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Rowe D, McDermott C, Veliz Y, Kerr A, Whiteside M, Coss M, Huff C, Leal A, Kopp E, LaCrue A, Heberlein LA, Adams LE, Santiago GA, Munoz-Jordan JL, Paz-Bailey G, Morrison AM. Dengue Outbreak Response during COVID-19 Pandemic, Key Largo, Florida, USA, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1643-1647. [PMID: 37385262 PMCID: PMC10370846 DOI: 10.3201/eid2908.221856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a dengue outbreak in Key Largo, Florida, USA, from February through August 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Successful community engagement resulted in 61% of case-patients self-reporting. We also describe COVID-19 pandemic effects on the dengue outbreak investigation and the need to increase clinician awareness of dengue testing recommendations.
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Paz-Bailey G, Sánchez-González L, Torres-Velasquez B, Jones ES, Perez-Padilla J, Sharp TM, Lorenzi O, Delorey M, Munoz-Jordan JL, Tomashek KM, Waterman SH, Alvarado LI, Rivera-Amill V. Predominance of Severe Plasma Leakage in Pediatric Patients With Severe Dengue in Puerto Rico. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1949-1958. [PMID: 35510941 PMCID: PMC10015274 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated clinical and laboratory findings among patients with nonsevere or severe dengue in Puerto Rico to examine whether clinical manifestations vary by age. METHODS During 2012-2014, we enrolled patients who arrived at the emergency department with fever or history of fever within 7 days of presentation. Serum samples were tested for dengue virus (DENV) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Severe dengue was defined as severe plasma leakage or shock, severe bleeding, or organ involvement at presentation, during hospitalization, or follow-up. RESULTS Of 1089 dengue patients identified, 281 (26%) were severe. Compared to those with nonsevere dengue, patients with severe dengue were more often aged 10-19 years (55% vs 40%, P < .001) and hospitalized (87% vs 30%, P < .001). Severe plasma leakage or shock was more common among children aged 0-9 (59%) or 10-19 years (86%) than adults (49%) (P < .01). Severe bleeding was less common among 10-19 year olds (24%) compared to 0-9 year olds (45%) and adults (52%; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Severe plasma leakage was the most common presentation among children, highlighting important differences from adults. Vaccination against dengue could help prevent severe dengue among children in Puerto Rico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emma S Jones
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Tyler M Sharp
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Olga Lorenzi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Mark Delorey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Kay M Tomashek
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen H Waterman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Luisa I Alvarado
- Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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Santiago GA, Flores B, Gonzalez GL, Charriez KN, Cora-Huertas L, Volkman HR, Van Belleghem S, Rivera-Amill V, Adams LE, Marzan M, Hernandez L, Cardona I, O'Neill E, Paz-Bailey G, Papa R, Munoz-Jordan JL. Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Puerto Rico reveals emergence of an autochthonous lineage and early detection of variants. Res Sq 2022:rs.3.rs-1277781. [PMID: 35075454 PMCID: PMC8786232 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1277781/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Puerto Rico has experienced the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Since SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, was first detected on the island in March of 2020, it spread rapidly though the island’s population and became a critical threat to public health. We conducted a genomic surveillance study through a partnership with health agencies and academic institutions to understand the emergence and molecular epidemiology of the virus on the island. We sampled COVID-19 cases monthly over 19 months and sequenced a total of 753 SARS-CoV-2 genomes between March 2020 and September 2021 to reconstruct the local epidemic in a regional context using phylogenetic inference. Our analyses revealed that multiple importation events propelled the emergence and spread of the virus throughout the study period, including the introduction and spread of most SARS-CoV-2 variants detected world-wide. Lineage turnover cycles through various phases of the local epidemic were observed, where the predominant lineage was replaced by the next competing lineage or variant after approximately 4 months of circulation locally. We also identified the emergence of lineage B.1.588, an autochthonous lineage that predominated circulation in Puerto Rico from September to December 2020 and subsequently spread to the United States. The results of this collaborative approach highlight the importance of timely collection and analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance data to inform public health responses.
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Adams C, Jadi R, Segovia-Chumbez B, Daag J, Ylade M, Medina FA, Sharp TM, Munoz-Jordan JL, Yoon IK, Deen J, Lopez AL, de Silva AM, Premkumar L. Novel Assay to Measure Seroprevalence of Zika Virus in the Philippines. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3073-3081. [PMID: 34808091 PMCID: PMC8632176 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.211150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family, which includes other clinically notable viruses such as the 4 dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1-4). Distinguishing DENVs from ZIKV using the established serologic assays widely used for monitoring DENV transmission is difficult because of antibody cross-reactivity between these closely related flaviviruses. We describe a modified and improved recombinant envelope domain III-based serologic assay for detecting ZIKV type-specific antibodies in regions with endemic DENV transmission. When the assay was used to measure ZIKV seroprevalence in 2017 among children 9-14 years of age living in a region of the Philippines with endemic DENV transmission, we observed a ZIKV seroprevalence of 18%. Investigators should consider using the ZIKV envelope domain III-based assay, which is simple and readily adaptable for use in standard clinical and public health laboratories, to assess ZIKV seroprevalence in areas with endemic DENV transmission.
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Sánchez-González L, Venuto M, Poe S, Major CG, Baskara L, Abdiyeva S, Murphy D, Munoz-Jordan JL, Medina FA, Paz-Bailey G, Petersen K, Becker K, Sharp TM. Dengue Virus Infections among Peace Corps Volunteers in Timor-Leste, 2018-2019. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:2202-2209. [PMID: 33901000 PMCID: PMC8176509 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is an ongoing health risk for Peace Corps Volunteers (PCVs) working in the tropics. On May 2019, the Peace Corps Office of Health Services notified the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of a dengue outbreak among PCVs in Timor-Leste. The purpose of this investigation was to identify the clinical, demographic, and epidemiological characteristics of PCVs with dengue and recommend dengue preventive measures. To identify PCVs with dengue and describe disease severity, the medical records of PCVs reporting fever during September 2018–June 2019 were reviewed. To identify factors associated with dengue virus (DENV) infection, we administered a questionnaire on demographics, travel history, and mosquito avoidance behaviors and collected blood specimens to detect the anti-DENV IgM antibody to diagnose recent infection. Of 35 PCVs in-country, 11 (31%) tested positive for dengue (NS1, IgM, PCR), eight requiring hospitalization and medical evacuation. Among 27 (77%) PCVs who participated in the investigation, all reported having been recently bitten by mosquitoes and 56% reported being bitten most often at home; only 16 (59%) reported having screens on bedroom windows. Nearly all (93%) PCVs reported using a bed net every night; fewer (70%) reported using mosquito repellent at least once a day. No behaviors were significantly associated with DENV infection. Raising awareness of dengue risk among PCVs and continuing to encourage mosquito avoidance behavior to prevent dengue is critical. Access to and use of measures to avoid mosquito bites should be improved or implemented. Peace Corps medical officers should continue to receive an annual refresher training on dengue clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret Venuto
- 2Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Office of Health Services, United States Peace Corps, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Scott Poe
- 2Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Office of Health Services, United States Peace Corps, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Chelsea G Major
- 1Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Leonardus Baskara
- 3Timor-Leste Country Office, Office of Health Services, U.S. Peace Corps, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sevinj Abdiyeva
- 3Timor-Leste Country Office, Office of Health Services, U.S. Peace Corps, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Daniel Murphy
- 2Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Office of Health Services, United States Peace Corps, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jorge L Munoz-Jordan
- 1Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Freddy A Medina
- 1Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Gabriela Paz-Bailey
- 1Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Kyle Petersen
- 2Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Office of Health Services, United States Peace Corps, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Karen Becker
- 2Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Office of Health Services, United States Peace Corps, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Tyler M Sharp
- 1Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico.,4U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland
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Paz–Bailey G, Quandelacy TM, Adams LE, Olsen SJ, Blanton L, Munoz-Jordan JL, Lozier M, Alvarado LI, Johansson MA. Recent influenza activity in tropical Puerto Rico has become synchronized with mainland US. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:515-523. [PMID: 32614504 PMCID: PMC7431640 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We used data from the Sentinel Enhanced Dengue Surveillance System (SEDSS) to describe influenza trends in southern Puerto Rico during 2012-2018 and compare them to trends in the United States. METHODS Patients with fever onset ≤ 7 days presenting were enrolled. Nasal/oropharyngeal swabs were tested for influenza A and B viruses by PCR. Virologic data were obtained from the US World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Laboratories System and the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS). We compared influenza A and B infections identified from SEDSS and WHO/NREVSS laboratories reported by US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) region using time series decomposition methods, and analysed coherence of climate and influenza trends by region. RESULTS Among 23,124 participants, 9% were positive for influenza A and 5% for influenza B. Influenza A and B viruses were identified year-round, with no clear seasonal patterns from 2012 to 2015 and peaks in December-January in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 seasons. Influenza seasons in HHS regions were relatively synchronized in recent years with the seasons in Puerto Rico. We observed high coherence between absolute humidity and influenza A and B virus in HHS regions. In Puerto Rico, coherence was much lower in the early years but increased to similar levels to HHS regions by 2017-2018. CONCLUSIONS Influenza seasons in Puerto Rico have recently become synchronized with seasons in US HHS regions. Current US recommendations are for everyone 6 months and older to receive influenza vaccination by the end of October seem appropriate for Puerto Rico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura E. Adams
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionSan JuanPuerto Rico
| | - Sonja J. Olsen
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Lenee Blanton
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgia
| | | | - Matthew Lozier
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionSan JuanPuerto Rico
| | - Luisa I. Alvarado
- Saint Luke’s Episcopal Hospital and Ponce Health Sciences UniversityPoncePuerto Rico
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7
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Hasty JM, Felix GE, Amador M, Barrera R, Santiago GS, Nakasone L, Park SY, Okoji S, Honda E, Asuncion B, Save M, Munoz-Jordan JL, Martinez-Conde S, Medina FA, Waterman SH, Petersen LR, Johnston DI, Hemme RR. Entomological Investigation Detects Dengue Virus Type 1 in Aedes ( Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) during the 2015-16 Outbreak in Hawaii. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:869-875. [PMID: 32043443 PMCID: PMC7124917 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A dengue outbreak occurred on Hawaii Island between September 2015 and March 2016. Entomological investigations were undertaken between December 2015 and February 2016 to determine which Aedes mosquito species were responsible for the outbreak. A total of 3,259 mosquitoes were collected using a combination of CDC autocidal gravid ovitraps, Biogents BG-Sentinel traps, and hand-nets; immature mosquitoes were collected during environmental surveys. The composition of species was Aedes albopictus (58%), Aedes aegypti (25%), Wyeomyia mitchelli (7%), Aedes vexans (5%), Culex quinquefasciatus (4%), and Aedes japonicus (1%). Adult mosquitoes were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of dengue virus (DENV) RNA. Of the 185 pools of female mosquitoes tested, 15 containing Ae. albopictus were positive for the presence of DENV type 1 RNA. No virus was detected in pools of the remaining species. Phylogenetic analysis showed the virus strain belonged to genotype I and was closely related to strains that were circulating in the Pacific between 2008 and 2014. This is the first report of detection of DENV in Ae. albopictus from Hawaii.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilberto E Felix
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Manuel Amador
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Roberto Barrera
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Gilberto S Santiago
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Sarah Y Park
- Hawaii State Department of Health, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Steven Okoji
- Hawaii State Department of Health, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Eric Honda
- Hawaii State Department of Health, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | | | - Maricia Save
- Hawaii State Department of Health, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Jorge L Munoz-Jordan
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Stephanie Martinez-Conde
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Freddy A Medina
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Stephen H Waterman
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Lyle R Petersen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Ryan R Hemme
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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8
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Rosenberg ES, Doyle K, Munoz-Jordan JL, Klein L, Adams L, Lozier M, Weiss K, Sharp TM, Paz-Bailey G. Prevalence and Incidence of Zika Virus Infection Among Household Contacts of Patients With Zika Virus Disease, Puerto Rico, 2016-2017. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:932-939. [PMID: 30544195 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the prevalence or incidence of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in settings affected by the 2015-2016 Zika pandemic and associated risk factors. We assessed these factors among household contacts of patients with ZIKV disease enrolled in a cohort study in Puerto Rico during 2016-2017. METHODS Household contacts of index case patients completed a questionnaire and gave specimens for real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing to detect ZIKV infection. We measured the prevalence of ZIKV infection among contacts and associated individual and household factors, examined sexual transmission using a sexual-networks approach, and assessed incident infection among initially uninfected household contacts 2-4 months later. RESULTS Of 366 contacts, 34.4% had evidence of ZIKV infection at enrollment, including 11.2% by RT-PCR. Having open doors and windows that were either screened (prevalence ratio [PR], 2.1 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.2-3.6]) or unscreened (PR, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.5-4.1]) was associated with increased prevalence. Sexual partners were more likely to both be RT-PCR positive relative to other relationships (odds ratio, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.1-4.5]). At follow-up, 6.1% of contacts had evidence of incident infection. CONCLUSIONS This study identified sexual contact as a risk factor for ZIKV infection. Persons living with ZIKV-infected individuals should be a focus of public health efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli S Rosenberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Rensselaer
| | - Kate Doyle
- National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jorge L Munoz-Jordan
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Liore Klein
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Tennessee
| | - Laura Adams
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Matthew Lozier
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Kevin Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tyler M Sharp
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Gabriela Paz-Bailey
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections has become a pressing need for the effective prevention and control of the epidemic. The findings that ZIKV infections are associated with birth defects and neurologic disease, and that the virus can be sexually transmitted, accentuate the need for accurate diagnostic testing for different applications new to the arbovirus field. Antibody response to related flaviviruses has long been known to be cross-reactive, and antibody detection of ZIKV is nonspecific in populations previously exposed to any of the four dengue viruses or West Nile virus, or vaccinated against yellow fever virus. Therefore, the diagnosis of ZIKV infections has increasingly depended on detection by nucleic acid tests. During the recent epidemic, tests authorized for emergency use have been utilized by public health laboratories and the commercial sector, but a more dependable and responsive diagnostic testing has yet to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Munoz-Jordan
- Division for Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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10
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Felix GE, Barrera R, Vazquez J, Ryff KR, Munoz-Jordan JL, Matias KY, Hemme RR. Entomological Investigation of Aedes aegypti In Neighborhoods With Confirmed Human Arbovirus Infection In Puerto Rico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2018; 34:233-236. [PMID: 31442166 PMCID: PMC7052820 DOI: 10.2987/18-6741.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The exotic arboviruses chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV) recently caused large outbreaks and continue to circulate in Puerto Rico, prompting entomological investigations at 9 locations with confirmed CHIKV- or ZIKV-infected human cases. Adult mosquitoes were collected using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention autocidal gravid ovitraps over a 14-day period at each site. Mean female Aedes aegypti captured per trap-week ranged from 13.47 per trap-week to 1.27 per trap-week. Arbovirus-positive pools were detected at 7 of the 9 sampling sites. We investigated vertical transmission by collecting Ae. aegypti eggs in a single location where ZIKV was found in adult mosquitoes. We discuss the relationship between vector density and infection rates and its implications for determining mosquito density thresholds of novel invasive arboviruses such as CHIKV and ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto E Felix
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00921-3200
| | - Roberto Barrera
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00921-3200
| | - Jesus Vazquez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00921-3200
| | - Kyle R Ryff
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00921-3200
| | - Jorge L Munoz-Jordan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00921-3200
| | - Katia Y Matias
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00921-3200
| | - Ryan R Hemme
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00921-3200
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11
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Dirlikov E, Medina NA, Major CG, Munoz-Jordan JL, Luciano CA, Rivera-Garcia B, Sharp TM. Acute Zika Virus Infection as a Risk Factor for Guillain-Barré Syndrome in Puerto Rico. JAMA 2017; 318:1498-1500. [PMID: 29049645 PMCID: PMC5817969 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.11483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This case-control study conducted during the Zika virus epidemic in Puerto Rico estimates the association between preceding Zika virus infection and subsequent Guillain-Barré syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Dirlikov
- Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Nicole A. Medina
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Chelsea G. Major
- Office for State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Support, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jorge L. Munoz-Jordan
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Brenda Rivera-Garcia
- Office of Epidemiology and Research, Puerto Rico Department of Health, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Tyler M. Sharp
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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12
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Read J, Alvarado LI, Torres-Velasquez B, Munoz-Jordan JL, Beltran M, Capre S, Adams L, Torres-Torres S, Santiago G, Rivera L, Rivera-Sánchez A, Lorenzi OD, Sharp T, Garcia-Gubern C, Waterman S. Dengue IgG Seropositivity and Zika Viral Load. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017. [PMCID: PMC5631870 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx163.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Secondary dengue virus (DENV) infections are typically more severe than primary infections. It is not known whether previous DENV infection is associated with higher Zika virus (ZIKV) quantitative RT-PCR results (viral loads (VLs)) in areas endemic for DENV such as Puerto Rico. Our objective was to analyze the association between previous DENV infection (DENV IgG-positive) and ZIKV VL among children with symptomatic ZIKV infection enrolled in the Sentinel Enhanced Dengue and Acute Febrile Illness Surveillance System (SEDSS) in Puerto Rico. Methods The study population for this analysis comprised individuals <18 years of age enrolled in SEDSS during 2016 who were ZIKV PCR-positive in serum (using the CDC Trioplex RT-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay) within 5 days post-onset (DPO) of symptoms. ZIKV VLs (genome copies/mL) were determined using an RNA standard curve generated from the RT-PCR assay target amplicons. An in-house ELISA was used to ascertain the presence or absence of serum DENV IgG. Trends were assessed using Jonckheere-Terpstra and Chi-square for proportions tests. The Mann–Whitney-Wilcoxon test was used to compare medians. Linear regression modeling was used to determine the association between DENV IgG and ZIKV VL. Results Of the 319 individuals who met inclusion criteria, 163 have dengue IgG assays completed to date. Of these, 90/163 (55%) were DENV IgG-positive and 73/163 (45%) were DENV IgG-negative, and did not vary by sex (P = 1.00). However, the proportion of patients with DENV IgG-positivity increased with age (P < 0.001) (Figure). Overall, the median (interquartile range, IQR) ZIKV VL was 23,110 (7,452–84,003), and did not vary by age (P = 0.11) or sex (P = 0.33). However, the median ZIKV VL varied by DPO: 26,230 (DPO<3; n = 117), 15,159 (DPO≥ 3; n = 46), P = 0.002. The median (IQR) ZIKV VLs were: 24,073 (10,938–73,130) in DENV IgG-negative specimens and 22,658 (7,332–89,322) in DENV IgG-positive specimens (P = 0.91). Linear regression indicated no association between DENV IgG and ZIKV VL (P = 0.54). Conclusion DENV IgG-positivity increased with age among children with symptomatic ZIKV infection. ZIKV VLs did not vary by age, but decreased with increasing DPO. There was no association between DENV IgG and ZIKV VL. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Read
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, PR
| | | | | | | | | | - Sheila Capre
- Ponce Health Sciences University Consortium, Ponce, PR
| | - Laura Adams
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, PR
| | | | | | | | | | - Olga D Lorenzi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, PR
| | - Tyler Sharp
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, PR
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Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Rice ME, Galang RR, Fulton AC, VanMaldeghem K, Prado MV, Ellis E, Anesi MS, Simeone RM, Petersen EE, Ellington SR, Jones AM, Williams T, Reagan-Steiner S, Perez-Padilla J, Deseda CC, Beron A, Tufa AJ, Rosinger A, Roth NM, Green C, Martin S, Lopez CD, deWilde L, Goodwin M, Pagano HP, Mai CT, Gould C, Zaki S, Ferrer LN, Davis MS, Lathrop E, Polen K, Cragan JD, Reynolds M, Newsome KB, Huertas MM, Bhatangar J, Quiñones AM, Nahabedian JF, Adams L, Sharp TM, Hancock WT, Rasmussen SA, Moore CA, Jamieson DJ, Munoz-Jordan JL, Garstang H, Kambui A, Masao C, Honein MA, Meaney-Delman D. Pregnancy Outcomes After Maternal Zika Virus Infection During Pregnancy - U.S. Territories, January 1, 2016-April 25, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66:615-621. [PMID: 28617773 PMCID: PMC5657842 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6623e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Dirlikov E, Major C, Medina-Lopes N, Lugo-Robles R, Matos-Melendez D, Munoz-Jordan JL, Garcia-Negron M, Thomas D, Luciano C, Sharp T, Deseda C. Comparison of Clinical and Demographic Characteristics and Disability at 6-Months Post Neurologic Onset Among Puerto Rico Guillain-Barré Syndrome Patients with and Without Evidence of Zika Virus Infection. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx163.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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15
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Tomashek KM, Rivera A, Torres-Velasquez B, Hunsperger EA, Munoz-Jordan JL, Sharp TM, Rivera I, Sanabria D, Blau DM, Galloway R, Torres J, Rodriguez R, Serrano J, Chávez C, Dávila F, Perez-Padilla J, Ellis EM, Caballero G, Wright L, Zaki SR, Deseda C, Rodriguez E, Margolis HS. Enhanced Surveillance for Fatal Dengue-Like Acute Febrile Illness in Puerto Rico, 2010-2012. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005025. [PMID: 27727271 PMCID: PMC5058557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is a leading cause of morbidity throughout the tropics; however, accurate population-based estimates of mortality rates are not available. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We established the Enhanced Fatal Acute Febrile Illness Surveillance System (EFASS) to estimate dengue mortality rates in Puerto Rico. Healthcare professionals submitted serum and tissue specimens from patients who died from a dengue-like acute febrile illness, and death certificates were reviewed to identify additional cases. Specimens were tested for markers of dengue virus (DENV) infection by molecular, immunologic, and immunohistochemical methods, and were also tested for West Nile virus, Leptospira spp., and other pathogens based on histopathologic findings. Medical records were reviewed and clinical data abstracted. A total of 311 deaths were identified, of which 58 (19%) were DENV laboratory-positive. Dengue mortality rates were 1.05 per 100,000 population in 2010, 0.16 in 2011 and 0.36 in 2012. Dengue mortality was highest among adults 19-64 years and seniors ≥65 years (1.17 and 1.66 deaths per 100,000, respectively). Other pathogens identified included 34 Leptospira spp. cases and one case of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Neisseria meningitidis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE EFASS showed that dengue mortality rates among adults were higher than reported for influenza, and identified a leptospirosis outbreak and index cases of melioidosis and meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay M. Tomashek
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), San Juan, Puerto Rico
- * E-mail:
| | - Aidsa Rivera
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Brenda Torres-Velasquez
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Elizabeth A. Hunsperger
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jorge L. Munoz-Jordan
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Tyler M. Sharp
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Irma Rivera
- Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Dario Sanabria
- Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Dianna M. Blau
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Renee Galloway
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jose Torres
- Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Rosa Rodriguez
- Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Javier Serrano
- Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Carlos Chávez
- Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Francisco Dávila
- Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Janice Perez-Padilla
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Esther M. Ellis
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Laura Wright
- Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, ATSDR, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sherif R. Zaki
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Carmen Deseda
- Puerto Rico Department of Health, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Edda Rodriguez
- Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Harold S. Margolis
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), San Juan, Puerto Rico
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16
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Sharp T, Shieh WJ, Levine R, Blau DM, Torres J, Rivera A, Perez-Padilla J, Thomas D, Velazquez JC, Bhatnagar J, Ng D, Keating MK, Hunsperger E, Munoz-Jordan JL, Sanabria D, Garcia BR, Margolis H, Zaki SR. Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Immunolocalization of Viral Antigens in Chikungunya-Associated Fatal Cases—Puerto Rico, 2014. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv131.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Tomashek KM, Rivera A, Lorenzi OD, González G, Pérez-Padilla J, Andújar D, Munoz-Jordan JL, Hunsperger E, Oberste S, Nix WA, Henderson E, Galloway R, Elrod MG, Mathis D, García-Gubern C, Santiago W, Ortiz JD, Jiménez G, Rivera JV, Margolis H, Alvarado LI. 1117The Acute Febrile Illness Surveillance Study in Puerto Rico: Findings from the First Two Years. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014. [PMCID: PMC5782254 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu052.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kay M. Tomashek
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Aidsa Rivera
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Olga D. Lorenzi
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Gladys González
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Janice Pérez-Padilla
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Doris Andújar
- Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences/Saint Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Jorge L. Munoz-Jordan
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Elizabeth Hunsperger
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Steve Oberste
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - William A. Nix
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Elizabeth Henderson
- Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Renee Galloway
- Zoonoses and Select Agent Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mindy Glass Elrod
- Zoonoses and Select Agent Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Demetrius Mathis
- Zoonoses and Select Agent Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Carlos García-Gubern
- Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences/Saint Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - William Santiago
- Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences/Saint Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Juan D. Ortiz
- Saint Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Guayama, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | - Harold Margolis
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Luisa I. Alvarado
- Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences/Saint Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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Barban V, Munoz-Jordan JL, Santiago GA, Mantel N, Girerd Y, Gulia S, Claude JB, Lang J. Broad neutralization of wild-type dengue virus isolates following immunization in monkeys with a tetravalent dengue vaccine based on chimeric yellow fever 17D/dengue viruses. Virology 2012; 429:91-8. [PMID: 22542002 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate if the antibodies elicited after immunization with a tetravalent dengue vaccine, based on chimeric yellow fever 17D/dengue viruses, can neutralize a large range of dengue viruses (DENV). A panel of 82 DENVs was developed from viruses collected primarily during the last decade in 30 countries and included the four serotypes and the majority of existing genotypes. Viruses were isolated and minimally amplified before evaluation against a tetravalent polyclonal serum generated during vaccine preclinical evaluation in monkey, a model in which protection efficacy of this vaccine has been previously demonstrated (Guirakhoo et al., 2004). Neutralization was observed across all the DENV serotypes, genotypes, geographical origins and isolation years. These data indicate that antibodies elicited after immunization with this dengue vaccine candidate should widely protect against infection with contemporary DENV lineages circulating in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Barban
- Research Department, Sanofi Pasteur Campus Merieux, 1541 avenue Marcel Merieux, 69680 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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Sharp TM, Pillai P, Hunsperger E, Santiago GA, Anderson T, Vap T, Collinson J, Buss BF, Safranek TJ, Sotir MJ, Jentes ES, Munoz-Jordan JL, Arguello DF. A cluster of dengue cases in American missionaries returning from Haiti, 2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:16-22. [PMID: 22232444 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is an acute febrile illness caused by four mosquito-borne dengue viruses (DENV-1 to -4) that are endemic throughout the tropics. After returning from a 1-week missionary trip to Haiti in October of 2010, 5 of 28 (18%) travelers were hospitalized for dengue-like illness. All travelers were invited to submit serum specimens and complete questionnaires on pre-travel preparations, mosquito avoidance practices, and activities during travel. DENV infection was confirmed in seven (25%) travelers, including all travelers that were hospitalized. Viral sequencing revealed closest homology to a 2007 DENV-1 isolate from the Dominican Republic. Although most (88%) travelers had a pre-travel healthcare visit, only one-quarter knew that dengue is a risk in Haiti, and one-quarter regularly used insect repellent. This report confirms recent DENV transmission in Haiti. Travelers to DENV-endemic areas should receive dengue education during pre-travel health consultations, follow mosquito avoidance recommendations, and seek medical care for febrile illness during or after travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Sharp
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Vasilakis N, Tesh RB, Durbin AP, Munoz-Jordan JL, da Rosa APAT, Weaver SC. Antigenic Relationships between Sylvatic and Endemic Dengue Viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008. [DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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21
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Vasilakis N, Durbin AP, da Rosa APAT, Munoz-Jordan JL, Tesh RB, Weaver SC. Antigenic relationships between sylvatic and endemic dengue viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 79:128-132. [PMID: 18606776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sylvatic dengue viruses (DENVs) are transmitted between non-human primates and arboreal Aedes spp. mosquitoes in Southeast Asia and west Africa. Recent evidence suggests that the risk for re-emergence of sylvatic DENV into the urban endemic/epidemic cycle may be high, which could limit the potential for eradicating the human transmission cycle with vaccines now under development. We assessed the likelihood of sylvatic DENV re-emergence in the face of immunity to current endemic strains or vaccines by evaluating the neutralization capacity of sera from DENV vaccinees and convalescent patients after primary infection with DENV-2 and DENV-3 serotypes. Our data indicate robust homotypic cross-immunity between human sera and sylvatic DENV strains, but limited heterotypic neutralization. Should a licensed vaccine lead to the eradication of the urban transmission cycle in the future, re-emergence of sylvatic strains into the urban cycle would be limited by homotypic immunity mediated by virus-neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Vasilakis
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609, USA
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Barrera R, Amador M, Diaz A, Smith J, Munoz-Jordan JL, Rosario Y. Unusual productivity of Aedes aegypti in septic tanks and its implications for dengue control. Med Vet Entomol 2008; 22:62-9. [PMID: 18380655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Increased DEN-2 virus transmission in Puerto Rico during 2005 prompted the implementation of a rapid intervention programme to suppress Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) emergence, which in turn lead to the discovery of previously unknown breeding sites underground. Initially, the following control measures were applied in Playa/Playita (PP), a town of 1,400 households, to all areas where the number of pupae per person exceeded the expected threshold for dengue transmission; all containers likely to be aquatic habitats were turned over and containers too large to turn were treated with 1 p.p.m. methoprene. The impact of these interventions was evaluated by comparing the number of resting adult mosquitoes (by backpack aspiration and sweepnetting in bedrooms) pre-intervention, with numbers at 3 and 5 weeks post-intervention, and by evaluating pupal density at 4 weeks post-intervention in PP and in a nearby town, Coqui (CO; 1500 households), which was not treated. The pre-intervention and post-intervention densities of resting Ae. aegypti adults were significantly larger in the intervention town, although the density of pupae in surface containers was low and similar in both towns at 4 weeks post-intervention. At 3 weeks post-intervention, the density of resting adults decreased by only 18% of pre-intervention levels, but returned to pre-intervention levels 5 weeks after treatment. By contrast, the density of resting adults in CO steadily decreased to 48% and 61%, at 3 and 5 weeks after the initial surveys, respectively. Geographical Information Systems identified significant clustering of adult mosquitoes, which led to the discovery of underground aquatic habitats (septic tanks) that were producing large numbers of Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) in the treated town. We calculated that septic tanks could produce > 18 000 Ae. aegypti and approximately 170 000 Cx quinquefasciatus adults per day. Septic tanks are likely to be common and widespread in suburban and rural Puerto Rico, where, apparently, they can contribute significantly to the maintenance of island-wide dengue virus endemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barrera
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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