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Wu CT, Lidsky PV, Xiao Y, Cheng R, Lee IT, Nakayama T, Jiang S, He W, Demeter J, Knight MG, Turn RE, Rojas-Hernandez LS, Ye C, Chiem K, Shon J, Martinez-Sobrido L, Bertozzi CR, Nolan GP, Nayak JV, Milla C, Andino R, Jackson PK. SARS-CoV-2 replication in airway epithelia requires motile cilia and microvillar reprogramming. Cell 2023; 186:112-130.e20. [PMID: 36580912 PMCID: PMC9715480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
How SARS-CoV-2 penetrates the airway barrier of mucus and periciliary mucins to infect nasal epithelium remains unclear. Using primary nasal epithelial organoid cultures, we found that the virus attaches to motile cilia via the ACE2 receptor. SARS-CoV-2 traverses the mucus layer, using motile cilia as tracks to access the cell body. Depleting cilia blocks infection for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses. SARS-CoV-2 progeny attach to airway microvilli 24 h post-infection and trigger formation of apically extended and highly branched microvilli that organize viral egress from the microvilli back into the mucus layer, supporting a model of virus dispersion throughout airway tissue via mucociliary transport. Phosphoproteomics and kinase inhibition reveal that microvillar remodeling is regulated by p21-activated kinases (PAK). Importantly, Omicron variants bind with higher affinity to motile cilia and show accelerated viral entry. Our work suggests that motile cilia, microvilli, and mucociliary-dependent mucus flow are critical for efficient virus replication in nasal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ting Wu
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter V Lidsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Room S572E, Box 2280, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yinghong Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Room S572E, Box 2280, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ran Cheng
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ivan T Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tsuguhisa Nakayama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sizun Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei He
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Janos Demeter
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Miguel G Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Room S572E, Box 2280, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel E Turn
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura S Rojas-Hernandez
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Disease Intervention and Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Chiem
- Disease Intervention and Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Judy Shon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Disease Intervention and Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jayakar V Nayak
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Milla
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Room S572E, Box 2280, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Peter K Jackson
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Ahn JH, Kim J, Hong SP, Choi SY, Yang MJ, Ju YS, Kim YT, Kim HM, Rahman MDT, Chung MK, Hong SD, Bae H, Lee CS, Koh GY. Nasal ciliated cells are primary targets for SARS-CoV-2 replication in the early stage of COVID-19. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:148517. [PMID: 34003804 PMCID: PMC8245175 DOI: 10.1172/jci148517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper respiratory tract is compromised in the early period of COVID-19, but SARS-CoV-2 tropism at the cellular level is not fully defined. Unlike recent single-cell RNA-Seq analyses indicating uniformly low mRNA expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry-related host molecules in all nasal epithelial cells, we show that the protein levels are relatively high and that their localizations are restricted to the apical side of multiciliated epithelial cells. In addition, we provide evidence in patients with COVID-19 that SARS-CoV-2 is massively detected and replicated within the multiciliated cells. We observed these findings during the early stage of COVID-19, when infected ciliated cells were rapidly replaced by differentiating precursor cells. Moreover, our analyses revealed that SARS-CoV-2 cellular tropism was restricted to the nasal ciliated versus oral squamous epithelium. These results imply that targeting ciliated cells of the nasal epithelium during the early stage of COVID-19 could be an ideal strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Ahn
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - JungMo Kim
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Pyo Hong
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jin Yang
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Tae Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Min Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - MD Tazikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University – Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk, National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Ki Chung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Duk Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Bae
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seop Lee
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University – Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk, National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gou Young Koh
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Buqaileh R, Saternos H, Ley S, Aranda A, Forero K, AbouAlaiwi WA. Can cilia provide an entry gateway for SARS-CoV-2 to human ciliated cells? Physiol Genomics 2021; 53:249-258. [PMID: 33855870 PMCID: PMC8213509 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00015.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A worldwide coronavirus pandemic is in full swing and, at the time of writing, there are only few treatments that have been successful in clinical trials, but no effective antiviral treatment has been approved. Because of its lethality, it is important to understand the current strain's effects and mechanisms not only in the respiratory system but also in other affected organ systems as well. Past coronavirus outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV inflicted life-threatening acute kidney injuries (AKI) on their hosts leading to significant mortality rates, which went somewhat overlooked in the face of the severe respiratory effects. Recent evidence has emphasized renal involvement in SARS-CoV-2, stressing that kidneys are damaged in patients with COVID-19. The mechanism by which this virus inflicts AKI is still unclear, but evidence from other coronavirus strains may hold some clues. Two theories exist for the proposed mechanism of AKI: 1) the AKI is a secondary effect to reduced blood and oxygen levels causing hyperinflammation and 2) the AKI is due to cytotoxic effects. Kidneys express angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), the confirmed SARS-CoV-2 target receptor as well as collectrin, an ACE2 homologue that localizes to the primary cilium, an organelle historically targeted by coronaviruses. Although the available literature suggests that kidney damage is leading to higher mortality rates in patients with COVID-19, especially in those with preexisting kidney and cardiovascular diseases, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is still being investigated. Here, we present brief literature review supporting our proposed hypothesis of a possible link between SARS-CoV-2 cellular infection and cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad Buqaileh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Hannah Saternos
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Sidney Ley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Arianna Aranda
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Kathleen Forero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Wissam A AbouAlaiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
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Wyatt TA, Bailey KL, Simet SM, Warren KJ, Sweeter JM, DeVasure JM, Pavlik JA, Sisson JH. Alcohol potentiates RSV-mediated injury to ciliated airway epithelium. Alcohol 2019; 80:17-24. [PMID: 31235345 PMCID: PMC7100607 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol impairs resolution of respiratory viral infections. Numerous immune response pathways are altered in response to alcohol misuse, including alcohol-induced ciliary dysfunction in the lung. We hypothesized that mucociliary clearance-mediated innate immunity to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) would be compromised by alcohol exposure. Cilia were assayed using Sisson-Ammons Video Analysis by quantitating the average number of motile points in multiple whole field measurements of mouse tracheal epithelial cells grown on an air-liquid interface. Pretreatment with ethanol alone (100 mM for 24 hours) had no effect on the number of motile cilia. A single dose (TCID50 1 × 105) of RSV resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in motile cilia after 2 days. Ethanol pretreatment significantly (p < 0.05) potentiated RSV-induced cilia loss by 2 days. Combined RSV and ethanol treatment led to a sustained activation-induced auto-downregulation of PKC epsilon (PKCε). Ethanol-induced enhancement of ciliated cell detachment was confirmed by dynein ELISA and LDH activity from the supernates. RSV-induced cilia loss was evident until 7 days, when RSV-only infected cells demonstrated no significant cilia loss vs. control cells. However, cells pretreated with ethanol showed significant cilia loss until 10 days post-RSV infection. To address the functional significance of ethanol-enhanced cilia detachment, mice fed alcohol ad libitum (20% for 12 weeks) were infected once with RSV, and clearance was measured by plaque-forming assay from lung homogenates for up to 7 days. After 3 days, RSV plaque formation was no longer detected from the lungs of control mice, while significant (p < 0.01) RSV plaque-forming units were detected at 7 days in alcohol-fed mice. Alcohol-fed mice demonstrated enhanced cilia loss and delayed cilia recovery from tracheal measurements in wild-type C57BL/6 mice, but not PKCε KO mice. These data suggest that alcohol worsens RSV-mediated injury to ciliated epithelium in a PKCε-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Wyatt
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy, 985910 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5910, United States; Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, United States; University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Environmental, Agricultural, & Occupational Health, Omaha, NE, 68198-5910, United States.
| | - Kristina L Bailey
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy, 985910 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5910, United States; Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, United States
| | - Samantha M Simet
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, Omaha, NE, 68198-6395, United States
| | - Kristi J Warren
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy, 985910 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5910, United States
| | - Jenea M Sweeter
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy, 985910 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5910, United States
| | - Jane M DeVasure
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy, 985910 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5910, United States
| | - Jaqueline A Pavlik
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy, 985910 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5910, United States
| | - Joseph H Sisson
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy, 985910 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5910, United States
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Griggs TF, Bochkov YA, Basnet S, Pasic TR, Brockman-Schneider RA, Palmenberg AC, Gern JE. Rhinovirus C targets ciliated airway epithelial cells. Respir Res 2017; 18:84. [PMID: 28472984 PMCID: PMC5418766 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rhinovirus C (RV-C), first identified in 2006, produce high symptom burdens in children and asthmatics, however, their primary target host cell in the airways remains unknown. Our primary hypotheses were that RV-C target ciliated airway epithelial cells (AECs), and that cell specificity is determined by restricted and high expression of the only known RV-C cell-entry factor, cadherin related family member 3 (CDHR3). METHODS RV-C15 (C15) infection in differentiated human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC) cultures was assessed using immunofluorescent and time-lapse epifluorescent imaging. Morphology of C15-infected differentiated AECs was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS C15 produced a scattered pattern of infection, and infected cells were shed from the epithelium. The percentage of cells infected with C15 varied from 1.4 to 14.7% depending on cell culture conditions. Infected cells had increased staining for markers of ciliated cells (acetylated-alpha-tubulin [aat], p < 0.001) but not markers of goblet cells (wheat germ agglutinin or Muc5AC, p = ns). CDHR3 expression was increased on ciliated epithelial cells, but not other epithelial cells (p < 0.01). C15 infection caused a 27.4% reduction of ciliated cells expressing CDHR3 (p < 0.01). During differentiation of AECs, CDHR3 expression progressively increased and correlated with both RV-C binding and replication. CONCLUSIONS The RV-C only replicate in ciliated AECs in vitro, leading to infected cell shedding. CDHR3 expression positively correlates with RV-C binding and replication, and is largely confined to ciliated AECs. Our data imply that factors regulating differentiation and CDHR3 production may be important determinants of RV-C illness severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor F Griggs
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA.
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, Madison, WI, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA
| | - Sarmila Basnet
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA
| | - Thomas R Pasic
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca A Brockman-Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA
| | - Ann C Palmenberg
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, CSC K4/945, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, 53792, WI, USA
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, Madison, WI, USA
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Chinnapaiyan S, Parira T, Dutta R, Agudelo M, Morris A, Nair M, Unwalla HJ. HIV Infects Bronchial Epithelium and Suppresses Components of the Mucociliary Clearance Apparatus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169161. [PMID: 28060951 PMCID: PMC5217953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent lung infections and pneumonia are emerging as significant comorbidities in the HIV-infected population in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). HIV infection has been reported to suppress nasal mucociliary clearance (MCC). Since the primary components driving nasal MCC and bronchial MCC are identical, it is possible that bronchial MCC is affected as well. Effective MCC requires optimal ciliary beating which depends on the maintenance of the airway surface liquid (ASL), a function of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activity and the integrity of the signaling mechanism that regulates ciliary beating and fluid secretion. Impairment of either component of the MCC apparatus can compromise its efficacy and promote microbial colonization. We demonstrate that primary bronchial epithelium expresses HIV receptor CD4 and co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 and can be infected by both R5 and X4 tropic strains of HIV. We show that HIV Tat suppresses CFTR biogenesis and function in primary bronchial epithelial cells by a pathway involving TGF-β signaling. HIV infection also interferes with bronchial epithelial cell differentiation and suppresses ciliogenesis. These findings suggest that HIV infection suppresses tracheobronchial mucociliary clearance and this may predispose HIV-infected patients to recurrent lung infections, pneumonia and chronic bronchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Chinnapaiyan
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University. Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - T. Parira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University. Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - R. Dutta
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University. Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - M. Agudelo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University. Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - A. Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Nair
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University. Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - H. J. Unwalla
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University. Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Parrilla E, Armengot M, Mata M, Cortijo J, Riera J, Hueso JL, Moratal D. Ciliary motility activity measurement using a dense optical flow algorithm. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2015; 2013:4446-9. [PMID: 24110720 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6610533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Persistent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections have been associated with the exacerbation of chronic inflammatory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This virus infects the respiratory epithelium, leading to chronic inflammation, and induces the release of mucins and the loss of cilia activity, two factors that determine mucus clearance and the increase in sputum volume. In this study, an automatic method has been established to determine the ciliary motility activity from cell cultures by means of optical flow computation, and has been applied to 136 control cultures and to 144 RSV-infected cultures. The control group presented an average of cell surface with cilia motility per field of 41 ± 15 % (mean ± standard deviation), while the infected group presented a 11 ± 5 %, t-Student p<0.001. The cutoff value to classify a infected specimen was <17.89 % (sensitivity 0.94, specificity 0.93). This methodology has proved to be a robust technique to evaluate cilia motility in cell cultures.
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Jeong KI, Piepenhagen PA, Kishko M, DiNapoli JM, Groppo RP, Zhang L, Almond J, Kleanthous H, Delagrave S, Parrington M. CX3CR1 Is Expressed in Differentiated Human Ciliated Airway Cells and Co-Localizes with Respiratory Syncytial Virus on Cilia in a G Protein-Dependent Manner. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130517. [PMID: 26107373 PMCID: PMC4479564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the principal cause of bronchiolitis in infants and a significant healthcare problem. The RSV Glycoprotein (G) mediates attachment of the virus to the cell membrane, which facilitates interaction of the RSV Fusion (F) protein with nucleolin, thereby triggering fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. However, a host protein ligand for G has not yet been identified. Here we show that CX3CR1 is expressed in the motile cilia of differentiated human airway epithelial (HAE) cells, and that CX3CR1 co-localizes with RSV particles. Upon infection, the distribution of CX3CR1 in these cells is significantly altered. Complete or partial deletion of RSV G results in viruses binding at least 72-fold less efficiently to cells, and reduces virus replication. Moreover, an antibody targeting an epitope near the G protein’s CX3CR1-binding motif significantly inhibits binding of the virus to airway cells. Given previously published evidence of the interaction of G with CX3CR1 in human lymphocytes, these findings suggest a role for G in the interaction of RSV with ciliated lung cells. This interpretation is consistent with past studies showing a protective benefit in immunizing against G in animal models of RSV infection, and would support targeting the CX3CR1-G protein interaction for prophylaxis or therapy. CX3CR1 expression in lung epithelial cells may also have implications for other respiratory diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Il Jeong
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Piepenhagen
- Genzyme, Department of Pathology, 5 The Mountain Rd., Framingham, MA 01701, United States of America
| | - Michael Kishko
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. DiNapoli
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Rachel P. Groppo
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Linong Zhang
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Almond
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Harry Kleanthous
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Simon Delagrave
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark Parrington
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
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Abstract
The two major glycoproteins on the surface of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) virion, the attachment glycoprotein (G) and the fusion glycoprotein (F), control the initial phases of infection. G targets the ciliated cells of the airways, and F causes the virion membrane to fuse with the target cell membrane. The F protein is the major target for antiviral drug development, and both G and F glycoproteins are the antigens targeted by neutralizing antibodies induced by infection. In this chapter, we review the structure and function of the RSV surface glycoproteins, including recent X-ray crystallographic data of the F glycoprotein in its pre- and postfusion conformations, and discuss how this information informs antigen selection and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S McLellan
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Mata M, Sarrion I, Armengot M, Carda C, Martinez I, Melero JA, Cortijo J. Respiratory syncytial virus inhibits ciliagenesis in differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells: effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48037. [PMID: 23118923 PMCID: PMC3485262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections have been associated with the exacerbation of chronic inflammatory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This virus infects the respiratory epithelium, leading to chronic inflammation, and induces the release of mucins and the loss of cilia activity, two factors that determine mucus clearance and the increase in sputum volume. These alterations involve reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanisms. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has proven useful in the management of COPD, reducing symptoms, exacerbations, and accelerated lung function decline. NAC inhibits RSV infection and mucin release in human A549 cells. The main objective of this study was to analyze the effects of NAC in modulating ciliary activity, ciliagenesis, and metaplasia in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cell (NHBEC) cultures infected with RSV. Our results indicated that RSV induced ultrastructural abnormalities in axonemal basal bodies and decreased the expression of β-tubulin as well as two genes involved in ciliagenesis, FOXJ1 and DNAI2. These alterations led to a decrease in ciliary activity. Furthermore, RSV induced metaplastic changes to the epithelium and increased the number of goblet cells and the expression of MUC5AC and GOB5. NAC restored the normal functions of the epithelium, inhibiting ICAM1 expression, subsequent RSV infection through mechanisms involving nuclear receptor factor 2, and the expression of heme oxygenase 1, which correlated with the restoration of the antioxidant capacity, the intracellular H(2)O(2) levels and glutathione content of NHBECs. The results presented in this study support the therapeutic use of NAC for the management of chronic respiratory diseases, including COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Mata
- Research Foundation of the University General Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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11
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Bailey KL, LeVan TD, Yanov DA, Pavlik JA, DeVasure JM, Sisson JH, Wyatt TA. Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae decreases cilia beating via protein kinase Cε. Respir Res 2012; 13:49. [PMID: 22712879 PMCID: PMC3487807 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemophilus influenzae infection of the nasal epithelium has long been associated with observations of decreased nasal ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and injury to the ciliated epithelium. Previously, we have reported that several agents that slow CBF also have the effect of activating protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) activity in bronchial epithelial cells. The subsequent auto-downregulation of PKCε or the direct inhibition of PKCε leads to the specific detachment of the ciliated cells. METHODS Primary cultures of ciliated bovine bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to filtered conditioned media supernatants from non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) cultures. CBF and motile points were measured and PKCε activity assayed. RESULTS NTHi supernatant exposure significantly and rapidly decreased CBF in a dose-dependent manner within 10 minutes of exposure. After 3 hours of exposure, the number of motile ciliated cells significantly decreased. Direct measurement of PKCε activity revealed a dose-dependent activation of PKCε in response to NTHi supernatant exposure. Both CBF and PKCε activity changes were only observed in fresh NTHi culture supernatant and not observed in exposures to heat-inactivated or frozen supernatants. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that CBF slowing observed in response to NTHi is consistent with the stimulated activation of PKCε. Ciliated cell detachment is associated with PKCε autodownregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina L Bailey
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, 985300 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5300, USA
| | - Tricia D LeVan
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, 985300 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5300, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5910, USA
| | - Daniel A Yanov
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, 985300 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5300, USA
| | - Jaqueline A Pavlik
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, 985300 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5300, USA
| | - Jane M DeVasure
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, 985300 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5300, USA
| | - Joseph H Sisson
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, 985300 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5300, USA
| | - Todd A Wyatt
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5910, USA
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, 985300 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5300, USA
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12
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Bartlett EJ, Hennessey M, Skiadopoulos MH, Schmidt AC, Collins PL, Murphy BR, Pickles RJ. Role of interferon in the replication of human parainfluenza virus type 1 wild type and mutant viruses in human ciliated airway epithelium. J Virol 2008; 82:8059-70. [PMID: 18524813 PMCID: PMC2519580 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02263-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) is a significant cause of pediatric respiratory disease in the upper and lower airways. An in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium (HAE), a useful tool for studying respiratory virus-host interactions, was used in this study to show that HPIV1 selectively infects ciliated cells within the HAE and that progeny virus is released from the apical surface with little apparent gross cytopathology. In HAE, type I interferon (IFN) is induced following infection with an HPIV1 mutant expressing defective C proteins with an F170S amino acid substitution, rHPIV1-C(F170S), but not following infection with wild-type HPIV1. IFN induction coincided with a 100- to 1,000-fold reduction in virus titer, supporting the hypothesis that the HPIV1 C proteins are critical for the inhibition of the innate immune response. Two recently characterized live attenuated HPIV1 vaccine candidates expressing mutant C proteins were also evaluated in HAE. The vaccine candidates, rHPIV1-C(R84G/Delta170)HN(T553A)L(Y942A) and rHPIV1-C(R84G/Delta170)HN(T553A)L(Delta1710-11), which contain temperature-sensitive (ts) attenuating (att) and non-ts att mutations, were highly restricted in growth in HAE at permissive (32 degrees C) and restrictive (37 degrees C) temperatures. The viruses grew slightly better at 37 degrees C than at 32 degrees C, and rHPIV1-C(R84G/Delta170)HN(T553A)L(Y942A) was less attenuated than rHPIV1-C(R84G/Delta170)HN(T553A)L(Delta1710-11). The level of replication in HAE correlated with that previously observed for African green monkeys, suggesting that the HAE model has potential as a tool for the preclinical evaluation of HPIV1 vaccines, although how these in vitro data will correlate with vaccine virus replication in seronegative human subjects remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmalene J Bartlett
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2007, USA
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13
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Abstract
Ciliated epithelial cells have the unique ability to generate hundreds of centrioles during differentiation. We used centrosomal proteins as molecular markers in cultured mouse tracheal epithelial cells to understand this process. Most centrosomal proteins were up-regulated early in ciliogenesis, initially appearing in cytoplasmic foci and then incorporated into centrioles. Three candidate proteins were further characterized. The centrosomal component SAS-6 localized to basal bodies and the proximal region of the ciliary axoneme, and depletion of SAS-6 prevented centriole assembly. The intraflagellar transport component polaris localized to nascent centrioles before incorporation into cilia, and depletion of polaris blocked axoneme formation. The centriolar satellite component PCM-1 colocalized with centrosomal components in cytoplasmic granules surrounding nascent centrioles. Interfering with PCM-1 reduced the amount of centrosomal proteins at basal bodies but did not prevent centriole assembly. This system will help determine the mechanism of centriole formation in mammalian cells and how the limitation on centriole duplication is overcome in ciliated epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter K Vladar
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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14
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Thompson CI, Barclay WS, Zambon MC, Pickles RJ. Infection of human airway epithelium by human and avian strains of influenza a virus. J Virol 2006; 80:8060-8. [PMID: 16873262 PMCID: PMC1563802 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00384-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the characterization of influenza A virus infection of an established in vitro model of human pseudostratified mucociliary airway epithelium (HAE). Sialic acid receptors for both human and avian viruses, alpha-2,6- and alpha-2,3-linked sialic acids, respectively, were detected on the HAE cell surface, and their distribution accurately reflected that in human tracheobronchial tissue. Nonciliated cells present a higher proportion of alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid, while ciliated cells possess both sialic acid linkages. Although we found that human influenza viruses infected both ciliated and nonciliated cell types in the first round of infection, recent human H3N2 viruses infected a higher proportion of nonciliated cells in HAE than a 1968 pandemic-era human virus, which infected proportionally more ciliated cells. In contrast, avian influenza viruses exclusively infected ciliated cells. Although a broad-range neuraminidase abolished infection of HAE by human parainfluenza virus type 3, this treatment did not significantly affect infection by influenza viruses. All human viruses replicated efficiently in HAE, leading to accumulation of nascent virus released from the apical surface between 6 and 24 h postinfection with a low multiplicity of infection. Avian influenza A viruses also infected HAE, but spread was limited compared to that of human viruses. The nonciliated cell tropism of recent human H3N2 viruses reflects a preference for the sialic acid linkages displayed on these cell types and suggests a drift in the receptor binding phenotype of the H3 hemagglutinin protein as it evolves in humans away from its avian virus precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine I Thompson
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27759-7248, USA
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15
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Newby CM, Rowe RK, Pekosz A. Influenza A virus infection of primary differentiated airway epithelial cell cultures derived from Syrian golden hamsters. Virology 2006; 354:80-90. [PMID: 16876846 PMCID: PMC1704084 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability of several different influenza A virus strains to infect and replicate in primary, differentiated airway epithelial cell cultures from Syrian golden hamsters was investigated. All virus strains tested replicated equivalently in the cultures and displayed a preference for infecting nonciliated cells. This tropism correlated with the expression of both alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linked sialic acid on the nonciliated cells. In contrast, the ciliated cells did not have detectable alpha2,6-linked sialic acid and expressed only low amounts of alpha2,3-linked sialic acid. In contrast to clinical isolates, laboratory strains of influenza A virus infected a limited number of ciliated cells at late times post-infection. The presence of alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linked sialic acid residues on the same cell type suggests that Syrian golden hamsters and differentiated airway epithelial cell cultures derived from hamsters may provide a system for studying the reassortment of influenza A virus strains which utilize different forms of sialic acid as a primary virus receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Pekosz
- Depts. of Molecular Microbiology and
- Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S.Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8230, St. Louis, MO 63110
- * corresponding author: Andrew Pekosz, ; tel: 314.747.2132;fax: 314.362.7325
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16
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Zhang L, Bukreyev A, Thompson CI, Watson B, Peeples ME, Collins PL, Pickles RJ. Infection of ciliated cells by human parainfluenza virus type 3 in an in vitro model of human airway epithelium. J Virol 2005; 79:1113-24. [PMID: 15613339 PMCID: PMC538579 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.2.1113-1124.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed a human recombinant parainfluenza virus type 3 (rPIV3) that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) and used this virus, rgPIV3, to characterize PIV3 infection of an established in vitro model of human pseudostratified mucociliary airway epithelium (HAE). The apical surface of HAE was highly susceptible to rgPIV3 infection, whereas only occasional cells were infected when virus was applied to the basolateral surface. Infection involved exclusively ciliated epithelial cells. There was little evidence of virus-mediated cytopathology and no spread of the virus beyond the ciliated cell types. Infection of ciliated cells by rgPIV3 was sensitive to a neuraminidase specific for alpha2-6-linked sialic acid residues, but not to a neuraminidase that cleaves alpha2-3- and alpha2-8-linked sialic acid residues. This provided evidence that rgPIV3 utilizes alpha2-6-linked sialic acid residues for initiating infection, a specificity also described for human influenza viruses. The PIV3 fusion (F) glycoprotein was trafficked exclusively to the apical surface of ciliated cells, which also was the site of release of progeny virus. F glycoprotein localized predominately to the membranes of the cilial shafts, suggesting that progeny viruses may bud from cilia per se. The polarized trafficking of F glycoprotein to the apical surface also likely restricts its interaction with neighboring cells and could account for the observed lack of cell-cell fusion. HAE derived from cystic fibrosis patients was not more susceptible to rgPIV3 infection but did exhibit limited spread of virus due to impaired movement of lumenal secretions due to compromised function of the cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Zhang
- CF/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, 7021 Thurston Bowles, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7248, USA
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17
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Fedotova EI, Fedotov VG. [Appearance and disappearance of motile ciliated epithelial cells in sputum during acute respiratory infection]. Fiziol Cheloveka 2005; 31:137-40. [PMID: 15835772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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18
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Kuiken T, van den Hoogen BG, van Riel DAJ, Laman JD, van Amerongen G, Sprong L, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME. Experimental human metapneumovirus infection of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) results in virus replication in ciliated epithelial cells and pneumocytes with associated lesions throughout the respiratory tract. Am J Pathol 2004; 164:1893-900. [PMID: 15161626 PMCID: PMC1615765 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A substantial proportion of hitherto unexplained respiratory tract illnesses is associated with human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection. This virus also was found in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). To determine the dynamics and associated lesions of hMPV infection, six cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were inoculated with hMPV and examined by pathological and virological assays. They were euthanized at 5 (n = 2) or 9 (n = 2) days post-infection (dpi), or monitored until 14 dpi (n = 2). Viral excretion peaked at 4 dpi and decreased to zero by 10 dpi. Viral replication was restricted to the respiratory tract and associated with minimal to mild, multi-focal erosive and inflammatory changes in conducting airways, and increased numbers of macrophages in alveoli. Viral expression was seen mainly at the apical surface of ciliated epithelial cells throughout the respiratory tract, and less frequently in type 1 pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages. Both cell tropism and respiratory lesions were distinct from those of SARS-associated coronavirus infection, excluding hMPV as the primary cause of SARS. This study demonstrates that hMPV is a respiratory pathogen and indicates that viral replication is short-lived, polarized to the apical surface, and occurs primarily in ciliated respiratory epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Kuiken
- Departments of Virology and Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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19
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Dimova S, Mugabowindekwe R, Willems T, Brewster ME, Noppe M, Ludwig A, Jorissen M, Augustijns P. Safety-assessment of 3-methoxyquercetin as an antirhinoviral compound for nasal application: effect on ciliary beat frequency. Int J Pharm 2003; 263:95-103. [PMID: 12954184 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(03)00363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-3-O-methylflavone (3-MQ) exhibits antipicornaviral activity. In order to explore the potential of 3-MQ as an antirhinoviral compound for nasal application, the effect of 3-MQ on the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of human nasal epithelial cells was studied in vitro in the absence or presence of solubility/absorption enhancers (hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) or polysorbate 80). Nasal epithelial cells were obtained by protease digestion of surgical specimens of human nasal polyps, and used at confluency. The effect of 3-MQ (2, 10, and 20 microg/ml), HP-beta-CD (1, 3, and 10% (w/v)), polysorbate 80 (0.1, 0.3, and 1% (w/v)), and of the combination of 3-MQ with 3% HP-beta-CD or 1% polysorbate 80, on the CBF was determined by computerized microscope photometry 15 min after incubation with the test compounds; recovery was determined 35 min after rinsing. HP-beta-CD at 1 and 3% did not affect CBF; a reversible decrease (by 37%) was observed at 10%. Polysorbate 80 caused a reversible cilio-inhibitory effect of 40, 53, and 49% at 0.1, 0.3, and 1%, respectively. At 2 and 10 microg/ml, 3-MQ showed a reversible cilio-stimulatory effect of 18 and 14%, respectively. Combined with 3% HP-beta-CD, the reversible cilio-stimulatory effect of 2 microg/ml 3-MQ was preserved, while 10 and 20 microg/ml 3-MQ did not affect the CBF. The combination of polysorbate 80 (1%) and 3-MQ decreased the CBF, which could be attributed to the presence of polysorbate 80. In conclusion, no ciliotoxic effect could be observed for 3-MQ (up to 20 microg/ml) in the absence or presence of HP-beta-CD (3%). The potential of this combination as an antirhinoviral formulation for nasal application will be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dimova
- Laboratory for Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N Gasthuisberg, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-induced damage to the embryonic chicken trachea, the tracheal explants, and red blood cells (RBCs) was studied by scanning electron microscopy. In the tracheae, NDV caused deciliation and depletion of the epithelial cells. In the tracheal explants, the same pathologic changes could be seen within 6 hr of virus infection. In RBCs, a perforation and a change in surface morphology were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lam
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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Grabowska-Joachimiak A. [The morphology of ciliated cells in nasal mucosa during a viral infection]. Otolaryngol Pol 1998; 52:175-80. [PMID: 9673117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Presentation of the morphological changes in virus-infected nasal ciliated cells was the aim of this report. The most typical abnormalities observed in nasal smears were: intracytoplasmic inclusions, multinucleated cells, absence of cilia, ciliocytophthoria, cytoplasm vacuolization, "naked nuclei" and changes in the cellular shape. Cytological pictures of the alterations connected with viral infection were demonstrated. Presented results were consistent with the observations of other authors. Morphological analysis of the epithelial cells is a very important element of cytological examination of the nasal mucosa.
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