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Molbak K, Emborg HD, Gubbels S, Bragstad K, Krause TG, Fischer TK. Authors reply: influenza vaccine effectiveness: heterogeneity in estimates for the 2012/13 season. Euro Surveill 2013; 18:6. [PMID: 23449186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
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Bragstad K, Emborg H, Fischer TK, Voldstedlund M, Gubbels S, Andersen B, Molbak K, Krause T. Low vaccine effectiveness against influenza A(H3N2) virus among elderly people in Denmark in 2012/13--a rapid epidemiological and virological assessment. Euro Surveill 2013; 18:20397. [PMID: 23410258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In Denmark, the 2012/13 influenza season has been dominated by influenza A(H3N2). We estimated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the trivalent influenza vaccine by linking national registers in a test-negative case-control study of patients tested for influenza aged ≥65 years. The adjusted VE against laboratory-confirmed influenza A and B was -11% (95% CI: -41 to 14) and 69% (95% CI: 26 to 87), respectively. Genetic characterisation of the influenza A(H3N2) viruses indicated genetic drift, with seven substitutions at key antigenic sites.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Case-Control Studies
- Denmark/epidemiology
- Female
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/diagnosis
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Outcome Assessment, Health Care
- Population Surveillance
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sex Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bragstad
- National Influenza Centre, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
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Gubbels S, Bacci S, Laursen H, Hogenhaven H, Cowan S, Molbak K, Christiansen M. Description and analysis of 12 years of surveillance for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Denmark, 1997 to 2008. Euro Surveill 2012; 17:20142. [PMID: 22516048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Prospective surveillance of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) was initiated in Denmark in 1997, following the observation of variant CJD in the United Kingdom. Demographic, clinical and diagnostic information was collected for each patient with clinical suspicion of CJD. Here we describe the methods for surveillance and the observed outcomes between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2008. A total of 83 patients were classified as sporadic CJD, 47 were definite diagnoses, 34 probable and two possible. This resulted in a mean incidence of 1.26 patients with probable and definite sporadic CJD per million inhabitants. Two sporadic CJD patients were found to have a genetic variant of unknown significance: Thr201Ser and Glu200Asp. One patient was diagnosed with Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome. No patients were classified as having variant, iatrogenic or familial CJD. The Danish surveillance system, like those in other countries, has a multidisciplinary approach, which is labour-intensive and time-consuming but ensures the most complete set of information possible. With this approach we think that patients with variant CJD would have been detected had they occurred in Denmark. Certain aspects of CJD surveillance need further discussion at European level and beyond, in order to find a balance between efficiency of the systems and accuracy of surveillance data.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gubbels
- Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Koningstein M, Simonsen J, Helms M, Hald T, Molbak K. Antimicrobial Use: A Risk Factor or a Protective Factor for Acquiring Campylobacteriosis? Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:644-50. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Bacci S, Olsen KEP, Molbak K. P1-85 Epidemiological risk assessment of C difficile outbreaks leads to rapid implementation of a national laboratory based surveillance system and changes in hospitals' hygienic guidelines. Br J Soc Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2011.142976c.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Harder KM, Andersen PH, Bæhr I, Nielsen LP, Ethelberg S, Glismann S, Molbak K. Electronic real-time surveillance for influenza-like illness: experience from the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic in Denmark. Euro Surveill 2011; 16:19767. [PMID: 21262186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance surveillance for influenza-like illness (ILI)in Denmark, a year-round electronic reporting system was established in collaboration with the Danish medical on-call service (DMOS). In order to achieve real-time surveillance of ILI, a checkbox for ILI was inserted in the electronic health record and a system for daily transfer of data to the national surveillance centre was implemented. The weekly number of all consultations in DMOS was around 60,000, and activity of ILI peaked in week 46 of 2009 when 9.5% of 73,723 consultations were classified as ILI. The incidence of ILI reached a maximum on 16 November 2009 for individuals between five and 24 years of age, followed by peaks in children under five years, adults aged between 25 and 64 years and on 27 November in senior citizens(65 years old or older). In addition to the established influenza surveillance system, this novel system was useful because it was timelier than the sentinel surveillance system and allowed for a detailed situational analysis including subgroup analysis on a daily basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Harder
- Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Gubbels S, Perner A, Valentiner-Branth P, Molbak K. National surveillance of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) infection-related admissions to intensive care units during the 2009-10 winter peak in Denmark: two complementary approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15. [PMID: 21163180 DOI: 10.2807/ese.15.49.19743-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in Denmark was enhanced during the 2009–10 winter season with a system monitoring the burden of the pandemic on intensive care units (ICUs), in order to inform policymakers and detect shortages in ICUs in a timely manner. Between week 46 of 2009 and week 11 of 2010, all 36 relevant Danish ICUs reported in two ways: aggregate data were reported online and case-based data on paper. Cases to be reported were defined as patients admitted to an ICU with laboratory-confirmed 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) infection or clinically suspected illness after close contact with a laboratory-confirmed case. Aggregate numbers of cases were reported weekly: during weeks 48-51 (the peak), reporting was daily. The case-based reports contained demographic and clinical information. The aggregate surveillance registered 93 new cases, the case-based surveillance 61, of whom 53 were laboratory confirmed. The proportion of beds used for influenza patients did not exceed 4.5% of the national capacity. Hospitals with cases used a median of 11% of bed capacity (range: 3–40%). Of the patients for whom information was available, 15 of 48 patients developed renal insufficiency, 19 of 50 developed septic shock and 17 of 53 died. The number of patients with pandemic influenza could be managed within the national bed capacity, although the impact on some ICUs was substantial. The combination of both reporting methods (collecting aggregate and case-based data) proved to be useful for monitoring the burden of the pandemic on ICUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gubbels
- Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kvistholm Jensen A, Ethelberg S, Smith B, Moller Nielsen E, Larsson J, Molbak K, Christensen JJ, Kemp M. Substantial increase in listeriosis, Denmark 2009. Euro Surveill 2010; 15:19522. [PMID: 20350498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2009, 97 cases of listeriosis were reported in Denmark (1.8 per 100,000), a significant rise over the previous year. The increase was seen both in cases of bacteraemia and meningitis and affected mainly people aged 70 years and older. A foodborne outbreak of eight cases was identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing. No explanation has so far been found for the marked increase in incidence. An increasing trend has been observed since 2003 and possible explanations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kvistholm Jensen
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Mazick A, Gergonne B, Wuillaume F, Danis K, Vantarakis A, Uphoff H, Spiteri G, van 't Klooster T, Junker C, Holmberg M, Molbak K. Higher all-cause mortality in children during autumn 2009 compared with the three previous years: pooled results from eight European countries. Euro Surveill 2010; 15:19480. [PMID: 20144446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper describes weekly fluctuations of all-cause mortality observed in eight European countries during the period between week 27 and 51, 2009, in comparison with three previous years. Our preliminary data show that the mortality reported during the 2009 influenza pandemic did not reach levels normally seen during seasonal influenza epidemics. However, there was a cumulative excess mortality of 77 cases (1 per 100,000 population) in 5-14-year-olds, and possibly also among 0-4-year-olds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mazick
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Ethelberg S, Wingstrand A, Jensen T, Sorensen G, Muller L, Lisby M, Nielsen E, Molbak K. Large outbreaks of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in Denmark in 2008. Euro Surveill 2008; 13:pii: 19023. [PMID: 19000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium phage type U292 has been ongoing in Denmark since 1 April, with 1,054 cases registered until 23 October 2008. Extensive investigations including hypothesis-generating interviews, matched case-control studies, cohort studies in embedded outbreaks, shopping list analyses, analyses of food samples from patient's homes, trace-back analyses and extensive microbiological analysis of products have not provided clear indications of a specific source of infection but the main hypothesis is that the vehicle of the outbreak are different pork products. In addition to the large U292 outbreak, at least four other S. Typhimurium outbreaks (caused by phage types U288, DT120, DT3 and DT135) have been investigated in Denmark in 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ethelberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Howitz M, Krause TG, Simonsen JB, Hoffmann S, Frisch M, Nielsen NM, Robbins J, Schneerson R, Molbak K, Miller MA. Lack of Association between Group B Meningococcal Disease and Autoimmune Disease. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:1327-34. [DOI: 10.1086/522190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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12
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Helms M, Simonsen J, Molbak K. Foodborne bacterial infection and hospitalization: A registry-based study. J Infect 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wormser GP, Molbak K. Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Edited by Pina M. Fratamico, Arun K. Bhunia, and James L. Smith Norfolk, United Kingdom: Caister Academic Press, 2005. 454 pp. $299.00 (hardcover). Clin Infect Dis 2006. [DOI: 10.1086/501461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Mazick A, Howitz M, Rex S, Jensen IP, Weis N, Katzenstein TL, Haff J, Molbak K. Hepatitis A outbreak among MSM linked to casual sex and gay saunas in Copenhagen, Denmark. Euro Surveill 2005; 10:111-4. [PMID: 16077208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During an outbreak of hepatitis A predominantly among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 2004, we did a case-control study to determine risk factors for infection. A case was an MSM >17 years, living in Copenhagen, with IgM positive hepatitis A infection diagnosed between June and August 2004, and without a household contact with a hepatitis A case before onset of illness. Controls were selected at the Copenhagen Pride Festival. The study included 18 cases and 64 controls. Sixteen of 18 cases and 36/63 controls had sex with casual partners (ORMH 5.6, 95% CI 1.2-26.9). Eleven of 18 cases and 14/62 controls had sex in gay saunas (ORMH 4.2, 95% CI 1.5-11.5). Sex at private homes appeared to be protective (ORMH 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.7). Casual sex including sex in gay saunas was an important risk factor for the spread of HAV among MSM in Copenhagen. The results are in accordance with findings in other European outbreaks. As the general immunity to hepatitis A decreases and the outbreak potential increases, we recommend health education and hepatitis A vaccination to all MSM not living in monogamous relationships, especially if they visit gay saunas or other places with frequent partner change. To stop spread of hepatitis A among MSM in Europe, a European consensus on prevention and control measures may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mazick
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
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Nylen G, Dunstan F, Palmer SR, Andersson Y, Bager F, Cowden J, Feierl G, Galloway Y, Kapperud G, Megraud F, Molbak K, Petersen LR, Ruutu P. The seasonal distribution of campylobacter infection in nine European countries and New Zealand. Epidemiol Infect 2002; 128:383-90. [PMID: 12113481 PMCID: PMC2869833 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268802006830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In all temperate countries campylobacter infection in humans follows a striking seasonal pattern, but little attention has been given to exploring the epidemiological explanations. In order to better characterize the seasonal patterns, data from nine European countries and New Zealand have been examined. Several European countries with weekly data available showed remarkably consistent seasonal patterns from year to year, with peaks in week 22 in Wales, week 26 in Scotland, week 32 in Denmark, week 30 in Finland and week 33 in Sweden. In Europe, the seasonal peak was most prominent in Finland and least prominent in Scotland and Austria. In New Zealand the seasonality was less consistent since the peak was more prolonged. Possible explanations for the seasonal peaks are discussed. Research into the causes of campylobacter seasonality should help considerably in elucidating the sources of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nylen
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training, France
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Dalsgaard A, Forslund A, Petersen A, Brown DJ, Dias F, Monteiro S, Molbak K, Aaby P, Rodrigues A, Sandström A. Class 1 integron-borne, multiple-antibiotic resistance encoded by a 150-kilobase conjugative plasmid in epidemic vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated in Guinea-Bissau. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3774-9. [PMID: 11015401 PMCID: PMC87474 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.10.3774-3779.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1996-1997 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau, surveillance for antimicrobial resistance showed the emergence of a multidrug-resistant strain of Vibrio cholerae O1 during the course of the epidemic. The strain was resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, furazolidone, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole. Concomitant with the emergence of this strain, we observed a resurgence in the number of registered cholera cases as well as an increase in the case fatality rate from 1.0% before the emergence of the multiple-drug-resistant strain to 5.3% after the emergence of the strain. Our study shows that the strain contained a 150-kb conjugative multiple-antibiotic resistance plasmid with class 1 integron-borne gene cassettes encoding resistance to trimethoprim (dhfrXII) and aminoglycosides [ant(3")-1a]). The finding of transferable resistance to almost all of the antibiotics commonly used to treat cholera is of great public health concern. Studies should be carried out to determine to what extent the strain or its resistance genes have been spread to other areas where cholera is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Carnevale R, Molbak K, Bager F, Aarestrup FM. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella: a web discussion. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:128-30. [PMID: 10913409 DOI: 10.1086/313935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1999] [Revised: 03/27/2000] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Carnevale
- Animal Health Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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Fischer TK, Steinsland H, Molbak K, Ca R, Gentsch JR, Valentiner-Branth P, Aaby P, Sommerfelt H. Genotype profiles of rotavirus strains from children in a suburban community in Guinea-Bissau, Western Africa. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:264-7. [PMID: 10618098 PMCID: PMC88706 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.1.264-267.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The P (VP4) and G (VP7) genotypes of 167 group A rotavirus strains obtained during the period 1996 to 1998 from 149 children living in a suburban community in Guinea-Bissau, western Africa, were determined by the reverse transcription-PCR technique. A total of nine combinations including five different P types and five different G types were identified. The globally common genotype pairs P[8], G1; P[4], G2; P[8], G3 and P[8], G4 were underrepresented in this study area. We found a substantial year-to-year variation in the occurrence of the genotype combinations. In 1996 and 1997, P[6], G2 was the most frequent, whereas P[8], G1 was more common in 1998. The unusual type P[9], G3 and a few mixed infections were detected. Sixteen percent of the rotavirus-positive samples were nontypeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Fischer
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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