Tumor-Derived Membrane Vesicles Restrain Migration in Gliomas By Altering Collective Polarization

Mechanobiology is a cornerstone in physiology. However, its role in biomedical applications remains considerably undermined. In this study, we employed cell membrane vesicles (CMVs), which are currently being used as nanodrug carriers, as tactile cues for mechano-regulation of collective cell behaviors. Gliomas, which are among the most resilient brain tumors and have a low patient survival rate, were used as the cell model. We observed that mechanical responses due to the application of glioma- or microglia-derived CMVs resulted in the doubling of the traction stress of glioma cell collectives with a 10-fold increase in the CMV concentration. Glioma-CMVs constrained cell protrusions and hindered their collective migration, with the migration speed of such cells declining by almost 40% compared to the untreated cells. We speculated that the alteration of collective polarization leads to migration speed changes, and this phenomenon was elucidated using the cellular Potts model. In addition to intracellular force modulation and cytoskeletal reorganization, glioma-CMVs altered drug diffusion within glioma spheroids by downregulating the mechano-signaling protein YAP-1 while also marginally enhancing the associated apoptotic events. Our results suggest that glioma-CMVs can be applied as an adjuvant to current treatment approaches to restrict tumor invasion and enhance the penetration of reagents within tumors. Considering the broad impact of mechano-transduction on cell functions, the regulation of cell mechanics through CMVs can provide a foundation for alternative therapeutic strategies.

[Reclassification of flat type sudden deafness]

Objective: To reclassify the flat type sudden deafness according to the types of audiogram shape, and to explore the correlation between different pattern of hearing loss and prognosis. Methods: All of 1 024 patients with unilateral sudden deafness (492 males and 532 females, aged from 19 to 65 years, with an average age of 41.2 years old) admitted to 33 hospitals nationwide from August 2007 to October 2011 were divided into four types according to Chinese Guideline of Sudden Deafness(2015): low-frequency, high-frequency, flat and total deafness. Then, 402 patients with flat type sudden deafness were further divided into ascending type, descending type and consistent type according to the audiogram shapes. First, we compared the clinical characteristics and prognosis among these three subtypes of flat deafness, then compared the clinical characteristics and prognosis between ascending flat deafness and low-frequency deafness, descending flat deafness and high-frequency deafness, consistent flat deafness and total deafness, explored the factors related to the prognosis of flat deafness. SPSS 21.0 software, ANOVA, χ² test, t-test and Logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results: The cure rates of flat ascending, flat descending and flat consistent sudden deafness groups were 70.7%, 17.1% and 34.0% respectively, with a statistically significant difference (χ²=33.984, P<0.001); However, there was no significant difference in age, sex and affected side (all P>0.05). The independent related factors for the recovery of flat type sudden deafness were as follows: whether there was dizziness [OR=0.459; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.271-0.777], the type of audiogram shape (OR=0.721; 95%CI: 0.530-0.981), and days from onset to therapy (OR=0.903, 95%CI: 0.835-0.978), all of which had P values<0.05. There was no significant difference in the cure rates between ascending flat sudden deafness and low-frequency descending sudden deafness, descending flat sudden deafness and high-frequency descending sudden deafness (all P>0.05). The pure tone average(PTA) of flat consistent sudden deafness and total deafness were (69.1±18.9) and (101.7±17.7) dB HL, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (t=20.890, P<0.001), and the cure rates were 34.0% and 14.5%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (χ²=29.012, P<0.001). Conclusion: According to the audiogram shape, the flat type sudden deafness can be further divided into ascending flat sudden deafness, descending flat sudden deafness and consistent flat sudden deafness, which can more effectively evaluate the prognosis. The cure rate of ascending flat sudden deafness is similar to that of low-frequency sudden deafness, and the prognosis is well; The cure rate of descending flat sudden deafness is similar to that of high-frequency descending sudden deafness, and the prognosis is poor. The cure rate of consistent flat sudden deafness is higher than that of total deafness. PTA plays an important role in the prognosis of consistent flat sudden deafness and total deafness. Total deafness can be regarded as a single type of sudden deafness.

[The peripheral blood inflammatory markers in Ménière's disease patients with and without migraine]

Objective: To investigate the peripheral blood inflammatory markers including white blood cell count (WBC), monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), high-density lipoprotein(HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein and fibrinogen (FIB) in Ménière's disease (MD) patients with and without migraine, and to explore the relationship between the inflammatory response with MD and migraine. Methods: The general physical condition, clinical manifestations, pure-tone audiometry, and peripheral blood inflammatory markers of 92 unilateral MD patients who were hospitalized in Peking University People's Hospital for surgical treatment from January 2017 to January 2021 were continuously collected. Meanwhile, 50 healthy controls matched with age and sex were included, and their general physical conditions and peripheral blood inflammatory markers were also collected. This study consisted of two parts. First, the differences in epidemical characteristics and peripheral blood inflammatory markers between MD patients and healthy controls were compared by univariate analysis. Second, all 92 MD patients were divided into two subgroups according to whether they were accompanied by migraine. The clinical characteristics and peripheral blood inflammatory markers of MD patients with and without migraine were compared by univariate analysis. Thereafter, binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors of whether MD patients were accompanied with migraine. Results: Compared with the healthy control group, the peripheral blood WBC, neutrophils and FIB of MD patients were significantly increased (all P<0.05). Compared with MD patients without migraine, MD patients with migraine had higher female prevalence, longer disease history, lower low-frequency hearing threshold, higher frequency of vertigo attacks and higher HDL-C levels (all P<0.05), meanwhile, female, frequency of vestibular attacks and HDL-C were independent related factors of whether MD patients were accompanied with migraine. Conclusion: The occurrence of MD and migraine may be related to the inflammatory response. The level of anti-inflammatory factors in the blood of MD patients with migraine are higher, suggesting that the inflammatory response status of MD patients with and without migraine is different.

Identification of Olfactory Genes From the Greater Wax Moth by Antennal Transcriptome Analysis

The olfactory system is used by insects to find hosts, mates, and oviposition sites. Insects have different types of olfactory proteins, including odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), odorant receptors (ORs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), and sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) to perceive chemical cues from the environment. The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, is an important lepidopteran pest of apiculture. However, the molecular mechanism underlying odorant perception in this species is unclear. In this study, we performed transcriptome sequencing of G. mellonella antennae to identify genes involved in olfaction. A total of 42,544 unigenes were obtained by assembling the transcriptome. Functional classification of these unigenes was determined by searching against the Gene Ontology (GO), eukaryotic orthologous groups (KOG), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. We identified a total of 102 olfactory-related genes: 21 OBPs, 18 CSPs, 43 ORs, 18 IRs, and 2 SNMPs. Results from BLASTX best hit and phylogenetic analyses showed that most of the genes had a close relationship with orthologs from other Lepidoptera species. A large number of OBPs and CSPs were tandemly arrayed in the genomic scaffolds and formed gene clusters. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR results showed that GmelOBP19 and GmelOR47 are mainly expressed in male antennae. This work provides a transcriptome resource for olfactory genes in G. mellonella, and the findings pave the way for studying the function of these genes.

Annexin A1-derived peptide Ac2-26 facilitates wound healing in diabetic mice

Impaired wound healing is a common complication of diabetes. In diabetic wounds, macrophages present dysfunctional efferocytosis and abnormal phenotypes, which could result in excessive neutrophil accumulation and prolonged inflammation, thereby eventually hindering wound repair. ANXA1 N-terminal peptide Ac2-26 exhibits a high potential in mitigating inflammation and improving repair; however, its efficacy in diabetic wound repair remains unclear. In this study, a cutaneous excisional wound model was built in genetically diabetic mice. Ac2-26 or a vehicle solution was employed locally in wound sites. Subsequently, wound zones were measured and sampled at different time intervals post-wounding. Using hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining, we observed the histopathological variations and collagen deposition in wound samples. Based on immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, the numbers of neutrophils, macrophages, and CD206-positive macrophages in the wound samples were determined. Cytokine expression in wound samples was studied by immunoblot assay. Results showed that Ac2-26 treatment could facilitate diabetic wound closure, down-regulate the number of neutrophils, and improve angiogenesis and collagen deposition. In addition, Ac2-26 application expedited macrophage recruitment and up-regulated the percentage of macrophages expressing CD206, which is a marker for M2 macrophages. Moreover, Ac2-26 inhibited the expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 and up-regulated the expressions of IL-10, TGF-β, and VEGFA during diabetic wound healing. Hence, based on the aforementioned findings, Ac2-26 application in diabetic wounds could exert anti-inflammatory and pro-repair effects by reducing neutrophil accumulation and facilitating M2 macrophage development.

Function of IL-33 in Wound Age Estimation of Skin Wounds in Mice

Abstract

Objective To explore the application value of interleukin-33 （IL-33） in wound age estimation in forensic practice by observing the sequential changes of IL-33 after skin wound. Methods Skin wound models were generated on the back of mice with a round file of 5 mm in diameter. Skin samples of the same size were taken from the same parts of mice in control group and injury group 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d and 10 d after skin wound. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining method was applied to observe the morphological changes in the recovering process after skin wound. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry staining and double immunofluorescence staining methods were applied to detect the expression changes of IL-33 in the skin wound samples. Results The results of Western blotting showed that the expression of IL-33 protein decreased slightly at 3 h after skin wound, increased gradually at 6 h after skin wound, and reached the peak value at 3 d, then decreased gradually. Immunohistochemistry staining results showed that faint positive expression of IL-33 was observed in epidermis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and dermal resident cells of the control group skin. The positive cell rate of IL-33 increased at 3 h after skin wound and reached the peak value at 3 d, then decreased gradually. The results of double immunofluorescence staining showed that the majority of IL-33 positive cells from 1 d to 3 d after wound were macrophages, while the majority of IL-33 positive cells from 5 d to 7 d after wound were myofibroblasts. In addition, the results of HE staining showed that the wound healing process of the skin wound model was consistent with the pathological development law of inflammation. Conclusion IL-33 could become a reference index for wound age estimation of skin wound in forensic practice.

Application of Virtual Anatomy Technology in Postmortem Examination of Medical Dispute Cases

Abstract

Objective To discuss the application value of CT scanning technology in cause of death determination of medical dispute cases. Methods From July 2017 to December 2018, postmortem CT imaging data of 12 medical dispute cases were collected. CT imaging diagnosis results and anatomy findings as well as differences between antemortem and postmortem CT diagnosis were compared. The advantages and disadvantages of CT routine tests of the cadavers in terms of the diagnosis of disease and damage were analyzed. Results The comparison between CT imaging diagnosis and anatomical findings showed that CT scans had advantages in the diagnosis of disease and damage with large differences in density changes, such as atelectasis, pneumonia, calcification, fracture and hemorrhage, etc. The comparison of CT diagnosis in antemortem and postmortem examination showed that the cadavers of medical dispute cases were well preserved and that postmortem CT scan was meaningful for the diagnosis of antemortem diseases. Conclusion Virtual anatomy technology has a relatively high application value in postmortem examination of medical dispute cases. It can provide effective information for the appraisers before the autopsy and can also provide a reference for cause of death analysis when the anatomy cannot be performed.

[Correlation analysis of incidence, season and temperature parameters of different types of sudden deafness]

Objective:The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the onset of different types of sudden sensorineural hearing loss（SSNHL） with temperature parameters and seasons. Method:We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 175 patients who were diagnosed as SSNHL, precisely collected the exact date and city of onset, confirmed the season, and obtained the meteorological data including maximum temperature（Tmax）, minimum temperature（Tmin）, mean temperature（T）, day-to-day change of mean temperature（ΔT）, and diurnal temperature range（Trange） at the same day, then analyzed the relation between season and temperature with the onset of different types of SSNHL. Result:There was a significant difference of Trange between different types of SSNHL（P=0.001）. Trange on the onset date of all-frequency SSNHL（including flat and profound type） was significantly higher than low and high frequency descending type（P=0.001, P<0.05 respectively）. Types of SSNHL had weak association with Trange groups（P=0.03, Cramer's V=0.220）. An increase of 1℃ in Trange increased the risk of flat type SSNHL by 23.9% and 16.5% compared with low and high frequency descending type, respectively, and for profound type, the risk was increased by 22.4% and 15.1%. No significant differences were observed between seasons and SSNHL types（P=0.666）. Conclusion:The incidence of different types of sudden sputum may be related to the worse temperature on the day, and has nothing to do with the disease season.

[Advances in the relevance of laryngopharyngeal reflux and tinnitus]

Tinnitus is the most common symptom in otorhinolaryngology. In the past, tinnitus was often localized in the auditory system lesions, causing a great amount of idiopathic tinnitus patients inadequately treated. At present, it is believed that the pathogenesis of tinnitus not only originates from auditory system itself, but also participates in systemic disorders. In recent years, investigating in the effects of laryngopharyngeal reflux on tinnitus is undergoing rapid progress. This review highlights the current state of relationship between laryngopharyngeal reflux and tinnitus, which may provide a new systemic insight into diagnosis and treatment on tinnitus as well as laryngopharyngeal reflux.

[The correlation between plasma fibrinogen level and different types of sudden sensorineural hearing loss]

Objective: To investigate the correlation between plasma fibrinogen level and the incidence of sudden hearing loss. Method: A total of 225 patients (age ranging from 18 to 70 years) with sudden sensorineural hearing loss(SSNHL) were selected. The disease onset was within 2 weeks. No patient received previous medical intervention. Depending on the types of auditory threshold curve, SSNHL was divided into low frequency descending type, high frequency descending type, flat desending type and total deafness type. Two hundred and twenty-nine cases with normal hearing and no inflammatory diseases in the same period was selected as control group. Fibrinogen level and Blood Routine Indexes were detected for the purpose of retrospective cohort study.Result: The levels of fibrinogen in SSNHL group(2.98±0.59) g/L were significantly higher than that in control group(2.66±0.36) g/L (P<0.01). According to the types of auditory threshold curve, SSNHL groups were divided into group A(55 cases, 24.44%), Group B(36 cases, 16.00%), Group C(43 cases,19.11%) and Group D(91 cases, 40.44%). The average fibrinogen levels before treatment were at(2.75±0.46)g/L, (3.16±0.61) g/L, (3.02±0.63) g/L and(3.03±0.63) g/L respectively. There was no significant difference in fibrinogen level(P=0.286) between group A and the control group. Fibrinogen levels of group B, group C and group D were significantly elevated compared to control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: The level of fibrinogen is not significantly correlated with development of sudden deafness of low frequency descending type. The incidence of high frequency descending type, flat descending type and profound deafness type are all correlated with the level of high fibrinogen at the onset of sudden deafness. The classification of sudden deafness based on audiogram curves could be of great significance for analysis of possible causes and selection of treatment options.

Time-dependent Expression and Distribution of AChE during the Skin Incised Wound Healing in Mice

Abstract

Objective To study the time-dependent expression and distribution of acetylcholinesterase （AChE） during skin incised wound healing in mice, and discuss its effect in wound healing as well as the feasibility of using it as a reference index for wound age estimation. Methods A total of 45 C57BL/KsJ mice were randomly divided into one control group and eight incised groups. The skin incised wound model was established in the incised groups with samples of skin wounds taken at 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d, 10 d and 14 d post-injury respectively, while the uninjured skin tissue was extracted in the control group. Expression and distribution of AChE in skin samples were detected by immunohistochemistry, double immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Results Immunohistochemistry results indicated that AChE was mainly detected in infiltrating polymorphonuclear cells （PMNs） 6 to 12 h post-injury. A large number of AChE-positive mononuclear cells （MNCs） were observed 1 to 3 d post-injury. The AChE-positive cells were mainly fibroblastic cells （FBCs） 5 to 14 d post-injury. The ratio of the AChE-positive cells increased initially 6 h post-injury, and reached the peak at 1 d post-injury. Double immunofluorescent staining showed that the majority of AChE-positive MNCs and FBCs expressed macrophage marker and myofibroblast marker, respectively. Western blotting results showed that the relative expression level of AChE in the incised group was higher than that in the control group averagely, reached the peak at 1 d post-injury, then reached a second peak at 7 d post-injury. Conclusion The expression of AChE is found in PMNs, macrophages and myofibroblast during skin wound healing, which indicates it might be involved in the adjustment of inflammatory response and fibrotic repair after injury. Moreover, combined use of various methods for the detection of the expression of AChE would provide reference for skin wound age estimation.

Relationship between the Number of Neutrophils and Myofibroblasts during Diabetic Wound Healing and Wound Age

Abstract

Objective To investigate the sequential changes of the number of neutrophils and myofibroblasts during diabetic wound healing, and discuss its application value in wound age estimation. Methods Diabetic DB mice and mice of the same age in the normal control group were selected, a wound healing model was established, wound samples were taken at different time points, while the number of neutrophils and myofibroblasts during diabetic wound healing were determined by immunohistochemical staining technique. Results The number of infiltrated neutrophils in the wounds of control and diabetic groups reached the peak respectively at 12 h and 5 d after injury. Compared with the control group, the number of neutrophils in the diabetic group decreased significantly from 6 h to 1 d after injury, but increased markedly from 5 d to 14 d. From 5 d to 10 d after injury, the average number of neutrophils at high magnification in wounds of the diabetic group was over 30, while that of neutrophils in wounds of the control group was less than 20. Myofibroblasts appeared in wounds from 3 d to 14 d after injury in the control group and from 5 d to 14 d after injury in the diabetic group. The difference in the number of myofibroblasts in wounds between control group and diabetic group from 3 to 7 d after injury had statistical significance. Conclusion In comparison with normal wound healing, the number of neutrophils and myofibroblasts during diabetic wound healing shows different sequential changes. The results of this study can provide reference for wound age estimation of patients with severe diabetes.

Expression of Annexin A1 during Skin Incised Wound Healing in Mice

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the expression changes of annexin A1 （ANXA1） during the process of skin incision healing, and to explore its expression and function during skin injury repair.

METHODS

The skin injury model of mice was prepared, and skin tissues of the controls and the injured group at 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d, 10 d and 14 d after injuries were taken. The morphological changes of the wound were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining, and the expression of ANXA1 was detected by immunohistochemistry （IHC） and Western blotting.

RESULTS

HE staining showed normal healing of skin wounds. IHC results revealed that ANXA1 was expressed in the epidermis, hair follicle, sebaceous gland and vascular endothelium. In the injured group, the expression of ANXA1 was enhanced in epidermis and skin appendages around the wound 6-12 h after injury, and ANXA1 was also highly expressed in neutrophils and a small number of mononuclear cells. ANXA1 was mainly positively expressed in monocytes, neovascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts, and small amount of fibroblasts at 1-3 d, 5-10 d, and 14 d after injury, respectively. Western blotting showed that, compared with the controls, the expression of ANXA1 was significantly increased at 6 h after injury, peaked at 1 d, and then decreased gradually in the injured group.

CONCLUSIONS

ANXA1 may be involved in the regulation of skin damage repair, with time-dependent expression during skin wound healing, and thus is expected to be a biological marker for inferring the wound formation time.

[Study on the relationship between age-related hearing loss and cognitive impairment]

Objective: To investigate the correlation between age-related hearing loss and cognitive impairment. Methods: 201 elderly patients, who were admitted to the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Peking University People's Hospital from March 1, 2017 to March 31, 2017, were evaluated with hearing screening and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale. Among them, 101 were female and 100 were male, aged 60-90 years old. Taking the cognitive level as the dependent variable, and taking the age, sex, education, occupation, marital status, residence, and average hearing loss (average hearing threshold of 500, 1 000, 2 000, and 4 000 Hz), as well as the length of conscious hearing loss as the independent variables, the single factor analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis were used to screen the main factors affecting the cognitive level of the elderly. Results: Of the 201 elderly patients, 39 had normal hearing, 65 had mild hearing loss, 80 had moderate hearing loss, 16 had severe hearing loss, and 1 had profound hearing loss. The average degree of hearing loss was the influencing factor of cognitive impairment, and it mainly affected the directional force and abstract ability in the cognitive domains (P<0.05); The age, self-reported hearing loss, years of education, marital status, past ear diseases, and hypertension were relatively independent factors that affected the cognitive level(P<0.05). Conclusions: Age-related hearing loss is the risk factor for the cognitive impairment, especially for abstraction and orientation, in the elderly. The self-reported hearing loss is an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment.

[Study on the effects of microRNA-203 on the invasion and apoptosis of laryngeal cancer cells via targeting LASP1]

Objective: To explore the role of microRNA-203 in laryngeal cancer and its underlying mechanism and clarify the relationship between microRNA-203 and LASP1.Method: microRNA-203 expression in laryngeal cancer tissues and paracancerous tissues was detected by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction（qRT-PCR）. The regulatory effects of microRNA-203 on invasion and apoptosis of laryngeal cancer cells were detected by Transwell assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to access the binding condition of microRNA-203 and LASP1. Both mRNA and protein levels of LASP1 in laryngeal cancer cells were detected after transfection with microRNA-203 mimic or microRNA-203 inhibitor by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Rescue experiments were finally performed to detect whether microRNA-203 regulates laryngeal cancer development via targeting LASP1. Result: microRNA-203 was lowly expressed in laryngeal cancer tissues and cell lines.Knockdown of microRNA-203 in Hep-2 cells can promote the invasiveness and inhibit apoptosis of laryngeal cancer cells. Subsequently,LASP1 was predicted to be the target gene of microRNA-203，which was further verified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay.LASP1 expression was negatively regulated by microRNA-203. Furthermore，rescue experiments showed that microRNA-203 regulates invasion and apoptosis of laryngeal cancer cells via targeting LASP1. Conclusion： Low expression of microRNA-203 could promote the invasion and inhibit apoptosis of laryngeal cancer cells viainhibiting LASP1. microRNA-203 and LASP1 both play a very important role in the development of laryngeal cancer..

[The application of cartilage in middle ear surgery]

Summary The aim of this study is to review the application, techniques and procedures of cartilage in the middle ear surgery. Cartilage offers the advantage of higher mechanical stability in tympanoplasty, which is the most common procedure in the middle ear surgery, thus apply to much complicated situation especially for tubal dysfunction and adhesive processes. There are many variations on the shape, size, thickness and technical matters of the cartilage grafts. The past decades and literature have observed excellent graft take rates and good postoperative hearing outcomes for cartilage tympanoplasty and the reservation of perichondrium seems to show better long-term survival. There have been concerns regarding malacia of cartilage struts, as a result, cartilage struts for ossiculoplasty have not gained popularity except for combined application with synthetic materials. Meanwhile, the benefits of cartilage in the reconstruction of posterior canal wall and attic, mastoid obliteration and adhesive otitis media have been demonstrated in the previously published studies. It is well to be reminded that cartilage could be applied in some unusual cases such as vibrant soundbridge, meningoencephalocele.

[The study about the role of laryngopharyngeal reflux for the hemorrhage after tonsillectomy]

Objective:To assess the role of LPR in the development of complications, such as hemorrhage, following tonsillectomy in adult patients. We want to provide a guidence for future clinical practice.Method:Totally 70 adult patients who had indication of tonsillectomy were recruited and divided into two groups, the laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) group and the control group, which were identified by the results of Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) and Reflux Finding Score (RFS). We observed and compared the postoperative complications of the two groups and analyzed the role of LPR.Result:All the patients complained pain after surgery. The duration of the pain in LPR group was much longer than that of control group. The mean body temperature in both groups was not significantly different (P＞0.05). There were six cases of bleeding in the LPR group, while only one case of bleeding occurred in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no cases of infection or pulmonary complications in both groups. All patients were discharged successfully.Conclusion:LPR is closely related to the complications following tonsillectomy.

[Flunarizine in the prophylaxis of vestibular migraine:a randomized controlled trial]

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of flunarizine in patients with vestibular migraine（VM）as a prophylactic medication. Method:This randomized control trial was undertaken in patients with definite VM. Behavior changes were advocated to all the patients to avoide certain foods and beverages, as well as changes in lifestyle and habits.Patients in arm A received 10-mg flunarizine daily for 3 months along with betahistine 12 mg Tid for 48 h during episodes, and arm B received only betahistine for 48 h during episodes. Frequency. duration and intensity of vertiginous episodes and the main sideeffects were noted at the start of the study and at the end of 3 months.Result:A total of 23 patients who were diagnosed with definitive migrainous vertigo completed the study. The frequency,duration and intensity of vertiginous episodes showed a significan improvement in both group(P <0.05).Analysis of the frequency, duration and intensity between arm A and arm B showed that frequency improved to a significant degree(P <0.05),but the duration and intensity of vertigo between the two groups did not improve to a significant degree(P >0.05). Severe adverse events were not found. Conclusion:Flunarizine is safe and effective for the prophylaxis treatment of VM.

[The correlation between the hearing frequency and staging of Meniere's disease]

Objective: To study the relationship between the average hearing of different frequencies and the audiometry staging in patients with Meniere's disease. Methods: A total of 259 patients from 1996 to 2016 were collected .All patients underwent pure tone audiometry, of which 93 patients underwent 3 000 Hz audiometry. The patients were divided into five groups according to the frequencies of hearing(Ⅰ: 500, 1 000, 2 000, 3 000 Hz; Ⅱ: 250, 500, 1 000, 2 000, 3 000 Hz; Ⅲ: 250, 500, 1 000, 2 000; Ⅳ: 500, 1 000, 2 000, 4 000 Hz; Ⅴ: 500, 1 000, 2 000 Hz), then calculated the average audiometry and made the hearing staging. The obtained data were analyzed by chi-square test and Bonferroni correction was performed among the groups, P<0.05 was defined as a statistically significant criterion. Result: There were no significant difference between the five groups(P=0.441>0.05). Conclusions: The choice of different pure tone audiometry frequency has no significant effect on the hearing staging. It would be more likely upstaging when plus 250 Hz. There is no statistically significant difference in staging between the latest guidelines and the 1995 guidelines.500, 1 000 and 2 000 Hz are recommended when 3 000 Hz examine is not available.

[Analysis of nystagmus and medical history of 121 patients positive with positional test]

Objective: To observe the characteristics of positional nystagmus and clinical profile of patients with positive positional test, and to explore its possible pathogenesis.Method: One hundred and twenty-one patients with positive positional test in the vestibular function examination were enrolled in the Peking University International Hospital from January to June in 2017. According to the 2017 BPPV guidelines, patients with test positive positional nystagmus were divided into two groups: definite BPPV and the controversial syndrome. Analyses of gender, age and characteristics of nystagmus, with or without recurrent dizziness, headache, and motion sickness were undertaken between the two groups, as well as response to the repositioning maneuver. Result: Of the total 121 cases, 49 cases were diagnosed as definite BPPV, accounting for 40.5%, 72 cases as controversial syndrome, accounting for 59.5%. The proportion of women in the two group was 76.2% and 78.9%, respectively. The average age of definite BPPV and the controversial syndrome was 51.2±16.8 and 51.3±15.7, respectively.There were significant differences in nystagmus duration, spontaneous nystagmus and nystagmus after headshaking between the two groups by chi square test(P<0.01). The mean intensity of horizontal and vertical nystagmus in posterior semicircular canal BPPV was(10.2±7.4) °/s and(36.6±17.5) °/respectively. And the mean intensity of nystagmus in the strong and weak side in horizontal semicircular canal BPPV was(40.8±25.1) °/s and(20.7±11.1) °/respectively. The intensity of horizontal and vertical nystagmus of the controversial syndrome group was(7.2±7.7) °/s and(7.2±4.3) °/s respectively. The incidence of headache in the controversial syndrome group was significantly higher than that in the BPPV group, P=0.013. According to the guidelines, patients were evaluated one day after the initial treatment. The cure rate and effective rate of the definite BPPV group was 75%(36/48) and 87.5%(42/48),and was 0 and 30.4% in the controversial syndrome group respectively. Conclusion: The patients in controversial syndrome group have a preponderance of exhibiting positive nystagmus during positional test. Nystagmus were usually of low velocity and sustained. Most of these cases presented spontaneous nystagmus and headshaking induced nystagmus, as well as headache and lacunar infarctions in history, and the response to the repositioning maneuver were often poor. It may be related to vestibular migraine and central nervous system. The diagnosis of BPPV must be prudent.Both characteristics of nystagmus and medical history should be carefully analyzed to avoid overdiagnosis.

IL-33/ST2L Signaling Provides Neuroprotection Through Inhibiting Autophagy, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokine family and an extracellular ligand for the orphan IL-1 receptor ST2. Accumulated evidence shows that the IL-33/ST2 axis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and injury, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the roles and molecular mechanisms of the IL-33/ST2 axis after TBI remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in mouse TBI-induced brain edema and neurobehavioral deficits, and further exploited underlying mechanisms, using salubrinal (SAL), the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor and anti-ST2L. The increase in IL-33 level and the decrease in ST2L level at injured cortex were first observed at 24 h post-TBI. By immunofluorescent double-labeled staining, IL-33 co-localized in GFAP-positive astrocytes, and Olig-2-positive oligodendrocytes, and predominantly presented in their nucleus. Additionally, TBI-induced brain water content, motor function outcome, and spatial learning and memory deficits were alleviated by IL-33 treatment. Moreover, IL-33 and SAL alone, or their combination prevented TBI-induced the increase of IL-1β and TNF-α levels, suppressed the up-regulation of ER stress, apoptosis and autophagy after TBI. However, anti-ST2L treatment could significantly invert the above effects of IL-33. Together, these data demonstrate that IL-33/ST2 signaling mitigates TBI-induced brain edema, motor function outcome, spatial learning and memory deficits, at least in part, by a mechanism involving suppressing autophagy, ER stress, apoptosis and neuroinflammation.

[Relevant factors of tinnitus in the elderly: an analysis of 150 volunteers]

Objective:To evaluate and characterize tinnitus in elderly volunteers，try to find out the relevant factors that can affect the incidence of tinnitus.Method:The study included 150 elderly volunteers. All volunteers had taken the otology examination and pure tone audiometry. They were interviewed by the investigators who were trained together, using the same questionnaire. The characteristics of tinnitus and the relationship between all relevant factors and tinnitus were analyzed.Result:Average age was 71.4 years. There are now 77 patients with tinnitus(51.3%), of which 31 cases have sustained tinnitus for more than 3 months, accounting for 40.3% of existing tinnitus volunteers. There was negative correlation between tinnitus and age. There was positive correlation between tinnitus and hearing loss. Tinnitus and headache had no correlation(P>0.05).Conclusion:After reach a certain age(70 years old), the incidence of tinnitus decreased. Hearing loss might be the most dangerous factor.If the hearing loss was more serious, the incidence of the tinnitus became higher. Tinnitus in the elderly may be the result of a combination of factors.

[Relationship between FoxO1 Expression and Wound Age during Skin Incised Wound Healing]

OBJECTIVES

To investigate FoxO1 expression and its time-dependent changes during the skin incised wound healing.

METHODS

After the establishment of the skin incised wound model in mice, the FoxO1 expression of skin in different time periods was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.

RESULTS

Immunohistochemistry staining showed that FoxO1 was weakly expressed in a few fibroblasts of epidermis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, vessel endothelium and dermis in the control group. The FoxO1 expression was enhanced in the epidermis and skin appendages around the wound during 6-12 h after injury, which could be detected in the infiltrating neutrophils and a small number of monocytes. FoxO1 was mainly expressed in monocytes during 1-3 d after injury, and in neovascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts during 5-10 d. On the 14th day after injury, the FoxO1 expression still could be detected in a few fibroblasts. The Western blotting results showed that the FoxO1 expression quantity of the tissue samples in injury group was higher than in control group. The FoxO1 expression peaked at 12 h and 7 d after injury.

CONCLUSIONS

FoxO1 is time-dependently expressed in skin wound healing, which can be a useful marker for wound age determination.

Sublethal Effects of the Neonicotinoid Insecticide Thiamethoxam on the Transcriptome of the Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Neonicotinoid insecticides are now the most widely used insecticides in the world. Previous studies have indicated that sublethal doses of neonicotinoids impair learning, memory capacity, foraging, and immunocompetence in honey bees (Apis mellifera, Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Despite these, few studies have been carried out on the molecular effects of neonicotinoids. In this study, we focus on the second-generation neonicotinoid thiamethoxam, which is currently widely used in agriculture to protect crops. Using high-throughput RNA-Seq, we investigated the transcriptome profile of honey bees after subchronic exposure to 10 ppb thiamethoxam over 10 d. In total, 609 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 225 were upregulated and 384 were downregulated. Several genes, including vitellogenin, CSP3, defensin-1, Mrjp1, and Cyp6as5 were selected and further validated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. The functions of some DEGs were identified, and Gene Ontology-enrichment analysis showed that the enriched DEGs were mainly linked to metabolism, biosynthesis, and translation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that thiamethoxam affected biological processes including ribosomes, the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, tyrosine metabolism pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and drug metabolism. Overall, our results provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the complex interactions between neonicotinoid insecticides and honey bees.

Influence of the Neonicotinoid Insecticide Thiamethoxam on miRNA Expression in the Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous noncoding single-stranded RNAs regulating gene expression in eukaryotes. They play important roles in regulating caste differentiation, behavior development, and immune defences in the honey bee, Apis mellifera (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). In this study, we explored the effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide, thiamethoxam, on miRNA expression in this species using deep small RNA sequencing. The results showed that seven miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed (q-value <0.01 and |log2(fold-change)| >1) upon exposure to 10 ppb thiamethoxam over 10 d. Some candidate target genes were related to behavior, immunity, and neural function. Several miRNAs, including ame-miR-124, ame-miR-981, ame-miR-3791, and ame-miR-6038, were selected and further validated using real-time quantitative PCR analysis. The findings expand our understanding of the effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on honey bees at the molecular level.

[A preliminary study of the treatment of chronic tinnitus in menopausal women]

Objective:To explore the hormone treatment outcome of the menopause related tinnitus.Method:From April 2016 to October 2016, Fifty-nine patients who were diagnosed with menopausal syndrome in the menopause clinics of Beijing Shijitan Hospital were enrolled in our study, and questionnaire-based investigation about tinnitus and menopause was performed. According to the patients' intention, they were divided into treatment group and control group. Age, BMI, menopausal KMI scores, severity of tinnitus were statistically analyzed. After 3 months follow up, the different therapeutic effects of tinnitus between two groups were analyzed. Result:There was no significant difference between two groups in age, BMI, menopausal KMI scores and severity of tinnitus. The tinnitus in untreated patients after 3 months follow up showed no improvement, while 5 cases had been cured in treatment group. Conclusion:Menopause related tinnitus was an independent type of tinnitus. Menopausal hormone therapy can be applied for treatment after excluding other tinnitus risk factors.

Activation of α7nAChR Promotes Diabetic Wound Healing by Suppressing AGE-Induced TNF-α Production

Diabetes frequently presents accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which might induce excessive TNF-α production from macrophages to cause impaired wound healing. Recent studies have shown that activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) on macrophages efficiently suppressed TNF-α synthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the accumulation of AGEs in the wounds and determine whether PNU282987, an α7nAChR agonist, can improve wound repair by inhibiting AGE-mediated TNF-α production in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model. Animals were assigned into four groups: wounded control group, wounded diabetic group, wounded diabetic group treated intraperitoneally with PNU282987, or wounded diabetic group treated intraperitoneally with vehicle. Compared with the non-diabetic control mice, the diabetic mice exhibited delayed wound healing that was characterized by elevated accumulation of AGEs, increased TNF-α level and macrophage infiltration, and decreased fibroblast number and collagen deposition at the late stage of repair. Besides, macrophages of diabetic wounds showed expression of α7nAChR. During late repair, PNU282987 treatment of diabetic mice significantly reduced the level of TNF-α, accelerated wound healing, and elevated fibroblast number and collagen deposition. To investigate the cellular mechanism of these observations, RAW 264.7 cells, a macrophage cell line, were incubated with AGEs in the presence or absence of PNU282987. TNF-α production from AGE-stimulated macrophages was significantly decreased by PNU282987 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, PNU282987 significantly inhibited AGE-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and receptor for AGE (RAGE) expression. These results strongly suggest that activating α7nAChR can promote diabetic wound healing by suppressing AGE-induced TNF-α production, which may be closely associated with the blockage of NF-κB activation in macrophages.

[Analysis of tinnitus with sudden deafness]

Objective:To explore the pathogenesis of tinnitus.Method:Retrospective analysis of 192 patients with sudden deafness was done with the characteristics.Charactier of tinnitus and the factors that may affect tinnitus.Result:The intense of tinnitus is related with sex,χ²=14.704,P<0.01,and with age increased,the difference was more significant.The intense of tinnitus has not significant difference between age group with 45 years old(χ² =6.515,P>0.05) and the classification of sudden deafness and the degree of hearing loss(χ²=7.783,P>0.05,χ²=17.374,P>0.05).Conclusion:Tinnitus was the protection mechanism of the body,and the intensity was irrelevant to hearing loss.On one hand,there may be different modulate systems between different individual,on the other hand,women over 45 years old were more suffered from the severe tinnitus.

[The reclassification of sudden deafness]

Objective:Reclassified the total deafness and flat type of sudden deafness,identified the relationship between new classification and hearing prognosis.Method:To analyze 192 cases of patients with sudden deafness,especially for 159 cases of flat type and total deafness patients for further curve type classification,classified as rise,decline and consistent,analysis the possible factors with hearing in multiple factors using regression analysis.Result:According to age group of 45 years old,P>0.05,the difference has not statistically significant;Course of the disease according to the 0-7 days and 14 days more,P<0.01,OR=4.291;8-14 days and 14 days,P<0.05,OR=2.983;According to the flat type and total deafness grouping,P<0.05,OR=0.409;According to the curve type of deafness,the difference between rise type and total deafness was significant,P<0.01,OR=9.692;Decline type,consistent type compared to total deafness type,there is no statistically significant difference,P>0.05.Conclusion:According to the pathogenesis of classification,sudden deafness can be divided into rise type,decline type and consistent type.The pathogenesis of rise type may be different degree of hydrops of inner ear.Decline type may be hair cell damage,and consistent type may be related to the damage of vascular stria and potential labyrinthitis,prognosis is poorer.

Construction of HEK293 cells stably expressing wild-type organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1*1a) and variant OATP1B1*1b and OATP1B1*15

A transgenic cell line stably expressing the human organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1) was established. Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293) cell line stably expressing OATP1B1*1a sequence was amplified through PCR with the extracted total RNA as templates from human liver, then subcloned into the plasmid pMD19-T and verified by sequencing. OATP1B1*1b/OATP1B1*15 mutant sequences were obtained by site-directed mutation PCR with pMD19-T/ OATP1B1*1a as templates. The plasmids pcDNA3.1(+)/OATP1B1*1a, *1b and *15 were constructed and transfected into HEK293 cell line using Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent. Several stable transfected clones were obtained after selection with G418. Using rosuvastatin as a probe substrate of OATP1B1, the intracellular rosuvastatin accumulation in HEK293 and HEK-OATP1B1*1a, *1b and *15 monoclone cells were validated by a ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. OATP1B1 mRNA and protein expression were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. The results from RT-PCR, rosuvastatin uptake and Western blot assay indicated that human OATP1B1 was highly expressed in transfected cells compared with controls. The HEK-293 cell lines stably expressing human OATP1B1-wild and variant (HEK-OATP1B1, *1b and *15) are potential models to study drug transport in vitro.

Curcumin alleviates brain edema by lowering AQP4 expression levels in a rat model of hypoxia-hypercapnia-induced brain damage

The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of curcumin (CU) against brain edema in a rat model of hypoxia-hypercapnia (HH)-induced brain damage (HHBD). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups, including a control group and four treatment groups. The rats in the control group were raised under normal laboratory conditions and were injected with water, whereas the rats in the treatment groups were exposed to a low O₂/high CO₂ environment simulating HH conditions, and were injected with water, CU, dimethyl sulfoxide (solvent control) or monosialoganglioside GM1. After 2 weeks, the morphological characteristics of the brain tissues were analyzed using optical and electron microscopy. In addition, aquaporin (AQP)-4 protein expression levels in brain tissue samples were analyzed using streptavidin-biotin complex immunohistochemistry and western blotting, and mRNA expression levels were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Severe brain edema, tissue structure disruption and increased AQP4 expression levels were detected in the brain tissues of the HH rats. Conversely, the rats treated with CU or GM1 exhibited attenuated HHBD-induced brain edema and tissue structure disruption, and decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of AQP4. The results of the present study suggested that CU treatment was able to attenuate HHBD-induced brain edema by downregulating the expression levels of AQP4 in a rat model. Therefore, CU may be considered a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of patients with brain edema.

Analysis of Forensic Autopsy in 120 Cases of Medical Disputes Among Different Levels of Institutional Settings

Despite advances in medical science, the causes of death can sometimes only be determined by pathologists after a complete autopsy. Few studies have investigated the importance of forensic autopsy in medically disputed cases among different levels of institutional settings. Our study aimed to analyze forensic autopsy in 120 cases of medical disputes among five levels of institutional settings between 2001 and 2012 in Wenzhou, China. The results showed an overall concordance rate of 55%. Of the 39% of clinically missed diagnosis, cardiovascular pathology comprises 55.32%, while respiratory pathology accounts for the remaining 44. 68%. Factors that increase the likelihood of missed diagnoses were private clinics, community settings, and county hospitals. These results support that autopsy remains an important tool in establishing causes of death in medically disputed case, which may directly determine or exclude the fault of medical care and therefore in helping in resolving these cases.

Flumethrin residue levels in honey from apiaries of China by high-performance liquid chromatography

A method for detection of flumethrin residue in honey by high-performance liquid chromatography was established. After n-hexane-dichloromethane (4:6, vol/vol) extraction, the honey samples were concentrated by rotary evaporation, purified by an Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction column, and detected using a UV detector at 267 nm. The interference of the matrix was greatly reduced by optimizing pretreatment conditions; thus, the minimal detection limit of cyhalothrin was 0.005 mg/kg, the average recovery was 80.8 to 96.8%, and the coefficient of variation was 0.6 to 1.5%. The precision and reproducibility of this method was suitable and applicable for detecting flumethrin residue in honey. With this method, 135 honey samples from seven locations in the People's Republic of China were tested; 77 samples tested positive for flumethrin residue, resulting in a detection rate of 75.3%. Samples from the Guangdong province had the highest flumethrin residue level (0.122 mg/kg) of the locations tested. On the basis of analytical validation, the high-performance liquid chromatography has been shown to be a promising alternative for the analysis of flumethrin residue in honey samples.

[Study on the mechanism of how curcumin improves pulmonary vascular remodeling associated with chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the mechanism of how curcumin improves pulmonary vascular remodeling associated with chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension.

METHODS

The model of chromic hypoxia hypercapniapulmoary remodeling was made. Twenty-four male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 6): group I (normoxia control group), group II (hypxia and hypercapnia model group), group II (disodium cromoglycate control group), group IV (curcumin treated group). The last 3 group rats were put in a hypoxia cabin where the concentrate of O2 was 8% - 11% and the concentrate of CO2 was 3% - 5%, for 8 h a day and lasting 4 w in total. Group III rats were intraperitoneally injected with disodium cromoglycate (20 mg/kg) and group IV rats were administrated with curcumin by gavage (150 mg/kg). The morphological changes of pulmonary vessel walls and the ultrastructure of mast cells were observed by the optics microscope and the transmission electron microscope. Mast cells and its degranulation state were measured by toluidine blue staining and immunohistochemistry. Data were expressed as means ± SD (standard deviation) and analyzed with SPSS17.0 software.

RESULTS

(1) By optics microscopy observation, the value of WA/TA was significantly higher in II group than other groups (P < 0.05). (2) Electron microscope showed that the endothelial cells of pulmonary arterioles in III and IV group were near to I group and the proliferation of pulmonary arterial media smooth cell layer and collagen fibers in adventitia was much lighter than those in II group. The membrane of mast cells was more intact in I, III, IV group than II group. (3) The number of mast cells, the degranulation rate of master cells and the number of positive tryptase stained cells in II group were significantly more than those in other groups. (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Curcumin may inhibit the remodeling of pulmonary vessel induced by chronic hypoxia hypercapnia by mast cell regulation.

Identification of CYP2C19 inhibitors from phytochemicals using the recombinant human enzyme model

The aim of the present study was to develop the recombinant insect cell-expressed protein as an in vitro model for inhibitors screening for human cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19), and to use the model to investigate the inhibition effect of three phytochemicals on CYP2C19 in vitro. Omeprazole was applied as the probe substrate. The estimated inhibitory constant (K(i)) of ticlopidine and fluvoxamine were 0.64 +/- 0.025 microM and 0.29 +/- 0.090 microM, respectively. After co-incubation with ticlopidine or fluvoxamine, the mean omeprazole Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)) increased from 4.99 +/- 0.22 microM to 16.25 +/- 1.22 microM or 19.20 +/- 1.73 microM, respectively, while omeprazole's mean V(max) did not vary much. Both ticlopidine and fluvoxamine were competitive inhibitors of CYP2C19. The IC50 of three phytochemicals, isoalantolactone, curcumol and schisandrin A was determined as 38.91 microM, 121.0 microM and 86.41 microM, and the K(i) as 5.02 +/- 1.04 microM, 35.84 +/- 8.95 microM, and 4.46 +/- 0.017 microM, respectively. The in vitro model for inhibitor screening established using recombinant CYP2C19 could be used to assess the inhibition potential of drug candidates. Isoalantolactone and schisandrin A are potent inhibitors of CYP2C19, while curcumol is a moderate potent inhibitor of CYP2C19.

The time-dependent expression of α7nAChR during skeletal muscle wound healing in rats

The study on time-dependent expression of α7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) was performed by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and real-time PCR during skeletal muscle wound healing in rats. Furthermore, co-localization of α7nAChR with macrophage or myofibroblast marker was detected by double immunofluorescence. A total of 50 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into control and contusion groups (3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, 10 days, and 14 days post-injury). In the uninjured controls, α7nAChR positive staining was observed in the sarcolemma and sarcoplasm of normal myofibers. In wounded specimens, a small number of polymorphonuclear cells, a number of macrophages and myofibroblasts showed positive reaction for α7nAChR in contused zones. Morphometrically, the average ratios of α7nAChR-positive cells were over 50 % from 3 to 10 days after contusion, and exceeded 60 % at 5 and 7 days post-injury. Besides, the positive ratios of α7nAChR were <50 % at the other posttraumatic intervals. By Western blotting analysis, the average ratio of α7nAChR protein expression maximized at 7 days after injury, which was >2.13. Similarly, the relative quantity of α7nAChR mRNA expression peaked at 7 days post-wounding as compared with control by real-time PCR detection, showing a relative quantity of >2.65. In conclusion, the expression of α7nAChR is upregulated and temporally distributed in macrophages and myofibroblasts during skeletal muscle wound healing, which might be closely involved in inflammatory response and fibrotic repair after injury. Moreover, α7nAChR is promising as a useful marker for wound age determination of skeletal muscle.

Construction and application of double-transfected cells expressing the human transporter P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4

Intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are known to influence oral bioavailabilities of drugs. Recombinant plasmids pcDNA3.1/Hypgro/CYP3A4 were transfected into MDCK and MDCK-MDR1 cells to construct the single-transfected cell line MDCK-CYP3A4 and double-transfected cell line MDCK-MDR1/CYP3A4. The expression of CYP3A4 in the double-transfected cell line was determined by Western blot and its activity was detected by the metabolism assays of three substrates of CYP3A4, which were 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoro-methylcoumarin (BFC), testosterone and midazolam. In addition, the selection of monoclones with high CYP3A4 activities in the single-tranfected cell line was performed by the P450 Glo CYP3A4 assay. Through MTT assay, the interaction between P-gp and CYP3A4 was preliminarily determined based on the changes of IC50 values. The results showed that paclitaxel detoxified in the single-transfected MDCK-MDR1 cell because of P-gp efflux. And it was also less toxic in the single-transfected CYP3A4 cell line due to the metabolism by CYP3A4. In the double-transfected MDCK-MDR1/CYP3A4 cell line, the toxicity decreased dramatically because of the interplay between P-gp and CYP3A4. Therefore, the cell model could be applied to study the toxicity and detoxification of chemicals due to the metabolism by CYP3A4 and the efflux through P-gp.

Time-dependent expression and distribution of Egr-1 during skeletal muscle wound healing in rats

Recent studies have shown that early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1) plays an important role in regulation of inflammation and tissue repair, but little is known about its expression after trauma to skeletal muscles. A preliminary study on time-dependent expression and distribution of Egr-1 was performed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blotting during skeletal muscle wound healing in rats. An animal model of skeletal muscle contusion was established in 45 Sprague-Dawley male rats. Samples were taken at 6 h, 12 h, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, 10 days, 14 days and 21 days post-injury, respectively (5 rats in each posttraumatic interval). 5 rats were employed as control. In the uninjured controls, Egr-1 positive staining was observed in the sarcoplasm and nuclei of normal myofibers. In wounded specimens, a small number of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), a number of mononuclear cells (MNCs), fibroblastic cells (FBCs) and regenerated multinucleated myotubes showed positive reaction for Egr-1 in contused zones. By morphometric analysis, an increase in Egr-1 expression was verified at inflammatory phase after contusion, which reached a peak in the regenerated phase overlapping with the fibrotic phase during skeletal muscle wound healing. The expression tendency was further confirmed by Western blotting assay. By immunofluorescent staining for co-localization, the Egr-1-positive MNCs and FBCs in wounds were identified as macrophages and myofibroblasts. The results demonstrate that the expression of Egr-1 is up-regulated and temporally distributed in certain cell types after trauma to skeletal muscles, which may be closely involved in inflammatory response, fibrotic repair and muscle regeneration during skeletal muscle wound healing.

Comparison of catalytical activity and stereoselectivity between the recombinant human cytochrome P450 2D6.1 and 2D6.10

Polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) gene play a major role in pharmacokinetic variability in human, while CYP2D6*10 is an important subtype in Asian people. In this study, the co-expression enzyme of human recombinant CYPOR, CYPb5 and CYP2D6.1 or CYP2D6.10 with the Bac-to-Bac system in baculovirus-infected insect cells was used to study the catalytical activity to imipramine metabolism and stereoselective metabolism of propranolol. The metabolites of imipramine were identified of hydroxyl imipramine and desipramine by LC-MS/MS. There are some differences between CYP2D6.1 and CYP2D6.10 activity. The kinetics parameters K(m), V(max), and CL(int) are 11.77 +/- 0.91 micromol/L, 0.4235 +/- 0.05 nmol/nmol CYP2D6.1/min and 3.60 x 10(-5) ml/min/nmol CYP2D6.1 (n = 3) for CYP2D6.1, respectively, and 9.05 +/- 0.87 micromol/L, 0.42 +/- 0.03 nmol/nmol CYP2D6.10/min, and 4.60 x 10(-5) ml/min/nmol CYP2D6.10 (n = 3) for CYP2D6.10. For propranolol, two metabolites were identified to be hydroxyl and N-desisopropylation propranolol by LC-MS/MS. When the substrate concentration was 0.20 micromol/L, CYP2D6.1 and CYP2D6.10 exhibited significant stereoseletivity. Furthermore, enantioselective formation has been detected. Both of CYP2D6.1 and CYP2D6.10 produced more hydroxyl propranolol from the R-(+)-isomer than from the S-(-)-isomer while there was no obvious difference for N-desisopropylation propranolol production between R-(+)- and S-(-)- isomer. In summary, there is a somewhat different catalytical activity and stereoselectivity between the human recombinant CYP2D6.1 and CYP2D6.10. The data we got will be helpful in preclinical research and clinical use of CYP2D6 substrates.

Prevalence of anxiety in patients awaiting diagnostic procedures in an oncology center in Brazil

OBJECTIVE

Anxiety disorders have been shown to undermine the quality of life of cancer patients. Unfortunately, medical professionals often neglect to screen for anxiety in their patients. The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence of anxiety in patients awaiting diagnostic procedures in an oncology center waiting room, and to investigate possible relationships between anxiety and demographic and clinical variables.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was performed with 398 patients who completed a self-administered questionnaire containing the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).

RESULTS

Results of the HADS indicated that 38% of participants had anxiety, while data from the STAI showed that 46% had either high state or trait anxiety. The most frequently cited source of anxiety was concern over test results. Age, gender, employment status, and education level were correlated with anxiety.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of anxiety is high among patients awaiting diagnostic procedures. Patients in the waiting room should be routinely screened for anxiety. Careful assessment and treatment of anxiety are important components in the care of patients with cancer.

[Analysis of 90 autopsy cases in medical legal dispute]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the significance of forensic autopsy in medical tangle.

METHODS

Ninety autopsy cases of medical legal dispute were retrospectively analyzed from the database of our department from 2001 to 2008. All cases were analyzed and classified based on age, sex, cause of death, clinic diagnosis and forensic diagnosis.

RESULTS

The age ranged from 1 day to 72 years, and the ratios of male to female is 1:1. The most common healthcare facilities involved were county hospitals (30 cases, 33.33%). The coincidence rate between clinical diagnoses and pathological diagnoses was 33.33%.

CONCLUSION

The forensic autopsy is valuable to solve or even avoid the occurrence of medical legal dispute.