Formulation and characterization of starch-based novel biodegradable edible films for food packaging

Petroleum-based plastics were widely used as packaging materials. However, plastic materials were not reusable and biodegradable, causing a severe negative impact on the environment. Edible films can be a suitable alternative to plastic films, particularly in food packaging. This research work prepared edible films containing blends of cornstarch, arrowroot powder, refined wheat flour, vinegar, and glycerol. Arrowroot powder added strength and nutritional value to the films. Glycerol, as a plasticiser, improved the flexibility of films. The combination of vinegar and glycerol increased the film's strength. The characteristic properties of prepared films, like thickness, bursting strength, moisture content, transparency, water-solubility, water vapour permeability, tensile strength, elongation, and Young's modulus, were analysed. The thermal stability of the films was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. The films were characterised by FTIR spectroscopy, and their surface morphology was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The prepared films exhibited excellent properties suitable for food packaging.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05803-2.

Collective modes, relaxations, de Vries behavior and field influence in SmA and SmC*deVr phases of chiral liquid crystal dimer C-10Bms with siloxy spacer

Investigations in chiral liquid crystal dimer with trisiloxy unit on spacer unit, viz. C-10Bms, are reported with respect to its resolved dipole moment. Occurrence of SmA and SmC*deVr LC phases was characterized by POM and DSC. Relatively enhanced thermal range of LC phases in dimer configuration was detailed. Tilt angle, hysteresis, polarization, collective modes and other low-frequency relaxations were investigated. Primary order parameter revealed validity of critical field model. Moderate tilt for viewing angle and electro-clinic response for switch speed in dimer were addressed. Hysteresis in SmC*deVr ensued storage capability for memories. Slightly higher activation energy Ea was attributed to siloxy chain on spacer. Goldstone and Soft modes were identified in SmC*deVr phase. Field influence on Goldstone mode was analyzed. Equivalence of thermal/Arrhenius and field activation energies was observed. Curie-Weiss law for SM revealed strong collective ferroelectric response. Temperature and field trends of dielectric relaxation parameters were addressed in terms of chiral center-based out-of-phase dipole moment. Figure of merit parameters in SmC*deVr estimated by dielectric loss revealed its relative performance far below the SmA-SmC*deVr phase transition.

Overexpression and enhanced specific activity of aldoketo reductases (AKR1B1 & AKR1B10) in human breast cancers

The incidence of breast cancer in India is on the rise and is rapidly becoming the primary cancer in Indian women. The aldoketo reductase (AKR) family has more than 190 proteins including aldose reductase (AKR1B1) and aldose reductase like protein (AKR1B10). Apart from liver cancer, the status of AKR1B1 and AKR1B10 with respect to their expression and activity has not been reported in other human cancers. We studied the specific activity and expression of AKR1B1 and AKR1B10 in breast non tumor and tumor tissues and in the blood. Fresh post-surgical breast cancer and non-cancer tissues and blood were collected from the subjects who were admitted for surgical therapy. Malignant, benign and pre-surgical chemotherapy samples were evaluated by histopathology scoring. Expression of AKR1B1 and AKR1B10 was carried out by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) while specific activity was determined spectrophotometrically. The specific activity of AKR1B1 was significantly higher in red blood cells (RBC) in all three grades of primary surgical and post-chemotherapy samples. Specific activity of both AKR1B1 and AKR1B10 increased in tumor samples compared to their corresponding non tumor samples (primary surgical and post-chemotherapy). Immunoblotting and IHC data also indicated overexpression of AKR1B1 in all grades of tumors compared to their corresponding non tumor samples. There was no change in the specific activity of AKR1B1 in benign samples compared to all grades of tumor and non-tumors.

Influence of the insecticides acetamiprid and carbofuran on arylamidase and myrosinase activities in the tropical black and red clay soils

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of two insecticides, namely, acetamiprid and carbofuran on the enzymatic activities of arylamidase (as glucose formed from sinigrin) and myrosinase (as β-naphthylamine formed from L-leucine β-naphthylamide) in the black and red clay soils collected from a fallow groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields in the Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The study was realized within the framework of the laboratory experiments in which the acetamiprid and carbofuran were applied to the soils at different doses (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 kg ha(-1)). Initially, the physicochechemical properties of the soil samples were analyzed. After 10 days of pesticide application, the soil samples were analyzed for the enzyme activities. Acetamiprid and carbofuran stimulated the arylamidase and myrosinase activities at lower concentrations after 10 days incubation. Striking stimulation in soil enzyme activities was noticed at 2.5 kg ha(-1), persists for 20 days in both the soils. Overall, higher concentrations (5.0-10.0 kg ha(-1)) of acetamiprid and carbofuran were toxic or innocuous to the arylamidase and myrosinase activities. Nevertheless, the outcomes of the present study clearly indicate that the use of these insecticides (at field application rates) in the groundnut fields (black and red clay soils) stimulated the enzyme (arylamidase and myrosinase) activities.

First Report of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Infecting Gherkin (Cucumis anguira) in India

A field visit in September 2011 to the Cucumis anguira (Gherkin) growing regions of Kuppam, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India revealed occurrence of mosaic, blistering and fruit malformation leading to the crop losses. Analysis of field samples revealed association of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) with the disease. This is the first confirmed report of natural occurrence of ZYMV on Gherkin in India.

Evaluation of biophysical parameters of Amrutapatolaksheeravasti Dravya and Karma - An observational study

The study aims to observe the effects of Amrutapatolaksheeravasti Dravya (medicated milk enema) in values of biophysical-chemical parameters. The classical Vasti (enema) can be analyzed with the help of biophysical parameters like pH, temperature, and specific gravity (Sp.gr.). Three hundred samples of classically prepared Amrutapatolaksheeravasti were analyzed for pH, temp., Sp.gr. with the calibrated instruments before each Vastikarma. The clinical symptoms based on proper Vastikarma and its complication were recorded and assessed. The parameters - pH, temperature, Sp.gr., and viscosity have shown a significant to highly significant value of correlation coefficient “r” and ‘t’ in relation to successful Vastikarma and retention time of Vasti Dravya respectively. pH <5.8 and temperature >39°C led to anal irritation in Ksheera Vasti. Similarly, pH >6.1 and temperature <32°C resulted in flatulence. The effects of pH and Sp.gr. are due to temperature as both are temperature-based variables.

Effect of insecticides alone and in combination with fungicides on nitrification and phosphatase activity in two groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.) soils

The effect of selected pesticides, monocrotophos, chlorpyrifos alone and in combination with mancozeb and carbendazim, respectively, was tested on nitrification and phosphatase activity in two groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.) soils. The oxidation of ammonical nitrogen was significantly enhanced under the impact of selected pesticides alone and in combinations at 2.5 kg ha(-1) in black soil, and furthermore, increase in concentration of pesticides decreased the rate of nitrification, whereas in the case of red soil, the nitrification was increased up to 5.0 kg ha(-1) after 4 weeks, and then decline phase was started gradually from 6 to 8 weeks of incubation. The activity of phosphatase was increased in soils, which received the monocrotophos alone and in combination with mancozeb up to 2.5 and 5.0 kg ha(-1), whereas the application of chlorpyrifos singly and in combination with carbendazim at 2.5 kg ha(-1) profoundly increased the phosphatase activity after 20 days of incubation, in both soils. But higher concentrations of pesticides were either innocuous or inhibitory to the phosphatase activity.

Mandibular reconstruction using AO/ASIF stainless steel reconstruction plate: a retrospective study of 36 cases

AIM

The study was aimed at esthetic and functional results as well as patient tolerance after reconstruction with reconstruction plate. The follow-up ranged from 1 to 4 years.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective study of 36 patients who had mandibular reconstruction with AO/ASIF stainless steel reconstruction plates after oncologic resection was evaluated. The indications and postoperative outcomes were studied.

RESULTS

At the end of study, 24 of 36 patients (67%) still had the plate in place. Around three (8%) plates were fractured. Nine (25%) plates got exposed leading to surgical intervention. Surgical results were satisfying, particularly when looking at delayed healing or long-term tolerance. Esthetic (79% rated results as good or acceptable) and functional results of this reconstruction were satisfying.

CONCLUSION

We conclude by saying that reconstruction plate provides a solution for safe and rapid mandibular reconstruction for patients with poor prognosis or poor condition. This method also preserves the possibility of secondary reconstruction.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The reconstruction plate may be a good clinical choice for safe and rapid mandibular reconstruction.

Impact of Fungicides Chlorothalonil and Propiconazole on Microbial Activities in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Soils

Introduction of agrochemicals (fungicides) into soil may have lasting effects on soil microbial activities and thus affect soil health. In order to determine the changes in microbial activity in a black clay and red sandy loam soils of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivated fields, a case study was conducted with propiconazole and chlorothalonil to evaluate its effects on soil enzymes (cellulase and invertase) throughout 40 days of incubation under laboratory conditions with different concentrations (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 kg ha⁻¹). Individual application of the two fungicides at 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 kg ha⁻¹ to the soil distinctly enhanced the activities of cellulase and invertase but at higher concentrations of 7.5 and 10 kg ha⁻¹ was toxic or innocuous to both cellulase and invertase activities. In soil samples receiving 2.5–5.0 kg ha⁻¹ of the fungicides, the accumulation of reducing sugar was pronounced more at 20 days, and the activity of the cellulase and invertase was drastically decreased with increasing period of incubation up to 30 and 40 days.

Highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of banana cv. Rasthali (AAB) via sonication and vacuum infiltration

A reproducible and efficient transformation method was developed for the banana cv. Rasthali (AAB) via Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of suckers. Three-month-old banana suckers were used as explant and three Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA105, EHA101, and LBA4404) harboring the binary vector pCAMBIA1301 were used in the co-cultivation. The banana suckers were sonicated and vacuum infiltered with each of the three A. tumefaciens strains and co-cultivated in the medium containing different concentrations of acetosyringone for 3 days. The transformed shoots were selected in 30 mg/l hygromycin-containing selection medium and rooted in rooting medium containing 1 mg/l IBA and 30 mg/l hygromycin. The presence and integration of the hpt II and gus genes into the banana genome were confirmed by GUS histochemical assay, polymerase chain reaction, and southern hybridization. Among the different combinations tested, high transformation efficiency (39.4 ± 0.5% GUS positive shoots) was obtained when suckers were sonicated and vacuum infiltered for 6 min with A. tumefaciens EHA105 in presence of 50 μM acetosyringone followed by co-cultivation in 50 μM acetosyringone-containing medium for 3 days. These results suggest that an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for stable integration of foreign genes into banana has been developed and that this transformation system could be useful for future studies on transferring economically important genes into banana.

Association of a potyvirus with mosaic disease of gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) in India

A virus associated with severe mosaic disease of gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) in south India was identified. The infected plants showed mosaic, vein banding, blistering on malformed leaves and fruits. Host range, transmission, serological and electron microscopic studies were carried out to identify the virus. The virus was readily transmitted by Sap inoculation and by aphids in a non-persistent manner. The host range of the virus was mainly limited to cucurbitaceous and chenopodium species. The virus showed positive serological relationships with members of potyvirus genus but not with cucumo, ilar and taspoviruses. Electron microscopy of leaf dip preparation of infected leaves revealed long flexuous filamentous virus particles measuring 750 × 12 nm. On the basis of symptomotology, host range, transmission, serology and particle morphology the virus associated with mosaic disease of gherkin might be the member of potyvirus genus.

Abstract 2151: Molecular screening of CRC from India suggests the existence of non-canonical pathway(s) of tumorigenesis

A major risk factor for Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is advanced age, with a majority of cases reported in the West being above 60 years of age. However, a significantly high proportion of CRC patients from India belong to a younger age group (less than 50 years) and a majority of them have no family history of cancer. A deregulated Wnt signaling pathway is the hallmark of CRC in the West and has been indicted in 70-80% of older patients. Another significant genetic aberration is Microsatellite Instability (MSI), which may contribute to 15-20% of the cases. In addition, the simultaneous occurrence of Wnt activation and p53 inactivation has been substantiated in a significantly high proportion (about 70%) of CRC cases. Sporadic CRC occurring in the young however has not been subjected to detailed analysis so far. In order to identify important deregulated pathways that drive tumor progression in young patients we have initiated a multipronged comparative study on CRC occurring in the young and older patients from India. Our results have revealed several unique features among Indian CRC patients. Firstly, Wnt activation and p53 inactivation appeared to co-exist in a significantly less proportion of samples (34%), indicating existence of alternate pathway(s) of tumor initiation. Secondly, a significantly low proportion (35%) of young patients appeared to harbor a deregulated Wnt signaling pathway, when compared to older patients (64%). Thirdly, we did not find a significant difference in other variables between the two patient age groups including gender, grade, MSI status, etc. Using array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) and genome-wide transcript profiling, we identified several copy number alterations (CNA) that may harbor genes important for tumor progression in young patients. A novel amplification located at 17q11.2-21.1 was identified which included genes involved in the MAP kinase pathway. The present study is expected to yield invaluable insights into the molecular basis for sporadic CRC in the young.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2151.

Role of BRCA1, HSD17B1 and HSD17B2 methylation in breast cancer tissue

The pattern of altered gene expression due to epigenetic change is of major importance in malignancies. Aberrant DNA methylation is one of the many potential causes for this and is considered to be an early event in the etiology of breast carcinogenesis. The present study assessed the methylation status of three genes relevant in breast cancer (BC): The breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), 17 beta hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD17B1) and type 2 (HSD17B2). Restriction enzyme based Methylation specific PCR (REMS PCR) was carried out in 104 tumor samples from sporadic BC patients and 48 samples of adjacent normal breast tissue. The percentage of tumor samples showing BRCA1, HSD17B1 and HSD17B2 methylation was 20.4%, 83.3% and 31.3%, respectively. Methylation was higher in tumors when compared to adjacent normal breast tissue samples. This suggests that methylation of these three genes plays an important role in BC etiology. Methylation is responsible for gene silencing and since BRCA1 and HSD17B2 were not found to be methylated in the same tissue samples, this suggests that the etiology of > 50% of the tumors could be accounted for by the independent epigenetic silencing of these two genes. BRCA1 and HSD17B2 genes may increase the risk of developing BC via enhanced estradiol activity. It is for the first time that the role of HSD17B gene methylation in BC pathophysiology is being proposed.

Mild and Highly Efficient Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,3‐Unsaturated Glycopyranosides using La(NO3)3 · 6H2O as a Catalyst: Ferrier Rearrangement

A mild and highly efficient stereoselective reaction of 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal with a variety of nucleophiles, viz. alcohols, phenols, thiols, thiophenols, and allyl trimethyl silane (TMS), in the presence of 5 mol% of lanthanum(III) nitrate hexahydrate under solvent-free conditions yielded the corresponding 2,3-unsaturated glycopyranosides (pseudoglycals) in excellent yields.

New lamellarin alkaloids from the Indian ascidian Didemnum obscurum and their antioxidant properties

Three new lamellarin alkaloids, lamellarins gamma (1), alpha (2), and epsilon (3), along with eight known lamellarin alkaloids, lamellarins M (4), K (5), K-diacetate (6), K-triacetate (7), U (8), I (9), C-diacetate (10), and X-triacetate (11), have been isolated from the Indian ascidian Didemnum obscurum. The structures of 1-11 were established using standard spectroscopic techniques. The structure of lamellarin K-triacetate (7) was further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The antioxidant properties of lamellarin gamma, lamellarin gamma-monoacetate, lamellarins K, U, and I, and lamellarin C-diacetate were evaluated.

Mycobacterium leprae binds to a major human peripheral nerve glycoprotein myelin P zero (P0)

We have previously shown that a major phosphorylated 25-kDa glycoprotein of the human peripheral nerve binds to Mycobacterium leprae. In the present study, we confirm that the 25-kDa glycoprotein of the human peripheral nerve is myelin P zero (P0) by immunoprecipitation and Western blot experiments using monoclonal antibodies to myelin P0. Immunohistochemical studies on human nerve using these antibodies to myelin P0 exhibited a strong immunoreactivity to the myelin and Schwann cells. Myelin P0 is a peripheral nerve specific protein; therefore it could likely be one of the key target molecules for M. leprae binding/internalization or even contact-dependent demyelination. This finding of M. leprae binding to myelin P0 adds to the present understanding on neural predilection of M. leprae.

Induced Smectic-G Phase through Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding Part VIII: Phase and Crystallization Behaviours of 2-(p-n-heptyloxybenzyIidene imino)-5-chIoro-pyridine: p-n-alkoxybenzoic acid (HICP:n ABA) Complexes

New intermolecular H-bonded liquid crystalline complexes, viz., 2-(p-n-heptyloxybenzylidene imi-no)-5-chloro-pyridine:p-/z-alkoxybenzoic acid; (HICP:nABA) (where n denotes the alkoxy carbon num­ bers 3 to 10 and 12) exhibiting smectic-F (n = 12) and smectic-G phases have been synthesized and char­ acterized by Thermal Microscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Detailed IR (solid and solution states) analysis confirms the existence of intermolecular H-bonding between the pyridyl nitro­ gen and the COOH group of the p-n-alkoxybenzoic acid moiety. The phase behaviour of the series is discussed in the light of reported data on free p-n-alkoxybenzoic acids. The crystallization kinetics of a representative complex, using the DSC technique, is discussed. The mechanism of the crystal growth of the new crystalline smectic-G phase is computed with the Avrami equation.

Adult paratesticular sarcomas: a report of eight cases

Eight adult paratesticular sarcomas seen at a Regional Cancer Centre over a 7-year period are described. There were three cases of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), three cases of leiomyosarcoma (LMS), and two cases of liposarcoma (LS). The RMS occurred in a younger age group (3rd decade) than the LMS and LS (6th and 7th decades). Most of our patients presented with advanced disease after orchiectomy at other hospitals, three with recurrent or residual disease and four with metastasis. The single patient with RMS who received intensive adjuvant therapy is free of disease at 84 months in spite of the advanced stage at presentation. All three patients with LMS had an unfavourable clinical course. Both the patients with LS had well differentiated (WD) tumours and presented with recurrences, one over several years, following initial local excisions. The necessity for early adequate surgical and adjuvant therapy and the need for a uniform treatment policy are discussed.