1
|
Chitranshi N, Rajput R, Garthwaite L, Thananthirige KPM, Mirzaei M, Sheriff S, Godinez A, Gupta V, Graham S, Gupta VK. Retinal inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta protects against tau phosphorylation and stabilises microtubule assembly. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.046558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Chitranshi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Macquarie University Sydney Australia
| | - Rashi Rajput
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Macquarie University Sydney Australia
| | | | | | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Medicine Macquarie University Sydney Australia
| | | | - Angela Godinez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Macquarie University Sydney Australia
| | | | - Stuart Graham
- Save Sight Institute Sydney University Sydney Australia
| | - Vivek K. Gupta
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Macquarie University Sydney Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abbasi M, Gupta VK, Chitranshi N, Gupta VB, Mirzaei M, Dheer Y, Garthwaite L, Zaw T, Parton RG, You Y, Graham SL. Caveolin-1 Ablation Imparts Partial Protection Against Inner Retinal Injury in Experimental Glaucoma and Reduces Apoptotic Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3759-3784. [PMID: 32578008 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell degeneration is a characteristic feature of glaucoma, and accordingly, protection of these cells constitutes a major therapeutic objective in the disease. Here, we demonstrate the key influence of caveolin (Cav) in regulating the inner retinal homeostasis in two models of experimentally elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Two groups of Cav-1-/- and wild-type mice were used in the study. Animals were subjected to experimentally induced chronic and acutely elevated IOP and any changes in their retinal function were assessed by positive scotopic threshold response recordings. TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 assays were performed to evaluate apoptotic changes in the retina while Brn3a immunostaining was used as a marker to assess and quantify ganglion cell layer (GCL) changes. H&E staining was carried out on retinal sections to evaluate histological differences in retinal laminar structure. Cav-1 ablation partially protected the inner retinal function in both chronic and acute models of elevated IOP. The protective effects of Cav-1 loss were also evident histologically by reduced loss of GCL density in both models. The phenotypic protection in Cav-1-/- glaucoma mice paralleled with increased TrkB phosphorylation and reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress markers and apoptotic activation in the inner retinas. This study corroborated previous findings of enhanced Shp2 phosphorylation in a chronic glaucoma model and established a novel role of Cav-1 in mediating activation of this phosphatase in the inner retina in vivo. Collectively, these findings highlight the critical involvement of Cav-1 regulatory mechanisms in ganglion cells in response to increased IOP, implicating Cav-1 as a potential therapeutic target in glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Abbasi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, F10A, 2 Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, F10A, 2 Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, F10A, 2 Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Veer B Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Molecular Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Yogita Dheer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, F10A, 2 Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Linda Garthwaite
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, F10A, 2 Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Thiri Zaw
- Department of Molecular Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, F10A, 2 Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, F10A, 2 Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Loke WSJ, Freeman A, Garthwaite L, Prazakova S, Park M, Hsu K, Thomas PS, Herbert C. T-bet and interleukin-27: possible TH1 immunomodulators of sarcoidosis. Inflammopharmacology 2015; 23:283-90. [PMID: 26254778 PMCID: PMC4568011 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-015-0247-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background
Sarcoidosis has often been termed an “immune paradox” as there is peripheral anergy to common recall antigens despite pronounced TH1-dominant inflammation at disease sites, such as the lung, with up-regulation of interferon γ, IL-27 and transcription factors. Peripheral blood may reflect the anergic state, while exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analysis may offer insights into the lung disease. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the expression of TH1 cytokines and transcription factors (IFNγ, IL-27 and T-bet) in the peripheral blood and/or EBC of sarcoidosis patients and healthy controls. Whole blood and EBC were collected from sarcoidosis patients and healthy controls. TH1 cytokine expression levels were then measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and/or plasma and EBC using quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA and via Western blotting. Results Compared to healthy controls, PBMC IL-27 mRNA was higher in patients (p = 0.0019). There were no significant differences in plasma IL-27 protein between patients and controls (p = 0.20). T-bet mRNA and protein were lower (p = 0.010 and p = 0.0043, respectively) in patients compared to controls. There were no significant differences in PBMC IFNγ mRNA and protein expression (p = 0.68 and p = 0.74, respectively) nor in EBC IL-27 levels. Conclusions Our data indicate that depressed T-bet mRNA and protein expression could contribute to the peripheral anergy in sarcoidosis and that IL-27 mRNA levels are elevated in the PBMC from those with sarcoidosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10787-015-0247-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sheng Joshua Loke
- School of Medical Sciences, Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
| | - Araluen Freeman
- School of Medical Sciences, Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Linda Garthwaite
- School of Medical Sciences, Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Silvie Prazakova
- School of Medical Sciences, Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
| | - Mijeong Park
- School of Medical Sciences, Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Kenneth Hsu
- School of Medical Sciences, Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Paul S Thomas
- School of Medical Sciences, Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
| | - Cristan Herbert
- School of Medical Sciences, Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar RK, Shadie AM, Bucknall MP, Rutlidge H, Garthwaite L, Herbert C, Halliburton B, Parsons KS, Wark PAB. Differential injurious effects of ambient and traffic-derived particulate matter on airway epithelial cells. Respirology 2014; 20:73-9. [PMID: 25219656 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) may promote development of childhood asthma and trigger acute exacerbations of existing asthma via injury to airway epithelial cells (AEC). METHODS We compared the response of AEC to ambient particulates with median aerodynamic diameters of <10 μm or <2.5 μm from the Sydney metropolitan region (Sydney PM10 or PM2.5), to traffic-derived particulates from the exhaust stack of a motorway tunnel or to inert carbon black as a control. RESULTS Sydney PM10 strongly stimulated messenger RNA expression and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) by mouse tracheal AEC. In contrast, traffic-derived particulates did not. Similarly, PM10 stimulated expression of IL6, IL8 and IL1B by human AEC. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that PM10 contained much higher levels of elements associated with dusts of geological origin. In contrast, tunnel soot contained much higher levels of various organic compounds, notably including long straight-chain alkanes and diesel-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Sydney PM2.5, as well as PM10 collected during a period including a major dust storm, both of which contained relatively lower levels of iron but similar levels of other crustal elements, did not stimulate expression or secretion of CXCL1 by mouse AEC. CONCLUSIONS Ambient PM10 is likely to be more important than traffic-derived PM in causing injury to AEC leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The injurious effects may be related to the presence of iron in the coarse fraction of airborne PM. These findings are likely to be relevant to the pathogenesis of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Kumar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Herbert C, Zeng QX, Shanmugasundaram R, Garthwaite L, Oliver BG, Kumar RK. Response of airway epithelial cells to double-stranded RNA in an allergic environment. Transl Respir Med 2014; 2:11. [PMID: 25264520 PMCID: PMC4173067 DOI: 10.1186/s40247-014-0011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Respiratory viral infections are the most common trigger of acute exacerbations in patients with allergic asthma. The anti-viral response of airway epithelial cells (AEC) may be impaired in asthmatics, while cytokines produced by AEC may drive the inflammatory response. We investigated whether AEC cultured in the presence of Th2 cytokines associated with an allergic environment exhibited altered responses to double-stranded RNA, a virus-like stimulus. Methods We undertook preliminary studies using the MLE-12 cell line derived from mouse distal respiratory epithelial cells, then confirmed and extended our findings using low-passage human AEC. Cells were cultured in the absence or presence of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 for 48 hours, then stimulated with poly I:C for 4 hours. Expression of relevant anti-viral response and cytokine genes was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Secretion of cytokine proteins was assessed by immunoassay. Results Following stimulation with poly I:C, MLE-12 cells pre-treated with Th2 cytokines exhibited significantly higher levels of expression of mRNA for the cytokine genes Cxcl10 and Cxcl11, as well as a trend towards increased expression of Cxcl9 and Il6. Expression of anti-viral response genes was mostly unchanged, although Stat1, Ifit1 and Ifitm3 were significantly increased in Th2 cytokine pre-treated cells. Human AEC pre-treated with IL-4 and IL-13, then stimulated with poly I:C, similarly exhibited significantly higher expression of IL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 and CCL5 genes. In parallel, there was significantly increased secretion of CXCL8 and CCL5, as well as a trend towards increased secretion of CXCL10 and IL-6. Again, expression of anti-viral response genes was not decreased. Rather, there was significantly enhanced expression of mRNA for type III interferons, RNA helicases and other interferon-stimulated genes. Conclusion The Th2 cytokine environment appears to promote increased production of pro-inflammatory chemokines by AEC in response to double-stranded RNA, which could help explain the exaggerated inflammatory response to respiratory viral infection in allergic asthmatics. However, any impairment of anti-viral host defences in asthmatics appears unlikely to be a consequence of Th2 cytokine-induced downregulation of the expression of viral response genes by AEC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40247-014-0011-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristan Herbert
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Qing-Xiang Zeng
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2037 Australia ; Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | | | - Linda Garthwaite
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2037 Australia ; School of Medical & Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007 Australia
| | - Rakesh K Kumar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cole N, Hume EBH, Khan S, Garthwaite L, Conibear TCR, Willcox MDP. The role of CXC chemokine receptor 2 in Staphylococcus aureus keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2014; 127:184-9. [PMID: 25107538 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of corneal infection. CXC receptor 2 binding chemokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. The role of this receptor in immune responses during Staphylococcus keratitis remains to be fully understood. Corneas of CXC receptor 2 knockout and wild-type mice (Cmkar -/- & Cmkar +/+) were scratched and 1 × 10(8) cfu/ml of strain Staph 38 applied. Twenty-four hours post-infection, mice were sacrificed and eyes harvested for enumeration of bacteria and measurement of myeloperoxidase levels. Production of inflammatory mediators, cellular adhesion molecules and chemokines in response to infection were investigated by ELISA, and PCR. 24 h after challenge with S. aureus, Cmkar -/- mice had developed a more severe response with a 50-fold higher bacterial load than WT mice. PMNs failed to penetrate the corneas of Cmkar -/- mice. However, concentrations of KC, MIP-2, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly elevated (6-13 fold) in Cmkar-/- mice. The concentration of LTB4 was decreased (2 fold). Cmkar-/- mice failed to upregulate mRNA for VCAM-1 or PECAM-1 in response to infection, but had constitutively higher levels of ICAM-1. A lack of CXC receptor 2 lead to an inability to control bacterial numbers as a result of failure of PMNs to penetrate the cornea to the site of infection, even when chemokines were more highly produced. These results imply that CXCR2-mediated signaling through upregulation of adhesion molecules is essential to margination of PMNs in this infection model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerida Cole
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia; School of Optometry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Emma B H Hume
- School of Optometry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Shamila Khan
- School of Optometry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | | | - Tim C R Conibear
- School of Optometry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; Brien Holden Vision Institute, UNSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Herbert C, Shadie AM, Bunting MM, Tedla N, Garthwaite L, Freeman A, Yoo H, Park SH, Kumar RK. Anti-inflammatory and anti-remodelling effects of ISU201, a modified form of the extracellular domain of human BST2, in experimental models of asthma: association with inhibition of histone acetylation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90436. [PMID: 24594933 PMCID: PMC3940910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few alternatives to glucocorticosteroids for treatment of asthma. We assessed the activity of a novel protein drug designated ISU201, the extracellular domain of the human cell surface protein BST2, stabilised by fusion with the Fc region of IgG, in mouse models of mild chronic asthma and an acute exacerbation of asthma. The ability of ISU201 to suppress airway inflammation and remodelling was compared with that of dexamethasone. Female BALB/c mice were systemically sensitised with ovalbumin, then received controlled low-level challenge with aerosolised ovalbumin for 6 weeks, which induced lesions of mild chronic asthma, and were treated with drugs during the final 2 weeks. Alternatively, sensitised mice received 4 weeks of chronic low-level challenge and were treated 24 and 2 hours before a final single moderate-level challenge, which triggered acute airway inflammation simulating an asthmatic exacerbation. Inflammation and remodelling were quantified, as was the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and tissues. To identify cellular targets of ISU201, we assessed the effects of the drug on activated lymphocytes, macrophages and airway epithelial cells. In the model of mild chronic asthma, ISU201 was as effective as dexamethasone in suppressing airway inflammation and most changes of remodelling. In the model of an allergen-induced acute exacerbation of chronic asthma, ISU201 was also an effective anti-inflammatory agent, although it was less active than dexamethasone. The drug acted on multiple cellular targets, suppressing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by lymphocytes and macrophages. ISU201 significantly reduced acetylation of histone H4 in airway epithelial cells, suggesting at least one potential mechanism of action. We conclude that in these models of asthma, ISU201 is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of both airway inflammation and remodelling. Thus, unlike drugs which target specific mediators, it could potentially be an alternative or an adjunct to glucocorticoids for the treatment of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristan Herbert
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexander M. Shadie
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Melissa M. Bunting
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicodemus Tedla
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Linda Garthwaite
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Araluen Freeman
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Rakesh K. Kumar
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Herbert C, Siegle JS, Shadie AM, Nikolaysen S, Garthwaite L, Hansbro NG, Foster PS, Kumar RK. Development of asthmatic inflammation in mice following early-life exposure to ambient environmental particulates and chronic allergen challenge. Dis Model Mech 2012; 6:479-88. [PMID: 23223614 PMCID: PMC3597029 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood exposure to environmental particulates increases the risk of development of asthma. The underlying mechanisms might include oxidant injury to airway epithelial cells (AEC). We investigated the ability of ambient environmental particulates to contribute to sensitization via the airways, and thus to the pathogenesis of childhood asthma. To do so, we devised a novel model in which weanling BALB/c mice were exposed to both ambient particulate pollutants and ovalbumin for sensitization via the respiratory tract, followed by chronic inhalational challenge with a low mass concentration of the antigen. We also examined whether these particulates caused oxidant injury and activation of AEC in vitro. Furthermore, we assessed the potential benefit of minimizing oxidative stress to AEC through the period of sensitization and challenge by dietary intervention. We found that characteristic features of asthmatic inflammation developed only in animals that received particulates at the same time as respiratory sensitization, and were then chronically challenged with allergen. However, these animals did not develop airway hyper-responsiveness. Ambient particulates induced epithelial injury in vitro, with evidence of oxidative stress and production of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and Th2-promoting cytokines such as IL-33. Treatment of AEC with an antioxidant in vitro inhibited the pro-inflammatory cytokine response to these particulates. Ambient particulates also induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression following administration to weanling mice. However, early-life dietary supplementation with antioxidants did not prevent the development of an asthmatic inflammatory response in animals that were exposed to particulates, sensitized and challenged. We conclude that injury to airway epithelium by ambient environmental particulates in early life is capable of promoting the development of an asthmatic inflammatory response in sensitized and antigen-challenged mice. These findings are likely to be relevant to the induction of childhood asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristan Herbert
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cole N, Garthwaite L, Willcox MDP. 46 Effects of multipurpose disinfecting solutions on corneal cell physiology examined by confocal microscopy. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1367-0484(11)60125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
10
|
Oo TZ, Cole N, Garthwaite L, Willcox MDP, Zhu H. Evaluation of synergistic activity of bovine lactoferricin with antibiotics in corneal infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:1243-51. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
11
|
Cole N, Hume EB, Khan S, Garthwaite L, Schubert T, Reeve V, Willcox MDP. The corneal response to infection withStaphylococcus aureusin the absence of interleukin‐4. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:333-7. [PMID: 17389870 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) has previously been implicated in a protective response to Staphylococcus aureus corneal infection. Consequently, the specific role of IL-4 during S. aureus corneal infection was investigated using IL-4 gene knockout mice. The eyes of IL-4-/- mice and wild-type mice were challenged topically with S. aureus and examined at 24 h post-infection. Keratitis was examined clinically and histologically. Bacterial and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) numbers were enumerated and cytokine and chemokine levels determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Exogenous IL-4 was administered to both IL-4-/- and wild-type mice and clinical parameters were determined. A lack of IL-4 resulted in a significant increase in clinical scores, pathology, bacterial load and neutrophil numbers. The absence of IL-4 also resulted in an upregulation of interferon (IFN)-gamma and a downregulation of IL-6, IL-10 and the chemokines KC and macrophage inflammatory protein-2. Administration of exogenous IL-4 to IL-4-/- mice was protective but time-dependent. This study highlights the protective role of IL-4 during S. aureus infection and emphasizes the balance between IL-4 and IFN-gamma in achieving bacterial control and maintaining the integrity of the cornea. This information may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies potentially improving the prognosis for infection of this unique avascular site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerida Cole
- Institute for Eye Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khan S, Cole N, Hume EB, Garthwaite L, Conibear TCR, Miles DH, Aliwaga Y, Krockenberger MB, Willcox MDP. The role of CXC chemokine receptor 2 inPseudomonas aeruginosacorneal infection. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:315-8. [PMID: 17028201 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0506344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas is one of the leading causes of contact lens-related microbial keratitis. Despite the use of antibiotics, the host inflammatory response continues to cause damage to the cornea, which may lead to blindness. CXCR2-binding chemokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas keratitis, and the exact role of this receptor remains to be elucidated. Corneas of CXCR2 knockout and wild-type mice (Cmkar 2-/- and Cmkar 2+/+) were scratched, and 2x10(6) CFU/mL Pseudomonas 6294 or 6206 was added to corneas. Twenty-four hours postinfection, mice were killed, and eyes were harvested for enumeration of bacteria, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, and inflammatory mediators. Cmkar 2-/- had 20- to 100-fold more bacteria than Cmkar 2+/+ mice. There were no differences in MPO levels between gene knockout and Cmkar 2+/+ mice. Histology revealed PMN were restricted to the limbal area. Levels of CXCR2 chemokines (keratinocyte-derived chemokine and MIP-2) were elevated significantly in gene knockout mice. A lack of CXCR2 leads to an inability to control bacterial numbers as a result of the inability of PMN to reach the site of infection in the avascular cornea. These results imply that CXCR2 is critical to the extravasation of neutrophils into the avascular cornea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamila Khan
- Intitute for Eye Research, and School of Optometry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cole N, Hume E, Khan S, Madigan M, Husband AJ, Garthwaite L, Willcox M. Contribution of the cornea to cytokine levels in the whole eye induced during the early phase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83:301-6. [PMID: 15877609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis is one of the most destructive diseases of the cornea. The host response to this infection is critical to the outcome, and is regulated by cytokines produced in the ocular tissue. In this study, we assessed the relative contribution of the cytokines produced in the cornea to the inflammatory response of the whole eye to gain a better understanding of the inflammatory and regulatory processes in the ocular environment during localized corneal infection. C57BL/6 mice were challenged by topical application of P. aeruginosa to wounded corneas. Corneas and whole eyes were harvested 24 h post-challenge and bacterial numbers, myeloperoxidase levels and the levels of cytokines known to be important in keratitis were determined. The site of production of IL-6 and KC in the retina was determined by in situ hybridization. Before infection, 90% of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and approximately 80% of all IFN-gamma and IL-10 produced constitutively in the eye was found outside the cornea. Twenty-four hours after infection, bacterial numbers, levels of myeloperoxidase, and levels of MIP-2 and IL-1 were not different, whether measured in cornea or whole eye. However, expression of IL-6, KC, IFN-gamma and IL-10 was significantly greater in whole eyes than in the corneas of infected eyes. The cells expressing IL-6 and KC in the retina were identified by in situ hybridization. This study indicates that during corneal inflammation, the response of the whole eye as well as the cornea needs to be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerida Cole
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hume EB, Cole N, Khan S, Garthwaite L, Willcox MD. IL-6 as a Potential Therapy in a Staphylococcus Mouse Keratitis Model. Ocul Surf 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|