterns of invasive species with their less invasive relatives across a broad sample of angiosperms. Using herbarium records to estimate spread rates, we found higher maximum spread rates in the landscape for species classified a priori as invasive than for noninvasive introduced species, suggesting that expert classifications are an accurate reflection of invasion rate. Across 17 species, projected population growth was not significantly greater in invasive than in noninvasive introduced species. Among five taxonomic pairs of close relatives, however, four of the invasive species had higher projected population growth rates compared with their noninvasive relative. A Life Table Response Experiment suggested that the greater projected population growth rate of some invasive species relative to their noninvasive relatives was primarily a result of sexual reproduction. The greater sexual reproduction of invasive species is consistent with invaders having a life history strategy more reliant on fecundity than survival and is consistent with a large role of propagule pressure in invasion. Sexual reproduction is a key demographic correlate of invasiveness, suggesting that local processes influencing sexual reproduction, such as enemy escape, might be of general importance. However, the weak correlation of projected population growth with spread rates in the landscape suggests that regional processes, such as dispersal, may be equally important in determining invasion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean H Burns
- Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Box 1137, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The relationship between phylogenetic distance and ecological similarity is key to understanding mechanisms of community assembly, a central goal of ecology. The field of community phylogenetics uses phylogenetic information to infer mechanisms of community assembly; we explore, the underlying relationship between phylogenetic similarity and the niche. We combined a field experiment using 32 native plant species with a molecular phylogeny and found that closely related plant species shared similar germination and early survival niches. Species also competed more with close relatives than with distant relatives in field soils; however, in potting soil this pattern reversed, and close relatives might even have more mutalistic relationships than distant relatives in these soils. Our results suggest that niche conservatism (habitat filtering) and species interactions (competition or facilitation) structure community composition, that phylogenetic relationships influence the strength of species' interactions, and that conserved aspects of plant niches include soil attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean H Burns
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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26
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Buckley YM, Ramula S, Blomberg SP, Burns JH, Crone EE, Ehrlén J, Knight TM, Pichancourt JB, Quested H, Wardle GM. Causes and consequences of variation in plant population growth rate: a synthesis of matrix population models in a phylogenetic context. Ecol Lett 2010; 13:1182-97. [PMID: 20561015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M Buckley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
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27
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Harmon-Threatt AN, Burns JH, Shemyakina LA, Knight TM. Breeding system and pollination ecology of introduced plants compared to their native relatives. Am J Bot 2009; 96:1544-1550. [PMID: 21628299 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Identifying how plant-enemy interactions contribute to the success of introduced species has been a subject of much research, while the role of plant-pollinator interactions has received less attention. The ability to reproduce in new environments is essential for the successful establishment and spread of introduced species. Introduced plant species that are not capable of autonomous self-fertilization and are unable to attract resident pollinators may suffer from pollen limitation. Our study quantifies the degree of autogamy and pollination ecology of 10 closely related pairs of native and introduced plant species at a single site near St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Most of these species pairs had similar capacities for autogamy; however, of those that differed, the introduced species were more autogamous than their native congeners. Most introduced plants have pollinator visitation rates similar to those of their native congeners. Of the 20 species studied, only three had significant pollen limitation. We suggest that the success of most introduced plant species is because they are highly autogamous or because their pollinator visitation rates are similar to those of their native relatives. Understanding and identifying traits related to pollination success that are key in successful introductions may allow better understanding and prediction of biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Harmon-Threatt
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1137, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 USA
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Ramula S, Knight TM, Burns JH, Buckley YM. General guidelines for invasive plant management based on comparative demography of invasive and native plant populations. J Appl Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Demographic models are powerful tools for making predictions about the relative importance of transitions from one life stage (e.g., seeds) to another (e.g., nonreproductives); however, they have never been used to compare the relative performance of invasive and noninvasive taxa. I use demographic models parameterized from common garden experiments to develop hypotheses about the role of different life stage transitions in determining differences in performance in invasive and noninvasive congeners in the Commelinaceae. I also extended nested life table response experiment (LTRE) analyses to accommodate interactions between nested and unnested factors. Invasive species outperformed their noninvasive congeners, especially under high-nutrient conditions. This difference in performance did not appear to be due to differences in elasticities of vital rates, but rather to differences in the magnitude of stage transitions. Self-compatible invasive species had greater fecundity in high-nutrient environments and a shorter time to first reproduction, and all invasive species had greater vegetative reproduction than their noninvasive congeners. Thus greater opportunism in sexual and asexual reproduction explained the greater performance of invasive species under high-nutrient conditions. Similar common garden experiments could become a useful tool to predict potential invaders from pools of potential introductions. I show that short-term and controlled experiments considering multiple nutrient environments may accurately predict invasiveness of nonnative plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean H Burns
- Tyson Research Center, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
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Miller TE, Burns JH, Munguia P, Walters EL, Kneitel JM, Richards PM, Mouquet N, Buckley HL. Evaluating Support for the Resource‐Ratio Hypothesis: A Reply to Wilson et al. Am Nat 2007; 169:707-8. [PMID: 17427141 DOI: 10.1086/513110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T E Miller
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA.
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Abstract
Understanding the traits of invasive species may improve the ability to predict, prevent, and manage invasions. I compared morphological and performance traits of five congeneric pairs of invasive and noninvasive Commelinaceae across a factorial experiment using a range of water and nutrient availabilities. Invasive species had greater fecundity and vegetative reproduction than their noninvasive relatives. The invasive species also had higher relative growth rates, greater specific leaf area, and more plastic root-to-shoot ratios than noninvasive species. However, whether a trait was associated with invasiveness often depended on both environment and relatedness. Invasives had greater sexual and vegetative reproduction, higher specific leaf area, and greater relative growth rates than noninvasive congeners, but only in some environments. Differences between invasive and noninvasive taxa were greatest at high nutrient availabilities. These results suggest that studies of invasive species' traits must incorporate information on conditions under which the trait was measured. In addition, incorporating information on relatedness improved our ability to detect associations between species traits, such as specific leaf area and relative growth rate, and invasiveness, suggesting that such information may be required for a complete understanding of what makes a species invasive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean H Burns
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306-1100, USA.
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Miller TE, Burns JH, Munguia P, Walters EL, Kneitel JM, Richards PM, Mouquet N, Buckley HL. A critical review of twenty years' use of the resource-ratio theory. Am Nat 2005; 165:439-48. [PMID: 15791536 DOI: 10.1086/428681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A model of species interactions based on their use of shared resources was proposed in 1972 by Robert MacArthur and later expanded in an article (1980) and a book (1982) by David Tilman. This "resource-ratio theory" has been used to make a number of testable predictions about competition and community patterns. We reviewed 1,333 papers that cite Tilman's two publications to determine whether predictions of the resource-ratio theory have been adequately tested and to summarize their general conclusions. Most of the citations do not directly test the theory: only 26 studies provide well-designed tests of one or more predictions, resulting in 42 individual tests of predictions. Most of these tests were conducted in the laboratory or experimental microcosms and used primary producers in freshwater systems. Overall, the predictions of the resource-ratio theory were supported 75% of the time. One of the primary predictions of the model, that species dominance varies with the ratio of resource availabilities, was supported by 13 of 16 tests, but most other predictions have been insufficiently tested. We suggest that more experimental work in a variety of natural systems is seriously needed, especially studies designed to test predictions related to resource supply and consumption rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Miller
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1100, USA.
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Davidson MH, Dugan LD, Burns JH, Sugimoto D, Story K, Drennan K. A psyllium-enriched cereal for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children: a controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63:96-102. [PMID: 8604676 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/63.1.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Psyllium, a water-soluble fiber, has been shown to lower total serum and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations in adult hypercholesterolemic subjects and may be effective in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children. The effects of a psyllium-enriched cereal were compared with a matched control cereal in a double-blind, crossover fashion in 25 children, 6-18 y old, with hypercholesterolemia. After an 8-wk diet-stabilization period, the subjects were randomly assigned to receive the active or control cereals for 6 wk, followed by a 6-wk washout period and a 6-wk crossover treatment period. Whereas no changes were noted in total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations during consumption of the control cereal, significant changes were seen during the psyllium-cereal periods [0.31 mmol/L (12.1 mg/dL) and 0.28 mmol/L (10.9 mg/dL); P = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively]. The psyllium-enriched cereal was well tolerated throughout the trial. Consumption of the psyllium-enriched cereal resulted in a modest 7% reduction in LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with the control cereal when used in this pediatric hypercholesterolemic sample. Psyllium offers a potential adjunct to a low-fat diet for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in the pediatric population because of its ease of incorporation into various foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Davidson
- Chicago Center for Clinical Research, Illinois 60607, USA
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Lands WE, Libelt B, Morris A, Kramer NC, Prewitt TE, Bowen P, Schmeisser D, Davidson MH, Burns JH. Maintenance of lower proportions of (n - 6) eicosanoid precursors in phospholipids of human plasma in response to added dietary (n - 3) fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1180:147-62. [PMID: 1463766 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(92)90063-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Competition between the (n - 3) and (n - 6) types of highly unsaturated fatty acids can diminish the abundance of (n - 6) eicosanoid precursors in a tissue, which in turn can diminish the intensity of tissue responses that are mediated by (n - 6) eicosanoids. The mixture of 20- and 22-carbon highly unsaturated fatty acids maintained in the phospholipids of human plasma is related to the dietary intake of 18:2 (n - 6) and 18:3 (n - 3) by empirical hyperbolic equations in a manner very similar to the relationship reported for laboratory rats (Lands, W.E.M., Morris, A. and Libelt, B. (1990) Lipids 25, 505-516). Analytical results from volunteers ingesting self-selected diets showed an inter-individual variance for the proportion of (n - 6) eicosanoid precursors in the fatty acids of plasma phospholipids of about 5%, but the variance among multiple samples taken from the same individual throughout the day was less (about 3%), closer to the experimental variance of the analytical procedure (about 1%). The reproducibility of the results makes it likely that analysis of fatty-acid composition of plasma lipids from individuals will prove useful in estimating the diet-related tendency for severe thrombotic, arthritic or other disorders that are mediated by (n - 6) eicosanoids. Additional constants and terms were included in the equations to account for the effects of 20- and 22-carbon highly unsaturated (n - 3) fatty acids in the diet. A lower constant for the 20- and 22-carbon (n - 3) fatty acids compared to that for the 18-carbon (n - 3) fatty acid in decreasing the ability of dietary 18:2 (n - 6) to maintain 20:4 (n - 6) in tissue lipids confirmed the greater competitive effectiveness of the more highly unsaturated n - 3 fatty acids in the elongation/desaturation process. Also, a lower constant for direct incorporation of 20-carbon fatty acids of the n - 6 vs. the n - 3 type indicated a greater competitive effectiveness of 20:4 (n - 6) relative to 20:5 (n - 3) in reesterification after release from tissue lipids. The equations may be used in reverse to estimate the dietary intakes of the (n - 3) and (n - 6) fatty acids by using the composition of the fatty acids that had been maintained in plasma lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Lands
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago
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Davidson MH, Burns JH, Subbaiah PV, Conn ME, Drennan KB. Marine oil capsule therapy for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:1732-40. [PMID: 1888238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Because marine oil capsules may vary widely in their content of omega-3 fatty acids, saturated fat, and cholesterol composition and, therefore, their biologic potency, we compared the lipid-lowering effects of three representative preparations in patients with different forms of hyperlipidemia. The ester and triglyceride forms of marine oil both effectively lowered triglyceride, but the response of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was variable; it declined modestly in patients with hypercholesterolemia and was either unchanged or increased in those with hypertriglyceridemia. The saturated fat and cholesterol content of the marine oil preparation appeared to influence the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol response. Therefore, marine oil capsules are useful for lowering levels of very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but the large dose required to achieve and sustain this effect (4.5 g of omega-3 fatty acids, or nine to 18 capsules daily) may limit long-term compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Ill. 60607
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago Center for Clinical Research, IL 60607
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Wiedemann LM, Francis GE, Lamb RF, Burns JH, Winnie JN, MacKenzie ED, Birnie GD. Differentiation stage-specific expression of a gene during granulopoiesis. Leukemia 1989; 3:227-34. [PMID: 2918759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Differential screening of a recombinant cDNA library using cDNAs transcribed from poly(A)+ RNA of normal or leukemic leukocytes revealed a number of recombinants homologous to mRNAs characteristic of particular leukemias. The occurrence of one of these (pCG14) in high abundance was shown to be sufficiently characteristic of the circulating leukocyte population of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) patients to distinguish them from all other populations of leukocytes. We have now characterized the gene encoding this mRNA and shown that its expression is specific to the granulocyte lineage in hemopoietic cells and is, moreover, limited to a narrow stage of differentiation during granulopoiesis. Our results explain why high levels of pCG14 RNA are characteristic of chronic granulocytic leukemia peripheral blood leukocytes.
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Mills KI, Anderson VA, Burns JH, Birnie GD. The relative abundances of specific RNA sequences can be used to classify the myeloid leukaemias. Dis Markers 1987; 5:19-29. [PMID: 3502978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The relative concentrations of pCG14 RNA (a myelocyte-specific mRNA), pAM6 RNA (a monocyte-lineage specific marker), and c-myc RNA (present at higher concentrations in more primitive cells) were measured in the RNAs from peripheral blood leucocytes from leukaemic samples and normal individuals. The potential of differences in the relative abundances of these three RNAs in a series of 34 leukaemias was assessed as a means of distinguishing among the myeloid leukaemias. The chronic phase CGL samples were clustered with a high pCG14 RNA, a medium to low c-myc RNA abundance, and a variable pAM6 RNA level. The ANLL samples could be distinguished from the chronic phase CGL by virtue of different relative abundances of these RNAs: low pCG14, medium to high c-myc and a variable pAM6. The acute phase CGL samples showed a variety of relative RNA abundances with some samples sited within the ANLL region. Using samples obtained during the progression of CGL we have shown a shift in the relative abundances of these RNAs from the CGL region towards the ANLL region, and have suggested that the use of these parameters may allow the progression to acute phase to be monitored and, possibly, predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Mills
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Galsgow, U.K
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Birnie GD, Warnock AM, Burns JH, Clark P. Expression of the myc gene locus in populations of leukocytes from leukaemia patients and normal individuals. Leuk Res 1986; 10:515-26. [PMID: 2423811 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(86)90086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The relative abundances of c-myc-related RNA in the total cellular RNA of peripheral blood leukocytes from 36 patients with leukaemia have been compared with those in normal peripheral blood leukocytes and in HL60 cells. Varying amounts of c-myc-related RNA were found in RNAs from leukocytes from patients with ANLL, CGL and ALL. High concentrations (comparable with that in HL60 cells) were found in 13 (36%) of the leukaemias and lower, but still significant, concentrations in a further 15 (42%). Low concentrations of c-myc-related RNA, comparable to that in normal leukocytes, were found in 2 of 8 CGLs, 1 of 12 ANLLs, and 5 of 5 CLLs. DNAs from 11 leukaemia patients' leukocytes, in which c-myc-related RNA concentrations ranged from very high to very low, were examined for rearrangements and/or amplification of the c-myc gene. No rearrangements were detected, and the small degree of amplification (2- to 4-fold at most) found was not correlated with increased levels of c-myc RNA. There was, however, a noteworthy (though incomplete) correlation between elevated levels of c-myc-related RNA and the occurrence of higher proportions of blast cells in leukocyte populations from leukaemic patients. It is suggested that high levels of c-myc-related RNA in a population of peripheral blood leukocytes indicate the presence of a high proportion of leukaemic leukocytes that are maturation-arrested at early stages of development.
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Capps NE, Nigdikar S, Burns JH, Walker EJ, Dow JW. Characterization of digoxin binding and daunorubicin uptake by isolated mature rat cardiac myocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34:1957-61. [PMID: 4004911 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(85)90315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myocytes isolated from ventricular muscle of mature rat heart have been used for characterization of digoxin binding and to establish whether a relationship exists between digoxin binding and uptake of daunorubicin. High- and low-affinity digoxin binding sites have been identified; respectively, 0.9 +/- 0.1 X 10(7) sites/myocyte, Kd 70-77 nM and 7 +/- 2 X 10(7) sites/myocyte, Kd 1.4-1.7 microM. Myocytes accumulate daunorubicin to an intracellular concentration 30-40 times that in the medium. We find no evidence that saturation of digoxin binding sites alters daunorubicin uptake or that daunorubicin influences binding of digoxin. Alteration of sarcolemmal membrane properties is demonstrated by inhibition of amino acid transport reflected in protein synthesis rates. Calmodulin activation of phosphodiesterase appears insensitive to daunorubicin.
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Warnock AM, Burns JH, Birnie GD. Subdivision of the acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemias by measurement of the relative abundance of a specific RNA sequence. Leuk Res 1985; 9:955-66. [PMID: 2413318 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(85)90066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant plasmid library representing the more abundant polyadenylated RNA of a relapsed acute myelomonocytic leukaemic (FAB class M4) has been constructed. One recombinant, designated pAM6, contains a DNA sequence complementary to an RNA of about 1100 nucleotides in length. The relative concentrations of pAM6 RNA in the RNAs from cloned human haematopoietic cell lines and from fractionated leukaemic leukocytes and normal bone marrow cells, measured by an RNA dot hybridization method, indicated that pAM6 RNA occurs in myeloid cells, probably those of the monocyte lineage at the earlier stages in differentiation. Similar assays showed that pAM6 RNA could not be detected in the peripheral blood leukocytes of normal individuals, or of ALL and CLL patients, but that the relative abundance of pAM6 RNA varied widely in leukocytes from CGL chronic phase, CGL acute phase, and ANLL. No correlation between pAM6 RNA occurrence and FAB classification of ANLL could be made; thus it would appear that the relative abundance of pAM6 RNA in ANLL leukocytes can be used to subdivide the ANLLs in a novel manner. It is suggested that this criterion, in conjunction with existing diagnostic markers, may provide a subclassification of the ANLLs that could be of some prognostic and therapeutic value.
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Birnie GD, Burns JH, Clark P, Warnock AM. Lineage-specific and differentiation-stage-specific gene expression in normal and leukaemic human myeloid cells. J R Soc Med 1984; 77:289-94. [PMID: 6716380 PMCID: PMC1439758 DOI: 10.1177/014107688407700407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
One example of each of two approaches to the isolation of molecular hybridization probes and their use for the comparative investigation of gene expression and its control during differentiation of normal and leukaemic leukocytes is described. RNA preparations from the peripheral blood leukocytes of human leukaemias of various types were assayed for the relative abundance of the mRNA homologous with a cellular oncogene, c-myc. All types of leukaemia except chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) showed varying levels of myc-related RNA; the highest concentrations occurred in cell populations in which blast cells predominated. In contrast, a recombinant plasmid (pCG14), isolated from a cDNA recombinant plasmid library that represented polyadenylated RNAs from the peripheral blood leukocytes of a chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL), hybridized with an mRNA whose occurrence is diagnostic of CGL leukocytes. This mRNA was also found in normal bone marrow cells; in both bone marrow and in CGL leukocytes, pCG14-homologous RNA occurs only in cells around the myelocyte stage in differentiation. It is suggested that these probes, and others for mRNAs whose occurrence is specific to a particular cell lineage and/or stage in differentiation, detect a new series of potential diagnostic markers. These might usefully supplement existing ones to provide a more detailed, objective subclassification of the leukaemias which could have important implications for diagnosis and therapy.
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Birnie GD, Burns JH, Wiedemann LM, Warnock AM, Tindle RW, Burnett AK, Tansey P, Lucie NP, Robertson MR. A new approach to the classification of human leukaemias: measurement of the relative abundance of a specific RNA sequence by means of molecular hybridisation. Lancet 1983; 1:197-200. [PMID: 6185804 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant plasmid library representing polyadenylated RNAs in the leucocytes of a Ph1-positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) has been constructed. One recombinant (designated pCG14) isolated from this library contains a DNA sequence complementary to a small polyadenylated RNA that is abundant in RNA from CGL leucocytes. The relative concentrations of pCG14 RNA in the RNAs from a variety of normal and leukaemic leucocytes and human haemopoietic cell lines have been measured with a molecular hybridisation assay. This has shown that pCG14 RNA is 10 to 50 times more abundant in RNA from CGL leucocytes than in the RNAs from these other cells. The data indicate that the occurrence of pCG14 RNA in high abundance is sufficiently characteristic of a CGL leucocyte population to distinguish it from other populations of leucocytes. They suggest that the measurement of the concentrations of specific RNA species in leucocyte RNA by means of molecular hybridisation with cloned complementary DNAs may provide additional markers for the objective classification of human leukaemias which could be particularly useful since the method exploits a criterion different from any currently in use.
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Wiedemann LM, Burns JH, Birnie GD. Differences among the polyadenylated RNA sequences of human leucocyte populations: an approach to the objective classification of human leukaemias. EMBO J 1983; 2:9-13. [PMID: 11894916 PMCID: PMC555078 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We have constructed a complementary DNA (cDNA) library representing expressed sequences of the white blood cells from a patient with chronic granulocytic leukaemia. The library was screened by colony hybridization of 32P-labelled cDNAs synthesized from the polyadenylated RNAs of the white blood cells from patients with chronic granulocytic or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The autoradiographic patterns were compared and 70 recombinants were selected to comprise a panel which distinguished between these two types of leukaemia. Hybridization of this panel with complementary DNAs transcribed from the polyadenylated RNAs of a variety of normal and neoplastic leucocyte populations showed that the RNA sequences in high abundance in leucocytes from chronic granulocytic leukaemias differ quite radically from those in other leucocytes. The patterns of hybridization seen when this panel was challenged with cDNAs representing the RNAs of normal and leukaemic leucocyte populations were sufficiently different to distinguish clearly the peripheral blood leucocytes of chronic granulocytic leukaemias from other populations of white blood cells, both normal and leukaemic. We suggest that this approach might provide additional markers useful in the classification of the acute leukaemias, especially the undifferentiated leukaemias whose identification by conventional methods is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Wiedemann
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
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Walker EJ, Burns JH, Dow JW. Amino acid transport and protein synthesis in energetically-stable calcium-tolerant isolated cardiac myocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1982; 721:280-8. [PMID: 7171629 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(82)90080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Myocytes isolated by enzymic dispersion from adult rat ventricular tissue are shown to be energetically stable in the presence of 0.5 mM CaCl2. ATP and ADP content and rates of lactate production are comparable with those of intact myocardial tissue and consistent with these cells being tightly coupled. Addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol precipitates rapid changes in adenine nucleotide concentrations and a 10-fold increase in lactate production. Cardiac myocytes selectively transport neutral amino acids of the A and L classes. Transport of the amino acid analogue alpha-aminoisobutyric acid is an active, temperature-dependent and insulin-sensitive process. The apparent Km for alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport is similar to that determined for embryonic cardiac cells. Mature myocytes incorporate labelled amino acids into cytoplasmic proteins with molecular weights ranging from 10 000 to 150 000. Newly synthesised protein is metabolically stable. The data establishes calcium-tolerant myocytes as an experimental system offering many advantages over whole hearts for short- and long-term studies of protein synthesis and catabolism.
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