Cartilage wear patterns in severe osteoarthritis of the trapeziometacarpal joint: a quantitative analysis

OBJECTIVE

The present quantitative study aimed to assess the three-dimensional (3-D) cartilage wear patterns of the first metacarpal and trapezium in the advanced stage of osteoarthritis (OA) and compare cartilage measurements with radiographic severity.

DESIGN

Using 19 cadaveric trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joints, 3-D cartilage surface models of the first metacarpal and trapezium were created with a laser scanner, and 3-D bone surface model counterparts were similarly created after dissolving the cartilage. These two models were superimposed, and the interval distance on the articular surface as the cartilage thickness was measured. All measurements were obtained in categorized anatomic regions on the articular surface of the respective bone, and we analyzed the 3-D wear patterns on the entire cartilage surface. Furthermore, we compared measurements of cartilage thickness with radiographic OA severity according to the Eaton grading system using Pearson correlation coefficients (r).

RESULTS

In the first metacarpal, the cartilage thickness declined volarly (the mean cartilage thickness of the volar region was 0.32 ± 0.16 mm, whereas that of the dorsal region was 0.53 ± 0.18 mm). Conversely, the cartilage evenly degenerated throughout the articular surface of the trapezium. Measurements of the categorized regions where cartilage thinning was remarkable exhibited statistical correlations with radiographic staging (r = -0.48 to -0.72).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that cartilage wear patterns differ between the first metacarpal and trapezium in the late stage of OA. There is a need for further studies on cartilage degeneration leading to symptomatic OA in the TMC joint.

In vivo three-dimensional kinematics of normal knees during different high-flexion activities

Aims

In Asia and the Middle-East, people often flex their knees deeply in order to perform activities of daily living. The purpose of this study was to investigate the 3D kinematics of normal knees during high-flexion activities. Our hypothesis was that the femorotibial rotation, varus-valgus angle, translations, and kinematic pathway of normal knees during high-flexion activities, varied according to activity.

Materials and Methods

We investigated the in vivo kinematics of eight normal knees in four male volunteers (mean age 41.8 years; 37 to 53) using 2D and 3D registration technique, and modelled the knees with a computer aided design program. Each subject squatted, kneeled, and sat cross-legged. We evaluated the femoral rotation and varus-valgus angle relative to the tibia and anteroposterior translation of the medial and lateral side, using the transepicodylar axis as our femoral reference relative to the perpendicular projection on to the tibial plateau. This method evaluates the femur medially from what has elsewhere been described as the extension facet centre, and differs from the method classically applied.

Results

During squatting and kneeling, the knees displayed femoral external rotation. When sitting cross-legged, femurs displayed internal rotation from 10° to 100°. From 100°, femoral external rotation was observed. No significant difference in varus-valgus angle was seen between squatting and kneeling, whereas a varus position was observed from 140° when sitting cross-legged. The measure kinematic pathway using our methodology found during squatting a medial pivoting pattern from 0° to 40° and bicondylar rollback from 40° to 150°. During kneeling, a medial pivot pattern was evident. When sitting cross-legged, a lateral pivot pattern was seen from 0° to 100°, and a medial pivot pattern beyond 100°.

Conclusion

The kinematics of normal knees during high flexion are variable according to activity. Nevertheless, our study was limited to a small number of male patients using a different technique to report the kinematics than previous publications. Accordingly, caution should be observed in generalizing our findings.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:50–5.

Altered bone density and stress distribution patterns in long-standing cubitus varus deformity and their effect during early osteoarthritis of the elbow

OBJECTIVE

To quantify the bone density and stress distribution patterns in long-standing cubitus varus and clarify the effects of the deformity on bone density.

DESIGN

We created three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) elbow models from 21 patients with long-standing cubitus varus deformities without advanced osteoarthritis (OA) and assessed the deformity by superimposing the affected humerus onto a mirror-image of the contralateral normal. Elbows were divided into 13 regions before measuring the bone density of each region and comparing the percentage of high-density volume (%HDV) between affected and normal sides. We constructed finite element models and quantitatively analyzed stress distribution.

RESULTS

Average degrees of deformities were 20.1° of varus, 6.4° of extension, and 12.7° of internal rotation. The medial side of the affected humerus and ulna, Anteromedial trochlea (P < 0.001), Medial coronoid (P = 0.004), and Medial olecranon (P = 0.049) had significantly higher %HDVs than their normal counterparts. Conversely, %HDVs on the affected lateral side, Capitellum (P < 0.001), Anterolateral trochlea (P = 0.010), Posterolateral trochlea (P < 0.001), Lateral coronoid (P = 0.007), and Lateral olecranon (P < 0.001) were significantly lower than the normal side. The affected radial head %HDVs at Anterolateral and Posteromedial quadrants were high (P = 0.007) and low (P = 0.007), respectively. The bone density distribution coincided with stress distribution patterns revealed by finite element analysis (FEA), except in the lateral region influenced by forearm rotation.

CONCLUSIONS

Repetitive stress on the medial elbow may alter bone density distribution patterns, probably presenting from early stage of OA.

A comparison of 3-D computed tomography versus 2-D radiography measurements of ulnar variance and ulnolunate distance during forearm rotation

Positive ulnar variance is associated with ulnar impaction syndrome and ulnar variance is reported to increase with pronation. However, radiographic measurement can be affected markedly by the incident angle of the X-ray beam. We performed three-dimensional (3-D) computed tomography measurements of ulnar variance and ulnolunate distance during forearm rotation and compared these with plain radiographic measurements in 15 healthy wrists. From supination to pronation, ulnar variance increased in all cases on the radiographs; mean ulnar variance increased significantly and mean ulnolunate distance decreased significantly. However on 3-D imaging, ulna variance decreased in 12 cases on moving into pronation and increased in three cases; neither the mean ulnar variance nor mean ulnolunate distance changed significantly. Our results suggest that the forearm position in which ulnar variance increased varies among individuals. This may explain why some patients with ulnar impaction syndrome complain of wrist pain exacerbated by forearm supination. It also suggests that standard radiographic assessments of ulnar variance are unreliable.

Arthroscopic debridement in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the elbow, based on computer simulation

We retrospectively assessed the value of identifying impinging osteophytes using dynamic computer simulation of CT scans of the elbow in assisting their arthroscopic removal in patients with osteoarthritis of the elbow. A total of 20 patients were treated (19 men and one woman, mean age 38 years (19 to 55)) and followed for a mean of 25 months (24 to 29). We located the impinging osteophytes dynamically using computerised three-dimensional models of the elbow based on CT data in three positions of flexion of the elbow. These were then removed arthroscopically and a capsular release was performed.

The mean loss of extension improved from 23° (10° to 45°) pre-operatively to 9° (0° to 25°) post-operatively, and the mean flexion improved from 121° (80° to 140°) pre-operatively to 130° (110° to 145°) post-operatively. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score improved from 62 (30 to 85) to 95 (70 to 100) post-operatively. All patients had pain in the elbow pre-operatively which disappeared or decreased post-operatively. According to their Mayo scores, 14 patients had an excellent clinical outcome and six a good outcome; 15 were very satisfied and five were satisfied with their post-operative outcome.

We recommend this technique in the surgical management of patients with osteoarthritis of the elbow.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:237–41.

Comparison of three dimensional and radiographic measurements in the analysis of distal radius malunion

To estimate the accuracy of radiographic deformity evaluation for distal radius malunion, we compared the results obtained from radiographic measurements (palmar tilt, radial angle, and ulnar variance) with those from the three-dimensional (3D) method using computer bone models in 20 dorsally tilted malunions. Dorsal tilt deformity, radial tilt deformity, and shortening deformity were calculated using the unaffected side as a reference. The 3D method showed a slightly lower value for dorsal tilt deformity than the radiographic evaluation, but the difference was < 10° in all cases. In patients with dorsal tilt ≥ 40°, notable differences in radial tilt evaluation were observed between the two methods compared with patients with less dorsal tilt. The 3D shortening showed positive correlations with radiographic evaluation, but a discrepancy of ≥ 2 mm was observed in eight cases. Palmar tilt is reliable for surgical planning, but radial angle and ulnar variance may be less accurate than previously thought.

Three-dimensional deformity analysis of malunited distal radius fractures and their influence on wrist and forearm motion

Little information exists about three-dimensional (3-D) deformity patterns of malunited distal radius fractures including axial deformity. The current study aimed to clarify the 3-D deformity pattern of malunited distal radius fractures and reveal the influence of osseous deformities, including axial rotation deformity, on wrist and forearm motion. The deformity of 20 dorsally tilted malunions were evaluated using 3-D computer models created from CT data, and correlations between deformity components and range of motion were assessed. The 3-D deformity analysis showed that axial malalignment in pronation, which showed a correlation with the degree of radial tilt deformity, was very common. A radial tilt deformity of > 5° was observed in only 45% of cases. Although the range of wrist flexion and extension showed a correlation with dorsal tilt deformity, the range of forearm pronation and supination did not correlate with distal radius deformities.

Three-dimensional distribution of articular cartilage thickness in the elderly talus and calcaneus analyzing the subchondral bone plate density

OBJECTIVE

To unveil the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of talocrural and posterior subtalar articular cartilage thickness in the elderly cadavers using 3D computed tomography (CT) and a 3D-digitizer and to evaluate the relationship between subchondral bone plate density and the overlying cartilage thickness.

DESIGN

Sixteen tali and 16 calcanei from eight cadavers were scanned with 3D-CT to create bone surface models, and with a 3D-digitizer to make cartilage surface models. These two surface models were merged using surface registration method. Articular cartilage thickness was evaluated as the distance between the two models, and the distribution was mapped. The anatomic cartilage thickness of five tali and five calcanei was compared with the distance between the cartilage and bone surface models to calculate optimum threshold for extracting the subchondral bone plate. Generalized estimating equations were used for comparison and measurement errors. Canonical correlation analysis was performed to determine the strength of association between subchondral bone plate threshold and cartilage thickness.

RESULTS

The talar-subtalar articular cartilage tended to be the thickest of the three joints. In the talocrural joint, the anterior region was the thinnest, and increasing cartilage thickness was seen toward the posterior. In the talar-subtalar joint, the central region was the thickest. Mean measurement errors were 0.059±0.066 mm, 0.038±0.040 mm, and 0.018±0.065 mm in the talocrural, talar-subtalar, and calcaneal-subtalar joints, respectively. The canonical correlation coefficient was 0.995 (P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The articular cartilage thickness was distributed in the elderly hindfoot. The subchondral bone plate density was significantly correlated with the anatomic cartilage thickness.

Evaluation of translation in the normal and dysplastic hip using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based registration

OBJECTIVE

To elucidate in vivo hip instability by comparing normal hips to hips with acetabular dysplasia by evaluating three-dimensional (3D) translations of the femoral head center (FHC) at different hip positions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

DESIGN

Forty normal hips and 22 dysplastic female hips were examined. MRI was performed at four different positions bilaterally: neutral, 45° of flexion, 15° of extension, and the Patrick position. Femoral and pelvic bones were separately extracted at the neutral position and superimposed over the images of each different position using voxel-based registration. The distance between the acetabular center and FHC at neutral position was defined as 3D-migration. The distance between FHC at neutral position and that at each different position was defined as 3D-translation. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to consider the dependency between right and left-side data, and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess independent relationships.

RESULTS

The center-edge (CE) angle was the determinant for 3D-migration (β=-0.415, P=0.001), and there was a statistical significant difference in 3D-migration between normal female hips and dysplastic hips (P=0.047). From neutral to the Patrick position, the FHC of normal and dysplastic hips translated postero-infero-medially by 1.12±0.39mm (0.45-1.85mm) and 1.97±0.84mm (0.95-4.34mm), respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P=0.005). CE angle was the determinant for 3D-translation from neutral to the Patrick position (β=-0.730, P<0.001). The average root mean square error in 3D-translation was 0.172mm and 0.193mm for intra- and interobserver reproducibility, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Hip instability was increased in proportion to the severity of acetabular dysplasia. A 3D MRI voxel-based registration technique can show in vivo morphology and kinematics of the native hip without exposure to radioactivity.

Three-dimensional distribution of articular cartilage thickness in the elderly cadaveric acetabulum: a new method using three-dimensional digitizer and CT

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of the acetabular articular cartilage thickness in cadaveric elderly individuals, measured using a new method with a 3D-digitizer and computed tomography (CT) and to validate this method using a thresholding technique.

DESIGN

Twenty cadaveric hemipelves without fracture, previous hip surgery, or macroscopic degenerative changes were digitized by a 3D-digitizer to make 3D cartilage surface models, and scanned by 3D-CT to create 3D bone surface models. These two surface models were then merged using a surface registration method. Acetabular articular cartilage thickness was evaluated as the distance between the two surface models, and the distribution was mapped. Tests for accuracy and reproducibility were performed by comparing the cartilage thickness of five human femoral heads measured by stereomicroscopy with the distance between the cartilage and bone surface models.

RESULTS

The superolateral cartilage tended to be the thickest in all acetabula. The smallest category (0-0.5 mm) of articular cartilage thickness existed at the posteroinferior lunate surface. In this new method, the mean measurement error was 0.018+/-0.044 mm for the average optimum threshold and the intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.99 in surface registration and 0.94 in data acquisition for reproducibility, indicating high accuracy and reproducibility.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed method for measuring articular cartilage using a 3D-digitizer and 3D-CT was accurate and reproducible. In the elderly individuals, acetabular articular cartilage tended to be thicker in the superolateral area and there was the thinnest category (0-0.5 mm) on the posteroinferior lunate surface of the acetabulum. The contour generated along 480 Hounsfield units (HU) was closest to the subchondral bone contour in the elderly hip.

Residual of 17beta-estradiol in digestion liquid generated from a biogas plant using livestock waste

A biogas plant using livestock waste in which a methane fermentation process is applied is a useful facility for generating energy. The digestion liquid generated from the biogas plant as a residue has high potential for use as a crop fertilizer. However, high-density estrogens such as 17beta-estradiol (E2) are included in livestock waste, and there is little information on the behavior of E2 in the digestion liquid. In this study, a survey of E2 concentration at each process in a biogas plant using livestock waste was carried out. In addition, the efficiencies of E2 removal from the digestion liquid by activated carbon adsorption and soil infiltration were examined. The total concentration of E2 in raw livestock waste was reduced to 2 microg/l after treatment, and the removal efficiency of E2 was about 80% for the plant. The methane fermentation process is important not only for the generation of methane but also for the removal of E2. The proportion of E2 conjugates comprising the total E2 concentration was 10% or less in all treated samples. In the plant, there is no likelihood of an increase in estrogen activity by the cleaving of E2 conjugates. By carrying out activated carbon adsorption to remove E2 from the digestion liquid, a large portion of E2 was removed from the digestion liquid, but an E2 concentration of 0.5 microg/l still remained in the treated digestion liquid. In contrast, it was possible to purify the digestion liquid to an E2 concentration of less than 0.002-0.011 microg/l by soil infiltration. It is thus possible to utilize the digestion liquid as a fertilizer without causing aquatic environmental pollution, but factors such as application rate, soil characteristics, and the E2 concentration of digestion liquid should be considered first.

[Short-term outcome of extracardiac lateral tunnel using the atrial free wall and autologous pericardium]

BACKGROUND

Several modifications to the original Fontan procedure have been proposed in order to decrease postoperative morbidity. Lateral tunnel and extracardiac total cavo-pulmonary connection are 2 such modifications.

PATIENTS

Between August 2005 and December 2005, the extracardiac lateral tunnel procedure was performed in 5 patients. The age at operation ranged from 19 to 59 months (median 24 months) and the weight ranged from 9.2 to 16.1 kg (median 11.4 kg).

RESULTS

There was no mortality. The mean operation time was 466 +/-118 minutes. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 198 +/- 61 minutes. The mean durations of intubation, intensive care unit stay, drainage tube use, and hospital stay were 1 +/- 1, 7 +/- 3, 12 +/- 5 and 30 +/- 2 days, respectively. Postoperative catheterization findings demonstrated that the mean superior venous caval pressure, inferior venous caval pressure, ventricular volume and ventricular ejection fraction were 10.0 +/- 1.4 mmHg, 11.0 +/- 2.4 mmHg, 140 +/- 47% of normal and 58.0 +/- 6.8% , respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The short-term results of the extracardiac lateral tunnel compared favorably with the results of different types of Fontan operation. In addition this procedure has the potential for growth and anticoagulation therapy is unnecessary.

A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of carpal deformity in rheumatoid wrists

We have measured the three-dimensional patterns of carpal deformity in 20 wrists in 20 rheumatoid patients in which the carpal bones were shifted ulnarwards on plain radiography. Three-dimensional bone models of the carpus and radius were created by computerised tomography with the wrist in the neutral position. The location of the centroids and rotational angle of each carpal bone relative to the radius were calculated and compared with those of ten normal wrists. In the radiocarpal joint, the proximal row was flexed and the centroids of all carpal bones translocated in an ulnar, proximal and volar direction with loss of congruity. In the midcarpal joint, the distal row was extended and congruity generally well preserved. These findings may facilitate more positive use of radiocarpal fusion alone for the deformed rheumatoid wrist.

In vivo movement analysis of the patella using a three-dimensional computer model

We used three-dimensional movement analysis by computer modelling of knee flexion from 0° to 50° in 14 knees in 12 patients with recurrent patellar dislocation and in 15 knees in ten normal control subjects to compare the in vivo three-dimensional movement of the patella. Flexion, tilt and spin of the patella were described in terms of rotation angles from 0°. The location of the patella and the tibial tubercle were evaluated using parameters expressed as percentage patellar shift and percentage tubercle shift. Patellar inclination to the femur was also measured and patellofemoral contact was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed.

The patients had greater values of spin from 20° to 50°, while there were no statistically significant differences in flexion and tilt. The patients also had greater percentage patellar shift from 0° to 50°, percentage tubercle shift at 0° and 10° and patellar inclination from 0° to 50° with a smaller oval-shaped contact area from 20° to 50° moving downwards on the lateral facet.

Patellar movement analysis using a three-dimensional computer model is useful to clearly demonstrate differences between patients with recurrent dislocation of the patella and normal control subjects.

Morphological analysis of the femoral trochlea in patients with recurrent dislocation of the patella using three-dimensional computer models

We investigated the three-dimensional morphological differences of the articular surface of the femoral trochlea in patients with recurrent dislocation of the patella and a normal control group using three-dimensional computer models.

There were 12 patients (12 knees) and ten control subjects (ten knees). Three-dimensional computer models of the femur, including the articular cartilage, were created. Evaluation was performed on the shape of the articular surface, focused on its convexity, and the proximal and mediolateral distribution of the articular cartilage of the femoral trochlea. The extent of any convexity, and the proximal distribution of the articular cartilage, expressed as the height, were shown by the angles about the transepicondylar axis. The mediolateral distribution of the articular cartilage was assessed by the location of the medial and lateral borders of the articular cartilage.

The mean extent of convexity was 24.9° sd 6.7° for patients and 11.9° sd 3.6° for the control group (p < 0.001). The mean height of the articular cartilage was 91.3° sd 8.3° for the patients and 83.3° sd 7.7° for the control group (p = 0.03), suggesting a wider convex trochlea in the patients with recurrent dislocation of the patella caused by the proximally-extended convex area. The lateral border of the articular cartilage of the trochlea in the patients was more laterally located than in the control group.

Our findings therefore quantitatively demonstrated differences in the shape and distribution of the articular cartilage on the femoral trochlea between patients with dislocation of the patella and normal subjects.

Comparison between mobile-bearing and fixed-bearing knees in bilateral total knee replacements

The purpose of this study was to compare mid-term results of mobile-bearing and fixed-bearing in bilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Twenty-two patients underwent bilateral TKA with a mobile-bearing prosthesis (Rotaglide, Corin, UK) on one side and a fixed-bearing prosthesis (NexGen-CR, Zimmer, USA) on the other. There were 21 female patients, and in 18 patients, the diagnosis was rheumatoid arthritis. The average age was 59.6 (35-78) years. In all procedures, the posterior cruciate ligament was retained and patella re-surfaced. The average follow-up in the mobile-bearing group was 98 (79-107) months and 96 (79-107) months in the fixed-bearing group. At the final follow-up, the knee score was 91.8 points and 91.1 points, respectively, and the function score 65.5 points. The range of motion was similar in the two groups (1.1-106.9 degrees; 0.4-106.9 degrees). Five patients favoured the fixed-bearing prosthesis, but 16 found no difference. In patients with bilateral TKA, there was no difference in the short-term result between mobile-bearing and fixed-bearing prostheses.

Assessment of talus deformity by three-dimensional MRI in congenital clubfoot

PURPOSE

To evaluate the morphological deformity of talus in congenital clubfoot by three-dimensional MRI.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Subjects were five patients (two male, three female, mean age 5 months) with unilateral congenital clubfoot. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed of both feet using 1.5 T magnet. Based on the resulting magnetic resonance imaging volume data, a three-dimensional surface bone model was reconstructed by the Marching Cubes method. The long axis of the reconstructed model was determined, and in relation to the standard planes including this axis, the degree of talar head and neck deviation, and the relative positioning of the talus and navicular in the talonavicular joint were compared between normal foot and clubfoot.

RESULT

The talar head and neck angle in relation to the talus exhibited significant medial deviation in the clubfoot, but the degree of plantar deviation of the talar head and neck did not show significance. The navicular was located more medially in clubfoot than in normal foot. The volume of the total talar and of the ossific nucleus for the clubfoot was smaller than that for the normal foot.

CONCLUSION

The assessment technique presented herein was shown to be useful in ascertaining the various pathological characteristics associated with clubfoot.

Localization of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in human osteoarthritic cartilage and osteophyte

OBJECTIVES

To examine the localization of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 mRNA and protein in human osteoarthritic (OA) articular cartilage and osteophyte.

DESIGN

Five normal, four growing and 14 OA human cartilage samples, graded histomorphologically by Mankin Score, were studied by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for the expression of BMP-2.

RESULTS

BMP-2 mRNA was present in chondrocytes in neonatal growing articular cartilage, but was scarcely present in normal adult articular cartilage. In OA articular cartilage, BMP-2 mRNA and protein were detected in both clustering and individual chondrocytes in moderately or severely damaged OA cartilage. In moderately damaged OA cartilage, BMP-2 mRNA was localized in both upper and middle zone chondrocytes, but was not detected in deep layer chondrocytes. In severely damaged OA cartilage, cellular localization of BMP-2 mRNA was extended to the deep zone. In the area of osteophyte formation, BMP-2 mRNA was intensely localized in fibroblastic mesenchymal cells, fibrochondrocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts in newly formed osteophytic tissue. The pattern of BMP-2/4 immunolocalization was associated with that of mRNA localization.

CONCLUSIONS

BMP-2 mRNA and BMP-2/4 were detected in cells appearing in OA tissues. BMP-2 was localized in cells of degenerating cartilage as well as osteophytic tissue. Given the negative localization of BMP-2 in normal adult articular cartilage, BMP-2 might be involved in the regenerating and anabolic activities of OA cells, which respond to cartilage damage occurring in osteoarthritis.

Evaluation of three-dimensional glenoid structure using MRI

The tilting angle and the shape of the glenoid cavity are considered to relate closely to shoulder stability. They are also important when planning arthroplasty and developing new designs. This study examines the glenoid cavity using 3-dimensional MRI. Forty volunteers (20 men, 20 women; average age 21.4; range 18-35 y) were enrolled in the study. The tilting angles of the glenoid bone were measured in 5 consecutive axial planes perpendicular to the glenoidal long axis. Cross sections were divided into 3 types (concave, flat, convex) according to the shape on each plane. The average tilting angles for the 5 planes from the bottom to the top were 3.3+/-4.1, 1.4+/-3.8. -0.6+/-1.9, -1.4+/-3.3, and -6.2+/-3.3 degrees anteriorly, indicating that the 3-dimensional bony structure of the glenoid was twisted anteriorly to posteriorly. Images on the bottom plane consisted of 82.5 % concave type, 15% flat type and 2.5% convex type, while only 3 cases (7.5%) showed concave at the top plane. The shape of the glenoid cavity is thought to be conducive to glenohumeral motion and stability.

Localization and expression of osteopontin in the rotator cuff tendons in patients with calcifying tendinitis

Calcifying tendinitis of rotator cuff tendons is a common and painful condition caused by ectopic calcification in humans. To examine the involvement of osteopontin (OPN), a potent regulator of calcium deposition on connective tissues, localization and expression of OPN protein and messenger (m)RNA were investigated in human tissue samples of calcified rotator cuff tendons. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that OPN was localized in cells surrounding the calcified area. OPN was localized in two distinct cell types, i.e., fibroblast-like cells negative for CD68 and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and multinucleated macrophages positive for CD68 and TRAP. In situ hybridization revealed that the mRNA expression of OPN in these cells coincided with the immunohistochemistry results, and these results were supported by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis using human OPN-specific oligonucleotides. Cells located away from the calcified area did not express OPN. The present findings indicate the involvement of OPN in the process of calcification of rotator cuff tendons and suggest that OPN plays a role in such painful disorders through the actions of at least two cell types.

Involvement of multinucleated giant cells synthesizing cathepsin K in calcified tendinitis of the rotator cuff tendons

OBJECTIVES

Calcified tendinitis of the shoulder joint is a common painful condition. Resorption of the calcium deposits is one of the key events in the pathogenesis of this disease. The aim of this study was to examine whether the multinucleated giant cells that appear in this condition have osteoclast phenotypes.

METHODS

Immunohistochemical and RNA in situ hybridization analysis of cathepsin K, a marker for osteoclasts, was performed in human surgical samples.

RESULTS

The multinucleated cells located near the calcium deposits were positive for cathepsin K protein and mRNA. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using human cathepsin K-specific oligonucleotide primers confirmed that synthesis of cathepsin K mRNA occurs in the tissues of calcified rotator cuffs.

CONCLUSION

The multinucleated giant cells which appear in the resorption area of calcium deposits in calcified tendinitis have the osteoclast phenotype.

Immunohistochemical detection of cathepsin D, K, and L in the process of endochondral ossification in the human

Cathepsins D, K, and L were immunolocalized in tissue undergoing endochondral ossification in the human. Cathepsins D, K, and L were localized in osteoclasts and chondroclasts attached to bone matrix and cartilage matrix, respectively. Cathepsins D and L were immunostained in chondrocytes. Immunolocalization of cathepsin D was limited to hypertrophic chondrocytes adjacent to the osteochondral junction. In contrast, cathepsin L was immunolocalized in both proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes. In the bone marrow space, cathepsins D, K, and L were localized in multinucleated cells. Cathepsin D was diffusely detected in mononuclear bone marrow cells which were negative for cathepsins K and L. The present findings indicated that cathepsins K, D, and L were associated with the process of endochondral ossification in the human, and suggested that these cathepsins share roles in bone and cartilage turnover in the human.

[A case of common variable immunodeficiency with intractable diarrhea and the functional disorder of renal tubules]

We report a case of a 31-year-old woman with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) complicated with intractable diarrhea and the functional disorder of renal tubules. The patient became hypogammaglobulinemic after she suffered from measles at 6 years of age. She also suffered from lupus-like syndrome at 7 years of age. The complete remission was obtained by glucocorticosteroid treatment. An intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy was introduced at 11 years of age, since then her general condition was stable for more than 20 years. When she was 29 years old, she suffered from generalized malaise, anorexia with body weight loss, and numbness of face. The intractable diarrhea as protein loosing syndrome, and the severe abnormality of electrolyte balance with metabolic acidosis as the functional disorder of renal tubules were found. Her condition was not improved by the electrolytes or alkali replacement therapy. She was admitted for further evaluation and treatment. The intractable diarrhea and the functional disorder of renal tubules were dramatically improved after absolute restriction of food intake under hyperalimentation. When she began to take food, the symptom and sign became worse again. The interstitial nephritis and nonspecific inflammation of intestine were found by the tissue biopsy. The most characteristic finding was the infiltration of lymphocytes (predominantly CD 8 + T lymphocytes) in both intestinal mucosa and renal interstitium. The introduction of glucocorticosteroids improved her general condition and biochemical findings. This CVID case is complicated with intractable diarrhea and the functional disorder of renal tubules which is associated with the infiltration of CD 8 + lymphocytes in intestine and kidney. We consider that such case is very rare and valuable to report.

Establishment of nurse-like stromal cells from bone marrow of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: indication of characteristic bone marrow microenvironment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the microenvironment of bone marrow (BM) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS

Nurse cell-like BM stromal cell lines were established from BM mononuclear cells of patients with RA. We examined the various characteristics of these cell lines, including morphology, pseudoemperipolesis activity, cell surface markers, cytokine production and hyaluronan (HA) production.

RESULTS

These RA BM nurse cell-like lines (RA-BMNC) were of mesenchymal origin and positive for CD44, CD54 and HLA-DR. They were defined as nurse cells because of pseudoemperipolesis activity that allowed lymphocytes to migrate underneath. RA-BMNC lines produced HA and multiple cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-7, IL-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). HA production by BM stromal cells was correlated with pseudoemperipolesis activity. RA-BMNC produced significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF by co-culture with lymphocytes. The cells also produced IL-1beta, G-CSF and tumour necrosis factor only when co-cultured with lymphocytes. The RA-BMNC maintained the growth of CD14+ myeloid cells unique to severe RA.

CONCLUSION

The present results both indicate that RA-BMNC are nurse cells and suggest that they may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA.

Establishment and characterization of nurse cell-like stromal cell lines from synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the features of synovial stromal cells established from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to define these cells as nurse cells.

METHODS

Synovial nurse-like stromal cell lines (RA-SNCs) were established from patients with RA. These cell lines were examined for morphology, pseudoemperipolesis activity, cell surface markers, and cytokine production. The interaction between these RA-SNCs and a synovial tissue B cell clone was also examined.

RESULTS

RA-SNCs had nurse cell activity. They spontaneously produced interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Furthermore, they produced IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha and expressed higher levels of the other cytokines after coculture with the B cell clone. Proliferation and Ig production by the B cell clone were dependent on direct contact with RA-SNCs.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that the RA-SNCs were nurse cells. The findings suggest that RA-SNCs may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA by producing large amounts of cytokines and maintaining infiltrating lymphocytes.

Rapid decalcification using microwaves for in situ hybridization in skeletal tissues

In situ hybridization histochemistry is the sole tool available for detecting the localization and expression of specific RNA on histological sections under various in vivo conditions. For this paper, we examined the effect of microwave exposure on the time needed for decalcification of skeletal tissues and on the preservation of sensitivity for hybridization signals. Our data show that the use of microwave decalcification reduces the decalcification period while preserving intense hybridization signals for mouse alpha1 chain of procollagen type I mRNA in osteogenic cells in bone. The use of microwave treatment to decalcify skeletal tissues may prevent delay in obtaining experimental results or the loss of signals during in situ hybridization.

Hemodynamic measurement in the femoral head using laser Doppler

The author used a laser Doppler device to measure hemodynamics in the femoral head. Twenty-eight patients with femoral neck fractures, 16 patients with intertrochanteric fractures, and 14 patients with osteoarthritis were studied. Through a lateral approach, a small hole was drilled into the femoral head using a burr, and a probe was inserted to measure intramedullary flow. The flow measurements were high and sinusoidal in shape (corresponding with the heart rate) in all Garden 1, all Garden 2, and in four of six Garden 3 femoral neck fractures. Flow measurements were low and not sinusoidal in two of six Gardens 3 and all Garden 4 fractures. Hemodynamic values were high in all 16 patients with intertrochanteric fractures and all 14 patients with osteoarthritis. Although the posterior column arteries were cut while the intramedullary hemodynamics were being measured in patients with osteoarthritis of the hips, the measured values still were high. The postero-lateral area of the femoral head was fed compensatorily by the inferior retinacular arteries. The laser Doppler is useful in estimating circulatory compromise.

Switch of osteonectin and osteopontin mRNA expression in the process of cartilage-to-bone transition during fracture repair

The process of cartilage-to-bone transition (CBT) is a key event for the achievement of rigid bone healing during fracture repair. Since mineralization of cartilaginous matrix is a prerequisite for the initiation of CBT, the genetic localization of mineralization-related bone matrix proteins in CBT was examined in this study. An in situ hybridization method used on decalcified sections with digoxigenin-11-UTP labelled probes identified the cellular localizations of these genes in CBT. Cessation of osteonectin mRNA together with induction of osteopontin mRNA in chondrocyte maturation was observed during the process of CBT in the fracture callus on day 12 after fracture; osteocalcin mRNA was absent in chondrocytes of the CBT area. Induction of osteopontin mRNA in maturated chondrocytes was followed by the expression of mRNAs for osteonectin, osteopontin and osteocalcin in osteogenic cells in the ossification front of CBT. The data suggest that the switch from osteonectin to osteopontin mRNA expression in chondrocyte maturation is one of the key events during CBT. Transcriptional disorders of the expression of these molecules may be linked to the failure of fracture repair, i.e. delayed or prevented hypertrophic osteosynthesis.

Colour Doppler analysis of tendon and muscle movements

We have examined and successfully visualized active and passive movement of tendons and muscles using colour Doppler ultrasound. This preliminary study suggests that colour Doppler may be very useful to examine the movements of tendons and muscles.

Facile and general method for preparation of (E)-4-hydroxy-2-alkenals

A facile one-pot synthesis of (E)-4-hydroxy-2-alkenals such as (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, (E)-4-hydroxy-2-heptenal, and (E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal was achieved from the corresponding (2E,4E)-2,4-alkadienals by reduction-oxygenation with molecular oxygen and triethylsilane in the presence of cobalt(II) porphyrin as a catalyst followed by treatment with trimethylphosphite.

Effects of combination of immunomodulators and an adrenochrome derivative on survival of irradiated mice

PURPOSE

The combined effects of immunomodulators (lithium or OK432) and an adrenochrome derivative (AMM), an agent found to activate granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating activity, on the survival of irradiated ddY mice is described.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

ddY mice at 4-5 weeks old were whole body irradiated with X rays at 8.5 Gy. Sole injection and combined injection of AMM and/or one of the immunomodulators were performed before or after irradiation. Then, survival was monitored daily for 30 days after irradiation.

RESULTS

Lithium at 60 mg/kg had no radioprotective effect; rather it accelerated radiation induced death. Sole treatment with AMM (100 mg/kg) had no effect on survival of irradiated mice. However, combination of both drugs caused a slight radioprotection. OK432 (25 KE/kg), which activates a variety of cellular effector cells had radioprotective effect. When combined with AMM, however, it totally lost radioprotective effect.

CONCLUSION

Lithium chloride cannot be used as a radioprotector because of its adverse effect. Combination with AMM showed slight radioprotection, but the extent thereof may not be clinically useful. OK432 was proved to be a potent radioprotector. However, combination with AMM should be avoided, since the radioprotection was totally eliminated.

Bone-inducing agent (BIA) from cultured human Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells

The Saos-2 line of human osteosarcoma cells was established in culture in 1975. These cells produce a large amount of alkaline phosphatase but little or no matrix in vitro, and are unable to grow when transplanted into athymic mice. We decided to test our local strain of Saos-2 cells for bone-inducing ability in the skeletal muscle of athymic mice by implanting freeze-dried, acetone-defatted cells, with and without a collagen carrier. A bone-inducing activity (BIA) thus was demonstrated in 88% of 90 implants of devitalized Saos-2 cells. In further studies, we have used guanidinium hydrochloride (Gu-HCl) to extract, solubilize, and remove the Saos bone-inducing agent(s) in an active state which when reprecipitated by aqueous dialysis was able to induce ultrastructurally typical endochondrial bone formation in nude mouse muscle in 92% of 48 implants. This preliminary report is offered to alert investigators to the presence of an extractable BIA in Saos-2 cells.

Establishment of a cell line producing bone morphogenetic protein from a human osteosarcoma

A human osteosarcoma cell line was established from a biopsy specimen from a 13-year-old girl. The osteosarcoma tissue was maintained in athymic nude mice (Balb C nu/nu) by serial transplantation for three years. The tumor was excised from a host mouse and digested with collagenase. The isolated cells were cultured by 98 passages in 14 months, and clones of osteosarcoma cells were obtained by limiting dilution. A clone named human osteosarcoma cell 6 (H-OS-6) that showed the osteoblastic phenotypes of productions of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and alkaline phosphatase and a response to human parathyroid hormone (h-PTH 1-34) was selected. The morphology of its chromosomes indicated its human origin. This human osteosarcoma cell line is unique in producing BMP under in vitro conditions.

Periosteal bone formation elicited by partially purified bone morphogenetic protein

A small amount of partially purified, water-soluble murine osteosarcoma-derived bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) was implanted into the dorsal muscles of mice in combination with calf skin gelatin or collagen as carriers. Changes in the ribs adjacent to the implants were then chronologically observed. On implantation of BMP with gelatin, the gelatin was rapidly absorbed and no ectopic bone formation was observed, but periosteal cellular proliferation with subsequent formation of periosteal cartilage and bone was seen in ribs adjacent to the implant. Implantation of the same amount of BMP fraction or gelatin alone as controls did not result in either any ectopic bone formation in situ or any periosteal bone formation in adjacent ribs. Implantation of BMP with collagen resulted consistently in both ectopic bone formation in situ and periosteal bone formation in adjacent ribs. These results suggest that BMP is diffusible in vivo and is capable of eliciting a response from periosteum to stimulate periosteal bone formation.

Purification of bone alkaline phosphatase from human osteosarcoma

Purification of human bone alkaline phosphatase, derived from human osteosarcoma tissue, has been carried to electrophoretic homogeneity. The purification procedure involved three major steps: (1) chromatography on hydroxylapatite; (2) ion exchange chromatography; and (3) gel filtration. The resultant purified enzyme is a glycoprotein, has a molecular weight of approximately 80,000 (consistent with previous reports for the bone isoenzyme), and is characteristically inhibited by modest heat (56 degrees C, 30 min) and L-homoarginine but not by L-phenylalanine. The isolation and purification procedure described can lead to the production of significant amounts of highly purified bone alkaline phosphatase. Purified ALP can be used for an analysis of minor structural differences that appear to exist between the bone, liver and kidney isoenzymes. Such information could lead to the development of a clinical diagnostic procedure specifically for bone alkaline phosphatase.