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Veyt N, Van Buggenhout G, Devriendt K, Van Den Bogaert K, Brison N. Expanding the phenotype of copy number variations involving NR0B1 (DAX1). Eur J Hum Genet 2024; 32:421-425. [PMID: 38200083 PMCID: PMC10999439 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
46,XY gonadal dysgenesis (GD) is a disorder of sex development due to incomplete gonadal differentiation into testes, resulting in female to ambiguous external genitalia. Duplications at the Xp21.2 locus involving the NR0B1 (DAX1) gene have previously been associated with 46,XY GD. More recently, a complex structural variant not directly involving NR0B1 has been reported in 46,XY GD illustrating that the mechanism of how copy number variants (CNVs) at Xp21.2 may cause 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis is not yet fully understood. Here, we report on three families in which a duplication involving the NR0B1 gene was detected in the context of prenatal screening. This is the first report of duplications involving NR0B1 in three phenotypically normal males in two families. Fertility problems were present in one adult male carrier. The data reported here from an unbiased screening population broaden the phenotype associated with CNVs involving NR0B1, and this may aid clinicians in counseling and decision making in the prenatal context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Veyt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Griet Van Buggenhout
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Van Den Bogaert
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Brison
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Vervoort L, Dierckxsens N, Santos MS, Meynants S, Souche E, Cools R, Heung T, Devriendt K, Peeters H, McDonald-McGinn DM, Swillen A, Breckpot J, Emanuel BS, Van Esch H, Bassett AS, Vermeesch JR. Multiple paralogues and recombination mechanisms drive the high incidence of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.14.585046. [PMID: 38562770 PMCID: PMC10983858 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.14.585046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common microdeletion disorder. Why the incidence of 22q11.2DS is much greater than that of other genomic disorders remains unknown. Short read sequencing cannot resolve the complex segmental duplicon structure to provide direct confirmation of the hypothesis that the rearrangements are caused by non-allelic homologous recombination between the low copy repeats on chromosome 22 (LCR22s). To enable haplotype-specific assembly and rearrangement mapping in LCR22 regions, we combined fiber-FISH optical mapping with whole genome (ultra-)long read sequencing or rearrangement-specific long-range PCR on 24 duos (22q11.2DS patient and parent-of-origin) comprising several different LCR22-mediated rearrangements. Unexpectedly, we demonstrate that not only different paralogous segmental duplicon but also palindromic AT-rich repeats (PATRR) are driving 22q11.2 rearrangements. In addition, we show the existence of two different inversion polymorphisms preceding rearrangement, and somatic mosaicism. The existence of different recombination sites and mechanisms in paralogues and PATRRs which are copy number expanding in the human population are a likely explanation for the high 22q11.2DS incidence.
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3
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Lesmann H, Hustinx A, Moosa S, Marchi E, Caro P, Abdelrazek IM, Pantel JT, Klinkhammer H, Hagen MT, Kamphans T, Meiswinkel W, Li JM, Javanmardi B, Knaus A, Uwineza A, Knopp C, Tkemaladze T, Elbracht M, Mattern L, Jamra RA, Velmans C, Strehlow V, Goel H, Nunes BC, Vilella T, Pinheiro IF, Kim CA, Melaragno MI, Barakat TS, Nabil A, Suh J, Averdunk L, Ekure E, Graziano C, Phowthongkum P, Güzel N, Haack TB, Brunet T, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Platzer K, Borovikov A, Schnabel F, Heuft L, Herrmann V, Martinez-Monseny AF, Höller M, Alaaeldin K, Jezela-Stanek A, Mohamed A, Lasa-Aranzasti A, Sayer JA, Hu P, Ledgister Hanchard SE, Elmakkawy G, Safwat S, Ebstein F, Krüger E, Küry S, Arlt A, Marbach F, Netzer C, Kaptain S, Weiland H, Li D, Dupuis L, Mendoza-Londono R, Houge SD, Weis D, Chung BHY, Mak CCY, Devriendt K, Gripp KW, Mücke M, Verloes A, Schaaf CP, Nellåker C, Solomon BD, Waikel RL, Nöthen MM, Abdalla E, Lyon GJ, Krawitz PM, Hsieh TC. GestaltMatcher Database - A global reference for the facial phenotypic variability of rare human diseases. medRxiv 2024:2023.06.06.23290887. [PMID: 37503210 PMCID: PMC10371103 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.06.23290887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Dysmorphologists sometimes encounter challenges in recognizing disorders due to phenotypic variability influenced by factors such as age and ethnicity. Moreover, the performance of Next Generation Phenotyping Tools such as GestaltMatcher is dependent on the diversity of the training set. Therefore, we developed GestaltMatcher Database (GMDB) - a global reference for the phenotypic variability of rare diseases that complies with the FAIR-principles. We curated dysmorphic patient images and metadata from 2,224 publications, transforming GMDB into an online dynamic case report journal. To encourage clinicians worldwide to contribute, each case can receive a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), making it a citable micro-publication. This resulted in a collection of 2,312 unpublished images, partly with longitudinal data. We have compiled a collection of 10,189 frontal images from 7,695 patients representing 683 disorders. The web interface enables gene- and phenotype-centered queries for registered users (https://db.gestaltmatcher.org/). Despite the predominant European ancestry of most patients (59%), our global collaborations have facilitated the inclusion of data from frequently underrepresented ethnicities, with 17% Asian, 4% African, and 6% with other ethnic backgrounds. The analysis has revealed a significant enhancement in GestaltMatcher performance across all ethnic groups, incorporating non-European ethnicities, showcasing a remarkable increase in Top-1-Accuracy by 31.56% and Top-5-Accuracy by 12.64%. Importantly, this improvement was achieved without altering the performance metrics for European patients. GMDB addresses dysmorphology challenges by representing phenotypic variability and including underrepresented groups, enhancing global diagnostic rates and serving as a vital clinician reference database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Lesmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Hustinx
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahida Moosa
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University and Medical Genetics, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elaine Marchi
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York State, Albany, USA
| | - Pilar Caro
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ibrahim M Abdelrazek
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jean Tori Pantel
- Institute for Digitalization and General Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Centre for Rare Diseases Aachen (ZSEA), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Klinkhammer
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Merle Ten Hagen
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Jing-Mei Li
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Behnam Javanmardi
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexej Knaus
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annette Uwineza
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, and University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Cordula Knopp
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tinatin Tkemaladze
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Givi Zhvania Pediatric Academic Clinic, Tbilisi State Medical University, Georgia
| | - Miriam Elbracht
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Larissa Mattern
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clara Velmans
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vincent Strehlow
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Himanshu Goel
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia
| | - Beatriz Carvalho Nunes
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thainá Vilella
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Chong Ae Kim
- Genetics Unit, Instituto da Criança, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Melaragno
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tahsin Stefan Barakat
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amira Nabil
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Julia Suh
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Luisa Averdunk
- Department of Pediatrics, Universtiy Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ekanem Ekure
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Prasit Phowthongkum
- Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nergis Güzel
- Institut für Humangenetik und Genommedizin, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theresa Brunet
- Institut für Humangenetik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | | | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Franziska Schnabel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lara Heuft
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vera Herrmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antonio F Martinez-Monseny
- Department of Clinical Genetics, SJD Barcelona Children's Hospital, Esplugues del Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Matthias Höller
- Institute for Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Khoshoua Alaaeldin
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Amal Mohamed
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amaia Lasa-Aranzasti
- Medicine Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John A Sayer
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Renal Services, The Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Freeman Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ping Hu
- Division of Cancer prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | | | - Gehad Elmakkawy
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sylvia Safwat
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Frédéric Ebstein
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Elke Krüger
- Insitute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sébastien Küry
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Annabelle Arlt
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Marbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Netzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sophia Kaptain
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannah Weiland
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dong Li
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Lucie Dupuis
- Department to Paediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital of Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roberto Mendoza-Londono
- Department to Paediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital of Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sofia Douzgou Houge
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Denisa Weis
- Institue for Medical Genetics, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Brian Hon-Yin Chung
- Hong Kong Genome Institute, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher C Y Mak
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Karen W Gripp
- Division of Medical Genetics, A.I. du Pont Hospital for Children/Nemours, USA, Wilmington, USA
| | - Martin Mücke
- Institute for Digitalization and General Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Centre for Rare Diseases Aachen (ZSEA), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Christoffer Nellåker
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin D Solomon
- Medical Genomics Unit, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Rebekah L Waikel
- Medical Genomics Unit, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ebtesam Abdalla
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gholson J Lyon
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- George A. Jervis Clinic, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter M Krawitz
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tzung-Chien Hsieh
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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4
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Freud LR, Galloway S, Crowley TB, Moldenhauer J, Swillen A, Breckpot J, Borrell A, Vora NL, Cuneo B, Hoffman H, Gilbert L, Nowakowska B, Geremek M, Kutkowska-Kaźmierczak A, Vermeesch JR, Devriendt K, Busa T, Sigaudy S, Vigneswaran T, Simpson JM, Dungan J, Gotteiner N, Gloning KP, Digilio MC, Unolt M, Putotto C, Marino B, Repetto G, Fadic M, Garcia-Minaur S, Achón Buil A, Thomas MA, Fruitman D, Beecroft T, Hui PW, Oskarsdottir S, Bradshaw R, Criebaum A, Norton ME, Lee T, Geiger M, Dunnington L, Isaac J, Wilkins-Haug L, Hunter L, Izzi C, Toscano M, Ghi T, McGlynn J, Romana Grati F, Emanuel BS, Gaiser K, Gaynor JW, Goldmuntz E, McGinn DE, Schindewolf E, Tran O, Zackai EH, Yan Q, Bassett AS, Wapner R, McDonald-McGinn DM. Prenatal vs postnatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: cardiac and noncardiac outcomes through 1 year of age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 230:368.e1-368.e12. [PMID: 37717890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the most common microdeletion syndrome and is frequently associated with congenital heart disease. Prenatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is increasingly offered. It is unknown whether there is a clinical benefit to prenatal detection as compared with postnatal diagnosis. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine differences in perinatal and infant outcomes between patients with prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study across multiple international centers (30 sites, 4 continents) from 2006 to 2019. Participants were fetuses, neonates, or infants with a genetic diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome by 1 year of age with or without congenital heart disease; those with prenatal diagnosis or suspicion (suggestive ultrasound findings and/or high-risk cell-free fetal DNA screen for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with postnatal confirmation) were compared with those with postnatal diagnosis. Perinatal management, cardiac and noncardiac morbidity, and mortality by 1 year were assessed. Outcomes were adjusted for presence of critical congenital heart disease, gestational age at birth, and site. RESULTS A total of 625 fetuses, neonates, or infants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (53.4% male) were included: 259 fetuses were prenatally diagnosed (156 [60.2%] were live-born) and 122 neonates were prenatally suspected with postnatal confirmation, whereas 244 infants were postnatally diagnosed. In the live-born cohort (n=522), 1-year mortality was 5.9%, which did not differ between groups but differed by the presence of critical congenital heart disease (hazard ratio, 4.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.56-11.18; P<.001) and gestational age at birth (hazard ratio, 0.78 per week; 95% confidence interval, 0.69-0.89; P<.001). Adjusting for critical congenital heart disease and gestational age at birth, the prenatal cohort was less likely to deliver at a local community hospital (5.1% vs 38.2%; odds ratio, 0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.06-0.23; P<.001), experience neonatal cardiac decompensation (1.3% vs 5.0%; odds ratio, 0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.49; P=.004), or have failure to thrive by 1 year (43.4% vs 50.3%; odds ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.91; P=.019). CONCLUSION Prenatal detection of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome was associated with improved delivery management and less cardiac and noncardiac morbidity, but not mortality, compared with postnatal detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R Freud
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Stephanie Galloway
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | | | - Julie Moldenhauer
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ann Swillen
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antoni Borrell
- Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neeta L Vora
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Bettina Cuneo
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Hilary Hoffman
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Lisa Gilbert
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | | | | | | | - Joris R Vermeesch
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Trisha Vigneswaran
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - John M Simpson
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Dungan
- Prentice Women's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Nina Gotteiner
- Prentice Women's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Marta Unolt
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Gabriela Repetto
- Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magdalena Fadic
- Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Mary Ann Thomas
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Deborah Fruitman
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Taylor Beecroft
- Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Pui Wah Hui
- Queen Mary Hospital, Tsan Yuk Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Rachael Bradshaw
- SSM Health Cardinal Glennon St. Louis Fetal Care Institute, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Amanda Criebaum
- SSM Health Cardinal Glennon St. Louis Fetal Care Institute, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mary E Norton
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tiffany Lee
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Miwa Geiger
- Kravis Children's Hospital, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - Leslie Dunnington
- Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Lindsey Hunter
- Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Izzi
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) degli Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Tullio Ghi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kimberly Gaiser
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J William Gaynor
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel E McGinn
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Erica Schindewolf
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Oanh Tran
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Qi Yan
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ronald Wapner
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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5
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De Borre M, Che H, Yu Q, Lannoo L, De Ridder K, Vancoillie L, Dreesen P, Van Den Ackerveken M, Aerden M, Galle E, Breckpot J, Van Keirsbilck J, Gyselaers W, Devriendt K, Vermeesch JR, Van Calsteren K, Thienpont B. Cell-free DNA methylome analysis for early preeclampsia prediction. Nat Med 2023; 29:2206-2215. [PMID: 37640858 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a leading cause for peripartal morbidity, especially if developing early in gestation. To enable prophylaxis in the prevention of PE, pregnancies at risk of PE must be identified early-in the first trimester. To identify at-risk pregnancies we profiled methylomes of plasma-derived, cell-free DNA from 498 pregnant women, of whom about one-third developed early-onset PE. We detected DNA methylation differences between control and PE pregnancies that enabled risk stratification at PE diagnosis but also presymptomatically, at around 12 weeks of gestation (range 9-14 weeks). The first-trimester risk prediction model was validated in an external cohort collected from two centers (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.75) and integrated with routinely available maternal risk factors (AUC = 0.85). The combined risk score correctly predicted 72% of patients with early-onset PE at 80% specificity. These preliminary results suggest that cell-free DNA methylation profiling is a promising tool for presymptomatic PE risk assessment, and has the potential to improve treatment and follow-up in the obstetric clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie De Borre
- Laboratory for Functional Epigenetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Huiwen Che
- Laboratory for Functional Epigenetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qian Yu
- Laboratory for Functional Epigenetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lore Lannoo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kobe De Ridder
- Laboratory for Functional Epigenetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Vancoillie
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pauline Dreesen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Mika Van Den Ackerveken
- Laboratory for Functional Epigenetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mio Aerden
- Laboratory for Functional Epigenetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Galle
- Laboratory for Functional Epigenetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Robert Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel Van Calsteren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Thienpont
- Laboratory for Functional Epigenetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Lannoo L, Van Camp J, Brison N, Parijs I, Vancoillie L, Van Den Bogaert K, Vermeesch JR, Devriendt K, Van Calsteren K. What helps define outcomes in persistent uninterpretable non-invasive prenatal testing: Maternal factors, fetal fraction or quality scores? Prenat Diagn 2023; 43:1333-1343. [PMID: 37592442 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess maternal characteristics and comorbidities in patients with persistent uninterpretable non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and to evaluate the association with adverse pregnancy outcome in a general risk population. METHODS A retrospective cohort study (July 2017-December 2020) was conducted of patients with persistent uninterpretable NIPT samples. Maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were compared with the general Belgian obstetric population. RESULTS Of the 148 patients with persistent uninterpretable NIPT, 37 cases were due to a low fetal fraction (LFF) and 111 due to a low quality score (LQS). Both groups (LFF, LQS) showed more obesity (60.6%, 42.4%), multiple pregnancies (18.9%, 4.5%) and more obstetrical complications. In the LQS group, a high rate of maternal auto-immune disorders (30.6%) was seen and hypertensive complications (17.6%), preterm birth (17.6%) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission (22%) were significantly increased. In the LFF group hypertensive complications (21.6%), gestational diabetes (20.6%), preterm birth (27%), SGA (25.6%), major congenital malformations (11.4%), c-section rate (51.4%) and NICU admission (34.9%) were significantly increased. Chromosomal abnormalities were not increased in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Patients with persistent uninterpretable NIPT have significantly more maternal obesity, comorbidities and adverse pregnancy outcome than the general population and should receive high-risk pregnancy care. Distinguishing between LFF and LQS optimizes counseling because maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcome differ between these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore Lannoo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joke Van Camp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Brison
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Parijs
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Vancoillie
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel Van Calsteren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Dietvorst S, Devriendt K, Lambert J, Boogaerts A, Van Den Bogaert K, Buyse G, Van Calenbergh F. NID1-related autosomal dominant Dandy-Walker malformation with occipital cephalocele in three generations. Eur J Med Genet 2023; 66:104713. [PMID: 36702440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The combination of Dandy-Walker malformation and occipital cephalocele is a rare autosomal dominant condition, known as ADDWOC, and caused by mutations in NID1 or LAMC1. We present a three-generation family with variable manifestations of Dandy-Walker malformation and occipital cephalocele. They all have normal psychomotor development and lack neurological manifestations. Mutation analysis revealed a likely pathogenic missense variant in NID1 (c.3336T > G, p.Asn1112Lys), affecting an amino acid residue crucial in the nidogen/laminin interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gunnar Buyse
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Cospain A, Rivera-Barahona A, Dumontet E, Gener B, Bailleul-Forestier I, Meyts I, Jouret G, Isidor B, Brewer C, Wuyts W, Moens L, Delafontaine S, Keung Lam WW, Van Den Bogaert K, Boogaerts A, Scalais E, Besnard T, Cogne B, Guissard C, Rollier P, Carre W, Bouvet R, Tarte K, Gómez-Carmona R, Lapunzina P, Odent S, Faoucher M, Dubourg C, Ruiz-Pérez VL, Devriendt K, Pasquier L, Pérez-Jurado LA. FOSL2 truncating variants in the last exon cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with scalp and enamel defects. Genet Med 2022; 24:2475-2486. [PMID: 36197437 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate the molecular basis of a novel recognizable neurodevelopmental syndrome with scalp and enamel anomalies caused by truncating variants in the last exon of the gene FOSL2, encoding a subunit of the AP-1 complex. METHODS Exome sequencing was used to identify genetic variants in all cases, recruited through Matchmaker exchange. Gene expression in blood was analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In vitro coimmunoprecipitation and proteasome inhibition assays in transfected HEK293 cells were performed to explore protein and AP-1 complex stability. RESULTS We identified 11 individuals from 10 families with mostly de novo truncating FOSL2 variants sharing a strikingly similar phenotype characterized by prenatal growth retardation, localized cutis scalp aplasia with or without skull defects, neurodevelopmental delay with autism spectrum disorder, enamel hypoplasia, and congenital cataracts. Mutant FOSL2 messenger RNAs escaped nonsense-mediated messenger RNA decay. Truncated FOSL2 interacts with c-JUN, thus mutated AP-1 complexes could be formed. CONCLUSION Truncating variants in the last exon of FOSL2 associate a distinct clinical phenotype by altering the regulatory degradation of the AP-1 complex. These findings reveal a new role for FOSL2 in human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriane Cospain
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence CLAD-Ouest, ERN ITHACA, CHU, Rennes, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France.
| | - Ana Rivera-Barahona
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erwan Dumontet
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie - Thérapie Cellulaire et Hématopoïèse, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Blanca Gener
- Department of Genetics, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Isabelle Bailleul-Forestier
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Competence Center of Rare Oral Diseases, Faculty of Odontology, Paul Sabatier University, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Paediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Jouret
- National Center of Genetics (NCG), Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxemburg
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Carole Brewer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Wim Wuyts
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and University Hospital of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Leen Moens
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Selket Delafontaine
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Paediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wayne Wing Keung Lam
- South East of Scotland Clinical Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kris Van Den Bogaert
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Boogaerts
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Scalais
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxemburg
| | - Thomas Besnard
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Cogne
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut du Thorax, Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Guissard
- RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM 1301, CNRS 5070, EFS, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Paul Rollier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence CLAD-Ouest, ERN ITHACA, CHU, Rennes, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Wilfrid Carre
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Regis Bouvet
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie - Thérapie Cellulaire et Hématopoïèse, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Carmona
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence CLAD-Ouest, ERN ITHACA, CHU, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR, UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Faoucher
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR, UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Christele Dubourg
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR, UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Víctor L Ruiz-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurent Pasquier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Référence Déficiences des Intellectuelles de Cause Rares, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Genética, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Cuinat S, Nizon M, Isidor B, Stegmann A, van Jaarsveld RH, van Gassen KL, van der Smagt JJ, Volker-Touw CML, Holwerda SJB, Terhal PA, Schuhmann S, Vasileiou G, Khalifa M, Nugud AA, Yasaei H, Ousager LB, Brasch-Andersen C, Deb W, Besnard T, Simon MEH, Amsterdam KHV, Verbeek NE, Matalon D, Dykzeul N, White S, Spiteri E, Devriendt K, Boogaerts A, Willemsen M, Brunner HG, Sinnema M, De Vries BBA, Gerkes EH, Pfundt R, Izumi K, Krantz ID, Xu ZL, Murrell JR, Valenzuela I, Cusco I, Rovira-Moreno E, Yang Y, Bizaoui V, Patat O, Faivre L, Tran-Mau-Them F, Vitobello A, Denommé-Pichon AS, Philippe C, Bezieau S, Cogné B. Loss-of-function variants in SRRM2 cause a neurodevelopmental disorder. Genet Med 2022; 24:1774-1780. [PMID: 35567594 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE SRRM2 encodes the SRm300 protein, a splicing factor of the SR-related protein family characterized by its serine- and arginine-enriched domains. It promotes interactions between messenger RNA and the spliceosome catalytic machinery. This gene, predicted to be highly intolerant to loss of function (LoF) and very conserved through evolution, has not been previously reported in constitutive human disease. METHODS Among the 1000 probands studied with developmental delay and intellectual disability in our database, we found 2 patients with de novo LoF variants in SRRM2. Additional families were identified through GeneMatcher. RESULTS Here, we report on 22 patients with LoF variants in SRRM2 and provide a description of the phenotype. Molecular analysis identified 12 frameshift variants, 8 nonsense variants, and 2 microdeletions of 66 kb and 270 kb. The patients presented with a mild developmental delay, predominant speech delay, autistic or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder features, overfriendliness, generalized hypotonia, overweight, and dysmorphic facial features. Intellectual disability was variable and mild when present. CONCLUSION We established SRRM2 as a gene responsible for a rare neurodevelopmental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvestre Cuinat
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Inserm UMR 1087 / CNRS UMR 6291, Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Inserm UMR 1087 / CNRS UMR 6291, Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Alexander Stegmann
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Koen L van Gassen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sjoerd J B Holwerda
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paulien A Terhal
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Schuhmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georgia Vasileiou
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mohamed Khalifa
- Genetic Department, Dubai Health Authority, Latifa Women and Children Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alaa A Nugud
- Genetic Department, Dubai Health Authority, Latifa Women and Children Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hemad Yasaei
- Dubai Genetics Center, Pathology and Genetics Department, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lilian Bomme Ousager
- Department of Clinical Genetics & Human Genetics, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Brasch-Andersen
- Department of Clinical Genetics & Human Genetics, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Wallid Deb
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Inserm UMR 1087 / CNRS UMR 6291, Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Besnard
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Inserm UMR 1087 / CNRS UMR 6291, Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Marleen E H Simon
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nienke E Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dena Matalon
- Department of Pediatric, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University and Health Care, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Natalie Dykzeul
- Department of Pediatric, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University and Health Care, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Shana White
- Department of Pediatric, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University and Health Care, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Elizabeth Spiteri
- Department of Pediatric, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University and Health Care, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Boogaerts
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjolein Willemsen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Margje Sinnema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert B A De Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erica H Gerkes
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kosuke Izumi
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ian D Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Zhou L Xu
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jill R Murrell
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Irene Valenzuela
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivon Cusco
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Rovira-Moreno
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Varoona Bizaoui
- Clinical Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Centre Hospitalier de l'Estran, Pontorson, France
| | - Olivier Patat
- Department of Medical Genetics, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes malformatifs, FHU-TRANSLAD, GAD, CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Inserm UMR1231, GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Frederic Tran-Mau-Them
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Inserm UMR1231, GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Antonio Vitobello
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Inserm UMR1231, GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Denommé-Pichon
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Inserm UMR1231, GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Christophe Philippe
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Inserm UMR1231, GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Bezieau
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Inserm UMR 1087 / CNRS UMR 6291, Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Cogné
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Inserm UMR 1087 / CNRS UMR 6291, Institut du thorax, Nantes, France.
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10
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Lannoo L, Lenaerts L, Van Den Bogaert K, Che H, Brison N, Devriendt K, Amant F, Vermeesch JR, Van Calsteren K. Non-invasive prenatal testing suggesting a maternal malignancy: What do we tell the prospective parents in Belgium? Prenat Diagn 2021; 41:1264-1272. [PMID: 34405430 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is diagnosed in one in 1000 to 1500 pregnancies. Most frequently encountered malignancies during pregnancy are breast cancer, hematological cancer, cervical cancer and malignant melanoma. Maternal cancer is associated with an increased risk of IUGR and preterm labor, especially in patients with systemic disease or those receiving chemotherapy during pregnancy, requiring a high-risk obstetrical follow-up. Fetal aneuploidy screening by non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) can lead to the incidental identification of copy number alterations derived from non-fetal cell-free DNA (cfDNA), as seen in certain cases of maternal malignancy. The identification of tumor-derived cfDNA requires further clinical, biochemical, radiographic and histological investigations to confirm the diagnosis. In such cases, reliable risk estimation for fetal trisomy 21, 18 and 13 is impossible. Therefore, invasive testing should be offered when ultrasonographic screening reveals an increased risk for chromosomal anomalies, or when a more accurate test is desired. When the fetal karyotype is normal, long term implications for the fetus refer to the consequences of the maternal disease and treatment during pregnancy. This manuscript addresses parental questions when NIPT suggests a maternal malignancy. Based on current evidence and our own experience, a clinical management scheme in a multidisciplinary setting is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore Lannoo
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Division Woman and Child, Clinical Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Leuven, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Huiwen Che
- Department of Human Genetics, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Frédéric Amant
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Gynecological Oncology Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Kristel Van Calsteren
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Division Woman and Child, Clinical Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Leuven, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Cleynen I, Engchuan W, Hestand MS, Heung T, Holleman AM, Johnston HR, Monfeuga T, McDonald-McGinn DM, Gur RE, Morrow BE, Swillen A, Vorstman JAS, Bearden CE, Chow EWC, van den Bree M, Emanuel BS, Vermeesch JR, Warren ST, Owen MJ, Chopra P, Cutler DJ, Duncan R, Kotlar AV, Mulle JG, Voss AJ, Zwick ME, Diacou A, Golden A, Guo T, Lin JR, Wang T, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Marshall C, Merico D, Jin A, Lilley B, Salmons HI, Tran O, Holmans P, Pardinas A, Walters JTR, Demaerel W, Boot E, Butcher NJ, Costain GA, Lowther C, Evers R, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, van Duin E, Vingerhoets C, Breckpot J, Devriendt K, Vergaelen E, Vogels A, Crowley TB, McGinn DE, Moss EM, Sharkus RJ, Unolt M, Zackai EH, Calkins ME, Gallagher RS, Gur RC, Tang SX, Fritsch R, Ornstein C, Repetto GM, Breetvelt E, Duijff SN, Fiksinski A, Moss H, Niarchou M, Murphy KC, Prasad SE, Daly EM, Gudbrandsen M, Murphy CM, Murphy DG, Buzzanca A, Fabio FD, Digilio MC, Pontillo M, Marino B, Vicari S, Coleman K, Cubells JF, Ousley OY, Carmel M, Gothelf D, Mekori-Domachevsky E, Michaelovsky E, Weinberger R, Weizman A, Kushan L, Jalbrzikowski M, Armando M, Eliez S, Sandini C, Schneider M, Béna FS, Antshel KM, Fremont W, Kates WR, Belzeaux R, Busa T, Philip N, Campbell LE, McCabe KL, Hooper SR, Schoch K, Shashi V, Simon TJ, Tassone F, Arango C, Fraguas D, García-Miñaúr S, Morey-Canyelles J, Rosell J, Suñer DH, Raventos-Simic J, Epstein MP, Williams NM, Bassett AS. Genetic contributors to risk of schizophrenia in the presence of a 22q11.2 deletion. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4496-4510. [PMID: 32015465 PMCID: PMC7396297 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia occurs in about one in four individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). The aim of this International Brain and Behavior 22q11.2DS Consortium (IBBC) study was to identify genetic factors that contribute to schizophrenia, in addition to the ~20-fold increased risk conveyed by the 22q11.2 deletion. Using whole-genome sequencing data from 519 unrelated individuals with 22q11.2DS, we conducted genome-wide comparisons of common and rare variants between those with schizophrenia and those with no psychotic disorder at age ≥25 years. Available microarray data enabled direct comparison of polygenic risk for schizophrenia between 22q11.2DS and independent population samples with no 22q11.2 deletion, with and without schizophrenia (total n = 35,182). Polygenic risk for schizophrenia within 22q11.2DS was significantly greater for those with schizophrenia (padj = 6.73 × 10-6). Novel reciprocal case-control comparisons between the 22q11.2DS and population-based cohorts showed that polygenic risk score was significantly greater in individuals with psychotic illness, regardless of the presence of the 22q11.2 deletion. Within the 22q11.2DS cohort, results of gene-set analyses showed some support for rare variants affecting synaptic genes. No common or rare variants within the 22q11.2 deletion region were significantly associated with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that in addition to the deletion conferring a greatly increased risk to schizophrenia, the risk is higher when the 22q11.2 deletion and common polygenic risk factors that contribute to schizophrenia in the general population are both present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Worrawat Engchuan
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew S Hestand
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tracy Heung
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - H Richard Johnston
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas Monfeuga
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marianne van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Stephen T Warren
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pankaj Chopra
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard Duncan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alex V Kotlar
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer G Mulle
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna J Voss
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael E Zwick
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Aaron Golden
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tingwei Guo
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jhih-Rong Lin
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Christian Marshall
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniele Merico
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Deep Genomics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Jin
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brenna Lilley
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harold I Salmons
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oanh Tran
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Antonio Pardinas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Erik Boot
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nancy J Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory A Costain
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chelsea Lowther
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rens Evers
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Esther van Duin
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elfi Vergaelen
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annick Vogels
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Blaine Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel E McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward M Moss
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert J Sharkus
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marta Unolt
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert S Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunny X Tang
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elemi Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sasja N Duijff
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ania Fiksinski
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hayley Moss
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Maria Niarchou
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Eileen M Daly
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Gudbrandsen
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Clodagh M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Buzzanca
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Fabio
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Pontillo
- Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, IRCSS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, IRCSS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Karlene Coleman
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph F Cubells
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Opal Y Ousley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miri Carmel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Doron Gothelf
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ehud Mekori-Domachevsky
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Elena Michaelovsky
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronnie Weinberger
- The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Leila Kushan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marco Armando
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Sandini
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Kevin M Antshel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Wanda Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Raoul Belzeaux
- Pôle de psychiatrie, Hopital Sainte Marguerite, Batiment Solaris, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Departement de Genetique Medicale Hôpital d'Enfants de la Timone, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Departement de Genetique Medicale Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, GMGF, APHM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Kathryn L McCabe
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Hooper
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kelly Schoch
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tony J Simon
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Fraguas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sixto García-Miñaúr
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Damià H Suñer
- Laboratorio Unidad de Diagnóstico Molecular y Genética Clínica, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Michael P Epstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Nigel M Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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12
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Janssens P, Decuypere JP, De Rechter S, Breysem L, Van Giel D, Billen J, Hindryckx A, De Catte L, Baldewijns M, Claes KBM, Wissing KM, Devriendt K, Bammens B, Meyts I, Torres VE, Vennekens R, Mekahli D. Enhanced MCP-1 Release in Early Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:1687-1698. [PMID: 34169210 PMCID: PMC8207325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) causes kidney failure typically in adulthood, but the disease starts in utero. Copeptin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are associated with severity and hold prognostic value in adults but remain unstudied in the early disease stage. Kidneys from adults with ADPKD exhibit macrophage infiltration, and a prominent role of MCP-1 secretion by tubular epithelial cells is suggested from rodent models. Methods In a cross-sectional study, plasma copeptin, urinary EGF, and urinary MCP-1 were evaluated in a pediatric ADPKD cohort and compared with age-, sex-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls. MCP-1 was studied in mouse collecting duct cells, human proximal tubular cells, and fetal kidney tissue. Results Fifty-three genotyped ADPKD patients and 53 controls were included. The mean (SD) age was 10.4 (5.9) versus 10.5 (6.1) years (P = 0.543), and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 122.7 (39.8) versus 114.5 (23.1) ml/min per 1.73 m2 (P = 0.177) in patients versus controls, respectively. Plasma copeptin and EGF secretion were comparable between groups. The median (interquartile range) urinary MCP-1 (pg/mg creatinine) was significantly higher in ADPKD patients (185.4 [213.8]) compared with controls (154.7 [98.0], P = 0.010). Human proximal tubular cells with a heterozygous PKD1 mutation and mouse collecting duct cells with a PKD1 knockout exhibited increased MCP-1 secretion. Human fetal ADPKD kidneys displayed prominent MCP-1 immunoreactivity and M2 macrophage infiltration. Conclusion An increase in tubular MCP-1 secretion is an early event in ADPKD. MCP-1 is an early disease severity marker and a potential treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Janssens
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Decuypere
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie De Rechter
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Breysem
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Van Giel
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaak Billen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Hindryckx
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc De Catte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Karl M Wissing
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Bammens
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rudi Vennekens
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Kumps C, D'haenens E, Vergult S, Leus J, van Coster R, Jansen A, Devriendt K, Oostra A, Vanakker OM. Phenotypic spectrum of the RBM10-mediated intellectual disability and congenital malformation syndrome beyond classic TARP syndrome features. Clin Genet 2021; 99:449-456. [PMID: 33340101 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the RBM10 gene cause a rare X-linked disorder described as TARP (Talipes equinovarus, Atrial septal defect, Robin sequence, and Persistent left vena cava superior) syndrome. We report two novel patients with truncating RBM10 variants in view of the literature, presenting a total of 26 patients from 15 unrelated families. Our results illustrate the highly pleiotropic nature of RBM10 pathogenic variants, beyond the classic TARP syndrome features. Major clinical characteristics include severe developmental delay, failure to thrive, brain malformations, neurological symptoms, respiratory issues, and facial dysmorphism. Minor features are growth retardation, cardiac, gastrointestinal, limb, and skeletal abnormalities. Additional recurrent features include genital and renal abnormalities as well as hearing and visual impairment. Thus, RBM10 loss of function variants typically cause an intellectual disability and congenital malformation syndrome that requires assessment of multiple organ systems at diagnosis and for which provided clinical features might simplify diagnostic assessment. Furthermore, evidence for an RBM10-related genotype-phenotype correlation is emerging, which can be important for prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy Kumps
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erika D'haenens
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Vergult
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Leus
- Department of Pediatrics, AZ Maria Middelares Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudy van Coster
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna Jansen
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Oostra
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Cristofoli F, Moss T, Moore HW, Devriendt K, Flanagan-Steet H, May M, Jones J, Roelens F, Fons C, Fernandez A, Martorell L, Selicorni A, Maitz S, Vitiello G, Van der Hoeven G, Skinner SA, Bollen M, Vermeesch JR, Steet R, Van Esch H. De Novo Variants in LMNB1 Cause Pronounced Syndromic Microcephaly and Disruption of Nuclear Envelope Integrity. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:753-762. [PMID: 32910914 PMCID: PMC7536573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamin B1 plays an important role in the nuclear envelope stability, the regulation of gene expression, and neural development. Duplication of LMNB1, or missense mutations increasing LMNB1 expression, are associated with autosomal-dominant leukodystrophy. On the basis of its role in neurogenesis, it has been postulated that LMNB1 variants could cause microcephaly. Here, we confirm this hypothesis with the identification of de novo mutations in LMNB1 in seven individuals with pronounced primary microcephaly (ranging from -3.6 to -12 SD) associated with relative short stature and variable degree of intellectual disability and neurological features as the core symptoms. Simplified gyral pattern of the cortex and abnormal corpus callosum were noted on MRI of three individuals, and these individuals also presented with a more severe phenotype. Functional analysis of the three missense mutations showed impaired formation of the LMNB1 nuclear lamina. The two variants located within the head group of LMNB1 result in a decrease in the nuclear localization of the protein and an increase in misshapen nuclei. We further demonstrate that another mutation, located in the coil region, leads to increased frequency of condensed nuclei and lower steady-state levels of lamin B1 in proband lymphoblasts. Our findings collectively indicate that de novo mutations in LMNB1 result in a dominant and damaging effect on nuclear envelope formation that correlates with microcephaly in humans. This adds LMNB1 to the growing list of genes implicated in severe autosomal-dominant microcephaly and broadens the phenotypic spectrum of the laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cristofoli
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tonya Moss
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, 113 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Hannah W Moore
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 106 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heather Flanagan-Steet
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, 113 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Melanie May
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, 113 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Julie Jones
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, 113 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Filip Roelens
- Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, AZ Delta, Brugsesteenweg 90, 8800 Roeselare, Belgium
| | - Carmen Fons
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu 2, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Fernandez
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu 2, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Loreto Martorell
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Medicine IPER, Institut de Recerca, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu 2, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- Pediatric Department, ASST Lariana, Sant'Anna Hospital, Via Ravona 20, 22042 Como, Italy
| | - Silvia Maitz
- Clinical Pediatric Genetics Unit, MBBM Foundation, S. Gerardo Hospital, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Vitiello
- Department of Translational Medicine and Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gerd Van der Hoeven
- Laboratory of Biosignalling & Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven A Skinner
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 106 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Laboratory of Biosignalling & Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard Steet
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, 113 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA.
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for the Genetics of Cognition, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Adant I, Declercq M, Bird M, Bauters M, Boeckx N, Devriendt K, Cassiman D, Witters P. Two cases of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease caused by biallelic ABHD5 mutations. J Hepatol 2020; 72:1030-1032. [PMID: 32107051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Adant
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Mathias Declercq
- Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Matthew Bird
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Marijke Bauters
- Centre for Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Nancy Boeckx
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Centre for Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - David Cassiman
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Metabolic Center, University Hospitals Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Peter Witters
- Metabolic Center, University Hospitals Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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16
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Van Brusselen D, Kayembe-Kitenge T, Mbuyi-Musanzayi S, Lubala Kasole T, Kabamba Ngombe L, Musa Obadia P, Kyanika Wa Mukoma D, Van Herck K, Avonts D, Devriendt K, Smolders E, Nkulu CBL, Nemery B. Metal mining and birth defects: a case-control study in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4:e158-e167. [PMID: 32353296 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread environmental contamination caused by mining of copper and cobalt has led to concerns about the possible association between birth defects and exposure to several toxic metals in southern Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). We therefore aimed to assess the possible contribution of parental and antenatal exposure to trace metals to the occurrence of visible birth defects among neonates. METHODS We did a case-control study between March 1, 2013, and Feb 28, 2015, in Lubumbashi, DRC. We included newborns with visible birth defects (cases) and healthy neonates born in the same maternity ward (controls). Mothers were interviewed about potentially relevant exposures, including their partners' jobs. Various trace metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in maternal urine, maternal blood, umbilical cord blood, placental tissue, and surface dust at home. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to calculate adjusted odds ratios and their 95% CIs (CI). FINDINGS Our study included 138 neonates with visible birth defects (about 0·1% of the 133 662 births in Lubumbashi during the study period) and 108 control neonates. Potential confounders were similarly distributed between cases and controls. Vitamin consumption during pregnancy was associated with a lower risk of birth defects (adjusted odds ratio 0·2, 95% CI 0·1-0·5). Mothers having paid jobs outside the home (2·8, 1·2-6·9) and fathers having mining-related jobs (5·5, 1·2-25·0) were associated with a higher risk of birth defects. We found no associations for trace metal concentrations in biological samples, except for a doubling of manganese (Mn; 1·7, 1·1-2·7) and zinc (Zn; 1·6, 0·9-2·8) in cord blood. In a separate model including placentas, a doubling of Mn at the fetal side of the placenta was associated with an increased risk of birth defects (3·3, 1·2-8·0), as was a doubling of cord blood Zn (5·3, 1·6-16·6). INTERPRETATION To our knowledge, this is the first study of the effects of mining-related pollution on newborns in sub-Saharan Africa. Paternal occupational mining exposure was the factor most strongly associated with birth defects. Because neither Mn nor Zn are mined in Lubumbashi, the mechanism of the association between their increased prenatal concentrations and birth defects is unclear. FUNDING Flemish Interuniversity Council-University Development Cooperation, The Coalition of the North-South movement in Flanders 11.11.11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Van Brusselen
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of (Tropical) Pediatrics, GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tony Kayembe-Kitenge
- Department of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Toni Lubala Kasole
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo
| | | | - Paul Musa Obadia
- Department of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Koen Van Herck
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Avonts
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Smolders
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Benoit Nemery
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Lévy J, Capri Y, Rachid M, Dupont C, Vermeesch JR, Devriendt K, Verloes A, Tabet AC, Bailleul-Forestier I. LEF1 haploinsufficiency causes ectodermal dysplasia. Clin Genet 2020; 97:595-600. [PMID: 32022899 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ectodermal dysplasias are a family of genodermatoses commonly associated with variants in the ectodysplasin/NF-κB or the Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Both pathways are involved in signal transduction from ectoderm to mesenchyme during the development of ectoderm-derived structures. Wnt/β-catenin pathway requires the lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1), a nuclear mediator, to activate target gene expression. In mice, targeted inactivation of the LEF1 gene results in a complete block of development of multiple ectodermal appendages. We report two unrelated patients with 4q25 de novo deletion encompassing LEF1, associated with severe oligodontia of primary and permanent dentition, hypotrichosis and hypohidrosis compatible with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Taurodontism and a particular alveolar bone defect were also observed in both patients. So far, no pathogenic variants or variations involving the LEF1 gene have been reported in human. We provide further evidence for LEF1 haploinsufficiency role in ectodermal dysplasia and delineate its clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lévy
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Yline Capri
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Rachid
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Céline Dupont
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alain Verloes
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Claude Tabet
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.,Neuroscience Department, Génétique Humaine et Fonction Cognitive Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bailleul-Forestier
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Rare Oral and Dental Competence Center, CHU Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
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18
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van Rooij IALM, Ludwig KU, Welzenbach J, Ishorst N, Thonissen M, Galesloot TE, Ongkosuwito E, Bergé SJ, Aldhorae K, Rojas-Martinez A, Kiemeney LALM, Vermeesch JR, Brunner H, Roeleveld N, Devriendt K, Dormaar T, Hens G, Knapp M, Carels C, Mangold E. Non-Syndromic Cleft Lip with or without Cleft Palate: Genome-Wide Association Study in Europeans Identifies a Suggestive Risk Locus at 16p12.1 and Supports SH3PXD2A as a Clefting Susceptibility Gene. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121023. [PMID: 31817908 PMCID: PMC6947597 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) ranks among the most common human congenital malformations, and has a multifactorial background in which both exogenous and genetic risk factors act in concert. The present report describes a genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving a total of 285 nsCL/P patients and 1212 controls from the Netherlands and Belgium. Twenty of the 40 previously reported nsC/LP susceptibility loci were replicated, which underlined the validity of this sample. SNV-based analysis of the data identified an as yet unreported suggestive locus at chromosome 16p12.1 (p-value of the lead SNV: 4.17 × 10-7). This association was replicated in two of three patient/control replication series (Central European and Yemeni). Gene analysis of the GWAS data prioritized SH3PXD2A at chromosome 10q24.33 as a candidate gene for nsCL/P. To date, support for this gene as a cleft gene has been restricted to data from zebrafish and a knockout mouse model. The present GWAS was the first to implicate SH3PXD2A in non-syndromic cleft formation in humans. In summary, although performed in a relatively small sample, the present GWAS generated novel insights into nsCL/P etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris ALM van Rooij
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (I.A.v.R.); (T.E.G.); (L.A.K.); (N.R.)
| | - Kerstin U Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (K.U.L.); (J.W.); (N.I.)
| | - Julia Welzenbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (K.U.L.); (J.W.); (N.I.)
| | - Nina Ishorst
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (K.U.L.); (J.W.); (N.I.)
| | - Michelle Thonissen
- Department of Dentistry, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud university medical center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.T.); (E.O.)
| | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (I.A.v.R.); (T.E.G.); (L.A.K.); (N.R.)
| | - Edwin Ongkosuwito
- Department of Dentistry, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud university medical center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.T.); (E.O.)
| | - Stefaan J Bergé
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud university medical center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Khalid Aldhorae
- Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen;
| | - Augusto Rojas-Martinez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine, and Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64460, Mexico;
| | - Lambertus ALM Kiemeney
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (I.A.v.R.); (T.E.G.); (L.A.K.); (N.R.)
- Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Han Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6500 HB Nijmgen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Clinical Genetics, and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nel Roeleveld
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (I.A.v.R.); (T.E.G.); (L.A.K.); (N.R.)
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Titiaan Dormaar
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Hens
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Michael Knapp
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Carine Carels
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (C.C.)
- Department of Human Genetics, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6500 HB Nijmgen, The Netherlands;
- Orthodontics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Mangold
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (K.U.L.); (J.W.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-228-28751008
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19
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Vervoort L, Demaerel W, Rengifo LY, Odrzywolski A, Vergaelen E, Hestand MS, Breckpot J, Devriendt K, Swillen A, McDonald-McGinn DM, Fiksinski AM, Zinkstok JR, Morrow BE, Heung T, Vorstman JAS, Bassett AS, Chow EWC, Shashi V, Vermeesch JR. Atypical chromosome 22q11.2 deletions are complex rearrangements and have different mechanistic origins. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:3724-3733. [PMID: 31884517 PMCID: PMC6935389 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority (99%) of individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) have a deletion that is caused by non-allelic homologous recombination between two of four low copy repeat clusters on chromosome 22q11.2 (LCR22s). However, in a small subset of patients, atypical deletions are observed with at least one deletion breakpoint within unique sequence between the LCR22s. The position of the chromosome breakpoints and the mechanisms driving those atypical deletions remain poorly studied. Our large-scale, whole genome sequencing study of >1500 subjects with 22q11.2DS identified six unrelated individuals with atypical deletions of different types. Using a combination of whole genome sequencing data and fiber-fluorescence in situ hybridization, we mapped the rearranged alleles in these subjects. In four of them, the distal breakpoints mapped within one of the LCR22s and we found that the deletions likely occurred by replication-based mechanisms. Interestingly, in two of them, an inversion probably preceded inter-chromosomal 'allelic' homologous recombination between differently oriented LCR22-D alleles. Inversion associated allelic homologous recombination (AHR) may well be a common mechanism driving (atypical) deletions on 22q11.2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adrian Odrzywolski
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Elfi Vergaelen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew S Hestand
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Koen Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ania M Fiksinski
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Janneke R Zinkstok
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tracy Heung
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Clinical Genetics Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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20
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Frints SGM, Ozanturk A, Rodríguez Criado G, Grasshoff U, de Hoon B, Field M, Manouvrier-Hanu S, E Hickey S, Kammoun M, Gripp KW, Bauer C, Schroeder C, Toutain A, Mihalic Mosher T, Kelly BJ, White P, Dufke A, Rentmeester E, Moon S, Koboldt DC, van Roozendaal KEP, Hu H, Haas SA, Ropers HH, Murray L, Haan E, Shaw M, Carroll R, Friend K, Liebelt J, Hobson L, De Rademaeker M, Geraedts J, Fryns JP, Vermeesch J, Raynaud M, Riess O, Gribnau J, Katsanis N, Devriendt K, Bauer P, Gecz J, Golzio C, Gontan C, Kalscheuer VM. Pathogenic variants in E3 ubiquitin ligase RLIM/RNF12 lead to a syndromic X-linked intellectual disability and behavior disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1748-1768. [PMID: 29728705 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RLIM, also known as RNF12, is an X-linked E3 ubiquitin ligase acting as a negative regulator of LIM-domain containing transcription factors and participates in X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in mice. We report the genetic and clinical findings of 84 individuals from nine unrelated families, eight of whom who have pathogenic variants in RLIM (RING finger LIM domain-interacting protein). A total of 40 affected males have X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) and variable behavioral anomalies with or without congenital malformations. In contrast, 44 heterozygous female carriers have normal cognition and behavior, but eight showed mild physical features. All RLIM variants identified are missense changes co-segregating with the phenotype and predicted to affect protein function. Eight of the nine altered amino acids are conserved and lie either within a domain essential for binding interacting proteins or in the C-terminal RING finger catalytic domain. In vitro experiments revealed that these amino acid changes in the RLIM RING finger impaired RLIM ubiquitin ligase activity. In vivo experiments in rlim mutant zebrafish showed that wild type RLIM rescued the zebrafish rlim phenotype, whereas the patient-specific missense RLIM variants failed to rescue the phenotype and thus represent likely severe loss-of-function mutations. In summary, we identified a spectrum of RLIM missense variants causing syndromic XLID and affecting the ubiquitin ligase activity of RLIM, suggesting that enzymatic activity of RLIM is required for normal development, cognition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna G M Frints
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, azM, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands. .,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Aysegul Ozanturk
- Center for Human Disease Modeling and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Ute Grasshoff
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Bas de Hoon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Field
- GOLD (Genetics of Learning and Disability) Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia
| | - Sylvie Manouvrier-Hanu
- Clinique de Génétique médicale Guy Fontaine, Centre de référence maladies rares Anomalies du développement Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, 59000, France.,EA 7364 RADEME Maladies Rares du Développement et du Métabolisme, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Scott E Hickey
- Division of Molecular & Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Molka Kammoun
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Karen W Gripp
- Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children Nemours, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Claudia Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Christopher Schroeder
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Annick Toutain
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours, Tours, 37044, France.,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, 37032, France
| | - Theresa Mihalic Mosher
- Division of Molecular & Human Genetics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Benjamin J Kelly
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Peter White
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Andreas Dufke
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Eveline Rentmeester
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sungjin Moon
- Center for Human Disease Modeling and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Daniel C Koboldt
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Kees E P van Roozendaal
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, azM, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Stefan A Haas
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Hans-Hilger Ropers
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Lucinda Murray
- GOLD (Genetics of Learning and Disability) Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia
| | - Eric Haan
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology (at Women's and Children's Hospital), North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Marie Shaw
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Renee Carroll
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kathryn Friend
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Jan Liebelt
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology (at Women's and Children's Hospital), North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Lynne Hobson
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Marjan De Rademaeker
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Reproduction and Genetics, Reproduction Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joep Geraedts
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, azM, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Fryns
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Joris Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Martine Raynaud
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours, Tours, 37044, France.,UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, 37032, France
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Joost Gribnau
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Christelle Golzio
- Center for Human Disease Modeling and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Cristina Gontan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera M Kalscheuer
- Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
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21
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Villela D, Che H, Van Ghelue M, Dehaspe L, Brison N, Van Den Bogaert K, Devriendt K, Lewi L, Bayindir B, Vermeesch JR. Fetal sex determination in twin pregnancies using non-invasive prenatal testing. NPJ Genom Med 2019; 4:15. [PMID: 31285848 PMCID: PMC6609680 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-019-0089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is accurate for fetal sex determination in singleton pregnancies, but its accuracy is not well established in twin pregnancies. Here, we present an accurate sex prediction model to discriminate fetal sex in both dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA) and monochorionic diamniotic/monochorionic monoamniotic (MCDA/MCMA) twin pregnancies. A retrospective analysis was performed using a total of 198 twin pregnancies with documented sex. The prediction was based on a multinomial logistic regression using the normalized frequency of X and Y chromosomes, and fetal fraction estimation. A second-step regression analysis was applied when one or both twins were predicted to be male. The model determines fetal sex with 100% sensitivity and specificity when both twins are female, and with 98% sensitivity and 95% specificity when a male is present. Since sex determination can be clinically important, implementing fetal sex determination in twins will improve overall twin pregnancies management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darine Villela
- 1Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,2Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Huiwen Che
- 1Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Van Ghelue
- 1Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,3Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,4Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Luc Dehaspe
- 1Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Koen Devriendt
- 1Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Lewi
- 5Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,6Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Baran Bayindir
- 1Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Van Esch H, Colnaghi R, Freson K, Starokadomskyy P, Zankl A, Backx L, Abramowicz I, Outwin E, Rohena L, Faulkner C, Leong GM, Newbury-Ecob RA, Challis RC, Õunap K, Jaeken J, Seuntjens E, Devriendt K, Burstein E, Low KJ, O'Driscoll M. Defective DNA Polymerase α-Primase Leads to X-Linked Intellectual Disability Associated with Severe Growth Retardation, Microcephaly, and Hypogonadism. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:957-967. [PMID: 31006512 PMCID: PMC6506757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Replicating the human genome efficiently and accurately is a daunting challenge involving the duplication of upward of three billion base pairs. At the core of the complex machinery that achieves this task are three members of the B family of DNA polymerases: DNA polymerases α, δ, and ε. Collectively these multimeric polymerases ensure DNA replication proceeds at optimal rates approaching 2 × 103 nucleotides/min with an error rate of less than one per million nucleotides polymerized. The majority of DNA replication of undamaged DNA is conducted by DNA polymerases δ and ε. The DNA polymerase α-primase complex performs limited synthesis to initiate the replication process, along with Okazaki-fragment synthesis on the discontinuous lagging strand. An increasing number of human disorders caused by defects in different components of the DNA-replication apparatus have been described to date. These are clinically diverse and involve a wide range of features, including variable combinations of growth delay, immunodeficiency, endocrine insufficiencies, lipodystrophy, and cancer predisposition. Here, by using various complementary approaches, including classical linkage analysis, targeted next-generation sequencing, and whole-exome sequencing, we describe distinct missense and splice-impacting mutations in POLA1 in five unrelated families presenting with an X-linked syndrome involving intellectual disability, proportionate short stature, microcephaly, and hypogonadism. POLA1 encodes the p180 catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase α-primase. A range of replicative impairments could be demonstrated in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from affected individuals. Our findings describe the presentation of pathogenic mutations in a catalytic component of a B family DNA polymerase member, DNA polymerase α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for the Genetics of Cognition, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Rita Colnaghi
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, BN1 9RQ Sussex, UK
| | - Kathleen Freson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Petro Starokadomskyy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Andreas Zankl
- Department of Clinical Genetics, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Bone Biology Division and Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Liesbeth Backx
- Laboratory for the Genetics of Cognition, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iga Abramowicz
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, BN1 9RQ Sussex, UK
| | - Emily Outwin
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, BN1 9RQ Sussex, UK
| | - Luis Rohena
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Claire Faulkner
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB Bristol, UK
| | - Gary M Leong
- Department of Paediatrics, Nepean Hospital, Nepean Clinical School, the University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Ruth A Newbury-Ecob
- Clinical Genetics, St. Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals NHS Trust, BS2 8HW Bristol, UK
| | - Rachel C Challis
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50406, Estonia
| | - Jacques Jaeken
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 Texas, USA
| | - Karen J Low
- Clinical Genetics, St. Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals NHS Trust, BS2 8HW Bristol, UK
| | - Mark O'Driscoll
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, BN1 9RQ Sussex, UK.
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23
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Costain G, Walker S, Argiropoulos B, Baribeau DA, Bassett AS, Boot E, Devriendt K, Kellam B, Marshall CR, Prasad A, Serrano MA, Stavropoulos DJ, Twede H, Vermeesch JR, Vorstman JAS, Scherer SW. Rare copy number variations affecting the synaptic gene DMXL2 in neurodevelopmental disorders. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:3. [PMID: 30732576 PMCID: PMC6366120 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ultra-rare genetic variants, including non-recurrent copy number variations (CNVs) affecting important dosage-sensitive genes, are important contributors to the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Pairing family-based whole-genome sequencing (WGS) with detailed phenotype data can enable novel gene associations in NDDs. Methods We performed WGS of six members from a three-generation family, where three individuals each had a spectrum of features suggestive of a NDD. CNVs and sequence-level variants were identified and further investigated in disease and control databases. Results We identified a novel 252-kb deletion at 15q21 that overlaps the synaptic gene DMXL2 and the gene GLDN. The microdeletion segregated in NDD-affected individuals. Additional rare inherited and de novo sequence-level variants were found that may also be involved, including a missense change in GRIK5. Multiple CNVs and loss-of-function sequence variants affecting DMXL2 were discovered in additional unrelated individuals with a range of NDDs. Conclusions Disruption of DMXL2 may predispose to NDDs including autism spectrum disorder. The robust interpretation of private variants requires a multifaceted approach that incorporates multigenerational pedigrees and genome-wide and population-scale data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Costain
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susan Walker
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bob Argiropoulos
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Anne S Bassett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erik Boot
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Barbara Kellam
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian R Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aparna Prasad
- Lineagen, Inc, 2677 East Parleys Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84109, USA
| | - Moises A Serrano
- Lineagen, Inc, 2677 East Parleys Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84109, USA
| | - D James Stavropoulos
- Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hope Twede
- Lineagen, Inc, 2677 East Parleys Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84109, USA
| | | | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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24
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Kammoun M, Souche E, Brady P, Ding J, Cosemans N, Gratacos E, Devriendt K, Eixarch E, Deprest J, Vermeesch JR. Genetic profile of isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia revealed by targeted next-generation sequencing. Prenat Diagn 2018; 38:654-663. [PMID: 29966037 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is characterized by a defective closure of the diaphragm occurring as an isolated defect in 60% of cases. Lung size, liver herniation, and pulmonary circulation are major prognostic indices. Isolated CDH genetics is heterogeneous and poorly understood. Whether genetic lesions are also outcome determinants has never been explored. OBJECTIVES To identify isolated CDH genetic causes, to fine map the mutational burden, and to search for a correlation between the genotype and the disease severity and outcome. METHODS Targeted massively parallel sequencing of 143 human and mouse CDH causative and candidate genes in a cohort of 120 fetuses with isolated CDH and detailed outcome measures. RESULTS Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were identified in 10% of the cohort. These variants affect both known CDH causative genes, namely, ZFPM2, GATA4, and NR2F2, and new genes, namely, TBX1, TBX5, GATA5, and PBX1. In addition, mutation burden analysis identified LBR, CTBP2, NSD1, MMP14, MYOD1, and EYA1 as candidate genes with enrichment in rare but predicted deleterious variants. No obvious correlation between the genotype and the phenotype or short-term outcome has been found. CONCLUSION Targeted resequencing identifies a genetic cause in 10% of isolated CDH and identifies new candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molka Kammoun
- Department for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erika Souche
- Department for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Brady
- Department for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jia Ding
- Department for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Cosemans
- Department for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eduard Gratacos
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Department for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisenda Eixarch
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Deprest
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Balak C, Belnap N, Ramsey K, Joss S, Devriendt K, Naymik M, Jepsen W, Siniard AL, Szelinger S, Parker ME, Richholt R, Izatt T, LaFleur M, Terraf P, Llaci L, De Both M, Piras IS, Rangasamy S, Schrauwen I, Craig DW, Huentelman M, Narayanan V. A novel
FBXO28
frameshift mutation in a child with developmental delay, dysmorphic features, and intractable epilepsy: A second gene that may contribute to the 1q41‐q42 deletion phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1549-1558. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Balak
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Newell Belnap
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Keri Ramsey
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Shelagh Joss
- West of Scotland Genetics ServiceQueen Elizabeth University HospitalGlasgow United Kingdom
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics (Centrum Menselijke Erfelijkheid)University of LeuvenLeuven Belgium
| | - Marcus Naymik
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Wayne Jepsen
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Ashley L. Siniard
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Szabolcs Szelinger
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
- UCLA Pathology & Laboratory MedicineUCLA Center for the Health SciencesLos Angeles California
| | - Mary E. Parker
- Department of Physical TherapyTexas State UniversitySan Marcos Texas
- U.R. Our Hope, Undiagnosed and Rare Disorder OrganizationAustin Texas
| | - Ryan Richholt
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Tyler Izatt
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Madison LaFleur
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Panieh Terraf
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Lorida Llaci
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Matt De Both
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Ignazio S. Piras
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Sampathkumar Rangasamy
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Isabelle Schrauwen
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHouston Texas
| | - David W. Craig
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
- Department of Translational GenomicsKeck School of Medicine of USCLos Angeles California
| | - Matt Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Vinodh Narayanan
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
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26
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Cristofoli F, Devriendt K, Davis EE, Van Esch H, Vermeesch JR. Novel CASK mutations in cases with syndromic microcephaly. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:993-1001. [PMID: 29691940 PMCID: PMC5995665 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in CASK cause a wide spectrum of phenotypes in humans ranging from mild X-linked intellectual disability to a severe microcephaly (MC) and pontocerebellar hypoplasia syndrome. Nevertheless, predicting pathogenicity and phenotypic consequences of novel CASK mutations through the exclusive consideration of genetic information and population-based data remains a challenge. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified four novel CASK mutations in individuals with syndromic MC. To understand the functional consequences of the different point mutations on the development of MC and cerebellar defects, we established a transient loss-of-function zebrafish model, and demonstrate recapitulation of relevant neuroanatomical phenotypes. Furthermore, we utilized in vivo complementation studies to demonstrate that the three point mutations confer a loss-of-function effect. This work endorses zebrafish as a tractable model to rapidly assess the effect of novel CASK variants on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cristofoli
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Genetics of Cognition, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Melotte C, Dimitriadou E, Debrock S, Devriendt K, De Ravel T, Legius E, Peeraer K, Vermeesch JR. Transfer of aneuploid embryos following preimplantation genetic diagnosis: the added value of a haplotyping-based genome-wide approach. Reprod Biomed Online 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Brison N, Neofytou M, Dehaspe L, Bayindir B, Van Den Bogaert K, Dardour L, Peeters H, Van Esch H, Van Buggenhout G, Vogels A, de Ravel T, Legius E, Devriendt K, Vermeesch JR. Predicting fetoplacental chromosomal mosaicism during non-invasive prenatal testing. Prenat Diagn 2018; 38:258-266. [PMID: 29388226 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-invasive prenatal detection of aneuploidies can be achieved with high accuracy through sequencing of cell-free maternal plasma DNA in the maternal blood plasma. However, false positive and negative non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) results remain. Fetoplacental mosaicism is the main cause for false positive and false negative NIPT. We set out to develop a method to detect placental chromosomal mosaicism via genome-wide circulating cell-free maternal plasma DNA screening. METHOD Aneuploidy detection was combined with fetal fraction determination to enable the detection of placental mosaicism. This pipeline was applied to whole genome sequencing data derived from 19 735 plasma samples. Following an abnormal NIPT, test results were validated by conventional invasive prenatal or postnatal genetic testing. RESULTS Respectively 3.2% (5/154), 12.8% (5/39), and 13.3% (2/15) of trisomies 21, 18, and 13 were predicted and confirmed to be mosaic. The incidence of other, rare autosomal trisomies was ~0.3% (58/19,735), 45 of which were predicted to be mosaic. Twin pregnancies with discordant fetal genotypes were predicted and confirmed. CONCLUSION This approach permits the non-invasive detection of fetal autosomal aneuploidies and identifies pregnancies with a high risk of fetoplacental mosaicism. Knowledge about the presence of chromosomal mosaicism in the placenta influences risk estimation, genetic counseling, and improves prenatal management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luc Dehaspe
- Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Leila Dardour
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine "Ibn Al Jazzar", Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Annick Vogels
- Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Eric Legius
- Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Neofytou M, Brison N, Van den Bogaert K, Dehaspe L, Devriendt K, Geerts A, Vermeesch JR. Maternal liver transplant: Another cause of discordant fetal sex determination using cell-free DNA. Prenat Diagn 2018; 38:148-150. [PMID: 29239474 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) can very accurately determine fetal sex during pregnancy. We present an exceptional case where NIPT contradicts the ultrasound-based sex determination. The pregnant woman was recipient of a liver transplant from a male donor. Graft-derived cell-free DNA released into the maternal circulation clouded the NIPT-based sex determination. Hence, NIPT is not advisable when the pregnant mother underwent an organ transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Neofytou
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Luc Dehaspe
- Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Anja Geerts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Radloff A, Breckpot J, Hoff K, Kramer H, Panáková D, Mercks A, Devriendt K, Gewillig M, Sealy I, Collins J, Busch-Nentwich E, Kahlert A, Hitz M. CAPZB: A Potential Novel Key Player in Cardiac Development and Congenital Heart Defects. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1628316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Radloff
- Klinik für angeborene Herzfehler und Kinderkardiologie, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
| | - J. Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K. Hoff
- Klinik für angeborene Herzfehler und Kinderkardiologie, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
| | - H.H. Kramer
- Klinik für angeborene Herzfehler und Kinderkardiologie, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
| | - D. Panáková
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Electrochemical Signaling in Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Mercks
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Electrochemical Signaling in Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M. Gewillig
- Department of Fetal and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - I. Sealy
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - J. Collins
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - E. Busch-Nentwich
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - A.K. Kahlert
- Klinik für angeborene Herzfehler und Kinderkardiologie, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
| | - M.P. Hitz
- Klinik für angeborene Herzfehler und Kinderkardiologie, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
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Devriendt K, Van Mieghem P. Unified mean-field framework for susceptible-infected-susceptible epidemics on networks, based on graph partitioning and the isoperimetric inequality. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:052314. [PMID: 29347672 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.052314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose an approximation framework that unifies and generalizes a number of existing mean-field approximation methods for the susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) epidemic model on complex networks. We derive the framework, which we call the unified mean-field framework (UMFF), as a set of approximations of the exact Markovian SIS equations. Our main novelty is that we describe the mean-field approximations from the perspective of the isoperimetric problem, which results in bounds on the UMFF approximation error. These new bounds provide insight in the accuracy of existing mean-field methods, such as the N-intertwined mean-field approximation and heterogeneous mean-field method, which are contained by UMFF. Additionally, the isoperimetric inequality relates the UMFF approximation accuracy to the regularity notions of Szemerédi's regularity lemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Devriendt
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, P.O Box 5031, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - P Van Mieghem
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, P.O Box 5031, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands
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Bassett AS, Lowther C, Merico D, Costain G, Chow EWC, van Amelsvoort T, McDonald-McGinn D, Gur RE, Swillen A, Van den Bree M, Murphy K, Gothelf D, Bearden CE, Eliez S, Kates W, Philip N, Sashi V, Campbell L, Vorstman J, Cubells J, Repetto GM, Simon T, Boot E, Heung T, Evers R, Vingerhoets C, van Duin E, Zackai E, Vergaelen E, Devriendt K, Vermeesch JR, Owen M, Murphy C, Michaelovosky E, Kushan L, Schneider M, Fremont W, Busa T, Hooper S, McCabe K, Duijff S, Isaev K, Pellecchia G, Wei J, Gazzellone MJ, Scherer SW, Emanuel BS, Guo T, Morrow BE, Marshall CR. Rare Genome-Wide Copy Number Variation and Expression of Schizophrenia in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:1054-1063. [PMID: 28750581 PMCID: PMC5665703 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16121417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is associated with a more than 20-fold increased risk for developing schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to identify additional genetic factors (i.e., "second hits") that may contribute to schizophrenia expression. METHOD Through an international consortium, the authors obtained DNA samples from 329 psychiatrically phenotyped subjects with 22q11.2DS. Using a high-resolution microarray platform and established methods to assess copy number variation (CNV), the authors compared the genome-wide burden of rare autosomal CNV, outside of the 22q11.2 deletion region, between two groups: a schizophrenia group and those with no psychotic disorder at age ≥25 years. The authors assessed whether genes overlapped by rare CNVs were overrepresented in functional pathways relevant to schizophrenia. RESULTS Rare CNVs overlapping one or more protein-coding genes revealed significant between-group differences. For rare exonic duplications, six of 19 gene sets tested were enriched in the schizophrenia group; genes associated with abnormal nervous system phenotypes remained significant in a stepwise logistic regression model and showed significant interactions with 22q11.2 deletion region genes in a connectivity analysis. For rare exonic deletions, the schizophrenia group had, on average, more genes overlapped. The additional rare CNVs implicated known (e.g., GRM7, 15q13.3, 16p12.2) and novel schizophrenia risk genes and loci. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that additional rare CNVs overlapping genes outside of the 22q11.2 deletion region contribute to schizophrenia risk in 22q11.2DS, supporting a multigenic hypothesis for schizophrenia. The findings have implications for understanding expression of psychotic illness and herald the importance of whole-genome sequencing to appreciate the overall genomic architecture of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Bassett
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Chelsea Lowther
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Daniele Merico
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Gregory Costain
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Eva W C Chow
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Donna McDonald-McGinn
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Raquel E Gur
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Ann Swillen
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Marianne Van den Bree
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Kieran Murphy
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Doron Gothelf
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Stephan Eliez
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Wendy Kates
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Nicole Philip
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Vandana Sashi
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Linda Campbell
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Joseph Cubells
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Tony Simon
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Erik Boot
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Tracy Heung
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Rens Evers
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Esther van Duin
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Elaine Zackai
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Elfi Vergaelen
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Koen Devriendt
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Michael Owen
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Clodagh Murphy
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Elena Michaelovosky
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Leila Kushan
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Maude Schneider
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Wanda Fremont
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Tiffany Busa
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Stephen Hooper
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Kathryn McCabe
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Sasja Duijff
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Karin Isaev
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Giovanna Pellecchia
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - John Wei
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Matthew J Gazzellone
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Tingwei Guo
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Christian R Marshall
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
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Mbuyi-Musanzayi S, Tshilombo Katombe F, Lukusa Tshilobo P, Kalenga Mwenze Kayamba P, Devriendt K, Reychler H. Anthropometric and aesthetic outcomes for the nasolabial region in 101 consecutive African children with unilateral cleft lip one year after repair using the anatomical subunit approximation technique. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Guo T, Repetto GM, McDonald McGinn DM, Chung JH, Nomaru H, Campbell CL, Blonska A, Bassett AS, Chow EWC, Mlynarski EE, Swillen A, Vermeesch J, Devriendt K, Gothelf D, Carmel M, Michaelovsky E, Schneider M, Eliez S, Antonarakis SE, Coleman K, Tomita-Mitchell A, Mitchell ME, Digilio MC, Dallapiccola B, Marino B, Philip N, Busa T, Kushan-Wells L, Bearden CE, Piotrowicz M, Hawuła W, Roberts AE, Tassone F, Simon TJ, van Duin EDA, van Amelsvoort TA, Kates WR, Zackai E, Johnston HR, Cutler DJ, Agopian AJ, Goldmuntz E, Mitchell LE, Wang T, Emanuel BS, Morrow BE. Genome-Wide Association Study to Find Modifiers for Tetralogy of Fallot in the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Identifies Variants in the GPR98 Locus on 5q14.3. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2017; 10:e001690. [PMID: 29025761 PMCID: PMC5647121 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.116.001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS; DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome) occurs in 1 of 4000 live births, and 60% to 70% of affected individuals have congenital heart disease, ranging from mild to severe. In our cohort of 1472 subjects with 22q11.2DS, a total of 62% (n=906) have congenital heart disease and 36% (n=326) of these have tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), comprising the largest subset of severe congenital heart disease in the cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS To identify common genetic variants associated with TOF in individuals with 22q11.2DS, we performed a genome-wide association study using Affymetrix 6.0 array and imputed genotype data. In our cohort, TOF was significantly associated with a genotyped single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs12519770, P=2.98×10-8) in an intron of the adhesion GPR98 (G-protein-coupled receptor V1) gene on chromosome 5q14.3. There was also suggestive evidence of association between TOF and several additional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in this region. Some genome-wide significant loci in introns or noncoding regions could affect regulation of genes nearby or at a distance. On the basis of this possibility, we examined existing Hi-C chromatin conformation data to identify genes that might be under shared transcriptional regulation within the region on 5q14.3. There are 6 genes in a topologically associated domain of chromatin with GPR98, including MEF2C (Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C). MEF2C is the only gene that is known to affect heart development in mammals and might be of interest with respect to 22q11.2DS. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, common variants may contribute to TOF in 22q11.2DS and may function in cardiac outflow tract development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Guo
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Donna M McDonald McGinn
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Jonathan H Chung
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Hiroko Nomaru
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Christopher L Campbell
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Anna Blonska
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Anne S Bassett
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Eva W C Chow
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Elisabeth E Mlynarski
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Ann Swillen
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Joris Vermeesch
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Koen Devriendt
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Doron Gothelf
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Miri Carmel
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Elena Michaelovsky
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Maude Schneider
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Stephan Eliez
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Karlene Coleman
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Aoy Tomita-Mitchell
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Michael E Mitchell
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - M Cristina Digilio
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Bruno Marino
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Nicole Philip
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Tiffany Busa
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Leila Kushan-Wells
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Małgorzata Piotrowicz
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Wanda Hawuła
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Amy E Roberts
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Flora Tassone
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Tony J Simon
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Esther D A van Duin
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Thérèse A van Amelsvoort
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Wendy R Kates
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Elaine Zackai
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - H Richard Johnston
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - David J Cutler
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - A J Agopian
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Laura E Mitchell
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Tao Wang
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.).
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Dimitriadou E, Melotte C, Debrock S, Esteki MZ, Dierickx K, Voet T, Devriendt K, de Ravel T, Legius E, Peeraer K, Meuleman C, Vermeesch JR. Principles guiding embryo selection following genome-wide haplotyping of preimplantation embryos. Hum Reprod 2017; 32:687-697. [PMID: 28158716 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How to select and prioritize embryos during PGD following genome-wide haplotyping? SUMMARY ANSWER In addition to genetic disease-specific information, the embryo selected for transfer is based on ranking criteria including the existence of mitotic and/or meiotic aneuploidies, but not carriership of mutations causing recessive disorders. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Embryo selection for monogenic diseases has been mainly performed using targeted disease-specific assays. Recently, these targeted approaches are being complemented by generic genome-wide genetic analysis methods such as karyomapping or haplarithmisis, which are based on genomic haplotype reconstruction of cell(s) biopsied from embryos. This provides not only information about the inheritance of Mendelian disease alleles but also about numerical and structural chromosome anomalies and haplotypes genome-wide. Reflections on how to use this information in the diagnostic laboratory are lacking. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We present the results of the first 101 PGD cycles (373 embryos) using haplarithmisis, performed in the Centre for Human Genetics, UZ Leuven. The questions raised were addressed by a multidisciplinary team of clinical geneticist, fertility specialists and ethicists. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Sixty-three couples enrolled in the genome-wide haplotyping-based PGD program. Families presented with either inherited genetic variants causing known disorders and/or chromosomal rearrangements that could lead to unbalanced translocations in the offspring. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Embryos were selected based on the absence or presence of the disease allele, a trisomy or other chromosomal abnormality leading to known developmental disorders. In addition, morphologically normal Day 5 embryos were prioritized for transfer based on the presence of other chromosomal imbalances and/or carrier information. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Some of the choices made and principles put forward are specific for cleavage-stage-based genetic testing. The proposed guidelines are subject to continuous update based on the accumulating knowledge from the implementation of genome-wide methods for PGD in many different centers world-wide as well as the results of ongoing scientific research. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our embryo selection principles have a profound impact on the organization of PGD operations and on the information that is transferred among the genetic unit, the fertility clinic and the patients. These principles are also important for the organization of pre- and post-counseling and influence the interpretation and reporting of preimplantation genotyping results. As novel genome-wide approaches for embryo selection are revolutionizing the field of reproductive genetics, national and international discussions to set general guidelines are warranted. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The European Union's Research and Innovation funding programs FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IAPP SARM: 324509 and Horizon 2020 WIDENLIFE: 692065 to J.R.V., T.V., E.D. and M.Z.E. J.R.V., T.V. and M.Z.E. have patents ZL910050-PCT/EP2011/060211-WO/2011/157846 ('Methods for haplotyping single cells') with royalties paid and ZL913096-PCT/EP2014/068315-WO/2015/028576 ('Haplotyping and copy-number typing using polymorphic variant allelic frequencies') with royalties paid, licensed to Cartagenia (Agilent technologies). J.R.V. also has a patent ZL91 2076-PCT/EP20 one 3/070858 ('High throughout genotyping by sequencing') with royalties paid. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Dimitriadou
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cindy Melotte
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Debrock
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven University Fertility Center, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Masoud Zamani Esteki
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Dierickx
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry Voet
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Single-cell Genomics Centre, Welcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomy de Ravel
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Peeraer
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven University Fertility Center, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christel Meuleman
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven University Fertility Center, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Robert Vermeesch
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, O&N I Herestraat 49 - box 602, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Determining a set of "important" nodes in a network constitutes a basic endeavor in network science. Inspired by electrical flows in a resistor network, we propose the best conducting node j in a graph G as the minimizer of the diagonal element Q_{jj}^{†} of the pseudoinverse matrix Q^{†} of the weighted Laplacian matrix of the graph G. We propose a new graph metric that complements the effective graph resistance R_{G} and that specifies the heterogeneity of the nodal spreading capacity in a graph. Various formulas and bounds for the diagonal element Q_{jj}^{†} are presented. Finally, we compute the pseudoinverse matrix of the Laplacian of star, path, and cycle graphs and derive an expansion and lower bound of the effective graph resistance R_{G} based on the complement of the graph G.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Van Mieghem
- Faculty of EECS, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5031, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - K Devriendt
- Faculty of EECS, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5031, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - H Cetinay
- Faculty of EECS, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5031, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
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37
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Done E, Gucciardo L, Van Mieghem T, Devriendt K, Allegaert K, Brady P, Devlieger R, De Catte L, Lewi L, Deprest J. Clinically relevant discordances identified after tertiary reassessment of fetuses with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Prenat Diagn 2017; 37:883-888. [PMID: 28453870 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) may improve outcome of severe isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia (iCDH). We aimed to identify any discrepancy between initial assessment at the referring hospital and the evaluation at the fetal surgery center, and to document parental decisions following counseling for fetal surgery. DESIGN Single center retrospective study on patients with presumed iCDH either referred for assessment and counseling or referred for fetal surgery. Discordant findings were defined as either a >10% difference in lung size, discordant liver position or associated anomalies. RESULTS Outcomes from 129 consecutive assessments over 24 months were analyzed. Among fetal surgery referrals, 2% did not have CDH, and 10% had undiagnosed associated anomalies. Liver position was discordant in 7%. Thirty-three per cent had discordant lung size. Ninety-four per cent of patients eligible for surgery underwent FETO. In patients referred because of suspicion of CDH, associated anomalies were found in 14%. Fetal liver and lung assessments were discordant in 50% resp. 38%. Of those patients eligible for FETO, 26% requested termination. For three patients, the postnatal course was marked by a genetic or syndromic additional diagnosis. CONCLUSION Discordances between initial assessment before referral and evaluation in our institution were frequent, some of them clinically relevant. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Done
- Division of Woman and Child, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, Clinical Specialties Research Groups, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leonardo Gucciardo
- Division of Woman and Child, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, Clinical Specialties Research Groups, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Mieghem
- Division of Woman and Child, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, Clinical Specialties Research Groups, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Centre for Medical Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Clinical Specialties Research Groups, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Brady
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roland Devlieger
- Division of Woman and Child, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, Clinical Specialties Research Groups, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc De Catte
- Division of Woman and Child, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, Clinical Specialties Research Groups, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Lewi
- Division of Woman and Child, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, Clinical Specialties Research Groups, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Deprest
- Division of Woman and Child, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, Clinical Specialties Research Groups, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,UCL Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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38
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Lewyllie A, Roosenboom J, Indencleef K, Claes P, Swillen A, Devriendt K, Carels C, Cadenas De Llano-Pérula M, Willems G, Hens G, Verdonck A. A Comprehensive Craniofacial Study of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1386-1391. [PMID: 28732176 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517720630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is one of the most frequent microdeletion syndromes and presents with a highly variable phenotype. In most affected individuals, specific but subtle facial features can be seen. In this observational study, we aim to investigate the craniofacial and dental features of 20 children with a confirmed diagnosis of 22q11.2DS by analyzing 3-dimensional (3D) facial surface scans, 2-dimensional (2D) clinical photographs, panoramic and cephalometric radiographs, and dental casts. The 3D facial scans were compared to scans of a healthy control group and analyzed using a spatially dense geometric morphometric approach. Cephalometric radiographs were digitally traced, and measurements were compared to existing standards. Occlusal and dental features were studied on dental casts and panoramic radiographs. Interestingly, a general trend of facial hypoplasia in the lower part of the face could be evidenced with the 3D facial analysis in children with 22q11.2DS compared to controls. Cephalometric analysis confirmed a dorsal position of the mandible to the maxilla in 2D and showed an enlarged cranial base angle. Measurements for occlusion did not differ significantly from standards. Despite individual variability, we observed a retruded lower part of the face as a common feature, and we also found a significantly higher prevalence of tooth agenesis in our cohort of 20 children with 22q11.2DS (20%). Furthermore, 3D facial surface scanning proved to be an important noninvasive, diagnostic tool to investigate external features and the underlying skeletal pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lewyllie
- 1 Department of Oral Health Sciences - Orthodontics, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Roosenboom
- 2 Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Indencleef
- 3 Medical Image Computing, ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Medical Imaging Research Center, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Claes
- 3 Medical Image Computing, ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Medical Imaging Research Center, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Swillen
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Devriendt
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Carels
- 1 Department of Oral Health Sciences - Orthodontics, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Cadenas De Llano-Pérula
- 1 Department of Oral Health Sciences - Orthodontics, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Willems
- 1 Department of Oral Health Sciences - Orthodontics, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Hens
- 5 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Verdonck
- 1 Department of Oral Health Sciences - Orthodontics, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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39
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Dardour L, Roelens F, Race V, Souche E, Holvoet M, Devriendt K. SPG20 mutation in three siblings with familial hereditary spastic paraplegia. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2017; 3:mcs.a001537. [PMID: 28679690 PMCID: PMC5495031 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Troyer syndrome (MIM#275900) is an autosomal recessive form of complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia. It is characterized by progressive lower extremity spasticity and weakness, dysarthria, distal amyotrophy, developmental delay, short stature, and subtle skeletal abnormalities. It is caused by deleterious mutations in the SPG20 gene, encoding spartin, on Chromosome 13q13. Until now, six unrelated families with a genetically confirmed diagnosis have been reported. Here we report the clinical findings in three brothers of a consanguineous Moroccan family, aged 24, 17, and 7 yr old, with spastic paraplegia, short stature, motor and cognitive delay, and severe intellectual disability. Targeted exon capture and sequencing showed a homozygous nonsense mutation in the SPG20 gene, c.1369C>T (p.Arg457*), in the three affected boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Dardour
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Valerie Race
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erika Souche
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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40
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Lumaka A, Cosemans N, Lulebo Mampasi A, Mubungu G, Mvuama N, Lubala T, Mbuyi-Musanzayi S, Breckpot J, Holvoet M, de Ravel T, Van Buggenhout G, Peeters H, Donnai D, Mutesa L, Verloes A, Lukusa Tshilobo P, Devriendt K. Facial dysmorphism is influenced by ethnic background of the patient and of the evaluator. Clin Genet 2017; 92:166-171. [PMID: 27925162 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of facial dysmorphism is a critical step toward reaching a diagnostic. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability to interpret facial morphology in African children with intellectual disability (ID). First, 10 experienced clinicians (five from Africa and five from Europe) rated gestalt in 127 African non-Down Syndrome (non-DS) patients using either the score 2 for 'clearly dysmorphic', 0 for 'clearly non dysmorphic' or 1 for 'uncertain'. The inter-rater agreement was determined using kappa coefficient. There was only fair agreement between African and European raters (kappa-coefficient = 0.29). Second, we applied the FDNA Face2Gene solution to assess Down Syndrome (DS) faces. Initially, Face2Gene showed a better recognition rate for DS in Caucasian (80%) compared to African (36.8%). We trained the Face2Gene with a set of African DS and non-DS photographs. Interestingly, the recognition in African increased to 94.7%. Thus, training improved the sensitivity of Face2Gene. Our data suggest that human based evaluation is influenced by ethnic background of the evaluator. In addition, computer based evaluation indicates that the ethnic of the patient also influences the evaluation and that training may increase the detection specificity for a particular ethnic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lumaka
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo.,Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, DR Congo
| | - N Cosemans
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Lulebo Mampasi
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo
| | - G Mubungu
- Center for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo
| | - N Mvuama
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo
| | - T Lubala
- Sendwe University Hospitals, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo
| | - S Mbuyi-Musanzayi
- Sendwe University Hospitals, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo
| | - J Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Holvoet
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T de Ravel
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Van Buggenhout
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Peeters
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Donnai
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - L Mutesa
- Center for Human Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
| | - A Verloes
- Département de Génétique, CHU Paris - Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - P Lukusa Tshilobo
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo.,Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, DR Congo
| | - K Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Khandelwal KD, Ishorst N, Zhou H, Ludwig KU, Venselaar H, Gilissen C, Thonissen M, van Rooij IALM, Dreesen K, Steehouwer M, van de Vorst M, Bloemen M, van Beusekom E, Roosenboom J, Borstlap W, Admiraal R, Dormaar T, Schoenaers J, Vander Poorten V, Hens G, Verdonck A, Bergé S, Roeleveldt N, Vriend G, Devriendt K, Brunner HG, Mangold E, Hoischen A, van Bokhoven H, Carels CEL. Novel IRF6 Mutations Detected in Orofacial Cleft Patients by Targeted Massively Parallel Sequencing. J Dent Res 2016; 96:179-185. [PMID: 27834299 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516678829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variants in interferon regulatory factor 6 ( IRF6) have been associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) as well as with tooth agenesis (TA). These variants contribute a small risk towards the 2 congenital conditions and explain only a small percentage of heritability. On the other hand, many IRF6 mutations are known to be a monogenic cause of disease for syndromic orofacial clefting (OFC). We hypothesize that IRF6 mutations in some rare instances could also cause nonsyndromic OFC. To find novel rare variants in IRF6 responsible for nonsyndromic OFC and TA, we performed targeted multiplex sequencing using molecular inversion probes (MIPs) in 1,072 OFC patients, 67 TA patients, and 706 controls. We identified 3 potentially pathogenic de novo mutations in OFC patients. In addition, 3 rare missense variants were identified, for which pathogenicity could not unequivocally be shown, as all variants were either inherited from an unaffected parent or the parental DNA was not available. Retrospective investigation of the patients with these variants revealed the presence of lip pits in one of the patients with a de novo mutation suggesting a Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) phenotype, whereas, in other patients, no lip pits were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Khandelwal
- 1 Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N Ishorst
- 2 Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,3 Institute of Human Genetics, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - H Zhou
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,5 Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K U Ludwig
- 2 Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,3 Institute of Human Genetics, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - H Venselaar
- 6 Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C Gilissen
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,7 Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Thonissen
- 1 Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I A L M van Rooij
- 8 Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K Dreesen
- 1 Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Steehouwer
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M van de Vorst
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Bloemen
- 1 Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E van Beusekom
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Roosenboom
- 9 Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, AGORA-Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - W Borstlap
- 10 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Cleft Palate Craniofacial Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Admiraal
- 11 Hearing & Genes Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen. GA, The Netherlands; Cleft Palate Craniofacial Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T Dormaar
- 12 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Cleft Lip and Palate Team, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Schoenaers
- 12 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Cleft Lip and Palate Team, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Vander Poorten
- 13 Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Cleft Lip and Palate Team, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Hens
- 13 Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Cleft Lip and Palate Team, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Verdonck
- 14 Department of Orthodontics, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Cleft Lip and Palate Team, AGORA-Research Group, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Bergé
- 10 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Cleft Palate Craniofacial Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N Roeleveldt
- 8 Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G Vriend
- 6 Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K Devriendt
- 15 Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H G Brunner
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E Mangold
- 3 Institute of Human Genetics, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Hoischen
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,7 Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H van Bokhoven
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,7 Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C E L Carels
- 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,16 Department of Oral Health Sciences, AGORA-Research Group, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Dardour L, Verleyen P, Lesage K, Holvoet M, Devriendt K. Bilateral renal tumors in an adult man with Smith-Magenis syndrome: The role of the FLCN gene. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:499-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vermeesch JR, Melotte C, Froyen G, Van Vooren S, Dutta B, Maas N, Vermeulen S, Menten B, Speleman F, De Moor B, Van Hummelen P, Marynen P, Fryns JP, Devriendt K. Molecular Karyotyping: Array CGH Quality Criteria for Constitutional Genetic Diagnosis. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 53:413-22. [PMID: 15750031 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6436.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Array CGH (comparative genomic hybridization) enables the identification of chromosomal copy number changes. The availability of clone sets covering the human genome opens the possibility for the widespread use of array CGH for both research and diagnostic purposes. In this manuscript we report on the parameters that were critical for successful implementation of the technology, assess quality criteria, and discuss the potential benefits and pitfalls of the technology for improved pre- and postnatal constitutional genetic diagnosis. We propose to name the genome-wide array CGH “molecular karyotyping,” in analogy with conventional karyotyping that uses staining methods to visualize chromosomes.
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Abstract
We present a newborn diagnosed with posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy (PACD). PACD is a rare disorder with partial or complete posterior lamellar corneal opacification. Genetic screening showed a deletion of chromosome 12q21.33-q22 containing the identified four small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRP's) associated with this particular dystrophy. Neither parents were carrier of the deletion. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a de novo mutation causing PACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Odent
- a Department of Ophthalmology , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - I Casteels
- a Department of Ophthalmology , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - C Cassiman
- a Department of Ophthalmology , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - M Dieltiëns
- a Department of Ophthalmology , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - M-T Hua
- a Department of Ophthalmology , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - K Devriendt
- b Department of Genetics , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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Ockeloen CW, Khandelwal KD, Dreesen K, Ludwig KU, Sullivan R, van Rooij IALM, Thonissen M, Swinnen S, Phan M, Conte F, Ishorst N, Gilissen C, RoaFuentes L, van de Vorst M, Henkes A, Steehouwer M, van Beusekom E, Bloemen M, Vankeirsbilck B, Bergé S, Hens G, Schoenaers J, Poorten VV, Roosenboom J, Verdonck A, Devriendt K, Roeleveldt N, Jhangiani SN, Vissers LELM, Lupski JR, de Ligt J, Von den Hoff JW, Pfundt R, Brunner HG, Zhou H, Dixon J, Mangold E, van Bokhoven H, Dixon MJ, Kleefstra T, Hoischen A, Carels CEL. Novel mutations in LRP6 highlight the role of WNT signaling in tooth agenesis. Genet Med 2016; 18:1158-1162. [PMID: 26963285 PMCID: PMC5018235 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Here we aimed to identify a novel genetic cause of tooth agenesis (TA) and/or orofacial clefting (OFC) by combining whole exome sequencing (WES) and targeted re-sequencing in a large cohort of TA and OFC patients. Methods WES was performed in two unrelated patients, one with severe TA and OFC and another with severe TA only. After identifying deleterious mutations in a gene encoding the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), all its exons were re-sequenced with molecular inversion probes, in 67 patients with TA, 1,072 patients with OFC and in 706 controls. Results We identified a frameshift (c.4594delG, p.Cys1532fs) and a canonical splice site mutation (c.3398-2A>C, p.?) in LRP6 respectively in the patient with TA and OFC, and in the patient with severe TA only. The targeted re-sequencing showed significant enrichment of unique LRP6 variants in TA patients, but not in nonsyndromic OFC. From the 5 variants in patients with TA, 2 affect the canonical splice site and 3 were missense variants; all variants segregated with the dominant phenotype and in 1 case the missense mutation occurred de novo. Conclusion Mutations in LRP6 cause tooth agenesis in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte W Ockeloen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kriti D Khandelwal
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karoline Dreesen
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kerstin U Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Sullivan
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Dental School, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Iris A L M van Rooij
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Thonissen
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Swinnen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Milien Phan
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Conte
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Ishorst
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laury RoaFuentes
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje van de Vorst
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Henkes
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Steehouwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Beusekom
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjon Bloemen
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Vankeirsbilck
- DNA facility, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Bergé
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Greet Hens
- Cleft Lip Palate Team and AGORA-Support Group, Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery, and Orthodontics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joseph Schoenaers
- Cleft Lip Palate Team and AGORA-Support Group, Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery, and Orthodontics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Vander Poorten
- Cleft Lip Palate Team and AGORA-Support Group, Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery, and Orthodontics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasmien Roosenboom
- Cleft Lip Palate Team and AGORA-Support Group, Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery, and Orthodontics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Verdonck
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Cleft Lip Palate Team and AGORA-Support Group, Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery, and Orthodontics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Cleft Lip Palate Team and AGORA-Support Group, Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery, and Orthodontics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nel Roeleveldt
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Texas, USA
| | - Lisenka E L M Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Texas, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Texas, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, Texas, USA
| | - Joep de Ligt
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W Von den Hoff
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud University, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jill Dixon
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Dental School, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Mangold
- Institute of Human Genetics, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J Dixon
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Dental School, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carine E L Carels
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Reynaert N, Ockeloen CW, Sävendahl L, Beckers D, Devriendt K, Kleefstra T, Carels CEL, Grigelioniene G, Nordgren A, Francois I, de Zegher F, Casteels K. Short Stature in KBG Syndrome: First Responses to Growth Hormone Treatment. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 83:361-4. [PMID: 25833229 DOI: 10.1159/000380908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KBG syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by intellectual disability and associated with macrodontia of the upper central incisors, specific craniofacial findings, short stature and skeletal anomalies. Genetic corroboration of a clinical diagnosis has been possible since 2011, upon identification of heterozygous mutations in or a deletion of the ANKRD11 gene. METHODS We summarized the height data of 14 adults and 18 children (age range 2-16 years) with a genetically confirmed diagnosis of KBG syndrome. Two of these children were treated with growth hormones. RESULTS Stature below the 3rd centile or -1.88 standard deviation score (SDS) was observed in 72% of KBG children and in 57% of KBG adults. Height below -2.50 SDS was observed in 62% of KBG children and in 36% of KBG adults. The mean SDS of height in KBG children was -2.56 and in KBG adults -2.17. Two KBG children on growth hormone therapy increased their height by 0.6 and 1 SDS within 1 year, respectively. The former also received a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist due to medical necessity. CONCLUSION Short stature is prevalent in KBG syndrome, and spontaneous catch-up growth beyond childhood appears limited. Growth hormone intervention in short KBG children is perceived as promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Reynaert
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Al Turki S, Manickaraj AK, Mercer CL, Gerety SS, Hitz MP, Lindsay S, D'Alessandro LCA, Swaminathan GJ, Bentham J, Arndt AK, Louw J, Breckpot J, Gewillig M, Thienpont B, Abdul-Khaliq H, Harnack C, Hoff K, Kramer HH, Schubert S, Siebert R, Toka O, Cosgrove C, Watkins H, Lucassen AM, O'Kelly IM, Salmon AP, Bu'Lock FA, Granados-Riveron J, Setchfield K, Thornborough C, Brook JD, Mulder B, Klaassen S, Bhattacharya S, Devriendt K, FitzPatrick DR, Wilson DI, Mital S, Hurles ME. Rare Variants in NR2F2 Cause Congenital Heart Defects in Humans. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:592. [PMID: 28863274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Willaert A, Bruninx L, Hens G, Hauben E, Devriendt K, Vander Poorten V. Congenital sternoclavicular dermoid sinus. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 81:65-7. [PMID: 26810293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a case series of 8 patients, presenting with a congenital sinus in the region of the sternoclavicular joint. This rare malformation has only been reported in the Japanese dermatological literature under the name of "congenital dermoid fistula of the anterior chest region". It has to be distinguished from other congenital anomalies and requires complete excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelore Willaert
- Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesje Bruninx
- Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Hens
- Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Esther Hauben
- Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Vander Poorten
- Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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49
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Mlynarski EE, Xie M, Taylor D, Sheridan MB, Guo T, Racedo SE, McDonald-McGinn DM, Chow EWC, Vorstman J, Swillen A, Devriendt K, Breckpot J, Digilio MC, Marino B, Dallapiccola B, Philip N, Simon TJ, Roberts AE, Piotrowicz M, Bearden CE, Eliez S, Gothelf D, Coleman K, Kates WR, Devoto M, Zackai E, Heine-Suñer D, Goldmuntz E, Bassett AS, Morrow BE, Emanuel BS. Rare copy number variants and congenital heart defects in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Hum Genet 2016; 135:273-85. [PMID: 26742502 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1623-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS; velocardiofacial/DiGeorge syndrome; VCFS/DGS; MIM #192430; 188400) is the most common microdeletion syndrome. The phenotypic presentation of 22q11DS is highly variable; approximately 60-75 % of 22q11DS patients have been reported to have a congenital heart defect (CHD), mostly of the conotruncal type, and/or aortic arch defect. The etiology of the cardiac phenotypic variability is not currently known for the majority of patients. We hypothesized that rare copy number variants (CNVs) outside the 22q11.2 deleted region may modify the risk of being born with a CHD in this sensitized population. Rare CNV analysis was performed using Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0 data from 946 22q11DS subjects with CHDs (n = 607) or with normal cardiac anatomy (n = 339). Although there was no significant difference in the overall burden of rare CNVs, an overabundance of CNVs affecting cardiac-related genes was detected in 22q11DS individuals with CHDs. When the rare CNVs were examined with regard to gene interactions, specific cardiac networks, such as Wnt signaling, appear to be overrepresented in 22q11DS CHD cases but not 22q11DS controls with a normal heart. Collectively, these data suggest that CNVs outside the 22q11.2 region may contain genes that modify risk for CHDs in some 22q11DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth E Mlynarski
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael Xie
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Deanne Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Molly B Sheridan
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tingwei Guo
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Silvia E Racedo
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bruno Marino
- Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation and Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicole Philip
- Department of Medical Genetics, Timone Children's Hospital, AP-HM and University of Mediterranee, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Tony J Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Amy E Roberts
- Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Małgorzata Piotrowicz
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, 93-338, Lodz, Poland
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Office Médico- Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1211, Geneva 8, Switzerland
| | - Doron Gothelf
- Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 52621, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Karlene Coleman
- Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Damian Heine-Suñer
- Genetics Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, 07020, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Hu H, Haas SA, Chelly J, Van Esch H, Raynaud M, de Brouwer APM, Weinert S, Froyen G, Frints SGM, Laumonnier F, Zemojtel T, Love MI, Richard H, Emde AK, Bienek M, Jensen C, Hambrock M, Fischer U, Langnick C, Feldkamp M, Wissink-Lindhout W, Lebrun N, Castelnau L, Rucci J, Montjean R, Dorseuil O, Billuart P, Stuhlmann T, Shaw M, Corbett MA, Gardner A, Willis-Owen S, Tan C, Friend KL, Belet S, van Roozendaal KEP, Jimenez-Pocquet M, Moizard MP, Ronce N, Sun R, O'Keeffe S, Chenna R, van Bömmel A, Göke J, Hackett A, Field M, Christie L, Boyle J, Haan E, Nelson J, Turner G, Baynam G, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Müller U, Steinberger D, Budny B, Badura-Stronka M, Latos-Bieleńska A, Ousager LB, Wieacker P, Rodríguez Criado G, Bondeson ML, Annerén G, Dufke A, Cohen M, Van Maldergem L, Vincent-Delorme C, Echenne B, Simon-Bouy B, Kleefstra T, Willemsen M, Fryns JP, Devriendt K, Ullmann R, Vingron M, Wrogemann K, Wienker TF, Tzschach A, van Bokhoven H, Gecz J, Jentsch TJ, Chen W, Ropers HH, Kalscheuer VM. X-exome sequencing of 405 unresolved families identifies seven novel intellectual disability genes. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:133-48. [PMID: 25644381 PMCID: PMC5414091 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. During the past two decades in excess of 100 X-chromosome ID genes have been identified. Yet, a large number of families mapping to the X-chromosome remained unresolved suggesting that more XLID genes or loci are yet to be identified. Here, we have investigated 405 unresolved families with XLID. We employed massively parallel sequencing of all X-chromosome exons in the index males. The majority of these males were previously tested negative for copy number variations and for mutations in a subset of known XLID genes by Sanger sequencing. In total, 745 X-chromosomal genes were screened. After stringent filtering, a total of 1297 non-recurrent exonic variants remained for prioritization. Co-segregation analysis of potential clinically relevant changes revealed that 80 families (20%) carried pathogenic variants in established XLID genes. In 19 families, we detected likely causative protein truncating and missense variants in 7 novel and validated XLID genes (CLCN4, CNKSR2, FRMPD4, KLHL15, LAS1L, RLIM and USP27X) and potentially deleterious variants in 2 novel candidate XLID genes (CDK16 and TAF1). We show that the CLCN4 and CNKSR2 variants impair protein functions as indicated by electrophysiological studies and altered differentiation of cultured primary neurons from Clcn4(-/-) mice or after mRNA knock-down. The newly identified and candidate XLID proteins belong to pathways and networks with established roles in cognitive function and intellectual disability in particular. We suggest that systematic sequencing of all X-chromosomal genes in a cohort of patients with genetic evidence for X-chromosome locus involvement may resolve up to 58% of Fragile X-negative cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hu
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - S A Haas
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Chelly
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - H Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Raynaud
- Inserm U930 ‘Imaging and Brain', Tours, France,University François-Rabelais, Tours, France,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Service de Génétique, Tours, France
| | - A P M de Brouwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S Weinert
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany,Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Froyen
- Human Genome Laboratory, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium,Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S G M Frints
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, azM, Maastricht, The Netherlands,School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F Laumonnier
- Inserm U930 ‘Imaging and Brain', Tours, France,University François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - T Zemojtel
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - M I Love
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Richard
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - A-K Emde
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Bienek
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Jensen
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Hambrock
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - U Fischer
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Langnick
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Feldkamp
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - W Wissink-Lindhout
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N Lebrun
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - L Castelnau
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - J Rucci
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - R Montjean
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - O Dorseuil
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - P Billuart
- University Paris Descartes, Paris, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - T Stuhlmann
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany,Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Shaw
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M A Corbett
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - A Gardner
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - S Willis-Owen
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Tan
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - K L Friend
- SA Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - S Belet
- Human Genome Laboratory, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium,Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K E P van Roozendaal
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, azM, Maastricht, The Netherlands,School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Jimenez-Pocquet
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Service de Génétique, Tours, France
| | - M-P Moizard
- Inserm U930 ‘Imaging and Brain', Tours, France,University François-Rabelais, Tours, France,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Service de Génétique, Tours, France
| | - N Ronce
- Inserm U930 ‘Imaging and Brain', Tours, France,University François-Rabelais, Tours, France,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Service de Génétique, Tours, France
| | - R Sun
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - S O'Keeffe
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Chenna
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - A van Bömmel
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Göke
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Hackett
- Genetics of Learning and Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, Australia
| | - M Field
- Genetics of Learning and Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, Australia
| | - L Christie
- Genetics of Learning and Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, Australia
| | - J Boyle
- Genetics of Learning and Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, Australia
| | - E Haan
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,SA Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J Nelson
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - G Turner
- Genetics of Learning and Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, Australia
| | - G Baynam
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - U Müller
- Institut für Humangenetik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany,bio.logis Center for Human Genetics, Frankfurt a. M., Germany
| | - D Steinberger
- Institut für Humangenetik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany,bio.logis Center for Human Genetics, Frankfurt a. M., Germany
| | - B Budny
- Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Ponzan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - M Badura-Stronka
- Chair and Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - A Latos-Bieleńska
- Chair and Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - L B Ousager
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - P Wieacker
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - M-L Bondeson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Annerén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Dufke
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Angewandte Genomik, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Cohen
- Kinderzentrum München, München, Germany
| | - L Van Maldergem
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - C Vincent-Delorme
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre CHRU de Lilles, Lille, France
| | - B Echenne
- Service de Neuro-Pédiatrie, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - B Simon-Bouy
- Laboratoire SESEP, Centre hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France
| | - T Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Willemsen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J-P Fryns
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R Ullmann
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Vingron
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Wrogemann
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - T F Wienker
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Tzschach
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - H van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Gecz
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - T J Jentsch
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany,Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - W Chen
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany,Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - H-H Ropers
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - V M Kalscheuer
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, Berlin 14195, Germany. E-mail:
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