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The need for European harmonization of Nutrivigilance in a public health perspective: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8230-8246. [PMID: 34036844 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1926904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the European Union regulation, some countries have established a pre-market notification system for food supplements while others have not. As this regulation is unfulfilled, a notified and marketed food supplement ingredient in one country may be forbidden in another. Even though food supplements shall not be placed on the market if unsafe, some products may still expose the consumers to risks. The risk is increased by easier access due to worldwide dissemination fostered by the internet and free movement of goods in the European Union. The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed and the Emerging Risks Exchange Network are described. To date, the European Union legislation does not include a provision to establish a dedicated vigilance system for food supplements (Nutrivigilance). Six European Union countries have nevertheless set up national systems, which are presented. The present lack of European Union data collection harmonization, does not allow easy cooperation between countries. This article advocates for creating a coordinated European Nutrivigilance System to detect and scrutinize adverse effects of food supplements. This, to help in directing science-based risk assessments and reinforce the science-based decision of policy makers to improve public health safety.
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Safety evaluation of plants collected from the wild served as food in Danish restaurants. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Environmental controls on ozone fluxes in a poplar plantation in Western Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 184:201-210. [PMID: 24060739 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric O3 is a strong oxidant that may affect vegetation and human health. Here we report on the O3 fluxes from a poplar plantation in Belgium during one year. Surprisingly, the winter and autumn O3 fluxes were of similar magnitude to ones observed during most of the peak vegetation development. Largest O3 uptakes were recorded at the beginning of the growing season in correspondence to a minimum stomatal uptake. Wind speed was the most important control and explained 44% of the variability in the nighttime O3 fluxes, suggesting that turbulent mixing and the mechanical destruction of O3 played a substantial role in the O3 fluxes. The stomatal O3 uptake accounted for a seasonal average of 59% of the total O3 uptake. Multiple regression and partial correlation analyses showed that net ecosystem exchange was not affected by the stomatal O3 uptake.
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Modelling the decadal trend of ecosystem carbon fluxes demonstrates the important role of functional changes in a temperate deciduous forest. Ecol Modell 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Soil carbon model alternatives for ECHAM5/JSBACH climate model: Evaluation and impacts on global carbon cycle estimates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Information on plant foods in eBASIS: what is in a correct botanical scientific name? Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64 Suppl 3:S108-11. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Effects of fecal collection and storage factors on strongylid egg counts in horses. Vet Parasitol 2010; 167:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Providing an accurate faecal egg count in horses: analysis of faecal sample storage. Vet Rec 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Experimental design of multifactor climate change experiments with elevated CO2, warming and drought: the CLIMAITE project. Funct Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere exchange of nitrogen species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 150:125-39. [PMID: 17604887 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent research in nitrogen exchange with the atmosphere has separated research communities according to N form. The integrated perspective needed to quantify the net effect of N on greenhouse-gas balance is being addressed by the NitroEurope Integrated Project (NEU). Recent advances have depended on improved methodologies, while ongoing challenges include gas-aerosol interactions, organic nitrogen and N(2) fluxes. The NEU strategy applies a 3-tier Flux Network together with a Manipulation Network of global-change experiments, linked by common protocols to facilitate model application. Substantial progress has been made in modelling N fluxes, especially for N(2)O, NO and bi-directional NH(3) exchange. Landscape analysis represents an emerging challenge to address the spatial interactions between farms, fields, ecosystems, catchments and air dispersion/deposition. European up-scaling of N fluxes is highly uncertain and a key priority is for better data on agricultural practices. Finally, attention is needed to develop N flux verification procedures to assess compliance with international protocols.
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We-P14:470 Effect of short-term exposure to phytostanol - and sterol esters on blood lipids in cholesterol challenged WHHL rabbits. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(06)81822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 2005; 437:529-33. [PMID: 16177786 DOI: 10.1038/nature03972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1045] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Future climate warming is expected to enhance plant growth in temperate ecosystems and to increase carbon sequestration. But although severe regional heatwaves may become more frequent in a changing climate, their impact on terrestrial carbon cycling is unclear. Here we report measurements of ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes, remotely sensed radiation absorbed by plants, and country-level crop yields taken during the European heatwave in 2003. We use a terrestrial biosphere simulation model to assess continental-scale changes in primary productivity during 2003, and their consequences for the net carbon balance. We estimate a 30 per cent reduction in gross primary productivity over Europe, which resulted in a strong anomalous net source of carbon dioxide (0.5 Pg C yr(-1)) to the atmosphere and reversed the effect of four years of net ecosystem carbon sequestration. Our results suggest that productivity reduction in eastern and western Europe can be explained by rainfall deficit and extreme summer heat, respectively. We also find that ecosystem respiration decreased together with gross primary productivity, rather than accelerating with the temperature rise. Model results, corroborated by historical records of crop yields, suggest that such a reduction in Europe's primary productivity is unprecedented during the last century. An increase in future drought events could turn temperate ecosystems into carbon sources, contributing to positive carbon-climate feedbacks already anticipated in the tropics and at high latitudes.
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Predicting the onset of net carbon uptake by deciduous forests with soil temperature and climate data: a synthesis of FLUXNET data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2005; 49:377-387. [PMID: 15688192 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-005-0256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the date of the onset of net carbon uptake by temperate deciduous forest canopies corresponds with the time when the mean daily soil temperature equals the mean annual air temperature. The hypothesis was tested using over 30 site-years of data from 12 field sites where CO(2) exchange is being measured continuously with the eddy covariance method. The sites spanned the geographic range of Europe, North America and Asia and spanned a climate space of 16 degrees C in mean annual temperature. The tested phenology rule was robust and worked well over a 75 day range of the initiation of carbon uptake, starting as early as day 88 near Ione, California to as late as day 147 near Takayama, Japan. Overall, we observed that 64% of variance in the timing when net carbon uptake started was explained by the date when soil temperature matched the mean annual air temperature. We also observed a strong correlation between mean annual air temperature and the day that a deciduous forest starts to be a carbon sink. Consequently we are able to provide a simple phenological rule that can be implemented in regional carbon balance models and be assessed with soil and temperature outputs produced by climate and weather models.
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No priming of the immune response in newborn brown norway rats dosed with ovalbumin in the mouth. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2003; 130:66-72. [PMID: 12576737 DOI: 10.1159/000068368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2002] [Accepted: 07/16/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Other researchers have reported that the specific immune response to subsequent antigen challenge is primed in newborn mice or rats dosed orally by gavage. We wanted to investigate if priming of a subsequent specific IgE response could be achieved by dosing newborn rats orally with ovalbumin and if this method could be used in an animal model for food allergy. METHODS Newborn Brown Norway rats were dosed with ovalbumin in the mouth (100 microg or 6 mg). As young adults, the animals were dosed by gavage for 35 days with 1 mg ovalbumin/day or once intraperitoneally with 100 microg. Control groups were dosed by gavage or intraperitoneally but not as neonates. Additionally, young adult rats were dosed with 1 mg ovalbumin/day in the mouth for 35 days. Sera from individual animals were analysed for specific IgE and specific IgG. RESULTS In all experiments with neonatal rats the specific IgE and IgG responses were decreased compared to the control groups, however, not always reaching statistical significance. A statistical significant decrease in the specific immune response was found in young adult rats dosed in the mouth as compared to by gavage. CONCLUSIONS Dosing Brown Norway rats with ovalbumin in the mouth as neonates do not prime the specific immune response. The decrease in immune response found in our experiments when dosing newborn animals in the mouth in opposition to the priming seen by others when dosing by intragastric intubation may be explained by a dissimilar antigen presentation when dosing includes both oral mucosa and gut.
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Ozone uptake by an evergreen forest canopy: temporal variation and possible mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2000; 109:423-429. [PMID: 15092875 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(00)00045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/1999] [Accepted: 01/05/2000] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of ozone concentration ([O(3)]), O(3) deposition velocity (v(d)) and O(3) flux (F(c)) over an evergreen forest canopy are shown in relation to measuring method, physiological activity of the trees, and time of year. The gradient and eddy correlation methods were compared and showed similar diel v(d) patterns. Daytime F(c) was correlated with CO(2) and water vapour fluxes, while no correlation between [O(3)] in the range 10-70 ppb (nl l(-1)) and F(c) was seen in this study. F(c) was primarily driven by stomatal conductance, reactions with surfaces, particles and gases, and not by [O(3)]. On a monthly basis, [O(3)] was always highest in the afternoon while v(d) was typically higher in the morning, resulting in an equal F(c) over the day. Night-time F(c) was more than half of the daytime O(3) flux. The data reveal the importance of emissions of nitric oxide and terpenes as O(3) removal factors in evergreen forest dominated by Norway spruce.
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Abstract
Carbon exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is one of the key processes that need to be assessed in the context of the Kyoto Protocol. Several studies suggest that the terrestrial biosphere is gaining carbon, but these estimates are obtained primarily by indirect methods, and the factors that control terrestrial carbon exchange, its magnitude and primary locations, are under debate. Here we present data of net ecosystem carbon exchange, collected between 1996 and 1998 from 15 European forests, which confirm that many European forest ecosystems act as carbon sinks. The annual carbon balances range from an uptake of 6.6 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year to a release of nearly 1 t C ha(-1) yr(-1), with a large variability between forests. The data show a significant increase of carbon uptake with decreasing latitude, whereas the gross primary production seems to be largely independent of latitude. Our observations indicate that, in general, ecosystem respiration determines net ecosystem carbon exchange. Also, for an accurate assessment of the carbon balance in a particular forest ecosystem, remote sensing of the normalized difference vegetation index or estimates based on forest inventories may not be sufficient.
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Failure of the cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) to induce tumors in the A/J mouse lung tumor model. Cancer Lett 1997; 120:79-85. [PMID: 9570389 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(97)00292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied whether the cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) or 4-(carboxy)phenylhydrazine (CP) induce lung adenomas in the A/J mouse lung tumor model. For 26 weeks female mice were fed a semisynthetic diet where 11 or 22% of the diet was replaced by freeze-dried mushrooms. The intake of the mushroom diets was equivalent to an intake of agaritine, the major phenylhydrazine derivative occurring in the mushroom, of 92 or 166 mg/kg body weight per day. The intake of CP was 106 mg/kg body weight per day. Neither the freeze-dried mushroom nor CP induced statistically significant increased numbers of lung adenomas in female A/J mice in the administered dosages.
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Total number of astrocytes in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of rats at different ages. ANALYTICAL AND QUANTITATIVE CYTOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY 1996; 18:279-85. [PMID: 8862669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the total number of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes and the volume of GFAP-positive structures in the left molecular layer of the dentate gyrus by unbiased methods to provide reference values for neurotoxicologic model studies. STUDY DESIGN The number of astrocytes was estimated by the optical fractionator, and the volume of GFAP-positive structures was estimated by the Cavalieri principle in male Wistar rats at 3, 13 and 25 months of age. RESULTS The number of astrocytes was statistically significantly increased in the oldest age group (111.000 +/- 11.000 [mean +/- SD]) as compared to the youngest group (88.000 +/- 15.000). The value for 13-month-old rats was intermediate (103.000 +/- 14.000). The GFAP volume per astrocyte was statistically significantly reduced in the oldest age group (441 +/- 103 microns 3) as compared to the youngest one (673 +/- 146). The GFAP volume per astrocyte of 13-month-old rats was intermediate (629 +/- 245). CONCLUSION There is a slight increase in the number of astrocytes with age and a slight decrease in GFAP volume per astrocyte with age. Stereology combined with immunohistochemistry is a strong tool for estimation of the total number of accurately identified cells in different brain regions.
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Biological monitoring of particulate pollutants during exploration work at a niobium mineralization in Greenland. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1993; 27:221-232. [PMID: 24221026 DOI: 10.1007/bf00548367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/1992] [Revised: 08/15/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to monitor airborne dipersion of particulates in connection with exploration activities at a niobium-mineralization in the Sarfartoq area, SW Greenland, during the summer of 1989, and to provide a basis for monitoring strategies in later phases of the development of the mining site. During three periods moss bags were exposed at 9 stations close to the outcrop and at 3 background stations, and indigenous lichens and mosses were sampled before and after the exploration work.Analyses of element concentrations showed that the natural enrichment of elements in the indigenous vegetation is restricted to areas immediately at or on the outcrop. The elements found in elevated concentrations were Nb, La, Ce, Th and U.The moss bags and the indigenous monitor organisms showed rises in concentrations of the elements Nb, Ce, Cd, Pb and Zn after the exploration activities during the summer. This shows that some dispersion of dust has occurred in the area.
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Toxic effects in rats of twelve weeks' dosing of 2-propanol, and neurotoxicity measured by densitometric measurements of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the dorsal hippocampus. In Vivo 1993; 7:325-30. [PMID: 8218974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The toxicological and neurotoxicological effects of 2-propanol were investigated in a 12-week study in male rats. 2-propanol was administered in drinking water in concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 5% (w/v). Autopsy and histopathological examinations of liver, heart, spleen, testes, kidneys and adrenals were performed. The content of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was measured semiquantitatively by a densitometric method applied to immunohistochemically stained sections from the dorsal hippocampus. The relative organ weights of liver, kidneys and adrenals were statistically significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. No histopathological alterations could be attributed to the dosing, apart from a dose-dependent increase in formation of hyaline casts and droplets in the proximal tubules of the kidneys. 2-propanol does not seem to cause astrogliosis after 12 weeks of dosing.
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Heavy metal uptake in transplanted and in situ yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and epiphytic cryptogams at rural, urban and industrial localities in Denmark. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1983; 3:13-22. [PMID: 24258823 DOI: 10.1007/bf00394028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/1982] [Revised: 12/08/1982] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) and 3 cryptogamic epiphytes were collected from and transplanted to 10 various locations in Denmark. The spatial and temporal variation in Pb and Cd concentrations of yarrow leaves and the cryptogams were determined. The physical structure of the plant parts, the mobility differences between the metals and the atmospheric fallout of metals at the growing site were believed to be important for the metal uptake. It was concluded, that yarrow leaves give a measure of the relative variation in deposition rates to surface of higher plants when collected at the end of a growth season, and that the geographic variation was revealed with similar accuracy by yarrow and the cryptogams.
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Atmospheric Background Deposition of Heavy Metals in Denmark Monitored by Epiphytic Cryptogams. J Appl Ecol 1979. [DOI: 10.2307/2402858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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