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Shotton J, Gale J. Sustainability and modern pet ownership. Vet Rec 2024; 194 Suppl 1:1-2. [PMID: 38700160 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Booming pet ownership in the UK and elsewhere brings significant implications for the carbon pawprint. Yet it is unlikely people will ever stop owning pets, so how can pet ownership be made more sustainable? At BVA Live, Justine Shotton and Jen Gale will explore the role of vets in this complex area and how they can support clients in minimising the impact of their pets on the planet.
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Shotton J. Untangling complex ethical issues involving wildlife. Vet Rec 2024; 194:316. [PMID: 38639249 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.4190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Reviewed by BVA past president Justine Shotton, head vet for wildlife and exotics, RSPCA.
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Laundon D, Sengers BG, Thompson J, Harris SE, Beasley O, Basford PJ, Katsamenis OL, Goggin P, Derisoud E, Fanelli D, Bocci C, Camillo F, Shotton J, Constable-Dakeyne G, Gostling NJ, Chavatte-Palmer P, Lewis RM. Convergently evolved placental villi show multiscale structural adaptations to differential placental invasiveness. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20240016. [PMID: 38531417 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite having a single evolutionary origin and conserved function, the mammalian placenta exhibits radical structural diversity. The evolutionary drivers and functional consequences of placental structural diversity are poorly understood. Humans and equids both display treelike placental villi, however these villi evolved independently and exhibit starkly different levels of invasiveness into maternal tissue (i.e. the number of maternal tissue layers between placental tissue and maternal blood). The villi in these species therefore serve as a compelling evolutionary case study to explore whether placentas have developed structural adaptations to respond to the challenge of reduced nutrient availability in less invasive placentas. Here, we use three-dimensional X-ray microfocus computed tomography and electron microscopy to quantitatively evaluate key structures involved in exchange in human and equid placental villi. We find that equid villi have a higher surface area to volume ratio and deeper trophoblastic vessel indentation than human villi. Using illustrative computational models, we propose that these structural adaptations have evolved in equids to boost nutrient transfer to compensate for reduced invasiveness into maternal tissue. We discuss these findings in relation to the 'maternal-fetal conflict hypothesis' of placental evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Laundon
- The Institute of Developmental Sciences, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Bram G Sengers
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - James Thompson
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Shelley E Harris
- The Institute of Developmental Sciences, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Olivia Beasley
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Rd, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Philip J Basford
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- μ-VIS X-Ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Orestis L Katsamenis
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- μ-VIS X-Ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Patricia Goggin
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Emilie Derisoud
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Diana Fanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56121 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Bocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56121 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Camillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56121 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Justine Shotton
- Marwell Wildlife, Thompson's Lane, Colden Common, Winchester SO21 1JH, UK
| | | | - Neil J Gostling
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Rd, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Rohan M Lewis
- The Institute of Developmental Sciences, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Gola C, Kvapil P, Kuhar U, Diaz-Delgado J, Alex CE, Shotton J, Smith SJ, Fingerhood S. Fatal cerebrovascular accident in a captive red panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) with concurrent amdoparvovirus infection. J Comp Pathol 2023; 205:11-16. [PMID: 37506667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the pathological and molecular findings in an adult male Himalayan red panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) whose death was attributed to parenchymal brain haemorrhage (PBH) of the thalamus. Post-mortem examination revealed severe, acute PBH and intraventricular haemorrhage with major involvement of the thalamus, as well as scattered chronic microinfarctions. Vascular disease in the brain and other organs was suggestive of systemic hypertension. Histological lesions included arteriolar hyalinosis and varying degrees of arteriosclerosis, arterial tunica media hypertrophy and hyperplasia and infiltration of arterial walls by lipid-laden macrophages. Other relevant findings included marked myocardial fibrosis, lymphoplasmacytic tubulointerstitial nephritis, lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis and chronic mitral valve degeneration. The changes in the cerebral vasculature were consistent with hypertensive encephalopathy and a cerebrovascular accident, specifically PBH, which has not been previously reported in this species. Additionally, polymerase chain reaction analysis for red panda amdoparvovirus (RPAV) was positive in the brain and kidneys. Preceded by hypertensive vascular changes and brain microinfarctions, sudden death in this animal likely resulted from fatal PBH with intraventricular haemorrhage. The clinicopathological role of RPAV infection is unknown in this case, although its contribution to the chronic renal disease is considered possible in the context of our current understanding of RPAV-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Gola
- Veterinary Pathology Centre, University of Surrey, Francis Crick Road, Guildford GU2 7AQ, Surrey, UK
| | - Pavel Kvapil
- Veterinary Department, Ljubljana Zoo, Večna Pot 70, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urska Kuhar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Josué Diaz-Delgado
- Veterinary Pathology Centre, University of Surrey, Francis Crick Road, Guildford GU2 7AQ, Surrey, UK
| | - Charles E Alex
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Justine Shotton
- Veterinary Department, Marwell Wildlife Zoological Park, Thompson's Lane, Colden Common, Winchester S021 1HJ, Hampshire, UK
| | - Sarah J Smith
- Veterinary Department, Marwell Wildlife Zoological Park, Thompson's Lane, Colden Common, Winchester S021 1HJ, Hampshire, UK
| | - Sai Fingerhood
- Veterinary Pathology Centre, University of Surrey, Francis Crick Road, Guildford GU2 7AQ, Surrey, UK.
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Shotton J, Calpin D. BVA's work highlighted on the global stage. Vet Rec 2023; 192:457. [PMID: 37265316 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BVA Senior Vice President Justine Shotton and BVA CEO David Calpin recently visited Taipei for the International Veterinary Officers Coalition, where they were invited to talk about the impact of BVA's work, and to attend the World Veterinary Association congress.
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Shotton J. Advocating for dog health on national TV. Vet Rec 2023; 192:303. [PMID: 37000764 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BVA's senior vice president Justine Shotton joined TV presenter Clare Balding on the sofa at Crufts to discuss a range of welfare issues, as part of Channel 4's coverage of the international dog show.
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Borkowski EA, Shotton J, Smyth JA. Leiomyosarcoma with widespread metastases in a capybara. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:848-853. [PMID: 35762094 PMCID: PMC9446303 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221106252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10.5-y-old intact female capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) with a history of chronic weight loss was euthanized following discovery by palpation of a large intra-abdominal mass. Postmortem examination revealed a large, firm, tan mass expanding the uterine body and extensively adhered to the jejunum and abdominal wall. Numerous pinpoint to 3-cm diameter, tan-to-red, raised masses were present throughout the parietal peritoneum, liver, lungs, and intestinal serosa. Histologic examination of the uterine mass revealed well-differentiated smooth muscle intermixed with abundant collagen, interspersed with a highly anaplastic spindle cell population extending to the serosa; the masses in the lung, liver, and peritoneum were histologically very similar to the anaplastic uterine spindle cells. Immunohistochemical staining of the uterus and lung confirmed smooth muscle origin of the anaplastic cells. To our knowledge, leiomyosarcoma has not been reported previously in a capybara, and the widespread metastases in this case represent an unusually aggressive presentation of this rare malignancy. The animal also had an incidental dermal histiocytoma, a tumor that has also not been reported previously in this species, to our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Borkowski
- Emma A. Borkowski, Department of
Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd East, Guelph,
Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | | | - Joan A. Smyth
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science,
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Shotton J. Brachycephalic dogs and impact of awareness campaigns. Vet Rec 2022; 191:37. [PMID: 35802089 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Shotton J, Loeb J. From zoo vet to leading the BVA. Vet Rec 2021; 189:234-236. [PMID: 34558710 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As self-proclaimed 'jack of all trades' Justine Shotton becomes BVA president, Josh Loeb talks to her about her varied career, life as a zoo vet and why sustainability is so important to her.
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10
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Harris S, Beasley O, Shotton J, Free D, Cleal J, Gostling N, Chavatte-Palmer P, Lewis R. Comparing villous branching of zebra, horse and human placenta using 3D imaging. Placenta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.07.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shotton J. Time to change blanket prophylactic treatment. Vet Rec 2020; 187:497-498. [PMID: 33334995 DOI: 10.1136/vr.m4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Justice WSM, O'Brien MF, Szyszka O, Shotton J, Gilmour JEM, Riordan P, Wolfensohn S. Adaptation of the animal welfare assessment grid (AWAG) for monitoring animal welfare in zoological collections. Vet Rec 2017; 181:143. [PMID: 28487453 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Animal welfare monitoring is an essential part of zoo management and a legal requirement in many countries. Historically, a variety of welfare audits have been proposed to assist zoo managers. Unfortunately, there are a number of issues with these assessments, including lack of species information, validated tests and the overall complexity of these audits which make them difficult to implement in practice. The animal welfare assessment grid (AWAG) has previously been proposed as an animal welfare monitoring tool for animals used in research programmes. This computer-based system was successfully adapted for use in a zoo setting with two taxonomic groups: primates and birds. This tool is simple to use and provides continuous monitoring based on cumulative lifetime assessment. It is suggested as an alternative, practical method for welfare monitoring in zoos.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S M Justice
- Marwell Wildlife, Colden Common, Winchester, Hampshire SO21 1JH, UK
| | - M F O'Brien
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire GL2 7BT, UK
| | - O Szyszka
- Marwell Wildlife, Colden Common, Winchester, Hampshire SO21 1JH, UK
| | - J Shotton
- Marwell Wildlife, Colden Common, Winchester, Hampshire SO21 1JH, UK
| | - J E M Gilmour
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire GL2 7BT, UK
| | - P Riordan
- Marwell Wildlife, Colden Common, Winchester, Hampshire SO21 1JH, UK
| | - S Wolfensohn
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AL, UK
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Bobadilla Suarez M, Ewen JG, Groombridge JJ, Beckmann K, Shotton J, Masters N, Hopkins T, Sainsbury AW. Using Qualitative Disease Risk Analysis for Herpetofauna Conservation Translocations Transgressing Ecological and Geographical Barriers. Ecohealth 2017; 14:47-60. [PMID: 26695615 PMCID: PMC5357266 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Through the exploration of disease risk analysis methods employed for four different UK herpetofauna translocations, we illustrate how disease hazards can be identified, and how the risk of disease can be analysed. Where ecological or geographical barriers between source and destination sites exist, parasite populations are likely to differ in identity or strain between the two sites, elevating the risk from disease and increasing the number and category of hazards requiring analysis. Simplification of the translocation pathway through the avoidance of these barriers reduces the risk from disease. The disease risk analysis tool is intended to aid conservation practitioners in decision making relating to disease hazards prior to implementation of a translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bobadilla Suarez
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, UK.
| | - John G Ewen
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Jim J Groombridge
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Giles Lane, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, UK
| | - K Beckmann
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - J Shotton
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - N Masters
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - T Hopkins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Anthony W Sainsbury
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
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Van der Weyde LK, Hubel TY, Horgan J, Shotton J, McKenna R, Wilson AM. Movement patterns of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in farmlands in Botswana. Biol Open 2017; 6:118-124. [PMID: 27913453 PMCID: PMC5278424 DOI: 10.1242/bio.021055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Botswana has the second highest population of cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) with most living outside protected areas. As a result, many cheetahs are found in farming areas which occasionally results in human-wildlife conflict. This study aimed to look at movement patterns of cheetahs in farming environments to determine whether cheetahs have adapted their movements in these human-dominated landscapes. We fitted high-time resolution GPS collars to cheetahs in the Ghanzi farmlands of Botswana. GPS locations were used to calculate home range sizes as well as number and duration of visits to landscape features using a time-based local convex hull method. Cheetahs had medium-sized home ranges compared to previously studied cheetah in similar farming environments. Results showed that cheetahs actively visited scent marking trees and avoided visiting homesteads. A slight preference for visiting game farms over cattle farms was found, but there was no difference in duration of visits between farm types. We conclude that cheetahs selected for areas that are important for their dietary and social needs and prefer to avoid human-occupied areas. Improved knowledge of how cheetahs use farmlands can allow farmers to make informed decisions when developing management practices and can be an important tool for reducing human-wildlife conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Van der Weyde
- Cheetah Conservation Botswana, B5, Kgale Siding Office Park, Plot 1069-KO, Gaborone, Botswana
- San Diego Zoo, Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027-7000, USA
| | - T Y Hubel
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL97TA, UK
| | - J Horgan
- Cheetah Conservation Botswana, B5, Kgale Siding Office Park, Plot 1069-KO, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - J Shotton
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL97TA, UK
| | - R McKenna
- Cheetah Conservation Botswana, B5, Kgale Siding Office Park, Plot 1069-KO, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - A M Wilson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL97TA, UK
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Hubel TY, Shotton J, Wilshin SD, Horgan J, Klein R, McKenna R, Wilson AM. Cheetah Reunion - The Challenge of Finding Your Friends Again. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166864. [PMID: 27926915 PMCID: PMC5142782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals navigate their environment using a variety of senses and strategies. This multiplicity enables them to respond to different navigational requirements resulting from habitat, scale and purpose. One of the challenges social animals face is how to reunite after periods of separation. We explore a variety of possible mechanisms used to reunite the members of a cheetah coalition dispersed within a large area after prolonged separation. Using GPS data from three cheetahs reuniting after weeks of separation, we determined that 1) the likelihood of purely coincidental reunion is miniscule 2) the reunion occurred in an area not normally frequented 3) with very little time spent in the region in advance of the reunion. We therefore propose that timely encounter of scent markings where paths cross is the most likely mechanism used to aid the reunion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Y. Hubel
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- * E-mail: (TYH)
| | - Justine Shotton
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Simon D. Wilshin
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Jane Horgan
- Cheetah Conservation Botswana, Kgale Siding Park, Plot 1069-KO, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Rebecca Klein
- Cheetah Conservation Botswana, Kgale Siding Park, Plot 1069-KO, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Rick McKenna
- Cheetah Conservation Botswana, Kgale Siding Park, Plot 1069-KO, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Alan M. Wilson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shotton
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK.
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17
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Criminisi A, Robertson D, Konukoglu E, Shotton J, Pathak S, White S, Siddiqui K. Regression forests for efficient anatomy detection and localization in computed tomography scans. Med Image Anal 2013; 17:1293-303. [PMID: 23410511 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a new algorithm for the efficient, automatic detection and localization of multiple anatomical structures within three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) scans. Applications include selective retrieval of patients images from PACS systems, semantic visual navigation and tracking radiation dose over time. The main contribution of this work is a new, continuous parametrization of the anatomy localization problem, which allows it to be addressed effectively by multi-class random regression forests. Regression forests are similar to the more popular classification forests, but trained to predict continuous, multi-variate outputs, where the training focuses on maximizing the confidence of output predictions. A single pass of our probabilistic algorithm enables the direct mapping from voxels to organ location and size. Quantitative validation is performed on a database of 400 highly variable CT scans. We show that the proposed method is more accurate and robust than techniques based on efficient multi-atlas registration and template-based nearest-neighbor detection. Due to the simplicity of the regressor's context-rich visual features and the algorithm's parallelism, these results are achieved in typical run-times of only ∼4 s on a conventional single-core machine.
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Zikic D, Glocker B, Konukoglu E, Criminisi A, Demiralp C, Shotton J, Thomas OM, Das T, Jena R, Price SJ. Decision forests for tissue-specific segmentation of high-grade gliomas in multi-channel MR. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv 2012; 15:369-76. [PMID: 23286152 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33454-2_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a method for automatic segmentation of high-grade gliomas and their subregions from multi-channel MR images. Besides segmenting the gross tumor, we also differentiate between active cells, necrotic core, and edema. Our discriminative approach is based on decision forests using context-aware spatial features, and integrates a generative model of tissue appearance, by using the probabilities obtained by tissue-specific Gaussian mixture models as additional input for the forest. Our method classifies the individual tissue types simultaneously, which has the potential to simplify the classification task. The approach is computationally efficient and of low model complexity. The validation is performed on a labeled database of 40 multi-channel MR images, including DTI. We assess the effects of using DTI, and varying the amount of training data. Our segmentation results are highly accurate, and compare favorably to the state of the art.
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Ossiboff RJ, Sheh A, Shotton J, Pesavento PA, Parker JSL. Feline caliciviruses (FCVs) isolated from cats with virulent systemic disease possess in vitro phenotypes distinct from those of other FCV isolates. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:506-517. [PMID: 17251569 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, several outbreaks of severe systemic disease associated with Feline calicivirus (FCV) have occurred in the USA and the UK. This new disease has caused high mortality in the affected animals and has been termed virulent systemic (VS)-FCV disease. Currently, there are no genetic or in vitro diagnostic methods to distinguish viruses isolated from cases of VS-FCV disease from other isolates. Here, five in vitro properties, as well as the capsid and proteinase-polymerase (pro-pol) sequences, of a set of FCV isolates that included seven isolates from five distinct VS-FCV outbreaks ('VS isolates') were investigated. Although all of the FCV isolates investigated had similar kinetics of growth under single-cycle conditions, VS isolates infected tissue-culture cells more efficiently under multiple-cycle growth conditions. Moreover, it was found that cells infected with VS isolates showed cytopathic effects earlier than cells infected with non-VS isolates, although no difference in relative ATP levels were noted at times when morphological changes were first seen. Both VS- and other (non-VS) isolates of FCV demonstrated similar temperature stabilities. Phylogenetic analyses and alignments of the capsid and pro-pol regions of the genome did not reveal any conserved changes that correlated with virulence, and the VS isolates did not segregate into a unique clade. These results suggest that VS isolates have arisen independently several times since first being described and can spread more efficiently in tissue culture than other isolates when infected at low multiplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Ossiboff
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alexander Sheh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Justine Shotton
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John S L Parker
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Criminisi A, Blake A, Rother C, Shotton J, Torr PHS. Efficient Dense Stereo with Occlusions for New View-Synthesis by Four-State Dynamic Programming. Int J Comput Vis 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11263-006-8525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare digital x ray radiogrammetry (DXR) with manual radiography for assessing bone loss in RA and examine the relationship of the scores obtained with other disease indices. METHODS 225 consecutive consenting subjects attending the RA clinic were enrolled. An x ray examination was carried out; demographic details recorded; a self assessment questionnaire completed; blood taken for ESR measurement; and an assessment made by a trained nurse. All x ray films were scored manually using the modified Sharp technique by a single observer; 20 films were rescored by three readers. Films were assessed with the Pronosco X-Posure system, version 2.0. Analysis included chi2 tests, independent t tests, multiple linear regression, and partial correlations, as appropriate. The smallest detectable difference (SDD), coefficient of variation (CV), and coefficient of repeatability (CR) were determined from Bland and Altman plots. RESULTS The DXR precision varied: SDD = 0.002-0.9; CV = 0.09-5.9%; CR = 0.002-0.792, but was better than that of the intra- and interobserver Sharp scores: SDD = 73.9; CV = 27.8%; CR = 33.0-47.6. The DXR measurements, bone mineral density (R2 = 0.210), metacarpal index (R2 = 0.222), and cortical thickness (R2 = 0.215), significantly predicted Sharp scores. In women, DXR measurements significantly correlated with modified HAQ scores but with no other disease indices. Sharp scores significantly correlated with assessor's global assessment, swollen and tender joint counts, pain, HAQ, and DAS28. CONCLUSION DXR measurements are more precise than Sharp scores; both are related to long term disease activity in RA. DXR is simple to use, does not require intensive training, and may identify subjects not responding to standard treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Jawaid
- Department of Rheumatology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, UK
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Finlay WML, Rutland A, Shotton J. ?They were brilliant, I don't know what I would've done if they hadn't been here?: the group concept problem revisited. J Community Appl Soc Psychol 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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