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Jones KJ, Bevilacqua E, Grati FR, Schmid M, Jani JC. Reply. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2021; 58:646. [PMID: 34596305 DOI: 10.1002/uog.24752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K J Jones
- Roche Sequencing Solutions, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA
| | - E Bevilacqua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - F R Grati
- TOMA Advanced Biomedical Assays S.p.A, Impact Lab., Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - M Schmid
- Roche Sequencing Solutions, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA
| | - J C Jani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Brown BL, Sandelski MM, Drejet SM, Runge EM, Shipchandler TZ, Jones KJ, Walker CL. Facial nerve repair utilizing intraoperative repair strategies. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2020; 5:552-559. [PMID: 32596500 PMCID: PMC7314485 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether functional and anatomical outcomes following suture neurorrhaphy are improved by the addition of electrical stimulation with or without the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG). METHODS In a rat model of facial nerve injury, complete facial nerve transection and repair was performed via (a) suture neurorrhaphy alone, (b) neurorrhaphy with the addition of brief (30 minutes) intraoperative electrical stimulation, or (c) neurorrhaphy with the addition electrical stimulation and PEG. Functional recovery was assessed weekly for 16 weeks. At 16 weeks postoperatively, motoneuron survival, amount of regrowth, and specificity of regrowth were assessed by branch labeling and tissue analysis. RESULTS The addition of brief intraoperative electrical stimulation improved all functional outcomes compared to suturing alone. The addition of PEG to electrical stimulation impaired this benefit. Motoneuron survival, amount of regrowth, and specificity of regrowth were unaltered at 16 weeks postoperative in all treatment groups. CONCLUSION The addition of brief intraoperative electrical stimulation to neurorrhaphy in this rodent model shows promising neurological benefit in the surgical repair of facial nerve injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Animal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L. Brown
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and NeurobiologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentuckyUSA
| | - Morgan M. Sandelski
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Sarah M. Drejet
- Department of OtolaryngologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Elizabeth M. Runge
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Taha Z. Shipchandler
- Department of OtolaryngologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Kathryn J. Jones
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Research and Development ServiceRichard L Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical CenterIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Chandler L. Walker
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Research and Development ServiceRichard L Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical CenterIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive CareIndiana University School of DentistryIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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Brown BL, Asante T, Welch HR, Sandelski MM, Drejet SM, Shah K, Runge EM, Shipchandler TZ, Jones KJ, Walker CL. Functional and Anatomical Outcomes of Facial Nerve Injury With Application of Polyethylene Glycol in a Rat Model. JAMA FACIAL PLAST SU 2020; 21:61-68. [PMID: 29800078 DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2018.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Importance Functional and anatomical outcomes after surgical repair of facial nerve injury may be improved with the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to direct suture neurorrhaphy. The application of PEG has shown promise in treating spinal nerve injuries, but its efficacy has not been evaluated in treatment of cranial nerve injuries. Objective To determine whether PEG in addition to neurorrhaphy can improve functional outcomes and synkinesis after facial nerve injury. Design, Setting, and Subjects In this animal experiment, 36 rats underwent right facial nerve transection and neurorrhaphy with addition of PEG. Weekly behavioral scoring was done for 10 rats for 6 weeks and 14 rats for 16 weeks after the operations. In the 16-week study, the buccal branches were labeled and tissue analysis was performed. In the 6-week study, the mandibular and buccal branches were labeled and tissue analysis was performed. Histologic analysis was performed for 10 rats in a 1-week study to assess the association of PEG with axonal continuity and Wallerian degeneration. Six rats served as the uninjured control group. Data were collected from February 8, 2016, through July 10, 2017. Intervention Polyethylene glycol applied to the facial nerve after neurorrhaphy. Main Outcomes and Measures Functional recovery was assessed weekly for the 16- and 6-week studies, as well as motoneuron survival, amount of regrowth, specificity of regrowth, and aberrant branching. Short-term effects of PEG were assessed in the 1-week study. Results Among the 40 male rats included in the study, PEG addition to neurorrhaphy showed no functional benefit in eye blink reflex (mean [SEM], 3.57 [0.88] weeks; 95% CI, -2.8 to 1.9 weeks; P = .70) or whisking function (mean [SEM], 4.00 [0.72] weeks; 95% CI, -3.6 to 2.4 weeks; P = .69) compared with suturing alone at 16 weeks. Motoneuron survival was not changed by PEG in the 16-week (mean, 132.1 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -21.0 to 8.4; P = .13) or 6-week (mean, 131.1 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -11.0 to 10.0; P = .06) studies. Compared with controls, neither surgical group showed differences in buccal branch regrowth at 16 (36.9 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -14.5 to 22.0; P = .28) or 6 (36.7 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -7.8 to 18.5; P = .48) weeks or in the mandibular branch at 6 weeks (25.2 motoneurons per tissue section; 95% CI, -14.5 to 15.5; P = .99). Addition of PEG had no advantage in regrowth specificity compared with suturing alone at 16 weeks (15.3% buccal branch motoneurons with misguided projections; 95% CI, -7.2% to 11.0%; P = .84). After 6 weeks, the number of motoneurons with misguided projections to the mandibular branch showed no advantage of PEG treatment compared with suturing alone (12.1% buccal branch motoneurons with misguided projections; 95% CI, -8.2% to 9.2%; P = .98). In the 1-week study, improved axonal continuity and muscular innervation were not observed in PEG-treated rats. Conclusions and Relevance Although PEG has shown efficacy in treating other nervous system injuries, PEG in addition to neurorraphy was not beneficial in a rat model of facial nerve injury. The addition of PEG to suturing may not be warranted in the surgical repair of facial nerve injury. Level of Evidence NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Tony Asante
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Haley R Welch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Morgan M Sandelski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Sarah M Drejet
- Department of Otolaryngology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Kishan Shah
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Elizabeth M Runge
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Taha Z Shipchandler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.,Research and Development Service, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chandler L Walker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.,Research and Development Service, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis
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4
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Walker CL, Meadows RM, Merfeld-Clauss S, Du Y, March KL, Jones KJ. Adipose-derived stem cell conditioned medium impacts asymptomatic peripheral neuromuscular denervation in the mutant superoxide dismutase (G93A) transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 36:621-627. [PMID: 30010155 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-180820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is devastating, leading to paralysis and death. Disease onset begins pre-symptomatically through spinal motor neuron (MN) axon die-back from musculature at ∼47 days of age in the mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (mSOD1G93A) transgenic ALS mouse model. This period may be optimal to assess potential therapies. We previously demonstrated that post-symptomatic adipose-derived stem cell conditioned medium (ASC-CM) treatment is neuroprotective in mSOD1G93A mice. We hypothesized that early disease onset treatment could ameliorate neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disruption. OBJECTIVE To determine whether pre-symptom administration of ASC-CM prevents early NMJ disconnection. METHODS We confirmed the NMJ denervation time course in mSOD1G93A mice using co-labeling of neurofilament and post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors (AchR) by α-bungarotoxin. We determined whether ASC-CM ameliorates early NMJ loss in mSOD1G93A mice by systemically administering 200μl ASC-CM or vehicle medium daily from post-natal days 35 to 47 and quantifying intact NMJs through co-labeling of neurofilament and synaptophysin with α-bungarotoxin in gastrocnemius muscle. RESULTS Intact NMJs were significantly decreased in 47 day old mSOD1G93A mice (p < 0.05), and daily systemic ASC-CM prevented disease-induced NMJ denervation compared to vehicle treated mice (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results lay the foundation for testing the long-term neurological benefits of systemic ASC-CM therapy in the mSOD1G93A mouse model of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler L Walker
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rena M Meadows
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie Merfeld-Clauss
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yansheng Du
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Keith L March
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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5
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Setter DO, Haulcomb MM, Beahrs T, Meadows RM, Schartz ND, Custer SK, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Identification of a resilient mouse facial motoneuron population following target disconnection by injury or disease. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 36:417-422. [PMID: 29614705 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When nerve transection is performed on adult rodents, a substantial population of neurons survives short-term disconnection from target, and the immune system supports this neuronal survival, however long-term survival remains unknown. Understanding the effects of permanent axotomy on cell body survival is important as target disconnection is the first pathological occurrence in fatal motoneuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine if facial motoneurons (FMN) could survive permanent target disconnection up to 26 weeks post-operation (wpo) after facial nerve axotomy (FNA). In addition, the potentially additive effects of immunodeficiency and motoneuron disease on post-axotomy FMN survival were examined. METHODS This study included three wild type (WT) mouse strains (C57BL/6J, B6SJL, and FVB/NJ) and three experimental models (RAG-2-/-: immunodeficiency; mSOD1: ALS; Smn-/-/SMN2+/+: SMA). All animals received a unilateral FNA, and FMN survival was quantified at early and extended post-operative timepoints. RESULTS In the C57BL/6J WT group, FMN survival significantly decreased at 10 wpo (55±6%), and then remained stable out to 26 wpo (47±6%). In the RAG-2-/- and mSOD1 groups, FMN death occurred much earlier at 4 wpo, and survival plateaued at approximately 50% at 10 wpo. The SMA model and other WT strains also exhibited approximately 50% FMN survival after FNA. CONCLUSION These results indicate that immunodeficiency and motoneuron disease accelerate axotomy-induced neuron death, but do not increase total neuron death in the context of permanent target disconnection. This consistent finding of a target disconnection-resilient motoneuron population is prevalent in other peripheral nerve injury models and in neurodegenerative disease models as well. Characterization of the distinct populations of vulnerable and resilient motoneurons may reveal new therapeutic approaches for injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah O Setter
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Research and Development, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Melissa M Haulcomb
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Research and Development, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Taylor Beahrs
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA.,Research and Development, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Rena M Meadows
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Research and Development, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nicole D Schartz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Research and Development, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sara K Custer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Virginia M Sanders
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Research and Development, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Wang Y, Wu W, Wu X, Sun Y, Zhang YP, Deng LX, Walker MJ, Qu W, Chen C, Liu NK, Han Q, Dai H, Shields LB, Shields CB, Sengelaub DR, Jones KJ, Smith GM, Xu XM. Remodeling of lumbar motor circuitry remote to a thoracic spinal cord injury promotes locomotor recovery. eLife 2018; 7:39016. [PMID: 30207538 PMCID: PMC6170189 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrogradely-transported neurotrophin signaling plays an important role in regulating neural circuit specificity. Here we investigated whether targeted delivery of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) to lumbar motoneurons (MNs) caudal to a thoracic (T10) contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) could modulate dendritic patterning and synapse formation of the lumbar MNs. In vitro, Adeno-associated virus serotype two overexpressing NT-3 (AAV-NT-3) induced NT-3 expression and neurite outgrowth in cultured spinal cord neurons. In vivo, targeted delivery of AAV-NT-3 into transiently demyelinated adult mouse sciatic nerves led to the retrograde transportation of NT-3 to the lumbar MNs, significantly attenuating SCI-induced lumbar MN dendritic atrophy. NT-3 enhanced sprouting and synaptic formation of descending serotonergic, dopaminergic, and propriospinal axons on lumbar MNs, parallel to improved behavioral recovery. Thus, retrogradely transported NT-3 stimulated remodeling of lumbar neural circuitry and synaptic connectivity remote to a thoracic SCI, supporting a role for retrograde transport of NT-3 as a potential therapeutic strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Neural Tissue Engineering Research Institute, Mudanjiang College of Medicine, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Xiangbing Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Yan Sun
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi P Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, United States
| | - Ling-Xiao Deng
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Melissa Jane Walker
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Wenrui Qu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, United States
| | - Nai-Kui Liu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Qi Han
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Heqiao Dai
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Lisa Be Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, United States
| | | | - Dale R Sengelaub
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - George M Smith
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
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Iyer AK, Jones KJ, Sanders VM, Walker CL. Temporospatial Analysis and New Players in the Immunology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020631. [PMID: 29473876 PMCID: PMC5855853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of lower and upper motor neurons (MN) leading to muscle weakness, paralysis and eventually death. Although a highly varied etiology results in ALS, it broadly manifests itself as sporadic and familial forms that have evident similarities in clinical symptoms and disease progression. There is a tremendous amount of knowledge on molecular mechanisms leading to loss of MNs and neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) as major determinants of disease onset, severity and progression in ALS. Specifically, two main opposing hypotheses, the dying forward and dying back phenomena, exist to account for NMJ denervation. The former hypothesis proposes that the earliest degeneration occurs at the central MNs and proceeds to the NMJ, whereas in the latter, the peripheral NMJ is the site of precipitating degeneration progressing backwards to the MN cell body. A large body of literature strongly indicates a role for the immune system in disease onset and progression via regulatory involvement at the level of both the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS). In this review, we discuss the earliest reported immune responses with an emphasis on newly identified immune players in mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (mSOD1) transgenic mice, the gold standard mouse model for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirami K Iyer
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Virginia M Sanders
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Chandler L Walker
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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8
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Iyer AK, Jones KJ. A tale of motor neurons and CD4 + T cells: moving forward by looking back. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:562-565. [PMID: 28553327 PMCID: PMC5436345 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.205086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal progressive disorder characterized by the selective degeneration of motor neurons (MN). The impact of peripheral immune status on disease progression and MN survival is becoming increasingly recognized in the ALS research field. In this review, we briefly discuss findings from mouse models of peripheral nerve injury and immunodeficiency to understand how the immune system regulates MN survival. We extend these observations to similar studies in the widely used superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mouse model of ALS. Last, we present future hypotheses to identify potential causative factors that lead to immune dysregulation in ALS. The lessons from preceding work in this area offer new exciting directions to bridge the gap in our current understanding of immune-mediated neuroprotection in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirami Kannan Iyer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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9
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Haulcomb MM, Meadows RM, Miller WM, McMillan KP, Hilsmeyer MJ, Wang X, Beaulieu WT, Dickinson SL, Brown TJ, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Locomotor analysis identifies early compensatory changes during disease progression and subgroup classification in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1664-1679. [PMID: 29171432 PMCID: PMC5696848 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a motoneuron degenerative disease that is challenging to diagnose and presents with considerable variability in survival. Early identification and enhanced understanding of symptomatic patterns could aid in diagnosis and provide an avenue for monitoring disease progression. Use of the mSOD1G93A mouse model provides control of the confounding environmental factors and genetic heterogeneity seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients, while investigating underlying disease-induced changes. In the present study, we performed a longitudinal behavioral assessment paradigm and identified an early hindlimb symptom, resembling the common gait abnormality foot drop, along with an accompanying forelimb compensatory mechanism in the mSOD1G93A mouse. Following these initial changes, mSOD1 mice displayed a temporary hindlimb compensatory mechanism resembling an exaggerated steppage gait. As the disease progressed, these compensatory mechanisms were not sufficient to sustain fundamental locomotor parameters and more severe deficits appeared. We next applied these initial findings to investigate the inherent variability in B6SJL mSOD1G93A survival. We identified four behavioral variables that, when combined in a cluster analysis, identified two subpopulations with different disease progression rates: a fast progression group and a slow progression group. This behavioral assessment paradigm, with its analytical approaches, provides a method for monitoring disease progression and detecting mSOD1 subgroups with different disease severities. This affords researchers an opportunity to search for genetic modifiers or other factors that likely enhance or slow disease progression. Such factors are possible therapeutic targets with the potential to slow disease progression and provide insight into the underlying pathology and disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Haulcomb
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rena M Meadows
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN; Program in Medical Neurosciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Whitney M Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kathryn P McMillan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - MeKenzie J Hilsmeyer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xuefu Wang
- Department of Statistics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Stephanie L Dickinson
- Department of Statistics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Todd J Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Virginia M Sanders
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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10
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Monaco GN, Brown TJ, Burgette RC, Fargo KN, Akst LM, Jones KJ, Foecking EM. Electrical stimulation and testosterone enhance recovery from recurrent laryngeal nerve crush. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 33:571-8. [PMID: 23902984 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-130334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of a combinatorial treatment, consisting of a brief period of nerve electrical stimulation (ES) and systemic supraphysiologic testosterone, on functional recovery following a crush of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). STUDY DESIGN Prospective, controlled animal study. METHODS After a crush of the left RLN, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four treatment groups: 1) no treatment, 2) ES, 3) testosterone propionate (TP), and 4) ES + TP. Each group was subdivided into 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks post-operative survival time points. Groups had an n of 4- 9. Recovery of vocal fold mobility (VFM) was assessed. RESULTS Brief ES of the proximal nerve alone or in combination with TP accelerated the initiation of functional recovery. TP administration by itself also produced increased VFM scores compared to controls, but there were no statistical differences between the ES-treated and TP-treated animals. Treatment with brief ES alone was sufficient to decrease the time required to recover complete VFM. Animals with complete VFM were seen in treatment groups as early as 1 week following injury; in the untreated group, this was not observed until at least 3 weeks post-injury, translating into a 66% decrease in time to complete recovery. CONCLUSIONS Brief ES, alone or in combination with TP, promise to be effective therapeutic interventions for promoting regeneration following RLN injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina N Monaco
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Todd J Brown
- R&D Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ryan C Burgette
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Keith N Fargo
- R&D Services, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Lee M Akst
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- R&D Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eileen M Foecking
- R&D Services, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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11
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Pandit CA, Waters K, Jones KJ, Young H, Fitzgerald DA. Can daytime measures of lung function predict respiratory failure in children with neuromuscular disease? Paediatr Respir Rev 2015; 16:241-5. [PMID: 26563514 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuromuscular disorders in children are a heterogeneous group of conditions with a variable age of presentation and overlapping clinical manifestations, many of which have progressive respiratory morbidity. Respiratory insufficiency occurs as a consequence of an imbalance between demands on the respiratory system and respiratory muscle capacity. Daytime measures of pulmonary function are used routinely in these children to assess respiratory status and monitor the consequences of the progression of muscle weakness. This review describes the current evidence for daytime pulmonary function tests and their ability to predict imminent respiratory morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Pandit
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney.
| | - K Waters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney
| | - K J Jones
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney; Department of Clinical Genetics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney
| | - H Young
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney; Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney
| | - D A Fitzgerald
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney
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12
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Jones KJ, Lovett-Racke AE, Walker CL, Sanders VM. CD4 + T Cells and Neuroprotection: Relevance to Motoneuron Injury and Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:587-94. [PMID: 26148561 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have established a physiologically relevant mechanism of CD4+ T cell-mediated neuroprotection involving axotomized wildtype (WT) mouse facial motoneurons (FMN) with significance in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal MN disease. Use of the transgenic mouse model of ALS involving expression of human mutant superoxide dismutase genes (SOD1(G93A); abbreviated here as mSOD1) has accelerated basic ALS research. Superimposition of facial nerve axotomy (FNA) on the mSOD1 mouse during pre-symptomatic stages indicates that they behave like immunodeficient mice in terms of increased FMN loss and decreased functional recovery, through a mechanism that, paradoxically, is not inherent within the MN itself, but, instead, involves a defect in peripheral immune: CNS glial cell interactions. Our goal is to utilize our WT mouse model of immune-mediated neuroprotection after FNA as a template to elucidate how a malfunctioning peripheral immune system contributes to motoneuron cell loss in the mSOD1 mouse. This review will discuss potential immune defects in ALS, as well as provide an up-to-date understanding of how the CD4+ effector T cells provide neuroprotection to motoneurons through regulation of the central microglial and astrocytic response to injury. We will discuss an IL-10 cascade within the facial nucleus that requires a functional CD4+ T cell trigger for activation. The review will discuss the role of T cells in ALS, and our recent reconstitution experiments utilizing our model of T cell-mediated neuroprotection in WT vs mSOD1 mice after FNA. Identification of defects in neural:immune interactions could provide targets for therapeutic intervention in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Jones
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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13
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Haulcomb MM, Mesnard-Hoaglin NA, Batka RJ, Meadows RM, Miller WM, Mcmillan KP, Brown TJ, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Identification of B6SJL mSOD1(G93A) mouse subgroups with different disease progression rates. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:2752-68. [PMID: 26010802 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disease progression rates among patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) vary greatly. Although the majority of affected individuals survive 3-5 years following diagnosis, some subgroups experience a more rapidly progressing form, surviving less than 1 year, and other subgroups experience slowly progressing forms, surviving nearly 50 years. Genetic heterogeneity and environmental factors pose significant barriers in investigating patient progression rates. Similar to the case for humans, variation in survival within the mSOD1 mouse has been well documented, but different progression rates have not been investigated. The present study identifies two subgroups of B6SJL mSOD1(G93A) mice with different disease progression rates, a fast progression group (FPG) and slow progression group, as evidenced by differences in the rate of motor function decline. In addition, increased disease-associated gene expression within the FPG facial motor nucleus confirmed the presence of a more severe phenotype. We hypothesize that a more severe disease phenotype could be the result of 1) an earlier onset of axonal disconnection with a consistent degeneration rate or 2) a more severe or accelerated degenerative process. We performed a facial nerve transection axotomy in both mSOD1 subgroups prior to disease onset as a method to standardize the axonal disconnection. Instead of leading to comparable gene expression in both subgroups, this standardization did not eliminate the severe phenotype in the FPG facial nucleus, suggesting that the FPG phenotype is the result of a more severe or accelerated degenerative process. We theorize that these mSOD1 subgroups are representative of the rapid and slow disease phenotypes often experienced in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Haulcomb
- Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, 60153.,Research and Development Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois, 60141.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Nichole A Mesnard-Hoaglin
- Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, 60153.,Research and Development Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois, 60141
| | - Richard J Batka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Rena M Meadows
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Program in Medical Neurosciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Whitney M Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Kathryn P Mcmillan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Todd J Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Virginia M Sanders
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
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14
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Olmstead DN, Mesnard-Hoaglin NA, Batka RJ, Haulcomb MM, Miller WM, Jones KJ. Facial nerve axotomy in mice: a model to study motoneuron response to injury. J Vis Exp 2015:e52382. [PMID: 25742324 DOI: 10.3791/52382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and either cut or crush it to induce peripheral nerve injury. Advantages of this surgery are its simplicity, high reproducibility, and the lack of effect on vital functions or mobility from the subsequent facial paralysis, thus resulting in a relatively mild surgical outcome compared to other nerve injury models. A major advantage of using a cranial nerve injury model is that the motoneurons reside in a relatively homogenous population in the facial motor nucleus in the pons, simplifying the study of the motoneuron cell bodies. Because of the symmetrical nature of facial nerve innervation and the lack of crosstalk between the facial motor nuclei, the operation can be performed unilaterally with the unaxotomized side serving as a paired internal control. A variety of analyses can be performed postoperatively to assess the physiologic response, details of which are beyond the scope of this article. For example, recovery of muscle function can serve as a behavioral marker for reinnervation, or the motoneurons can be quantified to measure cell survival. Additionally, the motoneurons can be accurately captured using laser microdissection for molecular analysis. Because the facial nerve axotomy is minimally invasive and well tolerated, it can be utilized on a wide variety of genetically modified mice. Also, this surgery model can be used to analyze the effectiveness of peripheral nerve injury treatments. Facial nerve injury provides a means for investigating not only motoneurons, but also the responses of the central and peripheral glial microenvironment, immune system, and target musculature. The facial nerve injury model is a widely accepted peripheral nerve injury model that serves as a powerful tool for studying nerve injury and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah N Olmstead
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center
| | | | - Richard J Batka
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center
| | - Melissa M Haulcomb
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center
| | - Whitney M Miller
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center;
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15
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Haulcomb MM, Mesnard NA, Batka RJ, Alexander TD, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Axotomy-induced target disconnection promotes an additional death mechanism involved in motoneuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis transgenic mice. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2349-76. [PMID: 24424947 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The target disconnection theory of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis suggests that disease onset is initiated by a peripheral pathological event resulting in neuromuscular junction loss and motoneuron (MN) degeneration. Presymptomatic mSOD1(G93A) mouse facial MN (FMN) are more susceptible to axotomy-induced cell death than wild-type (WT) FMN, which suggests additional CNS pathology. We have previously determined that the mSOD1 molecular response to facial nerve axotomy is phenotypically regenerative and indistinguishable from WT, whereas the surrounding microenvironment shows significant dysregulation in the mSOD1 facial nucleus. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the enhanced mSOD1 FMN loss after axotomy, we superimposed the facial nerve axotomy model on presymptomatic mSOD1 mice and investigated gene expression for death receptor pathways after target disconnection by axotomy vs. disease progression. We determined that the TNFR1 death receptor pathway is involved in axotomy-induced FMN death in WT and is partially responsible for the mSOD1 FMN death. In contrast, an inherent mSOD1 CNS pathology resulted in a suppressed glial reaction and an upregulation in the Fas death pathway after target disconnection. We propose that the dysregulated mSOD1 glia fail to provide support the injured MN, leading to Fas-induced FMN death. Finally, we demonstrate that, during disease progression, the mSOD1 facial nucleus displays target disconnection-induced gene expression changes that mirror those induced by axotomy. This validates the use of axotomy as an investigative tool in understanding the role of peripheral target disconnection in the pathogenesis of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Haulcomb
- Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, 60153; Research and Development Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois, 60141
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16
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Mesnard-Hoaglin NA, Xin J, Haulcomb MM, Batka RJ, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. SOD1(G93A) transgenic mouse CD4(+) T cells mediate neuroprotection after facial nerve axotomy when removed from a suppressive peripheral microenvironment. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:55-60. [PMID: 24911596 PMCID: PMC4131730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease involving motoneuron (MN) axonal withdrawal and cell death. Previously, we established that facial MN (FMN) survival levels in the SOD1(G93A) transgenic mouse model of ALS are reduced and nerve regeneration is delayed, similar to immunodeficient RAG2(-/-) mice, after facial nerve axotomy. The objective of this study was to examine the functionality of SOD1(G93A) splenic microenvironment, focusing on CD4(+) T cells, with regard to defects in immune-mediated neuroprotection of injured MN. We utilized the RAG2(-/-) and SOD1(G93A) mouse models, along with the facial nerve axotomy paradigm and a variety of cellular adoptive transfers, to assess immune-mediated neuroprotection of FMN survival levels. We determined that adoptively transferred SOD1(G93A) unfractionated splenocytes into RAG2(-/-) mice were unable to support FMN survival after axotomy, but that adoptive transfer of isolated SOD1(G93A) CD4(+) T cells could. Although WT unfractionated splenocytes adoptively transferred into SOD1(G93A) mice were able to maintain FMN survival levels, WT CD4(+) T cells alone could not. Importantly, these results suggest that SOD1(G93A) CD4(+) T cells retain neuroprotective functionality when removed from a dysfunctional SOD1(G93A) peripheral splenic microenvironment. These results also indicate that the SOD1(G93A) central nervous system microenvironment is able to re-activate CD4(+) T cells for immune-mediated neuroprotection when a permissive peripheral microenvironment exists. We hypothesize that a suppressive SOD1(G93A) peripheral splenic microenvironment may compromise neuroprotective CD4(+) T cell activation and/or differentiation, which, in turn, results in impaired immune-mediated neuroprotection for MN survival after peripheral axotomy in SOD1(G93A) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole A. Mesnard-Hoaglin
- Neuroscience Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA,Research and Development Service, Hines VAMC, Hines, IL 60141, USA,Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Corresponding Authora: Nichole Mesnard-Hoaglin, Ph.D., Dept. of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr. MS-5025H, Indianapolis, IN, Lab: 317-278-2462,
| | - Junping Xin
- Neuroscience Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA,Research and Development Service, Hines VAMC, Hines, IL 60141, USA
| | - Melissa M. Haulcomb
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Research and Development Service, Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Richard J. Batka
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Research and Development Service, Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Virginia M. Sanders
- Dept. of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Jones
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Research and Development Service, Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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17
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Batka RJ, Brown TJ, Mcmillan KP, Meadows RM, Jones KJ, Haulcomb MM. The need for speed in rodent locomotion analyses. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1839-64. [PMID: 24890845 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Locomotion analysis is now widely used across many animal species to understand the motor defects in disease, functional recovery following neural injury, and the effectiveness of various treatments. More recently, rodent locomotion analysis has become an increasingly popular method in a diverse range of research. Speed is an inseparable aspect of locomotion that is still not fully understood, and its effects are often not properly incorporated while analyzing data. In this hybrid manuscript, we accomplish three things: (1) review the interaction between speed and locomotion variables in rodent studies, (2) comprehensively analyze the relationship between speed and 162 locomotion variables in a group of 16 wild-type mice using the CatWalk gait analysis system, and (3) develop and test a statistical method in which locomotion variables are analyzed and reported in the context of speed. Notable results include the following: (1) over 90% of variables, reported by CatWalk, were dependent on speed with an average R(2) value of 0.624, (2) most variables were related to speed in a nonlinear manner, (3) current methods of controlling for speed are insufficient, and (4) the linear mixed model is an appropriate and effective statistical method for locomotion analyses that is inclusive of speed-dependent relationships. Given the pervasive dependency of locomotion variables on speed, we maintain that valid conclusions from locomotion analyses cannot be made unless they are analyzed and reported within the context of speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Batka
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 5025 C, Indianapolis, Indiana; R & D Services Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, 1481 W. 10th Street, Mail Code 151, Rm C-3074, Indianapolis, Indiana
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18
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Brown TJ, Pittman AL, Monaco GN, Benscoter BJ, Mantravadi AV, Akst LM, Jones KJ, Foecking EM. Androgen treatment and recovery of function following recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in the rat. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2013; 31:169-76. [PMID: 23247060 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-120287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of the androgen testosterone propionate (TP), on regeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) after unilateral crush injury using assessment of vocal fold mobility (VFM) as a measure of behavioral recovery. METHODS 48 adult male rats underwent standardized crush injury of left RLN and received treatment in the form of 2 silastic capsules containing TP or controls receiving a blank capsule (untreated). Direct laryngoscopic assessment of vocal cord mobility was performed before, immediately following and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 weeks post injury. RESULTS Treatment with TP enhanced the recovery of full VFM following crush injury of the RLN compared to controls. There was statistically significant improvement in VFM seen at the 1 and 2 week time points (p < 0.05). By 4 weeks TP-treated rats displayed a 100% recovery of VFM function, compared to only 50% by the control group. CONCLUSIONS TP enhances RLN functional recovery following a crush injury, which further supports its potential general applicability as a therapeutic agent in peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Brown
- R & D Services Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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19
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Meadows RM, McMillan KP, Batka RJ, Brown TJ, Jones KJ. The effect of electrical stimulation and testosterone on the expression of regeneration‐associated genes. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.536.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rena Marie Meadows
- Graduate Program in Medical NeuroscienceIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
- Research and Development ServiceRichard L. Roudebush VAMCIndianapolisIN
| | - Kathryn P. McMillan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
- Research and Development ServiceRichard L. Roudebush VAMCIndianapolisIN
| | - Richard J. Batka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
- Research and Development ServiceRichard L. Roudebush VAMCIndianapolisIN
| | - Todd J. Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
- Research and Development ServiceRichard L. Roudebush VAMCIndianapolisIN
| | - Kathryn J. Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
- Research and Development ServiceRichard L. Roudebush VAMCIndianapolisIN
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20
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Mesnard NA, Haulcomb MM, Tanzer L, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Delayed functional recovery in presymptomatic mSOD1 G93A mice following facial nerve crush axotomy. J Neurodegener Regen 2013. [PMID: 24672589 DOI: 10.5055/jndr.2013.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease involving progressive loss of motoneurons (MN). Axonal pathology and presynaptic deaf-ferentation precede MN degeneration during disease progression in patients and the ALS mouse model (mSOD1). Previously, we determined that a functional adaptive immune response is required for complete functional recovery following a facial nerve crush axotomy in wild-type (WT) mice. In this study, we investigated the effects of facial nerve crush axotomy on functional recovery and facial MN survival in presymptomatic mSOD1 mice, relative to WT mice. The results indicate that functional recovery and facial MN survival levels are significantly reduced in presymptomatic mSOD1, relative to WT, and similar to what has previously been observed in immunodeficient mice. It is concluded that a potential immune system defect exists in the mSOD1 mouse that negatively impacts neuronal survival and regeneration following target disconnection associated with peripheral nerve axotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole A Mesnard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois ; Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Melissa M Haulcomb
- Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lisa Tanzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois ; Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | - Virginia M Sanders
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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21
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Foecking EM, Fargo KN, Coughlin LM, Kim JT, Marzo SJ, Jones KJ. Single session of brief electrical stimulation immediately following crush injury enhances functional recovery of rat facial nerve. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 49:451-8. [PMID: 22773203 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2011.03.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries lead to a variety of pathological conditions, including paresis or paralysis when the injury involves motor axons. We have been studying ways to enhance the regeneration of peripheral nerves using daily electrical stimulation (ES) following a facial nerve crush injury. In our previous studies, ES was not initiated until 24 h after injury. The current experiment tested whether ES administered immediately following the crush injury would further decrease the time for complete recovery from facial paralysis. Rats received a unilateral facial nerve crush injury and an electrode was positioned on the nerve proximal to the crush site. Animals received daily 30 min sessions of ES for 1 d (day of injury only), 2 d, 4 d, 7 d, or daily until complete functional recovery. Untreated animals received no ES. Animals were observed daily for the return of facial function. Our findings demonstrated that one session of ES was as effective as daily stimulation at enhancing the recovery of most functional parameters. Therefore, the use of a single 30 min session of ES as a possible treatment strategy should be studied in human patients with paralysis as a result of acute nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Foecking
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.
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22
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Xin J, Mesnard NA, Beahrs T, Wainwright DA, Serpe CJ, Alexander TD, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. CD4+ T cell-mediated neuroprotection is independent of T cell-derived BDNF in a mouse facial nerve axotomy model. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:886-90. [PMID: 22426430 PMCID: PMC3384748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of neurotrophic factors, such as BDNF, has generally been considered an important mechanism of immune-mediated neuroprotection. However, the ability of T cells to produce BDNF remains controversial. METHODS In the present study, we examined mRNA and protein of BDNF using RT-PCR and western blot, respectively, in purified and reactivated CD4(+) T cells. In addition, to determine the role of BDNF derived from CD4(+) T cells, the BDNF gene was specifically deleted in T cells using the Cre-lox mouse model system. RESULTS Our results indicate that while both mRNA expression and protein secretion of BDNF in reactivated T cells were detected at 24 h, only protein could be detected at 72 h after reactivation. The results suggest a transient up-regulation of BDNF mRNA in reactivated T cells. Furthermore, in contrast to our hypothesis that the BDNF expression is necessary for CD4(+) T cells to mediate neuroprotection, mice with CD4(+) T cells lacking BDNF expression demonstrated a similar level of facial motoneuron survival compared to their littermates that expressed BDNF, and both levels were comparable to wild-type. The results suggest that the deletion of BDNF did not impair CD4(+) T cell-mediated neuroprotection. CONCLUSION Collectively, while CD4(+) T cells are a potential source of BDNF after nerve injury, production of BDNF is not necessary for CD4(+) T cells to mediate their neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Xin
- Neuroscience Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Nichole A. Mesnard
- Neuroscience Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, IL 60153,Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, IL 60141
| | - Taylor Beahrs
- Neuroscience Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, IL 60153,Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, IL 60141
| | - Derek A. Wainwright
- Department of Surgery, The Brain Tumor Center, University of Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Craig J. Serpe
- Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, IL 60141
| | | | - Virginia M. Sanders
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, & Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, OH 43210
| | - Kathryn J. Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, IN 46202
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Mesnard NA, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Differential gene expression in the axotomized facial motor nucleus of presymptomatic SOD1 mice. J Comp Neurol 2012; 519:3488-506. [PMID: 21800301 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we compared molecular profiles of one population of wild-type (WT) mouse facial motoneurons (FMNs) surviving with FMNs undergoing significant cell death after axotomy. Regardless of their ultimate fate, injured FMNs respond with a vigorous pro-survival/regenerative molecular response. In contrast, the neuropil surrounding the two different injured FMN populations contained distinct molecular differences that support a causative role for glial and/or immune-derived molecules in directing contrasting responses of the same cell types to the same injury. In the current investigation, we utilized the facial nerve axotomy model and a presymptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse (SOD1) model to experimentally mimic the axonal die-back process observed in ALS pathogenesis without the confounding variable of disease onset. Presymptomatic SOD1 mice had a significant decrease in FMN survival compared with WT, which suggests an increased susceptibility to axotomy. Laser microdissection was used to accurately collect uninjured and axotomized facial motor nuclei of WT and presymptomatic SOD1 mice for mRNA expression pattern analyses of pro-survival/pro-regeneration genes, neuropil-specific genes, and genes involved in or responsive to the interaction of FMNs and non-neuronal cells. Axotomized presymptomatic SOD1 FMNs displayed a dynamic pro-survival/regenerative response to axotomy, similar to WT, despite increased cell death. However, significant differences were revealed when the axotomy-induced gene expression response of presymptomatic SOD1 neuropil was compared with WT. We propose that the increased susceptibility of presymptomatic SOD1 FMNs to axotomy-induced cell death and, by extrapolation, disease progression, is not intrinsic to the motoneuron, but rather involves a dysregulated response by non-neuronal cells in the surrounding neuropil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole A Mesnard
- Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, 60153, USA.
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Xin J, Fargo KN, Tanzer L, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Immune cell-mediated neuroprotection is independent of estrogen action through estrogen receptor-alpha. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:23-8. [PMID: 21975535 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-011-9265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been well documented that both estrogen and immune cells (CD4+ T cells) mediate neuroprotection in the mouse facial nerve axotomy model. Estrogen has been shown to play an important role in regulating the immune response. However, it is unclear whether immune cell-mediated neuroprotection is dependent on estrogen signaling. In this study, using FACS staining, we confirmed that the majority of CD4+ T cells express high levels of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα), suggesting that CD4+ T cell-mediated neuroprotection may be modulated by estrogen signaling. We previously found that immunodeficient Rag-2KO mice showed a significant increase in axotomy-induced facial motoneuron death compared to immunocompetent wild-type mice. Therefore, we investigated axotomy-induced facial motoneuron loss in immunodeficient Rag-2KO mice that received 17β-estradiol treatment or adoptive transfer of immune cells from mice lacking functional ERα. Our results indicate that while estradiol treatment failed to rescue facial motoneurons from axotomy-induced cell death in Rag-2KO mice, immune cells lacking ERα successfully restored facial motoneuron survival in Rag-2 KO mice to a wild-type level. Collectively, we concluded that CD4+ T cell-mediated neuroprotection is independent of estrogen action through ERα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Xin
- Neuroscience Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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25
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Abstract
AIM To quantify global variation in the incidence of lower extremity amputations in light of the rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus. METHODS An electronic search was performed using the EMBASE and MEDLINE databases from 1989 until 2010 for incidence of lower extremity amputation. The literature review conformed to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement standards. RESULTS Incidence of all forms of lower extremity amputation ranges from 46.1 to 9600 per 10(5) in the population with diabetes compared with 5.8-31 per 10(5) in the total population. Major amputation ranges from 5.6 to 600 per 10(5) in the population with diabetes and from 3.6 to 68.4 per 10(5) in the total population. Significant reductions in incidence of lower extremity amputation have been shown in specific at-risk populations after the introduction of specialist diabetic foot clinics. CONCLUSION Significant global variation exists in the incidence of lower extremity amputation. Ethnicity and social deprivation play a significant role but it is the role of diabetes and its complications that is most profound. Lower extremity amputation reporting methods demonstrate significant variation with no single standard upon which to benchmark care. Effective standardized reporting methods of major, minor and at-risk populations are needed in order to quantify and monitor the growing multidisciplinary team effect on lower extremity amputation rates globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Moxey
- St George's Vascular Institute, St George's Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
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26
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Xin J, Wainwright DA, Mesnard NA, Serpe CJ, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. IL-10 within the CNS is necessary for CD4+ T cells to mediate neuroprotection. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:820-9. [PMID: 20723599 PMCID: PMC3021103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that immunodeficient mice exhibit significant facial motoneuron (FMN) loss compared to wild-type (WT) mice after a facial nerve axotomy. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is known as a regulatory cytokine that plays an important role in maintaining the anti-inflammatory environment within the central nervous system (CNS). IL-10 is produced by a number of different cells, including Th2 cells, and may exert an anti-apoptotic action on neurons directly. In the present study, the role of IL-10 in mediating neuroprotection following facial nerve axotomy in Rag-2- and IL-10-deficient mice was investigated. Results indicate that IL-10 is neuroprotective, but CD4+ T cells are not the requisite source of IL-10. In addition, using real-time PCR analysis of laser microdissected brainstem sections, results show that IL-10 mRNA is constitutively expressed in the facial nucleus and that a transient, significant reduction of IL-10 mRNA occurs following axotomy under immunodeficient conditions. Dual labeling immunofluorescence data show, unexpectedly, that the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) is constitutively expressed by facial motoneurons, but is selectively induced in astrocytes within the facial nucleus after axotomy. Thus, a non-CD4+ T cell source of IL-10 is necessary for modulating both glial and neuronal events that mediate neuroprotection of injured motoneurons, but only with the cooperation of CD4+ T cells, providing an avenue of novel investigation into therapeutic approaches to prevent or reverse motoneuron diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Xin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Derek A. Wainwright
- Department of Surgery, The Brain Tumor Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Nichole A. Mesnard
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153,Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141
| | - Craig J. Serpe
- Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141
| | - Virginia M. Sanders
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, & Medical Genetics, College of Medicine & Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Kathryn J. Jones
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153,Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141
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27
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Fargo KN, Foecking EM, Jones KJ. Muscle matters--dendrites grow up. Endocrinology 2011; 152:346-8. [PMID: 21252180 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Marzo SJ, Moeller CW, Sharma N, Cunningham K, Jones KJ, Foecking EM. Facial motor nuclei cell loss with intratemporal facial nerve crush injuries in rats. Laryngoscope 2011; 120:2264-9. [PMID: 20830757 DOI: 10.1002/lary.21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Injuries of cranial nerves that are distal to but near the motor nucleus might result in retrograde motoneuron cell death. The hypothesis of this article is that an intratemporal crush injury of the facial nerve in rats can cause facial motor nuclei cell death. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: intratemporal sham, intratemporal crush injury, extratemporal crush injury, and extratemporal sham. The intratemporal (n = 9) and extratemporal crush injury (n = 4) groups underwent a 60-second crush of the nerve at the facial nerve tympanic segment or main facial nerve trunk distal to the stylomastoid foramen, respectively. The intratemporal sham group (n = 4) underwent identical exposure to the intratemporal crush without subsequent injury. Both sham groups and the extratemporal crush group were sacrificed at 4 weeks. The intratemporal crush group was subdivided into 4- (n = 4) and 8-week (n = 5) postinjury groups. Brain sections were stained with thionin and facial motor nuclei were counted under magnification. The contralateral uninjured facial motor nucleus was used to compare motor nucleus cell survival. RESULTS Intratemporal crush injury resulted in increased cell loss at 4 (89.43% ± 8.57% standard error of mean) and 8 weeks (85.78% ± 3.15%) after injury compared to sham injury (119.09% ± 13.35%) (P <.05). No significant change in cell survival was noted between the distal crush (103.29% ± 6.34%) and sham group (111.71% ± 3.24%) (P >.05). CONCLUSIONS A rat intratemporal crush injury resulted in approximately 15% facial motor nuclei cell loss compared to an intratemporal sham injury. An extratemporal crush injury did not lead to any significant facial motor nuclei cell loss. This might have future translational implications in humans with intratemporal facial nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam J Marzo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA.
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29
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Nam D, Kepler CK, Neviaser AS, Jones KJ, Wright TM, Craig EV, Warren RF. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: current concepts, results, and component wear analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92 Suppl 2:23-35. [PMID: 21189245 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.j.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Nam
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To investigate the effects of various combinatorial treatments, consisting of a tapering dose of prednisone (P), a brief period of nerve electrical stimulation (ES), and systemic testosterone propionate (TP) on improving functional recovery following an intratemporal facial nerve crush injury. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, controlled animal study. METHODS After a right intratemporal facial nerve crush, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following eight treatment groups: 1) no treatment, 2) P only, 3) ES only, 4) ES + P, 5) TP only, 6) TP + P, 7) ES + TP, and 8) ES + TP + P. For each group n = 4-8. Recovery of the eyeblink reflex and vibrissae orientation and movement were assessed. Changes in peak amplitude and latency of evoked response, in response to facial nerve stimulation, was also recorded weekly. RESULTS : Brief ES of the proximal nerve stump most effectively accelerated the initiation of functional recovery. Also, ES or TP treatments enhanced recovery of some functional parameters more than P treatment. When administered alone, none of the three treatments improved recovery of complete facial function. Only the combinatorial treatment of ES + TP, regardless of the presence of P, accelerated complete functional recovery and return of normal motor nerve conduction. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a combinatorial treatment strategy of using brief ES and TP together promises to be an effective therapeutic intervention for promoting regeneration following facial nerve injury. Administration of P neither augments nor hinders recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijee Sharma
- Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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31
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Mesnard NA, Alexander TD, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Use of laser microdissection in the investigation of facial motoneuron and neuropil molecular phenotypes after peripheral axotomy. Exp Neurol 2010; 225:94-103. [PMID: 20570589 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying axotomy-induced motoneuron loss is not fully understood, but appears to involve molecular changes within the injured motoneuron and the surrounding local microenvironment (neuropil). The mouse facial nucleus consists of six subnuclei which respond differentially to facial nerve transection at the stylomastoid foramen. The ventromedial (VM) subnucleus maintains virtually full facial motoneuron (FMN) survival following axotomy, whereas the ventrolateral (VL) subnucleus results in significant FMN loss with the same nerve injury. We hypothesized that distinct molecular phenotypes of FMN existed within the two subregions, one responsible for maintaining cell survival and the other promoting cell death. In this study, we used laser microdissection to isolate VM and VL facial subnuclear regions for molecular characterization. We discovered that, regardless of neuronal fate after injury, FMN in either subnuclear region respond vigorously to injury with a characteristic "regenerative" profile and additionally, the surviving VL FMN appear to compensate for the significant FMN loss. In contrast, significant differences in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA in the surrounding neuropil response were found between the two subnuclear regions of the facial nucleus that support a causative role for glial and/or immune-derived molecules in directing the contrasting responses of the FMN to axonal transection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole A Mesnard
- Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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32
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Monaco GN, Khan TA, Ogata K, Houle JD, Jones KJ. Differential effects of acute gonadal steroid treatment on neuronal survival in the brainstem following C3 hemicontusion. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.640.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gina N Monaco
- Research ServiceEdward Hines Jr. VA HospitalHinesIL
- Loyola University Chicago SSOMMaywoodIL
| | - Talat A Khan
- Research ServiceEdward Hines Jr. VA HospitalHinesIL
| | - Kengo Ogata
- Neurobiology & AnatomyDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPA
| | - John D Houle
- Neurobiology & AnatomyDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Research ServiceEdward Hines Jr. VA HospitalHinesIL
- Loyola University Chicago SSOMMaywoodIL
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Haulcomb MM, Mesnard NA, Politis CM, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Pro‐survival and pro‐apoptotic factors following axotomy in a murine model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.300.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nichole A Mesnard
- Neuroscience
- Research and Development ServiceHines VA HospitalHinesIL
| | | | - Virgina M Sanders
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical GeneticsThe Ohio State UnivColumbusOH
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Microbiology and ImmunologyLoyola Univ ChicagoMaywoodIL
- Research and Development ServiceHines VA HospitalHinesIL
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Sharma N, Coughlin L, Porter RG, Tanzer L, Wurster RD, Marzo SJ, Jones KJ, Foecking EM. Effects of electrical stimulation and gonadal steroids on rat facial nerve regenerative properties. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2010; 27:633-44. [PMID: 20042787 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-2009-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The neurotherapeutic effects of nerve electrical stimulation and gonadal steroids have independently been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of a combinatorial treatment strategy of electrical stimulation and gonadal steroids on peripheral nerve regeneration. METHODS Following a facial nerve crush axotomy in gonadectomized adult male rats, testosterone propionate (TP), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or estradiol (E(2)) was systemically administered with/without daily electrical stimulation of the proximal nerve stump. Facial nerve outgrowth was assessed at 4 and 7 days post-axotomy using radioactive labeling. RESULTS Administration of electrical stimulation alone reduced the estimated delay in sprout formation but failed to accelerate the overall regeneration rate. Conversely, TP treatment alone accelerated the regeneration rate by approximately 10% but had no effect on the sprouting delay. Combining TP with electrical stimulation, however, maintained the enhanced rate and reduced the sprouting delay. DHT treatment alone failed to alter the regeneration rate but combining it with electrical stimulation increased the rate by 10%. E(2) treatment alone increased the regeneration rate by approximately 5% but with electrical stimulation, there was no additional effect. CONCLUSIONS Electrical stimulation and gonadal steroids differentially enhanced regenerative properties. TP, an aromatizable androgen, augmented regeneration most, suggesting a synergism between androgenic and estrogenic effects. Therapeutically, combining electrical stimulation with gonadal steroids may boost regenerative properties more than the use of either treatment alone.
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Sharma N, Cunningham K, Porter RG, Marzo SJ, Jones KJ, Foecking EM. Comparison of extratemporal and intratemporal facial nerve injury models. Laryngoscope 2009; 119:2324-30. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.20627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pang Y, Wang X, Ucuzian AA, Brey EM, Burgess WH, Jones KJ, Alexander TD, Greisler HP. Local delivery of a collagen-binding FGF-1 chimera to smooth muscle cells in collagen scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2009; 31:878-85. [PMID: 19853908 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the delivery of R136K-CBD (a collagen-binding mutant chimera of fibroblast growth factor-1) with a type I collagen scaffold as the delivery vehicle to smooth muscle cells (SMCs) for vascular tissue engineering. The binding affinity of R136K-CBD to 3-D collagen scaffolds was investigated both in the presence and absence of cells and/or salts. 2-D and 3-D visualization of delivery of R136K-CBD into SMCs were accomplished by combined fluorescent and reflection confocal microscopy. The mitogenic effect of collagen-immobilized R136K-CBD on SMCs in 3-D collagen was studied by Cyquant assay at different time intervals. In the group devoid of salt and cells, no detectable release of R136K-CBD into overlying culture media was found, compared with burst-and-continuous release of R136K and FGF-1 over a 14-day period in all other groups. The release rate of R136K-CBD was 1.7 and 1.6-fold less than R-136K and FGF-1 when media was supplemented with 2m salt (P<0.0001), and 2.6 and 2.5-fold less in cell-populated collagen hydrogels (P<0.0001), respectively. R136K-CBD showed essentially uniform binding to collagen and its distribution was dependent on that of the collagen scaffold. Internalization of R136K-CBD into SMCs was documented by confocal microscopy. 3-D local delivery of collagen-immobilized R136K-CBD increased the proliferation of SMCs in the collagen matrix to significantly greater levels and for a significantly greater duration than R136K or FGF-1, with 2.0 and 2.1-fold more mitogenicity than R136K and FGF-1 respectively (P<0.0001) at day 7. The results suggest that our collagen-binding fusion protein is an effective strategy for growth factor delivery for vascular tissue engineering.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biocompatible Materials/chemistry
- Biomimetic Materials/chemistry
- Blood Vessels/growth & development
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen/chemistry
- Crystallization/methods
- Dogs
- Drug Carriers/chemistry
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 1/administration & dosage
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 1/chemistry
- Materials Testing
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Particle Size
- Surface Properties
- Tissue Engineering/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Pang
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Wainwright DA, Xin J, Mesnard NA, Politis CM, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Effects of facial nerve axotomy on Th2- and Th1-associated chemokine expression in the facial motor nucleus of wild-type and presymptomatic mSOD1 mice. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 216:66-75. [PMID: 19818514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated a neuroprotective mechanism of facial motoneuron (FMN) survival after facial nerve axotomy that is dependent on CD4(+) Th2 cell interaction with peripheral antigen-presenting cells, as well as CNS resident microglia. To investigate this mechanism, we chose to study the Th2-associated chemokine, CCL11, and Th1-associated chemokine, CXCL11, in wild-type and presymptomatic mSOD1 mice after facial nerve axotomy. In this report, the results indicate that CCL11 is constitutively expressed in the uninjured facial motor nucleus, but CXCL11 is not expressed at all. Facial nerve axotomy induced a shift in CCL11 expression from FMN to astrocytes, whereas CXCL11 was induced in FMN. Differences in the number of CCL11- and CXCL11-expressing cells were observed between WT and mSOD1 mice after facial nerve axotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Wainwright DA, Mesnard NA, Xin J, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Effects of facial nerve axotomy on Th2-associated and Th1-associated chemokine mRNA expression in the facial motor nucleus of wild-type and presymptomatic SOD1 mice. J Neurodegener Regen 2009; 2:39-44. [PMID: 20436785 PMCID: PMC2861580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The authors have previously demonstrated a neuroprotective mechanism of facial motoneuron (FMN) survival after facial nerve transection that is dependent on CD4(+)T helper 2 (Th2) cell interactions with peripheral antigen presenting cells, as well as central nervous system (CNS) resident microglia. Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide is expressed by injured FMN and increases Th2-associated chemokine expression in cultured murine microglia. Collectively, these data suggest a model involving CD4(+) Th2 cell migration to the facial motor nucleus after injury via microglial expression of Th2-associated chemokines. In this study, the authors tested the hypothesis that Th2-associated chemokine expression occurs in the facial motor nucleus after facial nerve axotomy at the stylomastoid foramen. Initial microarray analysis of Th2-associated and Th1-associated chemokine mRNA levels was accomplished after facial nerve axotomy in wild type (WT) and presymptomatic mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (mSOD1) [model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)] mice. Based on that initial microarray analysis, the Th2-associated chemokine, CCL11, and Th1-associated chemokine, CXCL11, were further analyzed by RT-PCR. The results indicate that facial nerve injury predominantly increases Th2-associated chemokine, but not Th1-associated chemokine mRNA levels in the mouse facial motor nucleus. Interestingly, no differences were detected between WT and mSOD1 mice for CCL11 and CXCL11 after injury. These data provide a basis for further investigation into Th2-associated chemokine expression in the facial motor nucleus after FMN injury, which may lead to more specifically targeted therapeutics in motoneuron diseases, such as ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
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Haulcomb MM, Mesnard NA, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Characterization of motoneurons and neuropil using facial nerve axotomy in SOD1 mice. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.834.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Haulcomb
- NeuroscienceLoyola Univ ChicagoMaywoodIL
- Research and Development ServiceHines VA HospitalHinesIL
| | - Nichole A Mesnard
- NeuroscienceLoyola Univ ChicagoMaywoodIL
- Research and Development ServiceHines VA HospitalHinesIL
| | - Virginia M Sanders
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical GeneticsThe Ohio State UnivColumbusOH
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Research and Development ServiceHines VA HospitalHinesIL
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and AnatomyLoyola Univ ChicagoMaywoodIL
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Mesnard NA, Haulcomb MM, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. A model for the investigation of regenerative or degenerative motoneurons and neuropil: Relevance to injury and ALS. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.307.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nichole A Mesnard
- NeuroscienceLoyola Univ ChicagoMaywoodIL
- Research and Development ServiceHines VA HospitalHinesIL
| | - Melissa M Haulcomb
- NeuroscienceLoyola Univ ChicagoMaywoodIL
- Research and Development ServiceHines VA HospitalHinesIL
| | - Virginia M Sanders
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical GeneticsThe Ohio State UnivColumbusOH
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Research and Development ServiceHines VA HospitalHinesIL
- Cell biology, Neurobiology, and AnatomyLoyola Univ ChicagoMaywoodIL
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Beahrs TR, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Effects of immunodeficiency on motoneuron survival and peripheral nerve regeneration following facial nerve axotomy. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.307.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Beahrs
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and AnatomyLoyola University Graduate SchoolMaywoodIL
- Research and Development ServiceHines VA HospitalHinesIL
| | - Virginia M Sanders
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical GeneticsThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and AnatomyLoyola University Graduate SchoolMaywoodIL
- Research and Development ServiceHines VA HospitalHinesIL
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Wainwright DA, Xin J, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Differential actions of pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide and interferon gamma on Th2- and Th1-associated chemokine expression in cultured murine microglia. J Neurodegener Regen 2008; 1:31-34. [PMID: 20448827 PMCID: PMC2864491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the immune cells that reside in the central nervous system (CNS). Following the facial nerve injury in the mouse, microglia are activated in the facial motor nucleus, coincident with an increase in the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). The authors have previously shown that maximal facial motoneuron (FMN) survival after injury depends on the CD4(+)T-cell interaction with microglia. Furthermore, it appears that the anti-inflammatory T helper (Th) 2 CD4(+) T-cell subset is required in the facial nucleus, although the mechanism of CNS recruitment is not known. Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that has previously been demonstrated to be expressed by injured FMN. Interestingly, PACAP has been shown to act on peripheral macrophages by inducing chemokine expression capable of recruiting Th2 cells. Whether CNS-resident microglia, a related lineage to peripheral macrophages, respond to PACAP by expressing Th2-associated chemokines is not known. In this study, fluorescence-activated cell sorting was utilized to measure the frequency of microglia positive for different chemokines after exposure to various treatments. The results indicate that PACAP increases the frequency of microglia expressing Th2-associated chemokine, CCL11, and decreases the frequency of microglia expressing Th1-associated chemokine, CXCL11. In contrast, IFN-γ decreases the frequency of microglia expressing Th2-associated chemokine, CCL11, and increases the frequency of microglia expressing Th1-associated chemokine, CXCL11. Treatment with both PACAP and IFN-γ reversed the proinflammatory effect of IFN-γ. Given the recent focus on the therapeutic value of Th2 cells in the CNS during neurode-generative disease, PACAP may be a future therapeutic target for improving neuroregeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois; Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
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Lal D, Hetzler LT, Sharma N, Wurster RD, Marzo SJ, Jones KJ, Foecking EM. Electrical stimulation facilitates rat facial nerve recovery from a crush injury. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 139:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2008.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the effect of electrical stimulation on accelerating facial nerve functional recovery from a crush injury in the rat model. Study Design Experimental. Method The main trunk of the right facial nerve was crushed just distal to the stylomastoid foramen, causing right-sided facial paralysis in 17 Sprague-Dawley rats. An electrode apparatus was implanted in all rats. Nine rats underwent electrical stimulation and eight were sham stimulated until complete facial nerve recovery. Facial nerve function was assessed daily by grading eyeblink reflex, vibrissae orientation, and vibrissae movement. Results An electrical stimulation model of the rat facial nerve following axotomy was established. The semi-eyeblink returned significantly earlier (3.71 + 0.97 vs 9.57 + 1.86 days post axotomy) in stimulated rats ( P = 0.008). Stimulated rats also recovered all functions earlier, and showed less variability in recovery time. Conclusion Electrical stimulation initiates and accelerates facial nerve recovery in the rat model as it significantly reduces recovery time for the semi-eyeblink reflex, a marker of early recovery. It also hastens recovery of other functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devyani Lal
- Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Laura T. Hetzler
- Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Nijee Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Robert D. Wurster
- Department of Research Service Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | - Sam J. Marzo
- Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - Kathryn J. Jones
- Department of Research Service Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. Hospital, Hines, Illinois
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Eileen M. Foecking
- Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
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Fargo KN, Galbiati M, Foecking EM, Poletti A, Jones KJ. Androgen regulation of axon growth and neurite extension in motoneurons. Horm Behav 2008; 53:716-28. [PMID: 18387610 PMCID: PMC2408920 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Androgens act on the CNS to affect motor function through interaction with a widespread distribution of intracellular androgen receptors (AR). This review highlights our work on androgens and process outgrowth in motoneurons, both in vitro and in vivo. The actions of androgens on motoneurons involve the generation of novel neuronal interactions that are mediated by the induction of androgen-dependent neurite or axonal outgrowth. Here, we summarize the experimental evidence for the androgenic regulation of the extension and regeneration of motoneuron neurites in vitro using cultured immortalized motoneurons, and axons in vivo using the hamster facial nerve crush paradigm. We place particular emphasis on the relevance of these effects to SBMA and peripheral nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith N Fargo
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
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Xin J, Wainwright DA, Serpe CJ, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Phenotype of CD4+ T cell subsets that develop following mouse facial nerve axotomy. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:528-37. [PMID: 18024079 PMCID: PMC2396948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that CD4(+) T helper (Th) 2 cells, but not Th1 cells, participate in the rescue of mouse facial motoneurons (FMN) from axotomy-induced cell death. Recently, a number of other CD4(+) T cell subsets have been identified in addition to the Th1 and Th2 effector subsets, including Th17, inducible T regulatory type 1 (Tr1), and naturally thymus-born Foxp3(+) regulatory (Foxp3(+) Treg) cells. These subsets regulate the nature of a T cell-mediated immune response. Th1 and Th17 cells are pro-inflammatory subsets, while Th2, Tr1, and Foxp3(+) Treg cells are anti-inflammatory subsets. Pro-inflammatory responses in the central nervous system are thought to be neurodestructive, while anti-inflammatory responses are considered neuroprotective. However, it remains to be determined if another CD4(+) T cell subset, other than the Th2 cell, develops after peripheral nerve injury and participates in FMN survival. In the present study, we used FACS analysis to determine the temporal frequency of Th1, Th17, Th2, Tr1 and Foxp3(+) Treg CD4(+) T cell subset development in C57BL/6 wild type mice after facial nerve transection at the stylomastoid foramen in the mouse. The results indicate that all of the known CD4(+) T cell subsets develop and expand in number within the draining lymph node, with a peak in number primarily at 7 days postoperative (dpo), followed by a decline at 9 dpo. In addition to the increase in subset frequency over time, FACS analysis of individual cells showed that the level of cytokine expressed per cell also increased for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-17, but not IL-4. Additional control double-cytokine labeling experiments were done which indicate that, at 7dpo, the majority of cells indeed have committed to a specific phenotype and express only 1 cytokine. Collectively, our findings indicate for the first time that there is no preferential activation and expansion of any single CD4(+) T cell subset after peripheral nerve injury but, rather, that both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory CD4(+) T cells develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Xin
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Tetzlaff J, Tanzer L, Jones KJ. Cellular localization of androgen and estrogen receptors in mouse-derived motoneuron hybrid cells and mouse facial motoneurons. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:1362-70. [PMID: 17638386 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of gonadal steroid hormones to augment axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury has been well established in rat and hamster motoneuron systems, and provides a foundation for the use of these agents as neurotherapeutics. With the advent of mouse genetics and the availability of transgenic and knockout mice, the use of mice in studies of neuroprotection is growing. It has recently been demonstrated that both androgens and estrogens rescue motoneurons (MN) from injury in mouse-derived motoneuron hybrid cells in vitro and mouse facial motoneurons (FMN) in vivo (Tetzlaff et al. [2006] J Mol Neurosci 28:53-64). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of these effects, the present study examined the cellular localization of androgen and estrogen receptors in mouse MN in vitro and in vivo. Immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry studies established the presence of androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor alpha/beta in immortalized mouse motoneuron hybrid cells and AR and estrogen receptor alpha in mouse FMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Tetzlaff
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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Abstract
Following injury or stress of any type, cells undergo a stress response, involving the cessation of general protein synthesis and the up-regulation of heat shock proteins (HSP), which have been implicated in promoting cell survival and repair. In a variety of neuronal injury models, including the hamster facial motoneurone (FMN) model, steroid hormones augment regeneration and are neuroprotective. We have previously shown that facial nerve axotomy induces expression of HSP70 (HSP70) and/or up-regulates constitutively expressed HSP70 (HSC70) mRNA in axotomised hamster FMN and that testosterone propionate (TP) treatment reduces this response. These previous studies were unable to differentiate between HSC70 mRNA and HSP70 mRNA. Therefore, an objective of the present study was to determine which HSP (HSC70 or HSP70) was being up-regulated by axotomy and reduced by TP. Axotomy increased HSC70 protein in axotomised and non-axotomised FMN, relative to untreated baseline hamsters. Interestingly, TP transiently delayed the stress-induced up-regulation of HSC70 protein in axotomised FMN compared to axotomised FMN from non-TP treated controls. A potential explanation for this delay may involve the TP-induced liberation of HSP from the androgen receptor, which would provide the injured cell with an immediately available pool of protective HSP. An hypothesis is presented suggesting that this TP-induced delay of stress-induced HSC70 up-regulation might allow for the diversion of cellular energy away from HSP synthesis and towards the synthesis of proteins required for regeneration and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tetzlaff
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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DeLucia TA, Alexander TD, Fargo KN, Jones KJ. Effects of single versus combinatorial treatment strategies on beta II-tubulin gene expression in axotomized hamster rubrospinal motoneurons. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2007; 25:573-584. [PMID: 18334774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE betaII-tubulin, a regeneration-associated gene, is upregulated in injured peripheral neurons, but significantly less so in injured central neurons. Using a hamster dorsal spinal cord injury (SCI), the ability of single versus combinatorial treatment strategies to alter betaII-tubulin mRNA expression in rubrospinal motoneurons (RSMN) was examined. We have shown that systemic testosterone propionate (TP) treatment in combination with peripheral nerve grafting into a SCI site produces a peripheral-like pattern of betaII-tubulin mRNA expression in injured RSMN. In the present study, selected single- and combinatorial-therapy strategies were tested for their ability to promote a sustained upregulation of betaII-tubulin mRNA levels in injured RSMN. METHODS Single treatments of olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or Schwann cells (SC) vs combinatorial treatments (SC+TP, OEC+TP, and OEC+BDNF) were administered to hamsters following a dorsal SCI. Quantitative in situ hybridization in conjunction with a betaII-tubulin cDNA probe was accomplished. RESULTS All of the single-therapy treatments tested were able to prevent the downregulation of betaII-tubulin mRNA that occurred a week after injury alone, but only BDNF maintained high levels of betaII-tubulin mRNA. In contrast, all combinatorial treatments tested maintained the upregulation of betaII-tubulin mRNA expression in injured RSMN 1 week post-SCI. CONCLUSIONS Targeting both intrinsic and extrinsic components of CNS injury can re-program elements of the molecular response of injured central motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A DeLucia
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Canh MY, Serpe CJ, Sanders V, Jones KJ. CD4(+) T cell-mediated facial motoneuron survival after injury: Distribution pattern of cell death and rescue throughout the extent of the facial motor nucleus. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 181:93-9. [PMID: 17045343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that CD4(+) T cells transiently rescue facial motoneurons (FMN) from axotomy-induced death in immunodeficient mice. Three subpopulations of motoneurons have been observed within the facial motor nucleus following axotomy: one that always survives axotomy (50%), one that is amenable to rescue from axotomy-induced death through the addition of neurotrophic factors or CD4(+) T cells (30-40%), and one that always dies after axotomy (10-15%). The objective of this study was to anatomically map the extent of axotomy-induced cell death and immune cell rescue in the facial nucleus to study the differential survival capabilities of each subpopulation. Wild-type (WT) mice, recombinase activating gene 2 knockout (RAG-2 KO) mice, and RAG-2 KO mice reconstituted with CD4(+) T cells were subjected to right facial nerve axotomy. At 4 weeks post-axotomy, topographical mapping of axotomy-induced cell death throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the facial nucleus was accomplished in accordance with previously published maps of the subnuclear arrangement of the facial neurons. The results indicate that all 3 subpopulations of FMN can be found in each of the subnuclear groups throughout the entire rostro-caudal extent of the facial nucleus. These data are discussed in context of recent work in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a fatal motoneuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Y Canh
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Deboy CA, Xin J, Byram SC, Serpe CJ, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Immune-mediated neuroprotection of axotomized mouse facial motoneurons is dependent on the IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway in CD4+ T cells. Exp Neurol 2006; 201:212-24. [PMID: 16806176 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2005] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The CD4(+) T lymphocyte has recently been found to promote facial motoneuron (FMN) survival after nerve injury. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)4 and STAT6 are key proteins involved in the CD4(+) T cell differentiation pathways leading to T helper type (Th)1 and Th2 cell development, respectively. To determine which CD4(+) T cell subset mediates FMN survival, the facial nerve axotomy paradigm was applied to STAT4-deficient (-/-) and STAT6-/- mice. A significant decrease in FMN survival 4 weeks after axotomy was observed in STAT6-/- mice compared to wild-type (WT) or STAT4-/- mice. Reconstituting STAT6-/- mice with CD4(+) T cells obtained from WT mice promoted WT levels of FMN survival after injury. Furthermore, rescue of FMN from axotomy-induced cell death in recombination activating gene (RAG)-2-/- mice (lacking T and B cells) could be achieved only by reconstitution with CD4(+) T cells expressing functional STAT6 protein. To determine if either the Th1 cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or the Th2 cytokine IL-4 is involved in mediating FMN survival, facial nerve axotomy was applied to IFN-gamma-/- and IL-4-/- mice. A significant decrease in FMN survival after axotomy occurred in IL-4-/- but not in IFN-gamma-/- mice compared to WT mice, indicating that IL-4 but not IFN-gamma is important for FMN survival after nerve injury. In WT mice, intracellular IFN-gamma vs. IL-4 expression was examined in CD4(+) T cells from draining cervical lymph nodes 14 days after axotomy, and substantial increase in the production of both CD4(+) effector T cell subsets was found. Collectively, these data suggest that STAT6-mediated CD4(+) T cell differentiation into the Th2 subset is necessary for FMN survival. A hypothesis relevant to motoneuron disease progression is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Deboy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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