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Gavazzi LM, Nair M, Suydam R, Usip S, Thewissen JGM, Cooper LN. Protein signaling and morphological development of the tail fluke in the embryonic beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Dev Dyn 2024. [PMID: 38494595 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the land-to-sea transition of cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), the hindlimbs were lost and replaced by an elaborate tail fluke that evolved 32 Ma. All modern cetaceans utilize flukes for lift-based propulsion, and nothing is known of this organ's molecular origins during embryonic development. This study utilizes immunohistochemistry to identify the spatiotemporal location of protein signals known to drive appendage outgrowth in other vertebrates (e.g., Sonic Hedgehog [SHH], GREMLIN [GREM], wingless-type family member 7a [WNT], and fibroblast growth factors [FGFs]) and to test the hypothesis that signals associated with outgrowth and patterning of the tail fluke are similar to a tetrapod limb. Specifically, this study utilizes an embryo of a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) as a case study. RESULTS Results showed epidermal signals of WNT and FGFs, and mesenchymal/epidermal signals of SHH and GREM. These patterns are most consistent with vertebrate limb development. Overall, these data are most consistent with the hypothesis that outgrowth of tail flukes in cetaceans employs a signaling pattern that suggests genes essential for limb outgrowth and patterning shape this evolutionarily novel appendage. CONCLUSIONS While these data add insights into the molecular signals potentially driving the evolution and development of tail flukes in cetaceans, further exploration of the molecular drivers of fluke development is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Gavazzi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Focus Area, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - M Nair
- Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - R Suydam
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Utqiaġvik, Alaska, USA
| | - S Usip
- Musculoskeletal Research Focus Area, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - J G M Thewissen
- Musculoskeletal Research Focus Area, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - L N Cooper
- Musculoskeletal Research Focus Area, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
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Lyons B, Balkaran JPR, Dunn-Lawless D, Lucian V, Keller SB, O’Reilly CS, Hu L, Rubasingham J, Nair M, Carlisle R, Stride E, Gray M, Coussios C. Sonosensitive Cavitation Nuclei-A Customisable Platform Technology for Enhanced Therapeutic Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:7733. [PMID: 38067464 PMCID: PMC10708135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-mediated cavitation shows great promise for improving targeted drug delivery across a range of clinical applications. Cavitation nuclei-sound-sensitive constructs that enhance cavitation activity at lower pressures-have become a powerful adjuvant to ultrasound-based treatments, and more recently emerged as a drug delivery vehicle in their own right. The unique combination of physical, biological, and chemical effects that occur around these structures, as well as their varied compositions and morphologies, make cavitation nuclei an attractive platform for creating delivery systems tuned to particular therapeutics. In this review, we describe the structure and function of cavitation nuclei, approaches to their functionalization and customization, various clinical applications, progress toward real-world translation, and future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lyons
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Joel P. R. Balkaran
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Darcy Dunn-Lawless
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Veronica Lucian
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Sara B. Keller
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Colm S. O’Reilly
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK;
| | - Luna Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Jeffrey Rubasingham
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Malavika Nair
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Robert Carlisle
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Gray
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Constantin Coussios
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
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Mac Fhionnlaoich N, Schrettl S, Tito NB, Yang Y, Nair M, Serrano LA, Harkness K, Silva PJ, Frauenrath H, Serra F, Carter WC, Stellacci F, Guldin S. Reversible Microscale Assembly of Nanoparticles Driven by the Phase Transition of a Thermotropic Liquid Crystal. ACS Nano 2023. [PMID: 37222568 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The arrangement of nanoscale building blocks into patterns with microscale periodicity is challenging to achieve via self-assembly processes. Here, we report on the phase-transition-driven collective assembly of gold nanoparticles in a thermotropic liquid crystal. A temperature-induced transition from the isotropic to the nematic phase under anchoring-driven planar alignment leads to the assembly of individual nanometer-sized particles into arrays of micrometer-sized agglomerates, whose size and characteristic spacing can be tuned by varying the cooling rate. Phase field simulations coupling the conserved and nonconserved order parameters exhibit a similar evolution of the morphology as the experimental observations. This fully reversible process offers control over structural order on the microscopic level and is an interesting model system for the programmable and reconfigurable patterning of nanocomposites with access to micrometer-sized periodicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Mac Fhionnlaoich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas B Tito
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Malavika Nair
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luis A Serrano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Kellen Harkness
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paulo Jacob Silva
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Holger Frauenrath
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Serra
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - W Craig Carter
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Guldin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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Gwilym BL, Pallmann P, Waldron CA, Thomas-Jones E, Milosevic S, Brookes-Howell L, Harris D, Massey I, Burton J, Stewart P, Samuel K, Jones S, Cox D, Clothier A, Edwards A, Twine CP, Bosanquet DC, Benson R, Birmpili P, Blair R, Bosanquet DC, Dattani N, Dovell G, Forsythe R, Gwilym BL, Hitchman L, Machin M, Nandhra S, Onida S, Preece R, Saratzis A, Shalhoub J, Singh A, Forget P, Gannon M, Celnik A, Duguid M, Campbell A, Duncan K, Renwick B, Moore J, Maresch M, Kamal D, Kabis M, Hatem M, Juszczak M, Dattani N, Travers H, Shalan A, Elsabbagh M, Rocha-Neves J, Pereira-Neves A, Teixeira J, Lyons O, Lim E, Hamdulay K, Makar R, Zaki S, Francis CT, Azer A, Ghatwary-Tantawy T, Elsayed K, Mittapalli D, Melvin R, Barakat H, Taylor J, Veal S, Hamid HKS, Baili E, Kastrisios G, Maltezos C, Maltezos K, Anastasiadou C, Pachi A, Skotsimara A, Saratzis A, Vijaynagar B, Lau S, Velineni R, Bright E, Montague-Johnstone E, Stewart K, King W, Karkos C, Mitka M, Papadimitriou C, Smith G, Chan E, Shalhoub J, Machin M, Agbeko AE, Amoako J, Vijay A, Roditis K, Papaioannou V, Antoniou A, Tsiantoula P, Bessias N, Papas T, Dovell G, Goodchild F, Nandhra S, Rammell J, Dawkins C, Lapolla P, Sapienza P, Brachini G, Mingoli A, Hussey K, Meldrum A, Dearie L, Nair M, Duncan A, Webb B, Klimach S, Hardy T, Guest F, Hopkins L, Contractor U, Clothier A, McBride O, Hallatt M, Forsythe R, Pang D, Tan LE, Altaf N, Wong J, Thurston B, Ash O, Popplewell M, Grewal A, Jones S, Wardle B, Twine C, Ambler G, Condie N, Lam K, Heigberg-Gibbons F, Saha P, Hayes T, Patel S, Black S, Musajee M, Choudhry A, Hammond E, Costanza M, Shaw P, Feghali A, Chawla A, Surowiec S, Encalada RZ, Benson R, Cadwallader C, Clayton P, Van Herzeele I, Geenens M, Vermeir L, Moreels N, Geers S, Jawien A, Arentewicz T, Kontopodis N, Lioudaki S, Tavlas E, Nyktari V, Oberhuber A, Ibrahim A, Neu J, Nierhoff T, Moulakakis K, Kakkos S, Nikolakopoulos K, Papadoulas S, D'Oria M, Lepidi S, Lowry D, Ooi S, Patterson B, Williams S, Elrefaey GH, Gaba KA, Williams GF, Rodriguez DU, Khashram M, Gormley S, Hart O, Suthers E, French S. Short-term risk prediction after major lower limb amputation: PERCEIVE study. Br J Surg 2022; 109:1300-1311. [PMID: 36065602 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accuracy with which healthcare professionals (HCPs) and risk prediction tools predict outcomes after major lower limb amputation (MLLA) is uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of predicting short-term (30 days after MLLA) mortality, morbidity, and revisional surgery. METHODS The PERCEIVE (PrEdiction of Risk and Communication of outcomE following major lower limb amputation: a collaboratIVE) study was launched on 1 October 2020. It was an international multicentre study, including adults undergoing MLLA for complications of peripheral arterial disease and/or diabetes. Preoperative predictions of 30-day mortality, morbidity, and MLLA revision by surgeons and anaesthetists were recorded. Probabilities from relevant risk prediction tools were calculated. Evaluation of accuracy included measures of discrimination, calibration, and overall performance. RESULTS Some 537 patients were included. HCPs had acceptable discrimination in predicting mortality (931 predictions; C-statistic 0.758) and MLLA revision (565 predictions; C-statistic 0.756), but were poor at predicting morbidity (980 predictions; C-statistic 0.616). They overpredicted the risk of all outcomes. All except three risk prediction tools had worse discrimination than HCPs for predicting mortality (C-statistics 0.789, 0.774, and 0.773); two of these significantly overestimated the risk compared with HCPs. SORT version 2 (the only tool incorporating HCP predictions) demonstrated better calibration and overall performance (Brier score 0.082) than HCPs. Tools predicting morbidity and MLLA revision had poor discrimination (C-statistics 0.520 and 0.679). CONCLUSION Clinicians predicted mortality and MLLA revision well, but predicted morbidity poorly. They overestimated the risk of mortality, morbidity, and MLLA revision. Most short-term risk prediction tools had poorer discrimination or calibration than HCPs. The best method of predicting mortality was a statistical tool that incorporated HCP estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenig L Gwilym
- South East Wales Vascular Network, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Debbie Harris
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ian Massey
- Artificial Limb and Appliance Centre, Rookwood Hospital, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jo Burton
- Artificial Limb and Appliance Centre, Rookwood Hospital, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Phillippa Stewart
- Artificial Limb and Appliance Centre, Rookwood Hospital, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Katie Samuel
- Department of Anaesthesia, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Sian Jones
- c/o INVOLVE Health and Care Research Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Cox
- c/o INVOLVE Health and Care Research Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Annie Clothier
- South East Wales Vascular Network, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK
| | - Adrian Edwards
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Christopher P Twine
- Bristol, Bath and Weston Vascular Network, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - David C Bosanquet
- South East Wales Vascular Network, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK
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Barberio C, Saez J, Withers A, Nair M, Tamagnini F, Owens RM. Conducting Polymer-ECM Scaffolds for Human Neuronal Cell Differentiation. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200941. [PMID: 35904257 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
3D cell culture formats more closely resemble tissue architecture complexity than 2D systems, which are lacking most of the cell-cell and cell-microenvironment interactions of the in vivo milieu. Scaffold-based systems integrating natural biomaterials are extensively employed in tissue engineering to improve cell survival and outgrowth, by providing the chemical and physical cues of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Using the freeze-drying technique, porous 3D composite scaffolds consisting of poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), containing ECM components (i.e., collagen, hyaluronic acid, and laminin) are engineered for hosting neuronal cells. The resulting scaffolds exhibit a highly porous microstructure and good conductivity, determined by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. These supports boast excellent mechanical stability and water uptake capacity, making them ideal candidates for cell infiltration. SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells show enhanced cell survival and proliferation in the presence of ECM compared to PEDOT:PSS alone. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings acquired from differentiated SHSY5Y cells in the scaffolds demonstrate that ECM constituents promote neuronal differentiation in situ. These findings reinforce the usability of 3D conducting supports as engineered highly biomimetic and functional in vitro tissue-like platforms for drug or disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Barberio
- Bioelectronic Systems and Technology group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Janire Saez
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, E-48011, Spain
| | - Aimee Withers
- Bioelectronic Systems and Technology group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Malavika Nair
- Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Francesco Tamagnini
- University of Reading, School of Pharmacy, Hopkins Building, Reading, RG6 6LA, UK
| | - Roisin M Owens
- Bioelectronic Systems and Technology group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
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Bax DV, Nair M, Weiss AS, Farndale RW, Best SM, Cameron RE. Tailoring the biofunctionality of collagen biomaterials via tropoelastin incorporation and EDC-crosslinking. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:150-163. [PMID: 34454082 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recreating the cell niche of virtually all tissues requires composite materials fabricated from multiple extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules. Due to their wide tissue distribution, physical attributes and purity, collagen, and more recently, tropoelastin, represent two appealing ECM components for biomaterials development. Here we blend tropoelastin and collagen, harnessing the cell-modulatory properties of each biomolecule. Tropoelastin was stably co-blended into collagen biomaterials and was retained after EDC-crosslinking. We found that human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), rat glial cells (Rugli) and HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells ligate to tropoelastin via EDTA-sensitive and EDTA-insensitive receptors or do not ligate with tropoelastin, respectively. These differing elastin-binding properties allowed us to probe the cellular response to the tropoelastin-collagen composites assigning specific bioactivity to the collagen and tropoelastin component of the composite material. Tropoelastin addition to collagen increased total Rugli cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation. This persisted with EDC-crosslinking of the tropoelastin-collagen composite. Tropoelastin addition did not affect total HDF and HT1080 cell adhesion; however, it increased the contribution of cation-independent adhesion, without affecting the cell morphology or, for HT1080 cells, proliferation. Instead, EDC-crosslinking dictated the HDF and HT1080 cellular response. These data show that a tropoelastin component dominates the response of cells that possess non-integrin based tropoelastin receptors. EDC modification of the collagen component directs cell function when non-integrin tropoelastin receptors are not crucial for cell activity. Using this approach, we have assigned the biological contribution of each component of tropoelastin-collagen composites, allowing informed biomaterial design for directed cell function via more physiologically relevant mechanisms. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials fabricated from multiple extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules are required to fully recreate the native tissue niche where each ECM macromolecule engages with a specific repertoire of cell-surface receptors. Here we investigate combining tropoelastin with collagen as they interact with cells via different receptors. We identified specific cell lines, which associate with tropoelastin via distinct classes of cell-surface receptor. These showed that tropoelastin, when combined with collagen, altered the cell behaviour in a receptor-usage dependent manner. Integrin-mediated tropoelastin interactions influenced cell proliferation and non-integrin receptors influenced cell spreading and proliferation. These data shed light on the interplay between biomaterial macromolecular composition, cell surface receptors and cell behaviour, advancing bespoke materials design and providing functionality to specific cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Bax
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom.
| | - Malavika Nair
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Weiss
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Richard W Farndale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Serena M Best
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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Nair M, Zeegers MP, Varghese GM, Burza S. India's National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance: a critical perspective. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 27:236-238. [PMID: 34695609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely recognised as a global health threat, which is projected to account for more deaths than cancer by 2050. The Government of India has formulated a National Action Plan to tackle AMR (NAP-AMR), largely modelled on the World Health Organization's Global Action Plan on AMR. While the NAP-AMR successfully mirrors the Global Action Plan and lays out ambitious goals, we find that the lack of financial allocation across states, poor enforcement and inadequate multisectoral co-ordination have hampered progress. A broader focus on improving infrastructure for water and sanitation, linking the issue of AMR to existing vertical health programmes for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB), prioritising infection prevention and control, strengthening the frontline healthcare workforce in rural and peri-urban settings to reduce reliance on antibiotics, leveraging point-of-care testing and mobile app-based health interventions for diagnosis and surveillance, and adopting a socioecological approach to health and development would help to create an enabling environment for concrete action on AMR in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nair
- Department of Complex Genetics, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - M P Zeegers
- Department of Complex Genetics, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - S Burza
- Médecins Sans Frontières, New Delhi, India; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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8
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Fellmeth G, Kishore MT, Verma A, Desai G, Bharti O, Kanwar P, Singh S, Thippeswamy H, Chandra PS, Kurinczuk JJ, Nair M, Alderdice F. Perinatal mental health in India: protocol for a validation and cohort study. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 43:ii35-ii42. [PMID: 34622290 PMCID: PMC8498097 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common mental disorders (CMD) are among the largest contributors to global maternal morbidity and mortality. Although research on perinatal mental health in India has grown in recent years, important evidence gaps remain, especially regarding CMD. Our study aims to improve understanding of CMD among perinatal and non-perinatal women of reproductive age across two settings in India: Bangalore (Karnataka) and Tanda (Himachal Pradesh). METHODS The study is embedded within the Maternal and Perinatal Health Research Collaboration India (MaatHRI). This mixed-methods observational study comprises three consecutive phases: (i) focus group discussions and individual interviews to explore women's knowledge and seek feedback on CMD screening tools; (ii) validation of CMD screening tools; and (iii) prospective cohort study to identify CMD incidence, prevalence and risk factors among perinatal and non-perinatal women. Results of the three phases will be analyzed using inductive thematic analysis, psychometric analysis and multivariable regression analysis, respectively. CONCLUSION Improving understanding, detection and management of CMD among women is key to improving women's health and promoting gender equality. This study will provide evidence of CMD screening tools for perinatal and non-perinatal women in two diverse Indian settings, produce data on CMD prevalence, incidence and risk factors and enhance understanding of the specific contribution of the perinatal state to CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fellmeth
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M T Kishore
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - A Verma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - G Desai
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - O Bharti
- State Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - P Kanwar
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - S Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - H Thippeswamy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - P S Chandra
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - J J Kurinczuk
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Nair
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - F Alderdice
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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9
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Bhat SP, Cheriyanath L, Nair M, Nair MM. Perceptions of medical students about Pathology training. J Pathol Nep 2021. [DOI: 10.3126/jpn.v11i2.28916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An understanding of pathology is the foundation for good clinical practice. Pathology is a vast subject with limited teaching hours. Understanding the students' perspectives is essential for making new roadmaps for teaching.
Materials and methods: This is a survey conducted on medical students who have completed second-year. They were asked to answer a pre-validated questionnaire regarding the teaching-learning and assessment methods followed in the pathology department.
Results: Of the 152 students, the majority (84%) of students perceived pathology as an interesting subject. Most (87%) of the students agreed that the integration of pathology teaching with clinical training helped in a better understanding of diseases. Many (54%) students found general pathology to be difficult than systemic pathology. Most of the students agreed that lectures and demonstrations are taken in ways that stimulate interest in the subject. The majority were of the consensus that appropriate clinical correlation was done during lectures along with highlighting essential points. Regarding the teaching tools used in pathology, 55% of the students preferred teaching by PowerPoint presentation only while 45% preferred a combined blackboard and PowerPoint presentation. Many considered that integrated teaching helps in a better understanding of the subject. The formative method of assessment was favoured by most of the students. Our study showed that 74% of students find multiple-choice questions as an effective assessment tool.
Conclusions: As the new curriculum for competency-based medical education is through, the result of our study is an encouragement to be prepared for the same.
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10
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Han L, White H, Bosch K, Nair M. 708 Examining the Management of Acute Lower GI Bleeds in Order to Improve Policies and Reflect Safe and Updated Guidance. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab134.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) tends to occur in elderly patients with complex comorbidities. At North Middlesex University Hospital (NMUH), LGIB patients are primarily managed by the surgical department. We amended local policies by integrating aspects of new guidelines published by the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG).
Method
Handover documentation between November 2019 and January 2020 established patients admitted with LGIB (n = 45). Further data regarding the management of these patients was collated from clinical software and compared to standards set from BSG guidelines.
Results
We found NMUH to be efficient in ruling out upper GI bleeds via 24-hour OGDs and had low surgical intervention rates (0.02%). 40% of patients were transfused with an admission haemoglobin above suggested NICE thresholds, accounting for cardiovascular comorbidities. 56% of patients were discharged without a documented anticoagulation plan. Over 50% of patients did not have BSG recommended inpatient investigations.
Conclusions
Updated Trust guidelines aim to uphold areas that NMUH were shown to excel in, while reiterating NICE transfusion thresholds and include guidance regarding anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications. The Oakland score and shock index have been integrated into local protocols and will aid clinicians in making safe decisions in the management of LGIB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Han
- North Middlesex University Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - H White
- North Middlesex University Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - K Bosch
- North Middlesex University Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Nair
- North Middlesex University Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Prabhu JS, Patil S, Rajarajan S, Ce A, Nair M, Alexander A, Ramesh R, Bs S, Sridhar T. Triple-negative breast cancers with expression of glucocorticoid receptor in immune cells show better prognosis. Ann Oncol 2021; 32. [PMID: 34220400 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is shown to have variable frequency of expression in invasive tumors of the breast. Investigation of additional nuclear receptors like GR in receptor negative tumors like triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) may have prognostic and therapeutic significance. Methods Expression of GR was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 175 tumors of invasive breast cancer with long term follow up. GR Expression was separately evaluated in invasive tumor cells, stromal cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL's). Staining pattern was categorised as positive when more than 1% of the cells stained in each subpopulation of cells. Disease free survival was analysed between GR positive and negative status by Kaplan Meier analysis. Results Of the 175 tumors, 121 (70%) were ER positive, 53 (30%) were ER negative and 29% (51) were triple negative. 74% (130/175) tumors showed expression of GR in invasive tumor cells while (84%) 147/175 had expression in TIL's. No significant difference in distribution of GR was noted between ER positive and ER negative tumors (78% vs 66%, p-0.1). Of the TNBC's 54% (28/51) and 70% (36/51) showed expression of GR in invasive tumor and TIL's respectively. Overall, GR positive tumors had significant better survival than GR negative tumors (mean survival time of 85 vs 59 months respectively, p-0.04) Contrary to the reports that GR expression in TIL's are associated with immunosuppressive activity in model systems, TNBC's with increased expression of GR in immune cells were associated with better survival (Mean survival time 74 vs 41 months, log rank test- p-0.03). TNBC tumors which were GR negative had higher lymph node metastases (p-0.04) and none of the other clinical features like age, menopausal state, tumor size and grade were different between GR positive and negative tumors within TNBC. Conclusions Glucocorticoids (GC) are often used to alleviate the adverse symptoms during chemotherapy. Determining the GR status is of importance due to the pro cell survival effect of the glucocorticoids mediated through GR during chemotherapy. Though GC mediated effects on chemotherapy are controversial, our results indicate favourable effects in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Prabhu
- Molecular Medicine, St Johns Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - S Patil
- Molecular Medicine, St Johns Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - S Rajarajan
- Molecular Medicine, St Johns Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - A Ce
- Molecular Medicine, St Johns Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - M Nair
- Molecular Medicine, St Johns Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - A Alexander
- Molecular Medicine, St Johns Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - R Ramesh
- Department of Surgical Oncology, St Johns Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - S Bs
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shankara Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - T Sridhar
- Molecular Medicine, St Johns Research Institute, Bangalore, India
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12
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Busolo T, Szewczyk PK, Nair M, Stachewicz U, Kar-Narayan S. Triboelectric Yarns with Electrospun Functional Polymer Coatings for Highly Durable and Washable Smart Textile Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:16876-16886. [PMID: 33783199 PMCID: PMC8045025 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Triboelectric generators are excellent candidates for smart textiles applications due to their ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Such devices can be manufactured into yarns by coating a conductive core with a triboelectric material, but current triboelectric yarns lack the durability and washing resistance required for textile-based applications. In this work, we develop a unique triboelectric yarn comprising a conducting carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn electrode coated with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) fibers deposited by a customized electrospinning process. We show that the electrospun PVDF fibers adhere extremely well to the CNT core, producing a uniform and stable triboelectric coating. The PVDF-CNT coaxial yarn exhibits remarkable triboelectric energy harvesting during fatigue testing with a 33% power output improvement and a peak power density of 20.7 μW cm-2 after 200 000 fatigue cycles. This is potentially due to an increase in the active surface area of the PVDF fiber coating upon repeated contact. Furthermore, our triboelectric yarn meets standard textile industry benchmarks for both abrasion and washing by retaining functionality over 1200 rubbing cycles and 10 washing cycles. We demonstrate the energy harvesting and motion sensing capabilities of our triboelectric yarn in prototype textile-based applications, thereby highlighting its applicability to smart textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Busolo
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, CB3 0FS Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr K. Szewczyk
- Faculty
of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Malavika Nair
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, CB3 0FS Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Urszula Stachewicz
- Faculty
of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sohini Kar-Narayan
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, CB3 0FS Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Patel M, Nair M, Pirozzoli E, Cienfuegos MC, Aitken E. 18 Socio-Demographic Associations of COVID Antibody in Multi-Ethnic Healthcare Workers. Age Ageing 2021. [PMCID: PMC7989648 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afab028.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Healthcare workers are particularly susceptible to developing COVID-19 owing to close and frequent contact with COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to describe prevalence of SARS-COV-2 antibodies amongst healthcare workers within a hospital trust and examine factors associated with increased prevalence of this antibody. Methods Data was obtained over a 4-week period in 2020 from a cross-sectional prospective survey of healthcare workers serving a multi-ethnic inner-city population who had IgG SARS-COV-2 antibody. Multiple, overlapping sources of notification were implemented to promote the availability of the test. Anonymised socio-demographic data about staff members were cross referenced with data of the antibody tests. Results Of 7,013,6,212 (89%) staff undertook the antibody test during the study period. The overall detection rate of IgG SARS COV-2 antibody was 26%(1584/6212). Univariate analyses reveal that there were no differences in the prevalence rates in terms of gender or age. Compared to white staff members (18%), prevalence of the antibody was significantly greater in Black(38%) and Asian(27%) staff members. The combined prevalence for all BAME staff members was 32%. The prevalence rates of staff in general wards (43%) were significantly higher other areas of the trust. For staff in emergency medicine, intensive care and anaesthetics, prevalence was 23%, whereas for other clinical teams it was 21%. In terms of professional groups, prevalence rates were highest amongst nursing and allied clinical services (28%), followed by doctors (23%), whereas, it was lower for non-clinical staff(19%). Discussion This large multi-ethnic hospital-based study has described the prevalence of recent exposure to SARS-COV-2 infection amongst healthcare workers and determined socio-demographic associations of this prevalence including ethnicity, professional healthcare groups, and geographical areas of work in healthcare settings. The study provides information that may be useful in future COVID studies examining the role of antibody testing both in general populations as well as in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patel
- Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Trust, London SE13 6LH
| | - M Nair
- Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Trust, London SE13 6LH
| | - E Pirozzoli
- Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Trust, London SE13 6LH
| | | | - E Aitken
- Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Trust, London SE13 6LH
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14
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Cyriac M, Gireeshkumar TR, Furtado CM, Fathin KPF, Shameem K, Shaik A, Vignesh ER, Nair M, Kocherla M, Balachandran KK. Distribution, contamination status and bioavailability of trace metals in surface sediments along the southwest coast of India. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 164:112042. [PMID: 33524831 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of upwelling induced seasonal hypoxia in the sediment-water interface on the distribution, bioavailability and geochemical partitioning of selected trace metals in surficial sediments along the southwest coast of India based on two successive cruises. The first cruise was during the southwest monsoon (SWM) season when coastal waters exhibited intermittent bottom hypoxia due to upwelling. The second cruise during the northeast monsoon (NEM) season was characterised by a uniformly warm and well-oxygenated water column in the study region. The results showed that grain size, organic carbon and Fe are the major factors influencing the distribution of trace metals in the surface sediments. Based on the geochemical indices (contamination factor, enrichment factor and geo-accumulation factor), the study region appears to be moderately contaminated by Ni, Cr, and Pb. Based on the ecological risk assessment criteria, the enrichment of Pb, Cr and Ni may cause adverse effects on the benthic organisms. The fractionation studies demonstrated that the major pathway of metal deposition in the sediment is lithogenic. The data also showed that labile and organic fractions are the second dominant forms, while other fractions (exchangeable and carbonate) are insignificant. The consistency in the reactive Fe concentrations during SWM and NEM could be due to the absence of Fe dissolution in sediments under mild reducing condition (intermittent hypoxia). In addition to the above, an enrichment of organic matter also leads to increased deposition of trace metals in sediments. Conversely, the secondary phase enrichment factor and risk assessment code calculated based on the metal fractionation data indicated low risk and contamination along the southwest coast of India except for Zn that showed moderate contamination in some transects. The study provides the need for regular geochemical assessment to control metal pollution in the coastal environment, which is a major resource of the fishery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cyriac
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682 018, India
| | - T R Gireeshkumar
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682 018, India.
| | - C M Furtado
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682 018, India
| | - K P Fahad Fathin
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682 018, India
| | - K Shameem
- Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682016, India
| | - Adnan Shaik
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 400 003, India
| | - E R Vignesh
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682 018, India
| | - M Nair
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682 018, India
| | - M Kocherla
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 400 003, India
| | - K K Balachandran
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682 018, India
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15
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Caobi A, Andre M, Miles J, Tomitaka A, Nikkhah-Moshaie R, Hernandez A, Nair M, Raymond AD. Magnetic Nanoparticle and Exosomal Therapeutic (M-NEXT) Effects on HIV-Associated Neurotoxicity. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 48:189-198. [PMID: 33389896 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2020034629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein protein 120 (gp120) induces neurotoxicity associated with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Mechanism of Gp120-mediated neurotoxicity is primarily apoptosis. Currently, there are no therapeutics that address gp120 neurotoxicity. A biocompatible, efficacious therapeutic that easily crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is needed to treat neuronal toxicity observed in HIV-infected individuals. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have successfully delivered anti-HIV agents across in vitro BBB transwell model. However, MNPs at high doses may damage cells. Exosomal extracellular vesicles (xEVs) are endogenous nanocarriers capable of crossing the BBB. Unlike MNPs, xEVs interact with cells in a paracrine or juxtracrine manner, lacking long-range site specificity. Here we investigated the efficacy of an MNP and xEV-coupled therapeutic (M-NEXT) as a nanocarrier for targeted delivery of anti-HIV fusion agent across the BBB to inhibit HIV-gp120 associated neuropathology. M-NEXT consisting of MNPs encapsulated within xEV carrying T20 peptide on the surface was synthesized and characterized via zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, and TEM imaging. Preliminary efficacy studies using SH-SY5Y cocultured with the in vitro BBB model showed that the M-NEXT-T20-fusion peptide protected neurons from HIV gp120-mediated neurotoxicity. Additionally, BBB integrity and permeability assessed via trans-endothelial resistance (TEER) and a Dextran-FITC transport assay was unaffected. SH-SY5Y viability measured by XTT assay was not significantly modulated by M-NEXT. In summary, preliminary findings support M-NEXT as effective nanocarriers for delivery of anti-HIV gp120 associated neurotoxicity agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Caobi
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - M Andre
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - J Miles
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Asahi Tomitaka
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, Florida 33199, USA; Advanced Materials Engineering Research Institute, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - R Nikkhah-Moshaie
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - A Hernandez
- Advanced Materials Engineering Research Institute, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - M Nair
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Andrea D Raymond
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Alsharqi M, Arnold L, Dockerill C, Baigent C, Leeson P, Nair M. A novel approach using hand-held echocardiography to guide the diagnosis of heart failure in pregnant women in a low-resource setting; Maternal and Perinatal Health Research Collaboration. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Point of care imaging devices are promising tools for cardiovascular imaging in low-resource settings.
Purpose
Our aim was to determine whether hand-held echocardiography scans performed by obstetricians can help to identify the cardiac phenotypes in pregnant women with heart failure in India.
Methods
In November 2018, eighteen obstetricians from 10 hospitals across the states of Assam, Meghalaya and Uttar Pradesh were given 2 days of hands-on training in image acquisition using Philips Lumify devices. Obstetricians were asked to follow a simplified protocol of image acquisition and optimisation designed by the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility team. The protocol includes 3 key echocardiography views; parasternal long axis, parasternal short axis, and apical four chamber. Remote supervision and constructive feedback on performance was provided to improve image quality. Echocardiographic images of 269 pregnant women (with and without suspected heart failure) were acquired by the trained obstetricians, between February 2018 and January 2020. The first 147 scans were transferred with end-to-end encryption to the University of Oxford Research Echocardiography Core Laboratory (ORECL). Image interpretation and formal quality assessment was performed by 2 experienced echocardiographers.
Results
Parasternal long axis image quality was assessed as good in 78.3%, and was superior to both the parasternal short axis view (76.5%) and the apical 4-chamber view (61.9%). Image depth and gain optimisation was the main reason for loss of quality. The acquisition quality was related to reported clinical disease severity, and advanced pregnancy status. Left ventricular systolic function was impaired in 32 participants (21.9%), and 23.3% of the cohort had a dilated left atrium. Rheumatic heart disease was found in 12 participants (8.3%), in which the mitral valve was stenotic; 10 severe and 1 moderate. Mitral regurgitation was reported in 29 cases (20.8%); 6 severe, 7 moderate and 16 mild. Tricuspid and aortic valve abnormalities were also detected. Pericardial effusion was reported in 45 participants (30.8%).
Conclusion
Obstetricians with supervised training, using hand-held echocardiography have demonstrated acceptable image acquisition quality which could be assessed through core laboratory analysis to detect cardiac abnormalities. Such an approach could be useful to guide the diagnosis of heart failure in pregnant women in low-resource settings. Further training for the obstetricians and image quality assurance have been implemented in the ongoing MaatHRI study with plans to conduct a validation analysis.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Medical Research Council (MRC), UK Fellowship for M Nair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alsharqi
- University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L Arnold
- University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C Dockerill
- University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C Baigent
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P Leeson
- University of Oxford, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M Nair
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Nair M, Johal RK, Hamaia SW, Best SM, Cameron RE. Tunable bioactivity and mechanics of collagen-based tissue engineering constructs: A comparison of EDC-NHS, genipin and TG2 crosslinkers. Biomaterials 2020. [PMID: 32480093 DOI: 10.17863/cam.36098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to its ubiquity and versatility in the human body, collagen is an ideal base material for tissue-engineering constructs. Chemical crosslinking treatments allow precise control of the biochemical and mechanical properties through macromolecular modifications to the structure of collagen. In this work, three key facets regarding the collagen crosslinking process are explored. Firstly, a comparison is drawn between the carbodiimide-succinimide (EDC-NHS) system and two emerging crosslinkers utilising alternate chemistries: genipin and tissue transglutaminase (TG2). By characterising the chemical changes upon treatment, the effect of EDC-NHS, genipin and TG2 crosslinking mechanisms on the chemical structure of collagen, and thus the mechanical properties conferred to the substrate is explored. Secondly, the relative importance of mechanical and biochemical cues on cellular phenomena are investigated, including cell viability, integrin-specific attachment, spreading and proliferation. Here, we observe that for human dermal fibroblasts, long-term, stable proliferation is preconditioned by the availability of suitable binding sites, irrespective of the substrate modulus post-crosslinking. Finally, as seen in the graphical abstract we show that by choosing the appropriate crosslinker chemistries, a materials selection map can be drawn for collagen films, encompassing both a range of tensile modulus and fibroblast proliferation which can be modified independently. Thus, in addition to a range of parameters that can be modified in collagen constructs, we demonstrate a route to obtaining tunable bioactivity and mechanics in collagen constructs is uncovered, that is exclusively driven by the crosslinking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Nair
- Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Ramneek K Johal
- Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Samir W Hamaia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 8 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Serena M Best
- Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth E Cameron
- Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom.
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18
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Nair M, Shepherd JH, Best SM, Cameron RE. MicroCT analysis of connectivity in porous structures: optimizing data acquisition and analytical methods in the context of tissue engineering. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20190833. [PMID: 32316883 PMCID: PMC7211477 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro-computed X-ray tomography (MicroCT) is one of the most powerful techniques available for the three-dimensional characterization of complex multi-phase or porous microarchitectures. The imaging and analysis of porous networks are of particular interest in tissue engineering due to the ability to predict various large-scale cellular phenomena through the micro-scale characterization of the structure. However, optimizing the parameters for MicroCT data capture and analyses requires a careful balance of feature resolution and computational constraints while ensuring that a structurally representative section is imaged and analysed. In this work, artificial datasets were used to evaluate the validity of current analytical methods by considering the effect of noise and pixel size arising from the data capture, and intrinsic structural anisotropy and heterogeneity. A novel ‘segmented percolation method’ was developed to exclude the effect of anomalous, non-representative features within the datasets, allowing for scale-invariant structural parameters to be obtained consistently and without manual intervention for the first time. Finally, an in-depth assessment of the imaging and analytical procedures are presented by considering percolation events such as micro-particle filtration and cell sieving within the context of tissue engineering. Along with the novel guidelines established for general pixel size selection for MicroCT, we also report our determination of 3 μm as the definitive pixel size for use in analysing connectivity for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Nair
- Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Jennifer H Shepherd
- School of Engineering, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Serena M Best
- Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Ruth E Cameron
- Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
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Abstract
Liquid or blood-based biopsy is a less invasive and more efficient method in which to clinicians can identify diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic responsive biomarkers in cancer patients. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), RNAs, proteins, metabolites, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are all potential biomarkers found in liquid biopsies. All nucleated cells including healthy, virally infected, and cancer cells release EVs. Since the early 1980s, evidence has mounted to support the pathophysiological role of EVs in cancer. Here we focus on the smallest of the EV, the exosome, and their clinical relevance as nanotherapeutics for cancers. Exosomes obtained from tumors have been reported to promote and/or facilitate malignancy of cancers especially in terms of metastatic potential. Exosomal EVs have also contributed to the development of therapeutic resistance. Recent studies demonstrate that intrinsic and bioengineered exosomes can serve as effective therapeutic agents that disrupt cancer progression. Here we review the current literature regarding the utilization of bioengineered exosomes for therapeutics to treat prevalent cancers such as melanoma, glioma, breast, pancreatic, hepatic, cervical, prostate, and colon cancers. Overall, studies reviewed show that bioengineered exosomes are effective and promising for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Miles
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - M. Andre
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - A. Caobi
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - M. Ruiz
- Department of Human and Health Services, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Miami Cancer Institute, Bone Marrow Transplant and CART T-Cell Therapy Department, Baptist Health South Florida, 8900 N Kendall Dr., Miami, FL 33176, USA
| | - M. Nair
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - A.D. Raymond
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, FL 33199, USA
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O’Donovan J, Nair M. Perceptions of Junior Doctors in the United Kingdom Regarding a Career in Interventional Radiology. Hong Kong Journal of Radiology 2019. [DOI: 10.12809/hkjr1917045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J O’Donovan
- Department of Education, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M Nair
- Acute Medical Unit, Arrowe Park Hospital, Birkenhead, United Kingdom
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Chinnapaiyan S, Dutta RK, Nair M, Chand HS, Rahman I, Unwalla HJ. TGF-β1 increases viral burden and promotes HIV-1 latency in primary differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12552. [PMID: 31467373 PMCID: PMC6715689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has increased the life expectancy of HIV patients. However, the incidence of non-AIDS associated lung comorbidities, such as COPD and asthma, and that of opportunistic lung infections have become more common among this population. HIV proteins secreted by the anatomical HIV reservoirs can have both autocrine and paracrine effects contributing to the HIV-associated comorbidities. HIV has been recovered from cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, alveolar macrophages, and intrapulmonary lymphocytes. We have recently shown that ex-vivo cultured primary bronchial epithelial cells and the bronchial brushings from human subjects express canonical HIV receptors CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4 and can be infected with HIV. Together these studies suggest that the lung tissue can serve as an important reservoir for HIV. In this report, we show that TGF-β1 promotes HIV latency by upregulating a transcriptional repressor BLIMP-1. Furthermore, we identify miR-9-5p as an important intermediate in TGF-β-mediated BLIMP-1 upregulation and consequent HIV latency. The transcriptionally suppressed HIV can be reactivated by common latency reactivating agents. Together our data suggest that in patients with chronic airway diseases, TGF-β can elevate the HIV viral reservoir load that could further exacerbate the HIV associated lung comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chinnapaiyan
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - R K Dutta
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - M Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - H S Chand
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - I Rahman
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - H J Unwalla
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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Nair M, Calahorra Y, Kar-Narayan S, Best SM, Cameron RE. Self-assembly of collagen bundles and enhanced piezoelectricity induced by chemical crosslinking. Nanoscale 2019; 11:15120-15130. [PMID: 31369017 PMCID: PMC7745105 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04750f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The piezoelectricity of collagen is purported to be linked to many biological processes including bone formation and wound healing. Although the piezoelectricity of tissue-derived collagen has been documented across the length scales, little work has been undertaken to characterise the local electromechanical properties of processed collagen, which is used as a base for tissue-engineering implants. In this work, three chemically distinct treatments used to form structurally and mechanically stable scaffolds-EDC-NHS, genipin and tissue transglutaminase-are investigated for their effect on collagen piezolectricity. Crosslinking with EDC-NHS is noted to produce a distinct self-assembly of the fibres into bundles roughly 300 nm in width regardless of the collagen origin. These fibre bundles also show a localised piezoelectric response, with enhanced vertical piezoelectricity of collagen. Such topographical features are not observed with the other two chemical treatments, although the shear piezoelectric response is significantly enhanced upon crosslinking. These observations are reconciled by a proposed effect of the crosslinking mechanisms on the molecular and nanostructure of collagen. These results highlight the ability to modify the electromechanical properties of collagen using chemical crosslinking methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Nair
- University of Cambridge, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DS, UK,
| | - Yonatan Calahorra
- University of Cambridge, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DS, UK,
| | - Sohini Kar-Narayan
- University of Cambridge, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DS, UK,
| | - Serena M. Best
- University of Cambridge, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DS, UK,
| | - Ruth E. Cameron
- University of Cambridge, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DS, UK,
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Rajarajan S, Prabhu J, Korlimarla A, Nair M, Alexander A, Kaluve R, Ps H, Raja U, Ramesh R, Patil S, Bs S, Ts S. MicroRNA based immune response signature identifies poor prognostic subgroup within ER negative breast cancers. Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy428.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chinnapaiyan S, Dutta R, Bala J, Parira T, Agudelo M, Nair M, Unwalla HJ. Cigarette smoke promotes HIV infection of primary bronchial epithelium and additively suppresses CFTR function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7984. [PMID: 29789655 PMCID: PMC5964097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent lung infections are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV and this is exacerbated in smokers even when administered combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The incidence of pneumonia is increased with smoking and treatment interruption and is directly dependent on viral load in patients when adjusted for CD4 counts. CFTR dysfunction plays an important role in aberrant airway innate immunity as it is pivotal in regulating mucociliary clearance (MCC) rates and other antibacterial mechanisms of the airway. In our earlier work, we have demonstrated that bronchial epithelium expresses canonical HIV receptors CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4 and can be infected with HIV. HIV Tat suppresses CFTR mRNA and function via TGF-β signaling. In the present study, we demonstrate that cigarette smoke (CS) potentiates HIV infection of bronchial epithelial cells by upregulating CD4 and CCR5 expression. HIV and CS individually and additively suppress CFTR biogenesis and function, possibly explaining the increased incidence of lung infections in HIV patients and its exacerbation in HIV smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chinnapaiyan
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R Dutta
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J Bala
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - T Parira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M Agudelo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M Nair
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - H J Unwalla
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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Lommerse K, Knight M, Nair M, Deneux‐Tharaux C, Akker T. The impact of reclassifying suicides in pregnancy and in the postnatal period on maternal mortality ratios. BJOG 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Lommerse
- Department of Psychiatry Haaglanden Medical Centre The Hague the Netherlands
| | - M Knight
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - M Nair
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - C Deneux‐Tharaux
- INSERMU1153 Obstetric, Perinatal, and Paediatric Epidemiology Research Team Centre for Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris Descartes University Paris France
| | - T Akker
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Department of Obstetrics Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden the Netherlands
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Abstract
The unregulated market for e-cigarettes continues to grow, with debates on their efficacy and impact on global public health. E-cigarettes, or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDs), are marketed as a 'safe' alternative to tobacco products and a tool for 'harm reduction'. Some public health experts are calling it a 'game changer' and favour the 'harm reduction' strategy, while others dispute this claim. In our opinion, the debate needs to be broadened to encompass other related concerns and effects on non-users and affected stakeholders. As with tobacco control, a holistic approach is needed to build a raft of policies that effectively address the issue from all angles and look beyond the direct health implications of e-cigarette use to explore the social, economic, political and environmental aspects of this debate, putting 'harm reduction' in context.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Latif
- Department of Tobacco Control, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Nair
- Department of Tobacco Control, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Edinburgh, UK
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27
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Sagar V, Pilakka-Kanthikeel S, Martinez PC, Atluri VSR, Nair M. Common gene-network signature of different neurological disorders and their potential implications to neuroAIDS. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181642. [PMID: 28792504 PMCID: PMC5549695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurological complications of AIDS (neuroAIDS) during the infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are symptomized by non-specific, multifaceted neurological conditions and therefore, defining a specific diagnosis/treatment mechanism(s) for this neuro-complexity at the molecular level remains elusive. Using an in silico based integrated gene network analysis we discovered that HIV infection shares convergent gene networks with each of twelve neurological disorders selected in this study. Importantly, a common gene network was identified among HIV infection, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and age macular degeneration. An mRNA microarray analysis in HIV-infected monocytes showed significant changes in the expression of several genes of this in silico derived common pathway which suggests the possible physiological relevance of this gene-circuit in driving neuroAIDS condition. Further, this unique gene network was compared with another in silico derived novel, convergent gene network which is shared by seven major neurological disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Age Macular Degeneration, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Vascular Dementia, and Restless Leg Syndrome). These networks differed in their gene circuits; however, in large, they involved innate immunity signaling pathways, which suggests commonalities in the immunological basis of different neuropathogenesis. The common gene circuits reported here can provide a prospective platform to understand how gene-circuits belonging to other neuro-disorders may be convoluted during real-time neuroAIDS condition and it may elucidate the underlying-and so far unknown-genetic overlap between HIV infection and neuroAIDS risk. Also, it may lead to a new paradigm in understanding disease progression, identifying biomarkers, and developing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Sagar
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology/Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - S. Pilakka-Kanthikeel
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology/Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paola C. Martinez
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology/Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - V. S. R. Atluri
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology/Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - M. Nair
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology/Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe clinical characteristics and preoperative management of a national cohort of infants with Hirschsprung's disease (HD). DESIGN Population-based cohort study of all live-born infants with HD born in the UK and Ireland from October 2010 to September 2012. SETTING All 28 paediatric surgical centres in the UK and Ireland. PARTICIPANTS 305 infants presenting before 6 months of age with histologically proven HD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence, clinical characteristics including gestational age, birth weight, gender, associated anomalies; age and clinical features at presentation; and use of rectal washouts or stoma. RESULTS The incidence of HD in the UK and Ireland was 1.8 per 10 000 live births (95% CI 1.5 to 1.9). Male to female ratio was 3.3:1. An associated anomaly was identified in 23% (69), with 15% (47) having a recognisable syndrome. The proportion of infants who presented and were diagnosed in the neonatal period was 91.5% (279) and 83.9% (256), respectively. 23.9% (73) and 44.2% (135) passed meconium within 24 and 48 hours of birth. 81% (246) first presented to a hospital without tertiary paediatric surgical services, necessitating interhospital transfer. Initial colonic decompression was by rectal washouts in 86.2% (263) and by defunctioning stoma in 12.8% (39). Subsequently, 27.4% (72) of infants failed management with rectal washouts and required a delayed stoma, resulting in 36.4% (111) of infants having a stoma. CONCLUSIONS In this population-based cohort, presentation outside the neonatal period was rare. Nearly half of the infants with HD passed meconium within 48 hours of birth and over one third were managed with a stoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Bradnock
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Knight
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Kenny
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Nair
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - G M Walker
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the factors associated with maternal mortality among women aged ≥35 years. DESIGN Unmatched population based case-control study. SETTING United Kingdom. POPULATION Between 2009 and 2012, 105 cases of maternal deaths aged ≥35 years were extracted from the surveillance database of the MBRRACE-UK confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the UK. In addition, 766 controls aged ≥35 years were identified from the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (2005-2012). METHODS Risk factors known to be associated with maternal mortality and morbidity and for which data were available were examined for their association with maternal mortality among women ≥35 years using logistic regression analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals associated with maternal death. RESULTS Five factors were found to be significantly associated with increased odds of death among women aged ≥35 years: smoking during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.06, 95% CI 1.13-3.75), inadequate use of antenatal care (aOR 23.62, 95% CI 8.79-63.45), medical co-morbidities (aOR 5.92, 95% CI 3.56-9.86) and previous pregnancy problems (aOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.23-3.45). The odds associated with death increased by 12% per year increase in age (aOR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02-1.22). CONCLUSION Age was associated with maternal mortality even after adjusting for other known risk factors. Importantly, this study showed an association between maternal mortality and smoking among women aged 35 years or older. It emphasises the importance of public health action to reduce smoking levels and address trends in rising maternal age. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Smoking is a risk factor for maternal death for those aged over 35 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- SJ McCall
- Policy Research Unit in Maternal Health and CareNational Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (NPEU)Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - M Nair
- Policy Research Unit in Maternal Health and CareNational Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (NPEU)Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - M Knight
- Policy Research Unit in Maternal Health and CareNational Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (NPEU)Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Rajeswari B, Nair M, Ninan A, Parukuttyamma K. Ovarian tumors in children: 10-year experience from a tertiary care center in South India. Indian J Cancer 2017; 53:292-295. [PMID: 28071630 DOI: 10.4103/0019-509x.197726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian tumors are uncommon in childhood and constitute around 1% of childhood malignancies. Two thirds of pediatric ovarian tumors are germ cell tumors. Epithelial ovarian tumors and stromal tumors are less frequent. We share our experience in childhood ovarian cancers, analyzing a series of cases with respect to the clinical profile, treatment and survival. METHODS All newly diagnosed ovarian tumors in children up to 14 years of age, registered in our Pediatric Oncology Division between January 2000 and December 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. OBSERVATIONS There were 47 patients with newly diagnosed ovarian tumors. The mean age at presentation was 10.0 ± 3.4 years. The most common symptoms at presentation were acute abdominal pain (48.9%) and abdominal mass (40.4%). Precocious puberty was uncommon (6.3%). Histology was germ cell tumors in 44 cases and nongerm cell tumors in three cases. The benign teratomas (mature and immature grade 1 and 2; n=9) underwent complete surgical resection alone; none had recurrence on follow up. Of the remaining 35 GCTs, 31 patients were given chemotherapy and 4 refused treatment.26 out of the 31 patients completed chemotherapy with BEP (bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin) regimen with acceptable toxicities. 5 children i.e.; (19.2%) developed recurrence. At a median follow up of 80 months, 10 year disease free survival was 80.8 ± 7.7% and 10 year overall survival was 92.7 ± 4.9%. CONCLUSION Germ cell tumors are the most common ovarian malignancy in children. With surgery and chemotherapy using BEP, good outcome can be expected in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rajeswari
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - M Nair
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - A Ninan
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - K Parukuttyamma
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Chinnapaiyan S, Parira T, Dutta R, Agudelo M, Morris A, Nair M, Unwalla HJ. HIV Infects Bronchial Epithelium and Suppresses Components of the Mucociliary Clearance Apparatus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169161. [PMID: 28060951 PMCID: PMC5217953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent lung infections and pneumonia are emerging as significant comorbidities in the HIV-infected population in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). HIV infection has been reported to suppress nasal mucociliary clearance (MCC). Since the primary components driving nasal MCC and bronchial MCC are identical, it is possible that bronchial MCC is affected as well. Effective MCC requires optimal ciliary beating which depends on the maintenance of the airway surface liquid (ASL), a function of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activity and the integrity of the signaling mechanism that regulates ciliary beating and fluid secretion. Impairment of either component of the MCC apparatus can compromise its efficacy and promote microbial colonization. We demonstrate that primary bronchial epithelium expresses HIV receptor CD4 and co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 and can be infected by both R5 and X4 tropic strains of HIV. We show that HIV Tat suppresses CFTR biogenesis and function in primary bronchial epithelial cells by a pathway involving TGF-β signaling. HIV infection also interferes with bronchial epithelial cell differentiation and suppresses ciliogenesis. These findings suggest that HIV infection suppresses tracheobronchial mucociliary clearance and this may predispose HIV-infected patients to recurrent lung infections, pneumonia and chronic bronchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Chinnapaiyan
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University. Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - T. Parira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University. Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - R. Dutta
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University. Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - M. Agudelo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University. Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - A. Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Nair
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University. Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - H. J. Unwalla
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University. Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cai K, Desai M, Shao W, Chen X, Campbell YL, Nair M, Suman SP, Schilling MW. Quality Characteristics of Normal and Woody Breast Meat. Meat and Muscle Biology 2017. [DOI: 10.22175/rmc2016.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Desai M, Jackson V, Zhai W, Suman S, Nair M, Beach C, Schilling W. Proteome Basis of Pale, Soft, and Exudative Broiler Breast (Pectoralis Major) Meat. Meat and Muscle Biology 2017. [DOI: 10.22175/rmc2016.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Sagar V, Atluri VSR, Tomitaka A, Shah P, Nagasetti A, Pilakka-Kanthikeel S, El-Hage N, McGoron A, Takemura Y, Nair M. Coupling of transient near infrared photonic with magnetic nanoparticle for potential dissipation-free biomedical application in brain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29792. [PMID: 27465276 PMCID: PMC4964614 DOI: 10.1038/srep29792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined treatment strategies based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with near infrared ray (NIR) biophotonic possess tremendous potential for non-invasive therapeutic approach. Nonetheless, investigations in this direction have been limited to peripheral body region and little is known about the potential biomedical application of this approach for brain. Here we report that transient NIR exposure is dissipation-free and has no adverse effect on the viability and plasticity of major brain cells in the presence or absence superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The 808 nm NIR laser module with thermocouple was employed for functional studies upon NIR exposure to brain cells. Magnetic nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic laser scattering (DLS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Brain cells viability and plasticity were analyzed using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing system, cytotoxicity evaluation, and confocal microscopy. When efficacious non-invasive photobiomodulation and neuro-therapeutical targeting and monitoring to brain remain a formidable task, the discovery of this dissipation-free, transient NIR photonic approach for brain cells possesses remarkable potential to add new dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Sagar
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine/Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - V. S. R. Atluri
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine/Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - A. Tomitaka
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine/Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - P. Shah
- Department of Biomedical engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, Miami, 33174 Florida, USA
| | - A. Nagasetti
- Department of Biomedical engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, Miami, 33174 Florida, USA
| | - S. Pilakka-Kanthikeel
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine/Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - N. El-Hage
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine/Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - A. McGoron
- Department of Biomedical engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, Miami, 33174 Florida, USA
| | - Y. Takemura
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - M. Nair
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine/Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
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Vora A, Kapoor A, Nair M, Lokhandwala Y, Narsimhan C, Ravikishore AG, Dwivedi SK, Namboodiri N, Hygriv R, Saxena A, Nabar A, Garg S, Bardoloi N, Yadav R, Nambiar A, Pandurangi U, Jhala D, Naik A, Nagmallesh, Rajagopal S, Selvaraj R, Arora V, Thachil A, Thomas J, Panicker G. Clinical presentation, management, and outcomes in the Indian Heart Rhythm Society-Atrial Fibrillation (IHRS-AF) registry. Indian Heart J 2016; 69:43-47. [PMID: 28228305 PMCID: PMC5319007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim A national atrial fibrillation (AF) registry was conducted under the aegis of the Indian Heart Rhythm Society (IHRS), to capture epidemiological data-type of AF, clinical presentation and comorbidities, current treatment practices, and 1-year follow-up outcomes. Methods A total of 1537 patients were enrolled from 24 sites in India in the IHRS-AF registry from July 2011 to August 2012. Their baseline characteristics and follow-up data were recorded in case report forms and subsequently analyzed. Results The average age of Indian AF patients was 54.7 years. There was a marginal female preponderance – 51.5% females and 48.5% males. At baseline, 20.4% had paroxysmal AF; 33% had persistent AF; 35.1% had permanent AF and 11% had first AF episode. At one-year follow-up, 45.6% patients had permanent AF. Rheumatic valvular heart disease (RHD) was present in 47.6% of patients. Hypertension, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and diabetes were seen in 31.4%, 18.7%, 16.2%, and 16.1%, respectively. Rate control was the strategy used in 75.2% patients, digoxin and beta-blockers being the most frequently prescribed rate-control drugs. Oral anticoagulation (OAC) drugs were used in 70% of patients. The annual mortality was 6.5%, hospitalization 8%, and incidence of stroke 1%. Conclusions In India, AF patients are younger and RHD is still the most frequent etiology. Almost two-third of the patients have persistent/permanent AF. At one-year follow-up, there is a significant mortality and morbidity in AF patients in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vora
- Arrhythmia Associates, Mumbai, India.
| | - A Kapoor
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - M Nair
- Holy Family Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - C Narsimhan
- Division of Electrophysiology, Care Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - S K Dwivedi
- Department of Cardiology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - N Namboodiri
- Department of Cardiology, Sri Chitra Trinumal Hospital, Trivandrum, India
| | - R Hygriv
- KIMS Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - A Saxena
- Cardiac Pacing & Electrophysiology, Fortis Escorts Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - A Nabar
- Department of Cardiology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - S Garg
- Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - N Bardoloi
- Cardiology Department, Apollo Hospital, Guwahati, India
| | - R Yadav
- Department of Cardiology, AIIMS Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - A Nambiar
- Cardiology, Baby Memorial Hospital, Kozhikode, India
| | | | - D Jhala
- Lilavati Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - A Naik
- Division of Electrophysiology, CIMS Hospital, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nagmallesh
- M.S. Ramaiah Memorial Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - S Rajagopal
- Department of Cardiology, Railway Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - R Selvaraj
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - V Arora
- Division of Electrophysiology, Max Superspeciality Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - A Thachil
- Division of Electrophysiology, Lisie Hospital, Kochi, India
| | - J Thomas
- Frontier Lifeline Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - G Panicker
- Quintiles Cardiac Safety Services, Mumbai, India
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Uttarilli A, Ranganath P, Matta D, Md Nurul Jain J, Prasad K, Babu AS, Girisha KM, Verma IC, Phadke SR, Mandal K, Puri RD, Aggarwal S, Danda S, Sankar VH, Kapoor S, Bhat M, Gowrishankar K, Hasan AQ, Nair M, Nampoothiri S, Dalal A. Identification and characterization of 20 novel pathogenic variants in 60 unrelated Indian patients with mucopolysaccharidoses type I and type II. Clin Genet 2016; 90:496-508. [PMID: 27146977 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), a subgroup of lysosomal storage disorders, are caused due to deficiency of specific lysosomal enzyme involved in catabolism of glycosaminoglycans. To date more than 200 pathogenic variants in the alpha-l-iduronidase (IDUA) for MPS I and ∼500 pathogenic variants in the iduronate-2-sulphatase (IDS) for MPS II have been reported worldwide. The mutation spectrum of MPS type I and MPS type II disorders in Indian population is not characterized yet. In this study, we carried out clinical, biochemical, molecular and in silico analyses to establish the mutation spectrum of MPS I and MPS II in the Indian population. We conducted molecular analysis for 60 MPS-affected patients [MPS I (n = 30) (Hurler syndrome = 17, Hurler-Scheie syndrome = 13), and MPS II (n = 30) (severe = 18, attenuated = 12)] and identified a total of 44 [MPS I (n = 22) and MPS II (n = 22)] different pathogenic variants comprising missense, nonsense, frameshift, gross deletions and splice site variants. A total of 20 [MPS I (n = 14), and MPS II (n = 6)] novel pathogenic sequence variants were identified in our patient cohort. We found that 32% of pathogenic variants detected in IDUA were recurrent and 25% in MPS II. This is the first study revealing the mutation spectrum of MPS I and MPS II patients in the Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uttarilli
- Diagnostics Division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - P Ranganath
- Diagnostics Division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Medical Genetics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - D Matta
- Diagnostics Division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India
| | - J Md Nurul Jain
- Diagnostics Division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India
| | - K Prasad
- Diagnostics Division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India
| | - A S Babu
- Diagnostics Division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India
| | - K M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
| | - I C Verma
- Center of Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - S R Phadke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - K Mandal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - R D Puri
- Center of Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - S Aggarwal
- Diagnostics Division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Medical Genetics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - S Danda
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - V H Sankar
- Genetics Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, SAT Hospital, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | - S Kapoor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - M Bhat
- Centre for Human Genetics, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - A Q Hasan
- Department of Genetics, Kamineni Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - M Nair
- Additional Professor in Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Manjeri, India
| | - S Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - A Dalal
- Diagnostics Division, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India
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Nair M, Knight M, Kurinczuk JJ. Risk factors and newborn outcomes associated with maternal deaths in the UK from 2009 to 2013: a national case-control study. BJOG 2016; 123:1654-62. [PMID: 26969482 PMCID: PMC5021205 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To identify the risk factors for and adverse newborn outcomes associated with maternal deaths from direct and indirect causes in the UK. Design Unmatched case–control analysis. Setting All hospitals caring for pregnant women in the UK. Population Comprised 383 women who died (cases) from direct or indirect causes from 2009 to 2013 (Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in the UK) and 1516 women who did not have any life‐threatening complications during pregnancy and childbirth (controls) obtained from UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS). Methods Multivariable regression analyses were undertaken to examine potential risk factors, their incremental effects, and adverse newborn outcomes associated with maternal deaths. Outcomes Odds ratios associated for risk factors for maternal death and newborn outcomes (stillbirth, admission to neonatal intensive care unit [NICU], early neonatal death) and incremental risk. Results Seven factors, of 13 examined, were independently associated with increased odds of maternal death: pre‐existing medical comorbidities (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.65; 95% CI 6.29–11.90), anaemia during pregnancy (aOR 3.58; 95% CI 1.14–11.21), previous pregnancy problems (aOR 1.85; 95% CI 1.33–2.57), inadequate use of antenatal care (aOR 46.85; 95% CI 19.61–111.94), substance misuse (aOR 12.21; 95% CI 2.33–63.98), unemployment (aOR 1.81; 95% CI 1.08–3.04) and maternal age (aOR 1.06; 95% CI 1.04–1.09). There was a four‐fold increase in the odds of death per unit increase in the number of risk factors. Odds of stillbirth, admission to NICU and early neonatal death were higher among women who died. Conclusion This study reiterates the need for optimal care for women with medical comorbidities and older age, and the importance of adequate antenatal care. It demonstrates the existence of socio‐economic inequalities in maternal death in the UK. Tweetable abstract Medical comorbidities and socio‐economic inequalities are important risk factors for maternal death in the UK. Medical comorbidities and socio‐economic inequalities are important risk factors for maternal death in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nair
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Knight
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J J Kurinczuk
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- RD Jayant
- Center of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuro Immune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL-33199, USA
| | - M Nair
- Center of Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuro Immune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL-33199, USA
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Abstract
Objective To identify factors associated with progression from pregnancy‐associated severe sepsis to death in the UK. Design A population‐based case‐control analysis using data from the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) and the UK Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Death (CEMD). Setting All pregnancy care and death settings in UK hospitals. Population All non‐influenza sepsis‐related maternal deaths (January 2009 to December 2012) were included as cases (n = 43), and all women who survived severe non‐influenza sepsis in pregnancy (June 2011 to May 2012) were included as controls (n = 358). Methods Cases and controls were identified using the CEMD and UKOSS. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals. Main outcome measures Odds ratios for socio‐demographic, medical, obstetric and management factors in women who died from sepsis, compared with those who survived. Results Four factors were included in the final regression model. Women who died were more likely to have never received antibiotics [aOR = 22.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.64–141.6], to have medical comorbidities (aOR = 2.53, 95%CI 1.23–5.23) and to be multiparous (aOR = 3.57, 95%CI 1.62–7.89). Anaemia (aOR = 13.5, 95%CI 3.17–57.6) and immunosuppression (aOR = 15.0, 95%CI 1.93–116.9) were the two most important factors driving the association between medical comorbidities and progression to death. Conclusions There must be continued vigilance for the risks of infection in pregnant women with medical comorbidities. Improved adherence to national guidelines, alongside prompt recognition and treatment with antibiotics, may reduce the burden from sepsis‐related maternal deaths. Tweetable abstract Medical comorbidities, multiparity and antibiotic delays increase the risk of death from maternal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Mohamed-Ahmed
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Nair
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Acosta
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J J Kurinczuk
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Knight
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Nair M, Kurinczuk JJ, Brocklehurst P, Sellers S, Lewis G, Knight M. Factors associated with maternal death from direct pregnancy complications: a UK national case-control study. BJOG 2015; 122:653-62. [PMID: 25573167 PMCID: PMC4674982 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the factors associated with maternal death from direct pregnancy complications in the UK. DESIGN Unmatched case-control analysis. SETTING All hospitals caring for pregnant women in the UK. POPULATION A total of 135 women who died (cases) between 2009 and 2012 from eclampsia, pulmonary embolism, severe sepsis, amniotic fluid embolism, and peripartum haemorrhage, using data from the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Death, and another 1661 women who survived severe complications (controls) caused by these conditions (2005-2013), using data from the UK Obstetric Surveillance System. METHODS Multivariable regression analyses were undertaken to identify the factors that were associated with maternal deaths and to estimate the additive odds associated with the presence of one or more of these factors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Odds ratios associated with maternal death and population-attributable fractions, with 95% confidence intervals. Incremental risk of death associated with the factors using a 'risk factors' score. RESULTS Six factors were independently associated with maternal death: inadequate use of antenatal care (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 15.87, 95% CI 6.73-37.41); substance misuse (aOR 10.16, 95% CI 1.81-57.04); medical comorbidities (aOR 4.82, 95% CI 3.14-7.40); previous pregnancy problems (aOR 2.21, 95% CI 1.34-3.62); hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (aOR 2.44, 95% CI 1.31-4.52); and Indian ethnicity (aOR 2.70, 95% CI 1.14-6.43). Of the increased risk associated with maternal death, 70% (95% CI 66-73%) could be attributed to these factors. Odds associated with maternal death increased by three and a half times per unit increase in the 'risk factor' score (aOR 3.59, 95% CI 2.83-4.56). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that medical comorbidities are importantly associated with direct (obstetric) deaths. Further studies are required to understand whether specific aspects of care could be improved to reduce maternal deaths among women with medical comorbidities in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nair
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (NPEU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - JJ Kurinczuk
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (NPEU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - P Brocklehurst
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Women's Health, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - S Sellers
- St. Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol NHS TrustBristol, UK
| | - G Lewis
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Women's Health, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - M Knight
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (NPEU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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Kumar P, Nair M, Prabhu R, Bairy M. A Study To Assess Disease Progression To Esrd Within A Year In Patients With Advanced Ckd. Value Health 2014; 17:A467. [PMID: 27201329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Kumar
- Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - M Nair
- Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - R Prabhu
- Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - M Bairy
- Manipal University, Manipal, India
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Nair M, Li C, White M, Davis J. SU-E-T-634: Analysis of Volume Based GYN HDR Brachytherapy Plans for Dose Calculation to Organs At Risk(OAR). Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4888970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Nair M. SU-E-T-402: Y-90 Microspheres (SIR Spheres) for Treatment of Liver Metastasis : Technique. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4888735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Johnson KS, Scriber JM, Nair M. Phenylpropenoid phenolics in sweetbay magnolia as chemical determinants of host use in saturniid silkmoths (Callosamia). J Chem Ecol 2013; 22:1955-69. [PMID: 24227209 DOI: 10.1007/bf02040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/1995] [Accepted: 06/13/1996] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Host plant chemistry can play an important role in determining the evolution of host use patterns in herbivorous insects by influencing host selection, consumption, and assimilation of foliage. We used a comparative approach to test the hypothesis that specialist herbivores of sweetbay magnolia (Magnolia virginiana) possess adaptations that allow them to overcome chemical deterrents or toxins that prevent herbivory by unadapted herbivores. The three silkmoth species in the genusCallosamia can be collectively regarded as specialists on magnoliaceous hosts; however, only the monophagousC. securifera is able to complete development on sweetbay magnolia, its natural host. In laboratory assays with intact foliage, bothC. angulifera and the polyphagousC. promethea fed readily on sweetbay but were unable to survive past the third instar. Two neolignan compounds, magnolol and a biphenyl ether, were found to reduce neonate growth and survival of unadapted herbivore species when painted on acceptable host leaves at concentrations similar to those found in sweetbay foliage. Both compounds significantly reduced neonate growth ofC. angulifera andC. promethea but had no effect on the sweetbay specialist,C. securifera, indicating that the latter species possesses the unique ability in the genus to tolerate, metabolize, or otherwise circumvent the phytochemical defenses of this host.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Johnson
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 48824-1115, East Lansing, Michigan
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Nair M, Ariana P, Webster P. What influences the decision to undergo institutional delivery by skilled birth attendants? A cohort study in rural Andhra Pradesh, India. Rural Remote Health 2012; 12:2311. [PMID: 23148477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite continuing efforts to promote skilled institutional delivery, eight women die every hour in India due to causes related to pregnancy and child birth. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence and the determinants of institutional delivery by skilled birth attendants in a rural population in Andhra Pradesh, India. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from 'Young Lives', a longitudinal study on childhood poverty, and the study population was a cohort of 1419 rural, economically deprived women (from the Young Lives study) in Andhra Pradesh, India. The data are from round-1 of Young Lives younger cohort recruited in 2002 and followed until 2015. The participation rate of households was 99.5%. RESULTS Prevalence of skilled institutional delivery was 36.8%. Women's education (odds ratio [OR] for secondary education 2.06; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.33-3.19), desire to be pregnant (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.12-3.22) and adequate prenatal care (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.30-2.21) were found to be the positive determinants of skilled institutional delivery. High birth order (OR for second birth 0.44; 95% CI 0.32-0.60, OR for third birth 0.47; 95% CI 0.30-0.72 and OR for ≥fourth 0.47; 95% CI 0.27-0.81), schedule caste/schedule tribe social background (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.53-0.93) and poor economic status of the household (OR for the poorest households 0.67; 95% CI 0.46-0.99) were negatively associated with skilled institutional delivery. CONCLUSIONS Despite existence of supporting schemes, the utilisation of skilled institutional delivery services was low in the study population. Educated women and women with adequate prenatal care who have a desired pregnancy were more likely to utilise health institutions and skilled delivery care. There is a need for integrated approaches through maternal health, family planning and education programs, and a focus on uneducated, poor women belonging to disadvantaged social groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nair
- Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Lakshmikesari A, Radhakrishna R, Bhanumathi A, Ravi D, Srinivas G, Nair M, Pillai M. Expression of epidermal and transforming growth factors in pancreatic cancer. Oncol Rep 2012; 3:963-6. [PMID: 21594491 DOI: 10.3892/or.3.5.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer continues to be a major clinical problem and little is known of the various cellular and molecular events associated with this malignancy. Growth factors and their receptors have important functions in the process of tumor progression. We have examined by immunocytochemistry, the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF), its receptor (EGFR) and the transforming growth factors alpha and beta (TGF alpha and beta) in various grades of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Expression of the growth factors was compared to their distribution in apparently normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis. EGF, TGF alpha and TGF beta was expressed in normal pancreatic tissue while the expression of EGFR was slight and restricted. In chronic pancreatitis, this expression of EGFR increased and was found to be moderate in intensity. Expression of EGF, TGF alpha and TGF beta was similar to that seen in normal pancreas. Moderate to intense expression of EGF and TGF alpha was evident in all grades of pancreatic cancer. Expression of EGFR was intense in all these lesions. However, the most significant finding was the absence of TGF beta in all pancreatic cancer lesions. These results may have significant implications for pancreatic tumor progression. EGF and TGF alpha are growth promoters influencing the expression of EGFR. TGF beta, on the other hand exerts an anti-proliferative effect and favours differentiation. It therefore appears that the balance between EGF and TGF alpha on the one hand and TGF beta on the other may be critical in the process of tumor progression, especially if one considers chronic pancreatitis as a pre-malignant condition and the growth factor expression associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lakshmikesari
- REG CANC CTR,DIV LAB MED,TRIVANDRUM 695011,KERALA,INDIA. REG CANC CTR,DIV RADIAT ONCOL,TRIVANDRUM 695011,KERALA,INDIA. MED COLL HOSP,DEPT PATHOL,THANJAVUR,TAMIL NADU,INDIA
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47
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Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is an important growth factor regulating both normal and malignant cells. The present study analyzes the expression pattern of EGF and its receptor (EGF-R) in 424 cases of various stages of tumor progression in the uterine cervix. In all the samples studied, EGF and EGF-R expression was predominant in the basal or basaloid cells. Increased expression of the two proteins correlated with increasing histological abnormality (dysplasia). In invasive cancer, alteration of EGF expression was more evident than EGF-R. The expression pattern showed significant correlation in the basal and spinal cell layers. This increased expression of EGF observed in dysplastic and malignant cells may be due to overexpression of EGF-R and suggests its role in cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lakshmi
- REG CANC CTR,DIV LAB MED,THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695011,KERALA,INDIA. REG CANC CTR,DIV RADIAT BIOL,THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695011,KERALA,INDIA. DOCTROS DIAGNOST RES CTR,DIV PATHOL,THIRUVANANTHAPURAM,KERALA,INDIA
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48
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Lakshmi S, Nair M, Rajalakshmi T, Jayaprakash P, Nair M, Pillai M. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Oncol Rep 2012; 3:1195-8. [PMID: 21594538 DOI: 10.3892/or.3.6.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation is an important biological aspect of a tumor cell population which can affect clinical outcome. In addition to other well established clinical and histopathological prognostic criteria? cell kinetic data have significant predictive value. This study evaluates the proliferative activity of benign, premalignant and malignant cervical tissue by analyzing the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). PCNA is a 36 kD nuclear protein associated with the cell cycle and is directly involved in DNA synthesis during cell proliferation. A total of 122 subjects were included in the study. This included 30 benign tissue samples, 30 low grade lesions (CIN 1), 30 high grade lesions (CIN 2/3) and 32 invasive squamous carcinomas. There was significant difference in PCNA index between benign and high grade lesions as well as benign and invasive cancer. The percentage of PCNA positive cells were significantly higher in invasive carcinoma when compared with non malignant lesions. Moreover, there was also good correlation between increasing histological abnormality and PCNA expression. These results suggest that cell proliferation index as detected by PCNA expression may be useful in the evaluation of alterations in cell kinetics of various grades of cervical lesions. Such data could also possibly help explain the biological behaviour of these lesions and be useful in planning of radiotherapy for invasive cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lakshmi
- REG CANC CTR,DIV LAB MED,THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695011,KERALA,INDIA. REG CANC CTR,DIV RADIAT ONCOL,THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695011,KERALA,INDIA. SAT HOSP,DIV PATHOL,THIRUVANANTHAPURAM,KERALA,INDIA. SAT HOSP,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,THIRUVANANTHAPURAM,KERALA,INDIA
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49
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Nair M, Anderson P, Neumann T, Vance W, White M, Davis J. SU-E-T-432: Comparison of HDR Treatment Plans for Interstitial Brachytherapy with Intracavitary Savi Brachytherapy for Post Lumpectomy Breast Cancer. Med Phys 2012; 39:3804. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4735521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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50
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Mark R, White D, Akins R, Mutyala S, Nair M. Interstitial High Dose Rate (HDR) Brachytherapy for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast: Median 6 Year Results of 68 Cases Using Multi-Catheter Technique. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.06.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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