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Becquart P, Bohou Kombila L, Mebaley TN, Paupy C, Garcia D, Nesi N, Olive MM, Vanhomwegen J, Boundenga L, Mombo IM, Piro-Mégy C, Fritz M, Lenguiya LH, Ar Gouilh M, Leroy EM, N’Dilimabaka N, Cêtre-Sossah C, Maganga GD. Evidence for circulation of Rift Valley fever virus in wildlife and domestic animals in a forest environment in Gabon, Central Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011756. [PMID: 38427694 PMCID: PMC10936825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) that can infect domestic and wild animals. Although the RVFV transmission cycle has been well documented across Africa in savanna ecosystems, little is known about its transmission in tropical rainforest settings, particularly in Central Africa. We therefore conducted a survey in northeastern Gabon to assess RVFV circulation among wild and domestic animals. Among 163 wildlife samples tested using RVFV-specific RT-qPCR, four ruminants belonging to subfamily Cephalophinae were detected positive. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the four RVFV sequences clustered together with a virus isolated in Namibia within the well-structured Egyptian clade. A cross-sectional survey conducted on sheep, goats and dogs living in villages within the same area determined the IgG RVFV-specific antibody prevalence using cELISA. Out of the 306 small ruminants tested (214 goats, 92 sheep), an overall antibody prevalence of 15.4% (95% CI [11.5-19.9]) was observed with a higher rate in goats than in sheep (20.1% versus 3.3%). RVFV-specific antibodies were detected in a single dog out of the 26 tested. Neither age, sex of domestic animals nor season was found to be significant risk factors of RVFV occurrence. Our findings highlight sylvatic circulation of RVFV for the first time in Gabon. These results stress the need to develop adequate surveillance plan measures to better control the public health threat of RVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Becquart
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Linda Bohou Kombila
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Telstar Ndong Mebaley
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Déborah Garcia
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Nesi
- INSERM Dynamicure UMR 1311, CHU Caen, department of virology, University of Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Marie-Marie Olive
- ASTRE (Animaux, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes), University of Montpellier, CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement), INRAE (Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement), Montpellier, France
| | - Jessica Vanhomwegen
- Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence (CIBU), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Illich Manfred Mombo
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Camille Piro-Mégy
- ASTRE (Animaux, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes), University of Montpellier, CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement), INRAE (Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement), Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Fritz
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- INSERM Dynamicure UMR 1311, CHU Caen, department of virology, University of Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Eric M. Leroy
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadine N’Dilimabaka
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- ASTRE (Animaux, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes), University of Montpellier, CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement), INRAE (Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement), Montpellier, France
| | - Gael Darren Maganga
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Institut National Supérieur d’Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
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Koumba Mavoungou DS, N'dilimabaka N, Elguero E, Kombila LB, Diane A, Koumba Moukouama SE, Moussa Y, Mouinga-Ondeme A, Aghokeng AF. Burden of hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in the southern Gabon. IJID Reg 2023; 9:32-37. [PMID: 37841692 PMCID: PMC10569973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a public health threat in middle- and low-income countries, where mother-to-child transmission plays an important role. The aim of this study was to assess the burden of this infection among pregnant women in southern Gabon and the risk of vertical transmission. Methods The study was a prospective investigation conducted from April 2021 to January 2022. Study participants were pregnant women aged 18 and over attending antenatal clinics in Franceville. Blood samples were collected to test for HBV surface antigen, anti-hepatitis B core, hepatitis B e antigen, and anti-hepatitis B e markers and to assess HBV infection. Results We recruited 901 women with a median age of 26 years (interquartile range: 21-32). Overall prevalence of infection was 3.9% (confidence interval: 2.7-5.4%). 418/901 or 46.4% were anti-hepatitis B core positive. Among HBV surface antigen-positive women, 1/35 were hepatitis B e antigen-positive with a viral load >200,000 IU/ml. Over 64% of participants had no information about HBV infection, and none knew that the virus could be transmitted from mother to child. Conclusions This study reveals a low HBV prevalence in pregnant women in Gabon and a low risk of vertical transmission of the virus. However, the rate of exposure of the population to the virus remains high and calls for improving actions and interventions for potential elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S. Koumba Mavoungou
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Département de virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Nadine N'dilimabaka
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Département de virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Eric Elguero
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Linda Bohou Kombila
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Département de virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Abdoulaye Diane
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées Département de virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Schedy E. Koumba Moukouama
- Unité Emergence des Maladies Virales, Département de virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Yaro Moussa
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées Département de virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Augustin Mouinga-Ondeme
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées Département de virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses Associées Département de virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF-SSM), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Avelin F. Aghokeng
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses Associées Département de virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF-SSM), Libreville, Gabon
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Bohou Kombila L, N’dilimabaka N, Garcia D, Rieu O, Engone Ondo JD, Ndong Mebaley T, Boundenga L, Fritz M, Lenguiya LH, Maganga GD, Leroy EM, Becquart P, Mombo IM. Molecular Identification of Enteric Viruses in Domestic Animals in Northeastern Gabon, Central Africa. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2512. [PMID: 37570320 PMCID: PMC10417819 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses (AstVs), enteroviruses (EVs), and caliciviruses (CaVs) infect several vertebrate taxa. Transmitted through the fecal-oral route, these enteric viruses are highly resistant and can survive in the environment, thereby increasing their zoonotic potential. Here, we screened for AstVs, EVs, and CaVs to investigate the role of domestic animals in the emergence of zoonoses, because they are situated at the human/wildlife interface, particularly in rural forested areas in Central Africa. Rectal swabs were obtained from 123 goats, 41 sheep, and 76 dogs in 10 villages located in northeastern Gabon. Extracted RNA reverse-transcribed into cDNA was used to detect AstVs, EVs, and CaVs by amplification of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), or capsid protein (VP1) gene using PCR. A total of 23 samples tested positive, including 17 goats for AstVs, 2 goats, 2 sheep, 1 dog for EVs, and 1 dog for CaVs. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that AstV RdRp sequences clustered with sheep-, goat-, or bovine-related AstVs. In addition, one goat and two sheep VP1 sequences clustered with caprine/ovine-related Evs within the Enterovirus G species, and the CaV was a canine vesivirus. However, human-pathogenic Evs, EV-B80 and EV-C99, were detected in goats and dogs, raising questions on the maintenance of viruses able to infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bohou Kombila
- Unité Émergence des Maladies Virales (UEMV), Département de Virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (L.B.K.); (N.N.); (T.N.M.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Nadine N’dilimabaka
- Unité Émergence des Maladies Virales (UEMV), Département de Virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (L.B.K.); (N.N.); (T.N.M.); (G.D.M.)
- Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville BP 941, Gabon
| | - Déborah Garcia
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) (Université de Montpellier—IRD 224–CNRS 5290), 34394 Montpellier, France; (D.G.); (O.R.); (M.F.); (E.M.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Océane Rieu
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) (Université de Montpellier—IRD 224–CNRS 5290), 34394 Montpellier, France; (D.G.); (O.R.); (M.F.); (E.M.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Jéordy Dimitri Engone Ondo
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées (UIRPA), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon;
| | - Telstar Ndong Mebaley
- Unité Émergence des Maladies Virales (UEMV), Département de Virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (L.B.K.); (N.N.); (T.N.M.); (G.D.M.)
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) (Université de Montpellier—IRD 224–CNRS 5290), 34394 Montpellier, France; (D.G.); (O.R.); (M.F.); (E.M.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Unité de Recherche en Écologie de la Santé (URES), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon;
| | - Matthieu Fritz
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) (Université de Montpellier—IRD 224–CNRS 5290), 34394 Montpellier, France; (D.G.); (O.R.); (M.F.); (E.M.L.); (P.B.)
| | | | - Gael Darren Maganga
- Unité Émergence des Maladies Virales (UEMV), Département de Virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (L.B.K.); (N.N.); (T.N.M.); (G.D.M.)
- Institut National Supérieur d’Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville BP 913, Gabon
| | - Eric M. Leroy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) (Université de Montpellier—IRD 224–CNRS 5290), 34394 Montpellier, France; (D.G.); (O.R.); (M.F.); (E.M.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Pierre Becquart
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) (Université de Montpellier—IRD 224–CNRS 5290), 34394 Montpellier, France; (D.G.); (O.R.); (M.F.); (E.M.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Illich Manfred Mombo
- Unité Émergence des Maladies Virales (UEMV), Département de Virologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (L.B.K.); (N.N.); (T.N.M.); (G.D.M.)
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC) (Université de Montpellier—IRD 224–CNRS 5290), 34394 Montpellier, France; (D.G.); (O.R.); (M.F.); (E.M.L.); (P.B.)
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N'dilimabaka N, Koumba Mavoungou D, Soami V, Bohou Kombila L, Mouguiama RM, Mondjo A, Mangombi Pambou JB, Ngoma JF, Ovengue FC, Alilangori TP, Koko J, Bitegue Methe L, Mboumba Mboumba H, Sima Zue A, Edjo Nkili G, Lekana-Douki SE, Maganga GD. Molecular analyses of human rabies virus associated with encephalitis in two children in Gabon. IJID Regions 2022; 2:180-183. [PMID: 35757081 PMCID: PMC9216393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Maganga GD, Boundenga L, Ologui-Minkue-Edzo EJ, Kombila LB, Mebaley TGN, Kumulungui B, Mavoungou JF. Frequency and diversity of trypanosomes in sheep and goats from Mongo County in South Gabon, Central Africa. Vet World 2020; 13:2502-2507. [PMID: 33363347 PMCID: PMC7750216 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2502-2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Trypanosomosis is a major impediment to livestock farming in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a vector-borne disease caused by several species of protozoan parasites, namely, trypanosomes. The present study aimed to identify the diversity of trypanosome species infecting sheep and goats from Mongo County and to determine the frequency of these parasites. Materials and Methods This study was conducted on 286 trypanotolerant goats and sheep from Mongo regions located in South Gabon, using polymerase chain reaction. Results Analyses showed that the overall occurrence of trypanosomosis in small ruminants was 13.6% (39/286). Our results also showed that two factors, species and season, could affect the occurrence rate of Trypanosoma. A total of six Trypanosoma species were identified, two in sheep (Trypanosoma simiae and Trypanosoma theileri) and five in goats (Trypanosoma vivax, T. simiae, T. simiae Tsavo, Trypanosoma congolense, and Trypanosoma brucei), though Trypanosoma simiae was the most important species. Mixed infections were also found in goats (54.5%) and sheep (3.57%). Conclusion Our study demonstrated that small ruminants could represent a reservoir of biodiversity for Trypanosoma parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Darren Maganga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Zootechnologie, Institut National Supérieur d'Agronomie et de Biotechnologies, BP 901, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Linda Bohou Kombila
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Brice Kumulungui
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Zootechnologie, Institut National Supérieur d'Agronomie et de Biotechnologies, BP 901, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jacques François Mavoungou
- Department of Zootechnology, Institut de Recherche Agronomique et Forestière (IRAF-CENAREST), BP: 13354, Libreville, Gabon
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Maganga GD, Kombila LB, Boundenga L, Kinga ICM, Obame-Nkoghe J, Tchoffo H, Gbati OB, Awah-Ndukum J. Diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in farmed pigs in Southeast Gabon, Central Africa. Vet World 2019; 12:1888-1896. [PMID: 32095037 PMCID: PMC6989316 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1888-1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Gastrointestinal infestations caused by intestinal parasites are the most important diseases and the most common in pigs in the tropics. These parasites are often associated with a huge economic loss. This study aimed to assess the diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in farmed pigs from Haut-Ogooue Province, in South East Gabon. Materials and Methods From March 2018 to July 2018, 156 samples of pig feces collected from nine different farms were analyzed under light microscopy. The identification of eggs, cysts, and oocysts in fecal samples was done using two qualitative techniques: Flotation and sedimentation. Results After examination, the results obtained revealed an overall infestation level of 98.7% (154/156). We found ten parasite types with infestation levels that varied from species: Balantidium coli (120/156), Oesophagostomum spp. (100/156), Isospora suis (102/156), Ancylostoma spp. (17/156), Trichostrongylus spp. (28/156), Hyostrongylus spp. (13/156), Strongyloides spp. (7/156), Ascaris suum (8/156), Globocephalus spp. (1/156), and spirurida (1/156). The study of risk factors revealed that factors such as sex, age, and physiological condition may influence the diversity and level of infestation of animals by gastrointestinal parasites. Conclusion For better prevention of parasitism in these farms, it would be interesting to implement health monitoring and to ensure good hygiene. Finally, further studies would be needed to better evaluate the distribution of these parasites in Gabon and the involvement of these animals in the transmission cycle of parasitic zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Darren Maganga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Zootechnologie, Institut National Supérieur d'Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), BP 901, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Linda Bohou Kombila
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Judicael Obame-Nkoghe
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), BP 901, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Herve Tchoffo
- Animal Physiology and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 188, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Oubri Bassa Gbati
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie de l'EISMV, BP 5077, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Julius Awah-Ndukum
- Animal Physiology and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 188, Dschang, Cameroon.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Ecole des Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroun
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