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Diabetes Mellitus to Neurodegenerative Disorders: Is Oxidative Stress Fueling the Flame? CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2019; 17:644-653. [PMID: 30091419 DOI: 10.2174/1871527317666180809092359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are progressive morbidities and represent a major public health burden. A growing body of evidence points towards the comorbidity of diabetes and NDs with a possible exacerbation of latter by former. Considering the high prevalence of both morbidities in aging world population, even a modest impact of diabetes on NDs could lead to significant public health implications. Several hypotheses and mechanistic evidence were proposed linking altered glucose metabolism to the risk of progressive dementia. Unregulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resultant oxidative stress (OS) are the common features of diabetes as well as NDs. CONCLUSION This review explores the concept of altered glucose metabolic pathways leading to ROS increase and its possible link to NDs, with a special emphasis on Alzheimer's diseases (AD). We also discuss the detailed mechanistic link between hyperglycemia, ROS generation, and neurodegeneration to highlight potential therapeutic avenues for better prevention and treatment.
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Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been demonstrated to be a pro-nociceptive as well as an anti-nociceptive agent. However, underlying molecular mechanisms for these pain modulatory actions remain unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of ET-1 to alter the nociceptor excitability using a patch clamp technique in acutely dissociated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. ET-1 produced an increase in threshold current to evoke an action potential (I threshold) and hyperpolarization of resting membrane potential (RMP) indicating decreased excitability of DRG neurons. I threshold increased from 0.25 ± 0.08 to 0.33 ± 0.07 nA and hyperpolarized RMP from -57.51 ± 1.70 to -67.41 ± 2.92 mV by ET-1 (100 nM). The hyperpolarizing effect of ET-1 appears to be orchestrated via modulation of membrane conductances, namely voltage-gated sodium current (I Na) and outward transient potassium current (I KT). ET-1, 30 and 100 nM, decreased the peak I Na by 41.3 ± 6.8 and 74 ± 15.2%, respectively. Additionally, ET-1 (100 nM) significantly potentiated the transient component (I KT) of the potassium currents. ET-1-induced effects were largely attenuated by BQ-788, a selective ETBR blocker. However, a selective ETAR blocker BQ-123 did not alter the effects of ET-1. A selective ETBR agonist, IRL-1620, mimicked the effect of ET-1 on I Na in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 159.5 ± 92.6 μM). In conclusion, our results demonstrate that ET-1 hyperpolarizes nociceptors by blocking I Na and potentiating I KT through selective activation of ETBR, which may represent one of the underlying mechanisms for reported anti-nociceptive effects of ET-1.
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Calpain inhibitor, MDL 28170 confer electrophysiological, nociceptive and biochemical improvement in diabetic neuropathy. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:113-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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In vitro hyperglycemia enhances sodium currents in dorsal root ganglion neurons: an effect attenuated by carbamazepine. Neuroscience 2012; 232:64-73. [PMID: 23262239 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathy is often seen in uncontrolled diabetes and the mechanisms involved for neuropathic pain are poorly understood. Hyperglycemia is a consequence of chronic uncontrolled diabetes and it is postulated to produce neuropathic pain. Therefore, in this study, we have investigated the effects of hyperglycemia on Na(+) channel kinetics in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from neonatal rats using whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Hyperglycemia-induced increase in density of tetrodotoxin resistant (TTXr) Na(+) currents was increased in time- and concentration-dependent manner. The increase was maximal with 60 mM and 24 h. There was no change Na(+) current density in time-matched control neurons. The conductance curve of TTXr Na(+) current shifted leftward after 24 h exposure to 45 mM glucose. Carbamazepine (CBZ, 100 μM) depressed TTXr Na(+) current in neurons incubated with control (17.26), 45 and 60 mM of glucose. The depression observed with CBZ in the presence of high glucose, i.e., 45 mM (86.5±4.9%) was significantly greater than control (61.6±1.8%). Hyperglycemia also increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity and was attenuated by CBZ. These results suggest that short-term exposure of DRG neurons to high glucose concentrations enhance the Na(+) channel activity, and were attenuated by CBZ via ROS-dependent mechanisms.
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Evaluation of terfenadine and ketoconazole-induced QT prolongation in conscious telemetered guinea pigs. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 62:683-8. [PMID: 20885008 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Terfenadine and ketoconazole are the most widely used positive reference agents in non-clinical cardiac repolarization safety studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of terfenadine, ketoconazole and their combination on QT prolongation using conscious guinea pigs. Conscious telemetered guinea pigs were orally administered terfenadine (50 mg/kg), ketoconazole (200 mg/kg) or a combination of the two, and effects on QT were recorded using a telemetry system. The QT correction was carried out with Bazett's formula to eliminate confounding effect of HR. Neither terfenadine nor ketoconazole produced any effect on the RR and QT intervals, QRS complex or heart rate (HR). However, a combination of terfenadine and ketoconazole significantly prolonged the RR and QT intervals and decreased HR in a time-dependent manner. This study demonstrated that the combination of terfenadine and ketoconazole produces QT prolongation in conscious telemetered guinea pigs.
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Evaluation of effect of combination of terfenadine and ketoconazole on the QT prolongation using conscious telemetered guinea pigs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Inhibition of sodium current by carbamazepine in dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 53:147-154. [PMID: 20112818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ), one of the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drug, is proposed to inhibit Na+ channel. In this study, we have investigated the effects of CBZ on Na+ current, evoked in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from neonatal rats using whole cell patch clamp technique. In small DRG neurons (20-25 microm), Na+ current was obtained by blocking K+ and Ca2+ currents with appropriate ion replacement and channel blockers. Separation of the Na+ current components was achieved on the basis of response to the conditioning voltage. The CBZ depressed Na+ current in a dose-dependent manner. The maximal Na+ current was depressed at 300 microM of CBZ, where 94 +/- 5.1% of depression was observed. The depression of normalized current amplitude was found to be 72 +/- 13.2%, 84 +/- 10%, 85 +/- 7.1% and 95 +/- 5.2% at 10, 30, 100 and 300 microM of CBZ concentrations, respectively, at -20 mV test pulse, when compared with control. The depression of current amplitude was observed as 48 +/- 12.3%, 42 +/- 15.2%, 71 +/- 17.7% and 90 +/- 5.8% at 10, 30, 100 and 300 microM of CBZ concentration, respectively, at 0 mV voltage pulse. The depression of Na+ currents was found to be dose-dependant at -20 and -10 mV but not at 0 mV, It is concluded that the depression of Na+ currents by CBZ may be responsible for inhibiting the neurotransmitter release.
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5-HT-induced depression of the spinal monosynaptic reflex potential utilizes different types of 5-HT receptors depending on Mg2+ availability. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:261-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ptychodiscus brevis toxin decreases the spontaneous activity of rat right atria involving muscarinic receptors and potassium channels. INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 52:157-163. [PMID: 19130859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Marine dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus brevis toxin (PbTx), is known to produce toxic effects on cardiovascular system. The present experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of synthetic phosphorus containing Ptychodiscus brevis toxin on spontaneously beating right atrium in vitro. The PbTx (0.84-84 microM) decreased the rate and force of right atrial contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. Ethanol, a vehicle present in highest concentration of PbTx, had no effect on atrial rate or force of contraction. Pretreatment with atropine blocked the PbTx-induced decrease in atrial rate and force of contraction. The tetraethylammonium, a potassium channel blocker, blocked the PbTx-induced decrease in atrial rate and force, where as, L-type of calcium channel blocker, nifedipine blocked the PbTx-induced force of contraction but not the rate changes. The results indicate that the PbTx decreased the atrial rate and force of contraction via cholinergic receptors involving K+ channel.
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Ptychodiscus brevis toxin-induced depression of spinal reflexes involves 5-HT via 5-HT3 receptors modulated by NMDA receptor. Neurosci Lett 2006; 409:70-4. [PMID: 17014958 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of 5-hydroxytryptaminergic (5-HT) system for the Ptychodiscus brevis toxin (PbTx)-induced depression of spinal reflexes was evaluated. The reflex potentials were recorded at ventral root by stimulating the corresponding dorsal root in neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro. Superfusion of PbTx (2.8-84microM) depressed the monosynaptic (MSR) and polysynaptic (PSR) reflexes in a concentration-dependent manner. The depression of the reflexes was maximal with 84microM of the toxin. Ondansetron (0.1microM), a 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist, blocked the PbTx-induced depression of MSR and PSR. Spiperone (a 5-HT(2A) antagonist) or ketanserin (5-HT(2A/2C) antagonist and also at 5-HT(1B/1D)) failed to block the PbTx-induced depression of the reflexes. The 5-HT concentration of the cords was increased by four-fold after exposure to PbTx (28microM) and the increase was not seen in the cords pretreated with dl-2 amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV, a NMDA receptor antagonist). Superfusion of 5-HT or phenylbiguanide (PBG, a 5-HT(3) receptor agonist) also produced depression of the spinal reflexes in a concentration-dependent manner. The 5-HT-induced depression of reflexes was blocked by ondansetron but not by spiperone. The results demonstrate that the PbTx-induced depression of spinal reflexes involves 5-hydroxytryptamine via 5-HT(3) receptors modulated by NMDA receptor.
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Polymorphisms of the Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A7 Gene in Head and Neck Cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2004.06.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ptychodiscus brevis toxin enhances the frequency-dependent depression of the monosynaptic reflex in neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2003; 145:231-7. [PMID: 14580894 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of frequency-dependent depression (FDD) of synaptic transmission for the depressant action of the Ptychodiscus brevis toxin (PbTx) was investigated in neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro. The stimulation of a dorsal root by train of pulses (five stimuli) at different frequencies evoked potentials in the ventral root (monosynaptic reflex, MSR). Amplitude of the fifth response as percent of first response at 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 Hz were 90, 80, 75, 70 and 50%, respectively. In Mg2+-free medium, PbTx depressed the MSR and also enhanced the FDD in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, the PbTx-induced depression can well be correlated with the enhancement of FDD (r=0.98). In the presence of Mg2+ (1.3 mM), the FDD was greater than that in the absence of Mg2+. But in the presence of Mg2+ PbTx did not alter FDD, even though there was 25% depression at 28 microM (significantly lesser than in Mg2+-free medium). The results indicate that the Mg2+-sensitive component of PbTx-induced depression of MSR is mediated via the neuronal systems involving FDD.
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Involvement of the GABAergic system for Ptychodiscus brevis toxin-induced depression of synaptic transmission elicited in isolated spinal cord from neonatal rats. Brain Res 2003; 974:243-8. [PMID: 12742643 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of inhibitory transmitters for Ptychodiscus brevis toxin (PbTx)-induced depression of spinal synaptic transmission in neonatal rats was investigated. Stimulation of a dorsal root evoked monosynaptic reflex (MSR) and polysynaptic reflex (PSR) potentials in the segmental ventral root. The PbTx depressed the reflexes in a concentration-dependent manner and the depression was blocked by GABA(A) antagonist, bicuculline (1 microM). GABA also produced depression of the reflexes in a concentration-dependent manner. Simultaneous application of submaximal concentrations of PbTx (28 microM) and GABA (30 microM) enhanced the depression (>75%). In contrast, PbTx alone (28 microM) depressed the MSR and the PSR by 33 and 47%, respectively, and GABA (30 microM) alone depressed the reflexes by 30%. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, DL-2-amino-5-phosphono-pentanoic acid (10 microM), blocked the PbTx-induced depression of MSR and also the enhancement of GABA response by PbTx. A glycine receptor antagonist, strychnine (1 microM), failed to block the depression by the toxin up to 28 microM; however, the depression was attenuated significantly at 84 microM of the toxin. The results indicate that PbTx depressed the spinal reflexes via GABA(A) receptors. Furthermore, the potentiation of GABAergic action by PbTx requires the N-methyl-D-aspartate dependent mechanism.
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Involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors for the Ptychodiscus brevis toxin-induced depression of monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes in neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro. Neuroscience 2003; 115:1189-97. [PMID: 12453490 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Ptychodiscus brevis toxin (PbTx) on the Ia-alpha motoneuron synaptic transmission in neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro was examined. The stimulation of a dorsal root evoked monosynaptic (MSR) and polysynaptic reflex (PSR) potentials in the segmental ventral root in Mg2+-free medium. Superfusion with PbTx (2.8-84 microM) depressed the MSR and the PSR in a concentration-dependent manner. At 2.8 microM of PbTx, the depression of MSR and PSR was 24+/-8.3% and 37+/-9.7%, respectively. The maximal depression was seen at 84 microM of the toxin (78% for MSR and 96% for PSR). The concentration of toxin required to produce 50% depression was 28.3+/-6.4 microM for MSR and 5.5+/-1.1 microM for PSR. The PbTx (28 microM) did not alter the magnitude of the dorsal root or the ventral root potentials. Addition of MgSO4 (1.3 mM) or DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV; 10 microM) to the physiological solution abolished the PSR totally and decreased the MSR by about 30%. In both the conditions, the PbTx-induced depression of the MSR was attenuated significantly. The PbTx-induced depression was blocked completely in the presence of APV+6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (0.1 microM). NMDA (1 microM) by itself did not alter the magnitude of MSR or PSR but enhanced the PbTx-induced depression (28 microM) of PSR significantly. 7-Chlorokynurenic acid (3 microM; glycine(B) antagonist) did not block the PbTx-induced depression of MSR. D-serine (glycine(B) agonist) did not reverse the PbTx-induced depression of reflexes although it reversed the 7-chlorokynurenic acid-induced depression of PSR. The results indicate that the PbTx depressed the spinal reflexes without altering the magnitude of dorsal root or ventral root activity. The depression of the PSR involved NMDA receptors while that of the MSR involved NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. The PbTx actions did not involve the glycine(B) site of the NMDA receptor.
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Relative potency of synthetic analogs of Ptychodiscus brevis toxin in depressing synaptic transmission evoked in neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2002; 128:177-83. [PMID: 11869828 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Effects of Ptychodiscus brevis toxin (PbTx) analogs on the spinal synaptic transmission in neonatal rats in vitro were evaluated. PbTx1/PbTx2 had aromatic groups and PbTx3/PbTx4 had aliphatic groups. All the analogs depressed monosynaptic reflex (MSR) and polysynaptic reflex (PSR) in a concentration-dependent manner. The maximal depression of MSR (75% from initial) and PSR (96%) was at 84 microM for PbTx1. Concentration to produce 25% inhibition from initial (IC25) by PbTx1 for MSR and PSR was < or =2.8 microM. The maximal depression of MSR (80%) was at 96 microM and PSR (100%) was at 32 microM by PbTx2. IC25 for MSR and PSR were 5.5 microM and <3.2 microM, respectively. PbTx3 decreased MSR by 25% maximally (=IC25) at 36 microM. The depression of PSR fluctuated and was maximal (75%) at 108 microM and IC25 was 6.2 microM. PbTx4 depressed MSR and PSR at the maximum of 35% at 32 microM and IC25 for MSR was 8.3 microM and for PSR was 35 microM. Rank order of potency of toxins for depressing MSR was PbTx1>PbTx2>>PbTx4>PbTx3; and for PSR it was PbTx2>PbTx1>PbTx3>>PbTx4. Results indicate that the toxins having aromatic groups exhibited greater neurotoxicity.
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LDH isozymes with anomalous bands in semen of leprosy patients. INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEPROSY 1998; 70:405-9. [PMID: 10189590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Activity of LDH isozymes was evaluated electrophoretically on 7% acrylamide gel in semen of 37 leprosy patients (15 with borderline, 12 with borderline tuberculoid and ten with lepromatous leprosy) and ten fertile men of 30-45 years of age. Significantly lower activities were recorded of LDH1 in all categories of leprosy patients. Similarly, lowering of LDH2 activity was noticed in borderline and lepromatous cases only, lowering of LDH4 activity in lepromatous cases only and LDH5 activity was lowered in borderline leprosy patients. Lowest activity of LDH3 and absence of LDHx were found in lepromatous leprosy. However, in borderline tuberculoid patients, LDH3 and LDHx were significantly higher. This exceptional increase in activity was found to be due to presence of additional (anomalous) isozymes bands of LDH3, LDHx and LDH4 in 25% of borderline tuberculoid patients. Additional bands of LDH3 have also been located in 40% of the borderline leprosy patients.
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Semen biochemistry of leprosy patients. INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEPROSY 1997; 69:251-4. [PMID: 9394173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies have been made on the semen of three categories (borderline, borderline tuberculoid and lepromatous) of leprosy patients to evaluate the seminal biochemical constituents viz. fructose, glycerylphosphorylcholine and acid phosphatase besides the physical properties viz. volume, pH, liquefaction time, sperm density and sperm motility. In all categories of leprosy patients, seminal pH, liquefaction time and sperm density underwent significant decline. The decline in the seminal volume and sperm motility was significant only in borderline leprosy. It was observed that seminal glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) concentration and acid phosphatase activity declined in all categories of leprosy patients but GPC showed a significant decline only in borderline tuberculoid and acid phosphatase declined significantly only in borderline and lepromatous leprosy.
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Diagnostic testing in chronic urticaria and angioedema. CMAJ 1993; 149:1378. [PMID: 8221416 PMCID: PMC1485916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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LDH-x in azoospermia: a new diagnostic alternative to vasography and testicular biopsy. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 1993; 47:204-7. [PMID: 8270304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Activities of different isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase were studied in semen samples from fertile, and different groups of infertile men. No isozyme except the sperm specific LDH-x or C4 showed any difference in activity with changes in sperm density. Activity of LDH-x exhibited a trend positive to changes in sperm density and became absent in obstructive and vasectomized azoospermia. Among other types of azoospermia, the activity became very high in maturation arrest but very low in patients with testicular biopsy showing germ cell aplasia, such as in SCOS and ghostlike tubules. Diagnostic usefulness of the estimation of LDH-x activity in semen is discussed.
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Abstract
The concentration of electrophoretic protein in the uterine fluid of infertile women is significantly higher at all the phases of the menstrual cycle, except at phase I where it is significantly (p < 0.01) lower than parous women. At phase III (ovulatory phase) the concentration of electrophoretic protein (2812.00 micrograms/ml) is maximum in infertiles, and shows a highly significant (p < 0.001) increase over that of parous women (954.85 micrograms/ml). The highest level of electrophoretic protein at phase III in infertile women is due to maximum increase in anodic (electronegative) protein at this stage. This suggests that significant (p < 0.001) increase in concentration of anodic protein in the uterine fluid of infertile women at the ovulatory phase adds negative charge on sperm membrane that may possibly affect the capacitation of spermatozoa, thus causing infertility in women.
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Modifications in the seminal protein pattern and concentration among infertile men. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 1993; 47:61-7. [PMID: 8354542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lower concentrations of protein observed in semen of infertile men were mostly due to absence of vesicular proteins with higher isoelectric pH above pH 8.3. Two to four proteins with lower isoelectric pH showing electrophoretic mobility and originating both from seminal vesicle and prostate were absent in infertile semen samples. Concentrations of such proteins among oligozoospermic and azoospermic samples with complete maturation arrest and Sertoli cell only syndrome decreased mainly towards cathode, whereas, in vasectomized azoospermia the number of protein bands decreased both towards cathode and anode, though the concentration decreased mainly in the anodic proteins.
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Diagnostic testing in chronic urticaria and angioedema. CMAJ 1992; 147:1303-4. [PMID: 1483223 PMCID: PMC1336414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Antifertility effects of leaf extracts of some plants in male rats. INDIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 1990; 28:714-6. [PMID: 2253961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ethanolic leaf extracts of different local folklore plants (Azadirachta indica, Beaumontia grandiflora, Chordia dichotoma, Casiarea tomentosa, Diospyros embryopteris, Milletia auriculata and Melia azedarach) were investigated for antifertility effects on male rats in oral doses of 100 mg/kg daily for 21 days. Though, none of these extracts interfered with spermatogenesis, anti-implantational and abortifacient effects were observed in females mated by the males fed with leaf extracts of A. indica and C. dichotoma. Leaf extract of B. grandiflora besides having anti-implantational and abortifacient effects, had luteolytic effects. Abolition of libido in 100% males by leaf extracts of D. embryopteris and M. azedarach and in 60% of males by extract of C. tomentosa preclude these plants for antifertility use.
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Nonvalidated food allergy tests. CMAJ 1990; 142:799. [PMID: 2322905 PMCID: PMC1451943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Blood bioamines, cortisol and aminoacid levels in leukemic patients. Indian J Cancer 1989; 26:222-6. [PMID: 2636208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In patients of chronic myeloid leukemia blood adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine and glutamate level were significantly elevated. The GABA levels were decreased along with no significant alterations in aspartate levels in these patients. In cases of acute myeloid leukemia only adrenaline and glutamate levels were enhanced with decreased GABA levels. However, plasma cortisol levels were significantly enhanced in both chronic and acute myeloid leukemia patients. These observations suggest that the circulating bioamines, cortisol and certain aminoacids level are considerably altered in chronic and acute myeloid leukemia. All these changes may possibly be attributed to the stress induced by the disease.
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Alteration in blood and brain catecholamines and amino acid levels in albino rats following chronic exposure to stress. INDIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 1988; 26:467-9. [PMID: 3192288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Do you believe in allergies? CMAJ 1988; 138:889. [PMID: 3365622 PMCID: PMC1267838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Blood and urinary histamine levels in chronic myeloid leukemia. Indian J Cancer 1986; 23:83-8. [PMID: 3471708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Blood & urinary biogenic amine levels in tuberculous meningitis. Indian J Med Res 1985; 82:321-4. [PMID: 4077175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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30
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Free estrogens and progestogens in benign prostatic hypertrophy. INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1985; 29:119-22. [PMID: 2419249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the presence of free estrogens and progestogens in human prostates clearly differentiate the benign hypertrophied prostates from normals. Both contained 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone 5 beta-pregnane-3, 20-dione, 5 alpha-pregnane-3, 20-dione and 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone. However, presence of 11 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 20 beta-hydroxypregnenolone, pregnenolone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, as well as estrone and estriol exclusively in BPH samples pointed to their possible involvement in the development of benign prostatic hypertrophy.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify alterations in specific enzyme and Ca2+ binding activities in cardiac sarcolemmal fractions from UM-X7.1 myopathic Syrian hamsters during the development of cardiomyopathy. Experimental and healthy control animals were examined from 25 to 200 days of age. Sarcolemmal Na+, K+-ATPase activity was depressed in the myopathic hamsters throughout the time course of this study. Sarcolemmal ATP-independent Ca2+ binding was found to be depressed in experimental animals as early as 55 days of age. Ca2+ -stimulated, Mg2+ -dependent ATPase activity was depressed in the experimental animals by 90 days of age and this decrease in enzyme activity was accompanied by a decrease in ATP-dependent Ca2+ binding capacity of the sarcolemmal membranes. Mg2+ -ATPase and Ca2+ -ATPase activities were only affected in the latter stages of the disease (155 to 200 days old). NaF, epinephrine and Gpp(NH)p stimulation of the sarcolemmal adenylate cyclase activity was also observed to be attenuated during the latter stages of the disease. These defects in adenylate cyclase system of the sarcolemmal fraction appeared specific since basal adenylate cyclase activity was not altered at any age studied. The results demonstrate that the earliest lesions in sarcolemmal activity in myopathic hamster heart occur in Na+, K+-ATPase and ATP-independent Ca2+ binding capacity. These defects correspond temporally to the initial stages of cardiac necrotic development in this strain of myopathic hamster.
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32
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Circulating and urinary cAMP levels in chronic and acute myeloid leukemia. Indian J Cancer 1984; 21:122-5. [PMID: 6100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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33
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Energy production and utilization in contractile failure due to intracellular calcium overload. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1983; 161:305-16. [PMID: 6223513 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4472-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular calcium overload was produced by perfusing the Ca2+- deprived rat hearts for 5 or 10 min with normal medium containing 1.25 mM Ca2+ for 10 min and changes in the myofibrillar and membrane ATPase, sarcolemmal adenylate cyclase, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and high energy phosphate stores in failing hearts were examined. Myocardial creatine phosphate and ATP were decreased by the intracellular calcium overload whereas the myofibrillar, mitochondrial and microsomal ATPase activities were not altered. The intracellular calcium overload markedly depressed the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as well as sarcolemmal Ca2+ ATPase, Mg2+ ATPase, Na+ - K+ ATPase and adenylate cyclase. These results suggest that abnormalities in the process of energy production rather than energy utilization may primarily account for the depressed energy state of hearts failing due to an intracellular calcium overload.
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Combining ability and maternal effects in Brassica campestris L. var. 'yellow sarson'. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1980; 56:265-272. [PMID: 24305915 DOI: 10.1007/bf00282569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/1979] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A diallel analysis of combining ability, including maternal effects, genotype X environment interaction and the progress under selection, is reported in three selected crosses of Brassica campestris L. var. 'yellow sarson', involving 15 types, including 10 four-valved and 5 two-valved types from different parts of India. Twelve characters, including oil content, were studied in the f1 generation.The investigation has revealed only marginal superiority of f1's over the parents for most of the characters related to yield. There was no relation between heterozygosity and stability of performance over environments for yield or its components or for oil content. Substantial maternal effects were observed which also interacted with environments. Creation of variation for primary and secondary branches would be essential for changing yield level in 'yellow sarson'. The presence of limited additive variation available for selection for yield components should be augmented by biparental mating the early segregating generations to break linkages, and was demonstrated by the recombinants obtained when this method was adopted.The magnitude of genotype - environment interactions in this study, as compared with the total genetic components for yield, oil content, number of siliquae on main axis and presence of large reciprocal variances in relation to general and specific combining ability variances for practically all characters, and the large interaction of [Formula: see text], narrowed down the expected effectiveness of selection.Biparental mating in the three best crosses yielded three new recombinants outyielding the best check T 10 by the margins of 14%, 39% and 15%, respectively, in the yield trial. These recombinants had more primary branches and secondary branches, larger main axes and more siliquae with an increased number of seeds per siliqua, than any of the F1's in this study.
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35
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Spermicidal activity of some halides. INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1979; 23:329-32. [PMID: 528038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Though most of the metallic ions are spermicidal in action, the present investigation emphasises the spermicidal activity of anions. Among the inorganic compounds screened at 4 concentrations (0.01%, 0.1%, 1% and 5%) halides are mainly spermicidal, except NaCl, KCl & CsCl which are spermiostatic; sulphates and nitrates are mainly spermiostatic except ZnSO4 at 1% concentration and above; CuSO4, Al2 (SO4)3, Uo2(NO3)2.6H2O and AgNO3 at 5% concentration where they become spermicidal.
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Post-coital antifertility activity of Annona squamosa and Ipomoea fistulosa. PLANTA MEDICA 1979; 35:283-5. [PMID: 432307 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1097218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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37
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Comparison of heart sarcolemmal enzyme activities in normal and cardiomyopathic (UM-X7.1) hamsters. CLINICAL SCIENCE AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE 1976; 51:233-42. [PMID: 134861 DOI: 10.1042/cs0510233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The activities of some membrane-bound enzymes such as adenylate cyclase, Na+ + K+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+ + K+-ATPase), Ca2+-stimulated ATPase and Mg2+-stimulated ATPase were examined in heart sarcolemmal fractions from control and cardiomyopathic hamsters at different stages of heart failure. 2. The basal adenylate cyclase activity in sarcolemma from cardiomyopathic animals with early, moderate and late stages of heart failure was not different from the control values whereas the sodium fluoride- and catecholamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were depressed in cardiomyopathic sarcolemma at moderate and late stages. 3. The sarcolemmal Na+ + K+-ATPase activity was decreased and the non-specific phosphatase activity was increased at early, moderate and late stages of heart failure. 4. The sarcolemmal Ca2+-ATPase activity was decreased at moderate and late stages whereas the Mg2+-ATPase activity was decreased at the late stages of heart failure only. 5. A marked decrease was found in calcium binding by heart sarcolemma from cardiomyopathic hamsters at late stages of failure. 6. These results suggest that dramatic sarcolemmal changes are associated with heart failure, and support the view that membrane abnormalities play a crucial role in the development of myocardial dysfunction, cyclase, calcium binding, heart failure, heart membranes, sarcolemmal enzymes.
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Studies on adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system of the myopathic hamster (UM-X7.1) skeletal and cardiac muscles. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 53:1122-7. [PMID: 173452 DOI: 10.1139/o75-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP content, adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) activity and phosphodiesterase I (EC 3.1.4.1) activity of the hind leg skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle in 60- and 150-day-old normal and myopathic (UM-X7.1) hamsters were examined. In 60-day-old myopathic animals, cardiac cyclic AMP levels were higher and phosphodiesterase I activity was lower, without any changes in the basal adenylate cyclase activity, whereas in 150-day-old myopathic hamsters, cardiac cyclic AMP and basal adenylate cyclase activity were lower, without any changes in the homogenate phosphodiesterase I activity. On the other hand, basal adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase I activities in the skeletal muscle homogenate from 60- and 150-day-old myopathic animals were not different from the normal values but the skeletal muscle cyclic AMP levels were significantly less in 60-day-old myopathic hamsters only. The plasma cyclic AMP levels in 60-day-old myopathic hamsters, unlike 150-day-old myopathic animals, were higher than the normal. Although these results reveal differences in myopathic cardiac and skeletal muscles, it is concluded that changes in adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system in myopathy are dependent upon the degree of disease.
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Concomitant changes in adenylate cyclase and cytolytic activities of lymphoid cells during graft versus host reaction. J Biol Chem 1975; 250:793-5. [PMID: 234437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen cells from adult F1 hybrid mice undergoing the graft versus host reaction due to the inoculation of lymphoid cells of parental origin showed increased adenylate cyclase activity and cytolytic activity. A time-course study revealed that both the adenylate cyclase and cytolytic activities started increasing at Day 4 and reached maximum at Day 8 of initiation of the graft versus host reaction. Furthermore, the magnitude of both adenylate cyclase activation and cytolytic activity were dependent upon the number of parental cells injected into the F1 hybrid recipients. Elevated adenylate cyclase activity was also observed in spleen cells from irradiated animals undergoing the graft versus host reaction in which the nonspecific, but not the specific cytolytic activity was markedly depressed.
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Concomitant changes in adenylate cyclase and cytolytic activities of lymphoid cells during graft versus host reaction. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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41
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Adenylate cyclase activity in lymphoid organs during regional and systemic graft-versus-host reactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 341:378-87. [PMID: 4151842 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(74)90230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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43
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Biochemical basis of heart function. XII. Sodium-potassium stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity in the perfused rat heart made to fail by substrate-lack. Cardiovasc Res 1974; 8:227-36. [PMID: 4274617 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/8.2.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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45
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Detection of nonspecific cytotoxicity in graft-versus-host reaction as a function of target cell type. Cell Immunol 1973; 8:280-9. [PMID: 4146905 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(73)90117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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46
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Biochemical basis of heart function. X. Reduction in the Na+-K+-stimulated ATPase activity in failing rat heart due to hypoxia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1973; 51:504-10. [PMID: 4269811 DOI: 10.1139/y73-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The activities of the membrane bound enzyme Na+–K+-stimulated ATPase were studied in control and hypoxic isolated rat hearts. The control hearts were perfused with medium gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2, whereas hypoxia was induced by perfusing the hearts with medium gassed with 95% N2 and 5% CO2. The specific activity of the Na+–K+ ATPase was lower in the hypoxic hearts than in the control preparations. The enzyme activity of the hypoxic hearts was also lower when determined under different assay conditions obtained by changing the concentration of Na+, K+, H+, and MgATP in the incubation medium. The ouabain-induced inhibition of Na+–K+ ATPase activity in the hypoxic hearts was similar to that in the control. The depression in Na+–K+ ATPase activity due to hypoxia was reversible on perfusing the hypoxic heart with aerobic medium. The decreased Na+–K+ ATPase activity in the hypoxic heart preparations supports the concept of membrane abnormality associated with heart failure due to lack of oxygen. Since the depression in the activity of Na+–K+ ATPase in the hypoxic heart was markedly pronounced on omitting the substrate from the perfusion medium, it is likely that exogenous glucose plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of hypoxic heart membranes.
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Abstract
Under in vitro conditions spleen cells from nonirradiated F(1) hybrids, in which a (graft-vs.-host) (GVH) reaction had been induced with lymphoid cells of parental origin, lysed nonspecifically target cells, i.e., cells syngeneic or allogeneic to the parental genotypes. Furthermore, tumor cells exposed in vitro to spleen cells of F(1) hybrid mice undergoing GVH reaction had markedly decreased ability to grow in syngeneic recipients. Experiments involving inhibition of cytotoxicity with alloantisera indicated that this nonspecific effect was due to host cells. By contrast, spleen cells of lethally irradiated F(1) hybrids undergoing GVH reaction lysed specifically the target cells of the genotype against which the parental (donor) cells had been sensitized; this finding further supports the contribution of host cells to the nonspecific cytotoxic effects in GVH reaction. From these results it was deduced that the cytotoxic effects during GVH reaction involve at least two processes: (a) sensitization of the donor cells to the antigens of the recipient resulting in the activation of their potential to lyse specifically the recipient's cells, and (b) activation of the host's cells into a state of nonspecific cytotoxicity, as a consequence of the immunologically specific attack of the donor cells.
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Effect of norgestrel on spermatogenesis & fertility of rats. INDIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 1972; 10:159-62. [PMID: 4651237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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49
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Enteric colibacillosis: vaccination in experimentally infected early weaned piglets. J Med Microbiol 1972; 5:75-89. [PMID: 4553910 DOI: 10.1099/00222615-5-1-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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50
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