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Development of properly-polarized trophoblast stem cell-derived organoids to model early human pregnancy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.30.560327. [PMID: 37873440 PMCID: PMC10592868 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.30.560327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of human trophoblast stem cells (hTSC) and stem cell-derived trophoblast organoids has enabled investigation of placental physiology and disease and early maternal-fetal interactions during a stage of human pregnancy that previously had been severely restricted. A key shortcoming in existing trophoblast organoid methodologies is the non-physiologic position of the syncytiotrophoblast (STB) within the inner portion of the organoid, which neither recapitulates placental villous morphology in vivo nor allows for facile modeling of STB exposure to the endometrium or the contents of the intervillous space. Here we have successfully established properly-polarized human trophoblast stem cell (hTSC)-sourced organoids with STB forming on the surface of the organoid. These organoids can also be induced to give rise to the extravillous trophoblast (EVT) lineage with HLA-G + migratory cells that invade into an extracellular matrix-based hydrogel. Compared to previous hTSC organoid methods, organoids created by this method more closely mimic the architecture of the developing human placenta and provide a novel platform to study normal and abnormal human placental development and to model exposures to pharmaceuticals, pathogens and environmental insults. Motivation Human placental organoids have been generated to mimic physiological cell-cell interactions. However, those published models derived from human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs) or placental villi display a non-physiologic "inside-out" morphology. In vivo , the placental villi have an outer layer of syncytialized cells that are in direct contact with maternal blood, acting as a conduit for gas and nutrient exchange, and an inner layer of progenitor, single cytotrophoblast cells that fuse to create the syncytiotrophoblast layer. Existing "inside-out" models put the cytotrophoblast cells in contact with culture media and substrate, making physiologic interactions between syncytiotrophoblast and other cells/tissues and normal and pathogenic exposures coming from maternal blood difficult to model. The goal of this study was to develop an hTSC-derived 3-D human trophoblast organoid model that positions the syncytiotrophoblast layer on the outside of the multicellular organoid. Graphical abstract
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Modeling human peri-implantation placental development and function†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:40-51. [PMID: 33899095 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is very difficult to gain a better understanding of the events in human pregnancy that occur during and just after implantation because such pregnancies are not yet clinically detectable. Animal models of human placentation are inadequate. In vitro models that utilize immortalized cell lines and cells derived from trophoblast cancers have multiple limitations. Primary cell and tissue cultures often have limited lifespans and cannot be obtained from the peri-implantation period. We present here two contemporary models of human peri-implantation placental development: extended blastocyst culture and stem-cell derived trophoblast culture. We discuss current research efforts that employ these models and how such models might be used in the future to study the "black box" stage of human pregnancy.
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Comparison of extravillous trophoblast cells derived from human embryonic stem cells and from first trimester human placentas. Placenta 2013; 34:536-43. [PMID: 23631809 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia and other placental pathologies are characterized by a lack of spiral artery remodeling associated with insufficient invasion by extravillous trophoblast cells (EVT). Because trophoblast invasion occurs in early pregnancy when access to human placental tissue is limited, there is a need for model systems for the study of trophoblast differentiation and invasion. Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) treated with BMP4- differentiate to trophoblast, and express HLA-G, a marker of EVT. The goals of the present study were to further characterize the HLA-G(+) cells derived from BMP4-treated hESC, and determine their suitability as a model. METHODS HESC were treated with BMP4 under 4% or 20% oxygen and tested in Matrigel invasion chambers. Both BMP4-treated hESC and primary human placental cells were separated into HLA-G(+) and HLA-G(-)/TACSTD2(+) populations with immunomagnetic beads and expression profiles analyzed by microarray. RESULTS There was a 10-fold increase in invasion when hESC were BMP4-treated. There was also an independent, stimulatory effect of oxygen on this process. Invasive cells expressed trophoblast marker KRT7, and the majority were also HLA-G(+). Gene expression profiles revealed that HLA-G(+), BMP4-treated hESC were similar to, but distinct from, HLA-G(+) cells isolated from first trimester placentas. Whereas HLA-G(+) and HLA-G(-) cells from first trimester placentas had highly divergent gene expression profiles, HLA-G(+) and HLA-G(-) cells from BMP4-treated hESC had somewhat similar profiles, and both expressed genes characteristic of early trophoblast development. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that hESC treated with BMP4 provide a model for studying transition to the EVT lineage.
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Effect of leptin on mouse trophoblast giant cells. Biol Reprod 2009; 80:415-24. [PMID: 19038858 PMCID: PMC2805391 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.073130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin plays a role in both energy homeostasis and reproduction, and it is required in early pregnancy. It stimulates metalloproteinase activity in cultured human trophoblasts and invasiveness of cultured mouse trophoblasts. Our goal has been to examine mechanisms that underpin the ability of leptin to promote trophoblast invasiveness in primary cultures of mouse trophoblasts. Leptin stimulated the phosphorylation of MEK (MAP2K1) but not signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the cultures, increased the concentration of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) protein, and upregulated metalloproteinase activity. Microarray analysis revealed that leptin stimulated select genes with roles in cell motility, including Stmn, a gene linked to invasiveness in other cell types. There was also an increase in activity of several genes associated with MAPK and RhoGTPase signaling. In addition, leptin muted expression of genes correlated with terminal differentiation of trophoblast giant cells, including ones associated with the TGFbeta signaling pathway and endoreduplication of DNA, and upregulated selected prolactin-related family members. Feulgen staining of leptin-treated cells revealed a loss of cells with low ploidy. The data suggest that leptin accelerates disappearance of non-giant cells while inhibiting terminal differentiation of committed giant cells, possibly by maintaining cells in an intermediate stage of differentiation.
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Human embryonic stem cells as models for trophoblast differentiation. Placenta 2007; 29 Suppl A:S10-6. [PMID: 18054384 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trophectoderm is specified from pluripotent blastomeres at some time prior to blastocyst formation. Proliferating cytotrophoblast derived from trophectoderm is the forerunner of the entire trophoblast component of the mature human placenta, including extravillous cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. Recently human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been employed to study these events in an in vitro situation. Here we review some of the work in this emerging area of trophoblast biology. We concentrate primarily on a model in which colonies of hESC are exposed to BMP4 in stem cell growth medium lacking FGF2. Under both low (4%) and high (20%) O(2) conditions, differentiation proceeds unidirectionally towards trophoblast from the outside of the colonies inwards, with the progression fastest under high O(2). Immunohistochemical observations performed on whole colonies combined with microarray analysis of mRNA can be employed to track developmental transitions as they occur over time and in two-dimensional space as the cells respond to BMP4.
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Leptin receptor expression increases in placenta, but not hypothalamus, during gestation in Mus musculus and Myotis lucifugus. Placenta 2004; 25:712-22. [PMID: 15450389 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In addition to effects on appetite and metabolism, the hormone leptin is required for reproduction in mammals. Maternal plasma leptin is increased above non-pregnant levels in all mammals thus far examined, including humans. The increase in plasma leptin appears to result in part from upregulation of adipose leptin secretion (e.g., in mice), or from production and secretion of leptin from the placenta (e.g., in humans and some bats). The placenta may also modulate maternal leptin levels via production of a plasma leptin-binding protein (mice, humans). Thus, the placenta plays a coordinating role in regulation of maternal leptin during pregnancy. In this study, the hypothesis that the placenta is also a target organ for leptin in diverse taxa was tested by examining the expression of leptin receptors (Ob-R) in placentae from species of distantly related mammalian taxa, Mus musculus (the laboratory mouse) and Myotis lucifugus (the little brown myotis, also called the little brown bat). A partial sequence of M. lucifugus Ob-R cDNA was first obtained and found to share approximately 78-88% homology at the nucleotide level with known mammalian Ob-R cDNAs. Using probes and primers designed from this sequence, receptor expression was detected in numerous tissues of M. lucifugus, including placenta, which expressed two major receptor isoforms as judged by molecular size. In both species, Ob-R mRNA expression in placenta significantly increased from early to late gestation. Expression of Ob-R mRNA was not affected by cAMP treatment in vitro. The increase in Ob-R mRNA expression in placenta was specific, since Ob-R mRNA expression did not change during gestation in either species in hypothalamus, the major site of the central actions of leptin. Thus, Ob-R is expressed in placenta throughout gestation in mice and bats, and its expression increases over the course of gestation, which raises the possibility that leptin may exert temporally distinct effects on placental growth or function throughout gestation. Because similar placenta-specific changes in leptin receptor expression occurred in species from distantly related mammalian taxa which collectively comprise approximately 70% of all known mammalian species, it is possible that placental actions of leptin are conserved across mammals, even in those species (such as the Swiss-Webster strain of mouse) in which the placenta does not itself produce leptin.
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[Erysipelas as a disease factor]. BERLINER UND MUNCHENER TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1989; 102:325-30. [PMID: 2684151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The infection with Erysipelas rhusiopathiae demonstrates that it is possible to characterize the significance of predisposing factors. The virulence of the agent is most important among the exogenous factors; it determines decisively the course of the disease: 1. paracute course as septicemia; 2. chronic course as polyarthritis; 3. subclinical course nearly without any symptoms. The immune status and the genotype of the host are predominant out of endogenous factors. The importance of immunity is known since a long time. A series of field observations supported the potential genetical influence in the pig. Within the hereditability an association to the MHC (in special genetic lines of rats to the RT 1 system of the MHC) was most recently determined in inbred laboratory animals. Additionally several environmental conditions, which can be summarized as stress, and as endogenous factor the age of the animals are relevant for the pathogenesis of the erysipelas infection. A non variable but most important disposition for special tissues are the so-called "borderline tissues", where accumulation, sedimentation and persistence of bacterial antigens are wellknown as described earlier. This phenomenon is determined by hemodynamic manifestation and quantifiably regulated by cytokines especially interleukin (IL 1) as well as by the tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) and prostaglandin PgE2. Additionally the cross reactivity of antibodies of Erysipelas rhusiopathiae against most specific collagen of type II, IX and XI in the pig and in laboratory animals was elaborated. This autoimmune phenomenon called "immunologic mimicry" supports besides the special physiologic conditions as niche of defense a very successful evolutionary adaptation of the agent.
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[Objectivity, specialization and cooperation in veterinary medicine with immunopathology as an example]. DTW. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1989; 96:160-1. [PMID: 2653771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Impotentia coeundi in a stallion after thrombosis of the Arteria iliaca externa. PFERDEHEILKUNDE 1987. [DOI: 10.21836/pem19870205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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[Morphological and functional aspects of placental maturing mechanisms in the cow. 1. Light microscopic findings]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1986; 33:660-7. [PMID: 3099510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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[Postmortem and intra vitam lung changes in cattle resulting from the effects of fire]. DTW. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1985; 92:372-6. [PMID: 3908056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
The morphology of asteroid bodies in equine arteries is demonstrated by light microscopy as well as by scanning and transmission electron microscopy combined with chemical analysis. Asteroid bodies first occur in horses at four weeks of age in all investigated tissues except the esophagus and always are located in the subendothelial space. The number, shape, ultrastructure and chemical composition of asteroid bodies differ markedly--depending on the age of the horse. Asteroid bodies are round and smooth in foals, but are shaped irregularly and have several projections and marked stratified calcification in adult horses. Asteroid bodies probably originate from smooth muscle cells. No direct etiological connection between asteroid bodies and migrating Strongylus vulgaris could be verified.
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Borderline-tissues as sites of antigen deposition and persistence--a unifying concept of rheumatoid inflammation? Rheumatol Int 1985; 5:221-7. [PMID: 4070924 DOI: 10.1007/bf00541340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In organs of rheumatoid inflammation avascular tissue is nourished by perfusion either directly from the blood stream or by neighbouring blood vessels (borderline-tissue). An open question remains whether this borderline-tissue promotes only the known antigen persistence, or also the first deposition of the pathogenetically important microbial antigen, and subsequently a deposition of immune complexes. The three markers (carbon, latex, and living bacteria) used in this study led to nearly the same pattern of deposition in two groups of organ systems: Organs with clearance function belonging to the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS); organs with borderline-tissues: joint, kidney, artery, heart valve, and eye. This deposition at the borderline can be observed best in areas of the joint where highly vascularized tissues are adjacent to avascular tissues nourished via perfusion: perichondrium, peritendineum, periosteum, and endo- and perimysium. These localisations of particle deposition correspond exactly with the intraarticular predilection sites of chronic rheumatoid inflammation in man and animals. Our results indicate an easier settlement of corpuscular material in these localisations, which at the same time are unable to eliminate such substances, unlike the organs of the MPS. Our studies seem to support the theory of pathogenetic importance of the borderline-tissues as a localizing factor in the perpetuating rheumatoid inflammation.
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Studies of polyarthritis caused by mycoplasma arthritidis in rats. III. Histopathological findings. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, MIKROBIOLOGIE UND HYGIENE. 1. ABT. ORIGINALE A, MEDIZINISCHE MIKROBIOLOGIE, INFEKTIONSKRANKHEITEN UND PARASITOLOGIE = INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. A, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, INFECTIOUS... 1983; 254:423-34. [PMID: 6675351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma arthritidis induced polyarthritis in the rat is characterized histologically by four distinct phases. Firstly, two days after infection, early lesions such as vascular changes and alterations in the lining cell layer of synovium are observed. This is followed four days after inoculation by an acute exudative phase with the deposit of fibrin and infiltration by polymorphonuclear granulocytes together with first signs of joint destruction by pannus-like granulation tissue. From about the third week onwards, lymphocytes and plasma cells predominate in the subsynovium, indicating subacute inflammation. In the fourth phase which lasts until the end of the one year observation period, chronic arthritis with destruction of cartilage and bone, ankylosis, and chronic inflammation, sometimes with acute recurrences, were observed in about 25% of the joints. Both the marked tendency to pannus formation and the longevity of the arthritis, make this an interesting, experimental model of chronic polyarthritis, particularly as it has been induced by a peptidoglycan-free microorganism.
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A persistent reovirus infection of chickens as a possible model of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1983; 30:274-82. [PMID: 6306962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1983.tb01843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Studies of polyarthritis caused by Mycoplasma arthritidis in rats. I. Detection of the persisting Mycoplasma antigen by the enzyme immune assay (EIA) and conventional culture technique. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, MIKROBIOLOGIE UND HYGIENE. 1. ABT. ORIGINALE A, MEDIZINISCHE MIKROBIOLOGIE, INFEKTIONSKRANKHEITEN UND PARASITOLOGIE = INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. A, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, INFECTIOUS... 1983; 254:129-38. [PMID: 6232779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Investigations on Mycoplasma (M.) arthritidis polyarthritis of the rat produced by intravenous inoculation of M. arthritidis ISR 1 with special reference to the persistence of the inoculated mycoplasma antigen were performed in a total of 145 rats. The mycoplasmas were demonstrated by the conventional culture technique as well as by an enzyme immune assay (EIA). M. arthritidis was cultured from liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus up to 4 days, from trachea and uterus up to 4 weeks, and from lung, heart, brain, and lymph nodes up to 2 months after infection. It could be recovered from the joints in 70-80% of the animals up to 28 days and in the remaining 20-30% up to 200 days after infection. Using the EIA the mycoplasmal antigen could be demonstrated generally, also in the joints of infected rats which had no longer been positive by culture (10-20 weeks after inoculation). The investigations using EIA also showed a positive reaction between antiserum against M. arthritidis and joint homogenates of control rats, indicating the presence of common antigens to M. arthritidis and to joint tissues of the rat.
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[Induction of chronic polyarthritis with constituents of erysipelas bacteria (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae). 2. Studies on induction of arthritis in rats]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1982; 29:85-98. [PMID: 6211872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Enzyme histochemical studies of the homogeneity of the mononuclear phagocyte system with special reference to the synovium. AGENTS AND ACTIONS. SUPPLEMENTS 1982; 11:117-129. [PMID: 6960647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The cytogenetic relationship between synovial lining cell type A and macrophages both involved in joint destruction is still obscure. By means of enzyme histochemistry we tried to demonstrate marker enzymes of macrophages, like non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase in lining cells of normal and arthritic rats too. The pattern of esterase-positive cells depends on the arrangement of the lining cell layer. In flat layers single cells and in compact layers the upper row of cells react positively. The activity of acid phosphatase is negligible as compared with macrophages in liver, lung, or spleen. In arthritic joints acid phosphatase of lining cells increases and non-specific esterase concomitantly decreases. In the subsynovial tissue large amounts of esterase-positive cells occur. In these enzyme histochemical studies the pattern of marker enzymes may be indicative for a population of macrophages within the lining cell layer still under normal conditions.
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[Infectious arthritides. Animal diseases as models of bacterial and viral etiology (author's transl)]. MMW, MUNCHENER MEDIZINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1981; 123:1881-4. [PMID: 6796872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Postembedding immunohistochemical demonstration of antigen in experimental polyarthritis using plastic embedded whole joints. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1981; 73:439-46. [PMID: 7035413 DOI: 10.1007/bf00495658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented for the immunohistochemical demonstration of antigens in whole undecalcified joints of small laboratory animals. With this method of tissue preparation, involving embedding in a medium mainly based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, preservation of antigenicity is satisfactory. Antigens can be demonstrated in 2 micron sections by either immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase and an indirect technique. Therefore in addition to the morphological analysis of joint alterations in experimental polyarthritis, there is now an opportunity to trace the inciting antigen and to study in parallel the enzymatic equipment of the cells involved, using consecutive sections from a single block of tissue.
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[Comparison of the morphological and serological findings in maedi-virus infection of sheep (author's transl)]. DTW. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1981; 88:349-51. [PMID: 6273098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Glomeruli of control and shock-treated, 6-8-week-old pigs (n = 16 specific pathogen-free) were analyzed by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and morphometry. In eight of the animals the shock was induced using a neurotoxin of the E. coli serotype O 139: k82 (B). The animals were killed 47 to 264 hours post injection. In semithin sections a significant mesangial widening and increase of the mesangial nuclei count was demonstrated. The volume of the mesangium was 11.1% in the control animals and increased to 19.6% after protracted shock. By electron microscopy we ascertained a distinct activation of the mesangial cells concomitant with an increase of ribosomes, rough endoplasmatic reticulum, lysosomes and a fusion of the epithelial pedicles. The surrounding mesangial matrix was enlarged. In this paper the significance of this mesenchymal reaction in relation to shock situations is discussed.
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[Rectal strictures in pigs (author's transl)]. DTW. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1980; 87:196-9. [PMID: 6995084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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[Changes of number and size of lysosomes of synovial lining cells in chronic experimental polyarthritis caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in pigs]. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 1980; 122:1-13. [PMID: 7384773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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[Historical mandate and perspectives of a veterinary school. "Cure" and "prevention", the 2 classical mandates in the founding of the Hannover School of Veterinary Medicine]. DTW. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1978; 85:345-50. [PMID: 357131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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[In memory of Prof. Paul Cohrs]. DTW. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1977; 84:249. [PMID: 326530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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[The pathogenetic significance of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in the acute and chronic form of erysipeloid arthritis]. DTW. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1977; 84:107-11. [PMID: 322987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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[The significance of coagulation disorders and the inflammatory reaction in an infectious model of rheumatoid arthritis. II. Inhibition trials with antirheumatic drugs in the inflammatory reaction phase of erysipelas polyarthritis in rats]. Z Rheumatol 1976; 35:324-36. [PMID: 983356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The arthritic activity in the initial phase and during manifestation of experimental erysipelas in rats, an animal model for human rheumatoid arthritis, was studied by plethysmometrical methods. The development of body weight and specific pathologic alterations peculiar to the model such as keratitis, thrombosis of the aorta and gangrene of the tip of the tail served as additional parameters. In the volumetric analysis it could be shown that the first arthritic swelling on both hind legs develops symmetrically up to day 6 post infection in rats with about 200 g of body weight-and in contrast-on the 2nd p.i. in younger animals with about 120 g. The first maximal paw volume was measured on day 9 p. i., the greatest decrease in body weight-a reduction of 25%-on day 10 p. i. In addition the reaction of the animal model following the application of steroid and non-steroid symptomatically as well as cytostatically acting antirheumatic drugs was tested. Daily treatment with acetylsalicylic acid, indomethacine or hydrocortisone provoked more or less significant inhibition of arthritic swelling in the paw. Only at the onset of arthritis acetylsalicylic acid was more effective than the other antiphlogistic drugs. No measurable increase of paw volume during cyclophosphamide treatment could be evaluated. None of the antirheumatics used had a positive effect on body weight developement. In hydrocortisone and also in cyclophosphamide treated rats a greater decrease was obtained than in the infected controls. No thrombosis developed after cytostasis with cyclophosphamide. The advantages of this systemic connective tissue disease with regard to its comparability with human rheumatoid arthritis and due to the course of its arthritic manifestation are discussed, together with the disadvantages specific to the model and the experimental conditions.
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[Significance of coagulation disorders and inflammatory immune reaction in an infectious model of rheumatoid arthritis. I. Systemic, shock-like coagulopathy and fibrin incorporation as indicators of rheumatoid manifestations in the erysipelas model]. Z Rheumatol 1976; 35:315-23. [PMID: 983355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A combined study employing plethysmographical, scintillation counting and coagulation methods indicates that a coagulation crisis in combination with fibrin overproduction may be an indicator of a beginning arthritis of rheumatoid character. Rats which received a single subcutaneous infection with erysipelas bacteria exhibit a shock resembling crisis two days post inoculation as substantiated by the consumption of coagulation factors II, V, VIII, XII and decrease of platelets. This consumption of coagulation factors is characterized by a rapid compensatory increase of platelets, antihaemophilic factor VIII and fibrin, 5 times more in the pig and 3 1/2 times more in the rat than in control animals. In adult rats the overproduction of fibrin is combined with an intense concealed consumption of fibrin in all organs of manifestation. Only in young rats an absolute consumption of fibrin is observed. The incorporation of fibrin into connective tissue is accompanied by fibrin consumption as demonstrated by immunofluorescence, by oedema of the paw, and by mesenchymal proliferation as substantiated by scintillation counting of incorporated 35SO4 and 3H-Proline, as markers for the beginning synthesis of ground substances and collagen. This model supports the importance of an initial vascular phase for the subsequent phase of manifestation in chronic rheumatoid diseases. It is discussed whether the organ specific permeability of the affected organs (joints, heart, arteries and eyes) may be a localizing factor of organ manifestation, parallel to the hormonal mesenchymal reaction.
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[The pathogenetic significance of the acute phase of erysipelas for the manifestation of chronic changes in organs. Comparative studies in swine, mice and rats]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1976; 23:617-37. [PMID: 998057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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32
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[Immunopathology and pathogenesis of chronic erysipelas polyarthritis of swine]. Z Rheumatol 1976; 35:217-39. [PMID: 952090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several immuno-pathological aspects of polyarthritis following experimental infection with erysipelas in pigs were studied for two years. Aseptic and specifically pathogenfree animals were infected subcutaneously and intravenously-intraarticularly with living erysipeals bacteria (erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) of serotype B. After an initial febrile phase a progressive polyarthritis and disco-spondylitis developed. Some animals also developed thrombo-endocarditis. Hypergammaglobulinemia and high titers of specific antibodies were observed during the whole experimental period. Antiglobulin factors, however, were not detected in the serum or the synovium. In some animals collagen antibodies were demonstrated in synovial tissue. Bacterial examination of the synovium showed that erysipelas bacteria were present in arthritic joints for months. Living erysipelas bacteria were isolated 24 months after the experimental infection from synovial tissue of two pigs. The polyarthritis was characterised by exudates rich in fibrin, villous proliferation, pannus formation, cartilage erosions, and peri-articular fibrosis. IgG and specific erysipelas antibodies were demonstrated in plasma cells from synovial tissue by immuno-histological methods. The findings emphasize the morphological resemblance of the erysipelas induced chronic polyarthritis in pigs to human rheumatoid arthritis.
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33
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[Experiences in cooperative research: Special Research Area 54 "Rheumatoid diseases of cattle"]. BERLINER UND MUNCHENER TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1976; 89:75-9. [PMID: 1083236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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34
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[Studies of the toxic components of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. 2. Communication: Detailed characterization of an extracted endotoxin (author's transl)]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, PARASITENKUNDE, INFEKTIONSKRANKHEITEN UND HYGIENE. ERSTE ABTEILUNG ORIGINALE. REIHE A: MEDIZINISCHE MIKROBIOLOGIE UND PARASITOLOGIE 1975; 232:266-86. [PMID: 1182046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The endotoxins of different Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains were examined in various biological systems, since in earlier investigations (Leimbeck and Böhm, 1975) the lethal effect for 10 day old chick embryos had been found to be highly dependent upon the virulence of the strains. The lethal effect for mice and rats was found to be much less. The toxin of the strain T28 proved to be highly pyrogenic for rabbits and inducing acute shock-effects in swine SCHULZ et al. (1961) already suggested that a shock-like pathogenesis existed in the swine erysipelas infection. Furthermore the endotoxic nature was confirmed by the typical course of temperature after i.v. application of the toxin, the ability to cause the Sanarelli-Schwartzman-reaction (both in rabbits), the protection against toxicity by cortisones, and heat stability. An erysipelas antiserum did not neutralize the toxin. It was found to have low antigenic and apparantly no immunogenic properties and an allergic skin-reaction in experimentally infected swine could not be induced. The toxins of various strains were tested by the macrophagemigration-inhibition test. In respect to a preliminary classification the toxin could be identified as a complexed water-soluble and heat-stable glucoproteid with an estimated molecular weight of 31.700. The polysaccharides were found to be the presumable carriers of toxicity.
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[Induction of chronic erysipelas in pigs. I. Experiments with killed antigen]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1975; 22:35-46. [PMID: 1136612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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[Permeability disorders in the porcine brain. Occurrence of exudations in random sample material]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1973; 20:817-25. [PMID: 4207260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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37
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[Etiology and pathogenesis of endocardiosis and endocarditis in dogs. V. Synopsis of results]. DTW. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1973; 80:507-11. [PMID: 4587375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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38
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The effect of intrauterine injections of iodine solution on the duration of the oestrous cycle in cows. JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 1973; 33:497-9. [PMID: 4736559 DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.0330497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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39
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[Environmental hygiene, a possible study branch for graduate education]. DTW. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1972; 79:171-5. [PMID: 4555873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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40
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[75th anniversary of Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Paul Cohrs]. DTW. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1972; 79:121-2. [PMID: 4553164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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41
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[Microangiopathies in septicemic erysipelas characterised by disturbance of blood coagulation]. DTW. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1971; 78:563-9. [PMID: 4941096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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42
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[Uterine and ovarian response in rabbits fed with hay from unfertilized and intensively fertilized grassland]. DTW. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1971; 78:114-8. [PMID: 4936163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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43
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[Comparative light-and electron microscopic studies on the communicable venereal sarcoma and histiocytoma of the dog]. PATHOLOGIA VETERINARIA 1969; 6:273-86. [PMID: 4308971 DOI: 10.1177/030098586900600308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Durch vergleichende licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am übertragbaren venerischen Sarkom und Histiozytom des Hundes, können verschiedene morphologische Unterscheidungsmerkmale aufgezeigt werden. Lichtmikroskopisch sind beim venerischen Sarkom deutliche Zellabgrenzungen und zahlreiche Mitosen (5,31 ± 2,58 pro Blickfeld bei 320facher Vergrösserung), beim Histiozytom meist nicht sichtbare Zellgrenzen und wenige Mitosen (1,39 ± 1,96 pro Blickfeld bei 320facher Vergrösserung) zu beobachten. Die Differenz der Mitosenmittelwerte beider Tumoren ist hoch significant p < 0,001. Elektronen-mikroskopisch lässt das venerische Sarkom eine typische Anordnung der Mikrovilli erkennen, indem in schmalen Interzellularspalten zahlreiche, incinander verflochtene und der Zellmembran dicht anliegende mikrovilliartige Ausstülpungen zu finden sind, die das Bild eines interzellulären Lamellensystems vermitteln. Diese Anordnung der Mikrovilli, die beim Histiozytom niemals zu beobachten ist, wird für die lichtmikroskopisch deutliche Zellabgrenzung beim venerischen Sarkom verantwortlich gemacht. Weiterhin zeigt das Histiozytom im Gegensatz zum venerischen Sarkom häulig eine hochgradige vesikuläre Transformation des glatten endoplasmatischen Retikulums und eine paranukleäre Lagerung der Zyto-plasmaorganellen.
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[Investigations of European hog cholera. I. The present situation of the epidemic in Northern Germany]. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1968; 75:537-42. [PMID: 5748590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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45
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[On present course of swine erysipelas. II. Pathologic-anatomical, histological, electron microscopic, and immunopathological findings]. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1968; 75:423-43 contd. [PMID: 5692833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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46
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[Serositis (niche pleuritis and niche pericarditis) in the thoracic region of cattle]. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1968; 75:185-8. [PMID: 5692809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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47
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[On the pathogenesis of endemic paresis (lameness of the hip) in red deer]. BERLINER UND MUNCHENER TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1968; 81:92-6. [PMID: 5693573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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48
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[Pulmonary adenomatosis of sheep in Northern Germany]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1968; 15:132-9. [PMID: 5693543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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49
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[Paul Cohrs and veterinary pathology]. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1967; 74:133-4. [PMID: 4867363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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50
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[Correlation of spinal cord lesions with location and degree of lesions in the cervical vertebrae in spinal staxia of horses]. DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1966; 73:533-6. [PMID: 6009689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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