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Mesquita E, da Costa DP, Meirelles LN, Camargo MG, Corrêa TA, Bittencourt VREP, da Silva Coelho I, Santos HA, Humber RA, Golo PS. Entomopathogenic fungus treatment changes the gut bacterial diversity of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:185. [PMID: 37280668 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks are obligate bloodsucking parasites responsible for significant economic losses and concerns with human and animal health, mainly due to the transmission of pathogens. Entomopathogenic fungi have been intensively studied as an alternative strategy for tick control that can be used in combination with synthetic acaricides in the integrated management of ticks. Here, we investigated how the gut bacterial community of Rhipicephalus microplus is shaped after Metarhizium anisopliae treatment and how the tick susceptibility to the fungus is affected after disrupting gut bacterial microbiota. METHODS Partially engorged tick females were artificially fed with pure bovine blood or blood plus tetracycline. Two other groups received the same diet and were topically treated with M. anisopliae. The guts were dissected, and the genomic DNA was extracted 3 days after the treatment; the V3-V4 variable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified. RESULTS The gut of ticks that received no antibiotic but were treated with M. anisopliae exhibited lower bacterial diversity and a higher occurrence of Coxiella species. The Simpson diversity index and Pielou equability coefficient were higher in the gut bacterial community when R. microplus were fed with tetracycline and fungus-treated. Ticks from fungus-treated groups (with or without tetracycline) exhibited lower survival than untreated females. Previous feeding of ticks with the antibiotic did not change their susceptibility to the fungus. Ehrlichia spp. were not detected in the gueated groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that myco-acaricidal action would not be impacted if the calf hosting these ticks is under antibiotic therapy. Moreover, the hypothesis that entomopathogenic fungi can affect the bacterial community in the gut of R. microplus engorged females is endorsed by the fact that ticks exposed to M. anisopliae exhibited a dramatic reduction in bacterial diversity. This is the first report of an entomopathogenic fungus affecting the tick gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mesquita
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Diogo Paes da Costa
- Microbiology and Enzymology Laboratory, Federal University of Agreste Pernambuco, Garanhuns, PE, 55292-270, Brazil
| | - Laura Nóbrega Meirelles
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Mariana Guedes Camargo
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thaís Almeida Corrêa
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Irene da Silva Coelho
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Huarrisson Azevedo Santos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard Alan Humber
- USDA-ARS Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research, R. W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Patrícia Silva Golo
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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Meirelles LN, Mesquita E, Corrêa TA, Bitencourt RDOB, Oliveira JL, Fraceto LF, Camargo MG, Bittencourt VREP. Encapsulation of entomopathogenic fungal conidia: evaluation of stability and control potential of Rhipicephalus microplus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102184. [PMID: 37105010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical acaricides is the primary strategy to control tick infestations. Nonetheless, chemical resistance in ticks has been reported. Thus, complementary methods such as biological control using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have been investigated. EPF, although efficient, have their viability compromised when applied under natural conditions, which indicates that formulation development is essential. Some researchers have demonstrated the efficacy of ionic gelation in protecting EPF against deleterious abiotic factors. In the present study, we conducted the ionic gelation technique to encapsulate Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) conidia in 2% (EC 2%) and 3% (EC 3%) sodium alginate. Next, the quantity and viability of encapsulated conidia (EC) were determined. The morphology of particles was characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). EC and non-encapsulated conidia (NEC) were stored at room temperature (26.8 °C) and in the freezer (-11.9 °C) to shelf-life testing. For UV-B irradiance tolerance and thermotolerance tests, EC and NEC were exposed to UV-B (6.0 or 8.0 kJ m - 2) and heat (42 ºC). In addition, biological parameters of Rhipicephalus microplus Canestrini (Acari: Ixodidae) engorged females exposed to EC were evaluated. The particles presented a spherical shape, more homogeneous (EC 2%) or heterogeneous (EC 3%). Encapsulation decreased (4.8×) the conidial concentration and did not affect their viability. On the other hand, encapsulation increased the shelf life of conidia at room temperature as well as their UV-B tolerance and thermotolerance (6 h). The fungal particles decreased the biological parameters of females more significantly than the NEC. As far as we know, we reported for the first time the use of the ionic gelation to encapsulate entomopathogenic fungi toward controlling R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nobrega Meirelles
- Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Emily Mesquita
- Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Almeida Corrêa
- Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt
- Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Jhones Luiz Oliveira
- Environmental Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University, Av. Três de Março, 511 - Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, SP 18087-180, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Environmental Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University, Av. Três de Março, 511 - Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, SP 18087-180, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Guedes Camargo
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
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de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt R, de Souza Faria F, Marchesini P, Reis Dos Santos-Mallet J, Guedes Camargo M, Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt V, Guedes Pontes E, Baptista Pereira D, Siqueira de Almeida Chaves D, da Costa Angelo I. Entomopathogenic fungi and Schinus molle essential oil: The combination of two eco-friendly agents against Aedes aegypti larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 194:107827. [PMID: 36108793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti transmits arbovirus, which is a public health concern. Certain filamentous fungi have the potential to control the disease. Here, the effects of Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. CG 153, Beauveria bassiana s.l. CG 206 and Schinus molle L. were investigated against Aedes aegypti larvae. In addition, the effect of essential oil on fungal development was analyzed. Fungal germination was assessed after combination with essential oil at 0.0025 %, 0.0075 %, 0.005 %, or 0.01 %; all of the oil concentrations affected germination except 0.0025 % (v/v). Larvae were exposed to 0.0025 %, 0.0075 %, 0.005 %, or 0.01 % of the essential oil or Tween 80 at 0.01 %; however, only the essential oil at 0.0025 % achieved similar results as the control. Larvae were exposed to fungi at 107 conidia mL-1 alone or in combination with the essential oil at 0.0025 %. Regardless of the combination, M. anisopliae reduced the median survival time of mosquitoes more than B. bassiana. The cumulative survival of mosquitoes exposed to M. anisopliae alone or in combination with essential oil was 7.5 % and 2 %, respectively, and for B. bassiana, it was 75 % and 71 %, respectively. M. anisopliae + essential oil had a synergistic effect against larvae, whereas B. bassiana + essential oil was antagonistic. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and histopathology confirmed that the interaction of M. anisopliae was through the gut and hemocoel. In contrast, the mosquito's gut was the main route for invasion by B. bassiana. Results from gas chromatography studies demonstrated sabinene and bicyclogermacrene as the main compounds of S. molle, and the in-silico investigation found evidence that both compounds affect a wide range of biological activity. For the first time, we demonstrated the potential of S. molle and its interaction with both fungal strains against A. aegypti larvae. Moreover, for the first time, we reported that S. molle might be responsible for significant changes in larval physiology. This study provides new insights into host-pathogen interplay and contributes to a better understanding of pathogenesis in mosquitoes, which have significant consequences for biological control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda de Souza Faria
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jacenir Reis Dos Santos-Mallet
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, IOC-FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ and FIOCRUZ-PI, Teresina, Piaui, Brazil; Iguaçu University-UNIG, Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana Guedes Camargo
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Emerson Guedes Pontes
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Debora Baptista Pereira
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Douglas Siqueira de Almeida Chaves
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabele da Costa Angelo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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Jones GA, Perinotto WMDS, Camargo MG, Golo PS, Bittencourt VREP. Selection of Metarhizium spp. Brazilian isolates to control Rhipicephalus microplus ticks: in vitrovirulence tests and conidiogenesis. Braz J Vet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm002020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Marciano AF, Golo PS, Coutinho-Rodrigues CJB, Camargo MG, Fiorotti J, Mesquita E, Corrêa TA, Perinotto WMS, Bittencourt VREP. Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) oil-in-water emulsions drastically reduced Rhipicephalus microplus larvae outbreak population on artificially infested grass. Med Vet Entomol 2020; 34:488-492. [PMID: 32293047 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus Canestrini, 1887 (Arachnida: Ixodidae) is a mandatory bloodsucking ectoparasite, and it is considered one of the main sanitary problems in livestock. In the development of new technologies for controlling ticks, Metarhizium anisopliae complex (M. anisopliae s. l.) Sorokın, 1883 (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) have been shown to be an effective and safe alternative. However, when applied in the field, abiotic factors may directly influence their microbial activity, and different oily adjuvants enhance fungal efficacy, stability and viability under environmental conditions. Here, the efficacy of two Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. isolates (CG 148 and CG 347) were compared in mineral oil (MO) or vegetable oil (VO) emulsions to control cattle ticks under semi-natural conditions, as well as their persistence in the soil over time. Engorged female ticks were placed on the soil of grass pots previously treated or not with conidial oil-in-water emulsions. Both M. anisopliae s.l. oil-in-water emulsions tested were able to control R. microplus, achieving up to 100% daily efficacy, and remained viable in the soil for up to 60 days after treatment. These results show the prospective applicability of Metarhizium spp. to control the cattle tick and a real possibility for its control in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Marciano
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P S Golo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - M G Camargo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J Fiorotti
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E Mesquita
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T A Corrêa
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - W M S Perinotto
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológica, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - V R E P Bittencourt
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nogueira MRDS, Camargo MG, Rodrigues CJBC, Marciano AF, Quinelato S, Freitas MCD, Fiorotti J, Sá FAD, Perinotto WMDS, Bittencourt VREP. In vitro efficacy of two commercial products of Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. for controlling the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e000220. [PMID: 32609237 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two different products - Metarril® SP Organic (dry conidia) and Metarril® SC Organic (emulsifiable concentrated conidia in vegetable oil) - on eggs, larvae and Rhipicephalus microplus engorged females were here explored. Three concentrations (108, 107, and 106 conidia mL-1) for both products were prepared in water + 0.1% Tween® 80 (v/v); afterward, bioassays were carried out for all R. microplus stages by immersion in suspensions (Metarril® SP) or formulations (Metarril® SC). Metarril® SP suspensions showed low efficacy and did not affect biological parameters of treated engorged females; for eggs and larvae, only slight decreases in hatchability and larvae population were observed. Despite a delay in germination, Metarril® SC presented better results; for females, reductions in Egg Mass Weight (EMW) and Egg Production Index (EPI) were reported. On eggs, 108 conidia mL-1 increased Incubation Period (IP), shortened Hatching Period (HP) and decreased hatchability by up to 61%; for larvae, 107 and 108 conidia mL-1 reached 99.6 and 100% larval mortality respectively, 10 days after fungal exposure. Thus, further studies involving the use of oil-based formulations for ticks such as Metarril® SC need to be performed, especially to control the most susceptible stages (eggs and larvae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Ruan Dos Santos Nogueira
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mariana Guedes Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Allan Felipe Marciano
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Simone Quinelato
- Coleção de Culturas de Fungos Filamentosos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Clemente de Freitas
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Fiorotti
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fillipe Araújo de Sá
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
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Santos-Silva MC, Machado EC, Wallner-Kersanach M, Camargo MG, Andrade C, Sá F, Pellizzari F. Background levels of trace elements in brown and red seaweeds from Trindade, a remote island in South Atlantic Ocean. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 135:923-931. [PMID: 30301117 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements in organisms are normally higher in well-developed coastal areas than on oceanic islands. Few studies have used seaweeds as their sentinels on islands. This study established background levels of trace elements (As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Hg) for four seaweed species (Dictyopteris delicatula and Canistrocarpus cervicornis, brown algae; Ceratodictyon variabile and Palisada perforata, red algae) from Trindade, an oceanic Brazilian island, and verified potential differences associated to distinct environmental conditions. Spatial differences were not detected for As, Hg and Cd in samples, although the highest concentrations of these elements were observed in brown seaweeds. The highest Zn, Pb and Cu concentrations in seaweeds from the only inhabited beach may be a signal of the onset of human footprints on this still pristine, remote island. By comparison with background described in the literature, concentrations of trace elements in seaweeds were low, thus, allowing them to be considered reference levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Santos-Silva
- Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Hidroquímica, Av. Itália km 8, CEP 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - E C Machado
- Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Hidroquímica, Av. Itália km 8, CEP 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - M Wallner-Kersanach
- Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Hidroquímica, Av. Itália km 8, CEP 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - M G Camargo
- Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Organismos Bentônicos, Av. Itália km 8, CEP 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - C Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Hidroquímica, Av. Itália km 8, CEP 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - F Sá
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Geoquímica Ambiental, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, CEP 29075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - F Pellizzari
- Universidade Estadual do Paraná - Campus Paranagua, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Ficologia e Qualidade de ÁguaMarinha, Comendador Correia Júnior, 117, CEP - 82203-280 Paranaguá, PR, Brazil
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de Paulo JF, Camargo MG, Coutinho-Rodrigues CJB, Marciano AF, de Freitas MC, da Silva EM, Gôlo PS, Morena DDS, da Costa Angelo I, Bittencourt VREP. Rhipicephalus microplus infected by Metarhizium: unveiling hemocyte quantification, GFP-fungi virulence, and ovary infection. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1847-1856. [PMID: 29700639 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemocytes, cells present in the hemocoel, are involved in the immune response of arthropods challenged with entomopathogens. The present study established the best methodology for harvesting hemocytes from Rhipicephalus microplus and evaluated the number of hemocytes in addition to histological analysis from ovaries of fungus-infected females and tested the virulence of GFP-fungi transformants. Different centrifugation protocols were tested, and the one in which presented fewer disrupted cells and higher cell recovery was applied for evaluating the effect of Metarhizium spp. on hemocytes against R. microplus. After processing, protocol number 1 (i.e., hemolymph samples were centrifuged at 500×g for 3 min at 4 °C) was considered more efficient, with two isolates used (Metarhizium robertsii ARSEF 2575 and Metarhizium anisopliae ARSEF 549), both wild types and GFP, to assess their virulence. In the biological assays, the GFP-fungi were as virulent as wild types, showing no significant differences. Subsequently, hemocyte quantifications were performed after inoculation, which exhibited notable changes in the number of hemocytes, reducing by approximately 80% in females previously treated with Metarhizium isolates in comparison to non-treated females. Complementarily, 48 h after inoculation, in which hemolymph could not be obtained, histological analysis showed the high competence of these fungi to colonize ovary from ticks. Here, for the first time, the best protocol (i.e., very low cell disruption and high cell recovery) for R. microplus hemocyte obtaining was established aiming to guide directions to other studies that involves cellular responses from ticks to fungi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Fiorotti de Paulo
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Guedes Camargo
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caio Junior Balduino Coutinho-Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Allan Felipe Marciano
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Clemente de Freitas
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emily Mesquita da Silva
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Silva Gôlo
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 07, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000, Brazil
| | | | - Isabele da Costa Angelo
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 07, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000, Brazil.
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Golo PS, Dos Santos ASDO, Monteiro CMO, Perinotto WMDS, Quinelato S, Camargo MG, de Sá FA, Angelo IDC, Martins MF, Prata MCDA, Bittencourt VREP. Lab-on-a-chip and SDS-PAGE analysis of hemolymph protein profile from Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) infected with entomopathogenic nematode and fungus. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3459-68. [PMID: 27174026 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, lab-on-a-chip electrophoresis (LoaC) was suggested as an alternative method to the conventional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions (SDS-PAGE) to analyze raw cell-free tick hemolymph. Rhipicephalus microplus females were exposed to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae senso latu IBCB 116 strain and/or to the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis indica LPP1 strain. Hemolymph from not exposed or exposed ticks was collected 16 and 24 h after exposure and analyze by SDS-PAGE or LoaC. SDS-PAGE yielded 15 bands and LoaC electrophoresis 17 bands. Despite the differences in the number of bands, when the hemolymph protein profiles of exposed or unexposed ticks were compared in the same method, no suppressing or additional bands were detected among the treatments regardless the method (i.e., SDS-PAGE or chip electrophoresis using the Protein 230 Kit®). The potential of LoaC electrophoresis to detect protein bands from tick hemolymph was considered more efficient in comparison to the detection obtained using the traditional SDS-PAGE method, especially when it comes to protein subunits heavier than 100 KDa. LoaC electrophoresis provided a very good reproducibility, and is much faster than the conventional SDS-PAGE method, which requires several hours for one analysis. Despite both methods can be used to analyze tick hemolymph composition, LoaC was considered more suitable for cell-free hemolymph protein separation and detection. LoaC hemolymph band percent data reported changes in key proteins (i.e., HeLp and vitellogenin) exceptionally important for tick embryogenesis. This study reported, for the first time, tick hemolymph protein profile using LoaC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Silva Golo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Caio Marcio Oliveira Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n - Campus Universitário Bairro Martelos, 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Cência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wendell Marcelo de Souza Perinotto
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Biociência Animal, Universidade de Cuiabá, Avenida Beira Rio, 3100 Jardim Europa, 78015-480, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Simone Quinelato
- Fundação Osvaldo Cruz, Coleção de Culturas de Fungos Filamentosos, Pavilhão Rocha Lima - sala 525. Avenida Brasil, 4365 Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana Guedes Camargo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fillipe Araujo de Sá
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Química Biológica, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabele da Costa Angelo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marta Fonseca Martins
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610 Bairro Dom Bosco, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Souza FM, Brauko KM, Gilbert ER, Martins CC, Lana PC, Camargo MG. Complex spatial and temporal variation of subtropical benthic macrofauna under sewage impact. Mar Environ Res 2016; 116:61-70. [PMID: 26994465 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To better understand variation in sewage-impacted benthic macrofauna from subtropical tidal flats over time and space, we applied a five-factor linear model at a hierarchy of spatial (Condition - Contaminated or Non-Contaminated, Tidal Flat and Plot) and temporal scales (Season and Fortnight). The Contaminated site showed high levels of coprostanol and the presence of Paranais cf frici as markers or indicators of organic enrichment. Differences between Seasons were more pronounced for the faunal variation patterns than for the other parameters, with lower species richness and abundance in summer. There were significant interactions between Fortnight and Tidal Flat for most variables, reflecting marked heterogeneity within Tidal Flats. Benthic community has significantly changed over short periods of time. These rapid changes may lead to erroneous interpretations and mask the true sources of variation. Our results clearly demonstrate the need to better understand benthic temporal variability even at small scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Souza
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - K M Brauko
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Núcleo de Estudos do Mar, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - E R Gilbert
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - C C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - P C Lana
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M G Camargo
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 96205080 Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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11
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Perinotto WMS, Angelo IC, Golo PS, Quinelato S, Camargo MG, Sá FA, Bittencourt VREP. Susceptibility of different populations of ticks to entomopathogenic fungi. Exp Parasitol 2011; 130:257-60. [PMID: 22212684 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) and Beauveria bassiana sensu lato (s.l.) on two distinct populations of Rhipicephalus microplus, from two different experimental farms. Bioassays were performed with engorged females, eggs and larvae. Fungal infection was evaluated based on biological parameters of treated engorged females, percentage of hatch from treated eggs, and percentage of mortality and mean lethal time (LT90) of treated larvae. When the treatments were compared between the two populations, there were significant differences in the following parameters: pre-oviposition period, hatching period and egg production index. Moreover, the results showed that B. bassiana s.l., isolate Bb 986, was more virulent than M. anisopliae s.l., isolate 959, for engorged females, showing a control percentage of 49%. In the bioassay with eggs, the hatching percentage ranged from 3.1% to 49.5% in one population and from 3.4% to 42.7% in the other, with no significant difference between the two populations. In the bioassay with unfed larvae, the mortality percentage ranged from 91.8% to 98.7% in one population and from 71.0% to 94.0% in the other. The LT(90) varied from 19.52 to 27.51 days in one of the populations and 22.89 to 37.31 days in the other. These results suggest that populations of R. microplus show distinct variation in their susceptibility to B. bassiana s.l. and M. anisopliae s.l.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M S Perinotto
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gôlo PS, Angelo IDC, Camargo MG, Perinotto WMDS, Bittencourt VREP. Effects of destruxin A on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2011; 20:338-41. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612011000400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of destruxin A on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus females, since this toxin is one of the likely causes of high mortality induced by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae in arthropods. Ticks were immersed or inoculated with different concentrations of destruxin A. Despite the doses applied, there were no deaths or significant alterations in oviposition between the groups treated with destruxin A and the control groups. No other external effect caused by destruxin, such as tetanic paralysis, was observed in these engorged female ticks after the treatment.
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Angelo IC, Gôlo PS, Camargo MG, Kluck GEG, Folly E, Bittencourt VREP. Haemolymph protein and lipid profile of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infected by fungi. Transbound Emerg Dis 2010; 57:79-83. [PMID: 20537114 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study evaluates the protein and lipid profile of haemolymph of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus engorged females infected by Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana or Fusarium oxysporum. Ticks were immersed or inoculated with conidial suspension. Haemolymph was collected from the dorsal surface of engorged females. The results showed altered total protein amounts; however, no significant difference was observed on electrophoretic profile among haemolymph samples. In addition, altered lipid profile was detected in haemocyte samples from ticks treated with Beauveria and Metarhizium.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Angelo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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