1
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Guarneri L, Li Q, Bauer T, Song JH, Saunders AP, Liu F, Brongersma ML, van de Groep J. Temperature-Dependent Excitonic Light Manipulation with Atomically Thin Optical Elements. Nano Lett 2024. [PMID: 38578061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Monolayer 2D semiconductors, such as WS2, exhibit uniquely strong light-matter interactions due to exciton resonances that enable atomically thin optical elements. Similar to geometry-dependent plasmon and Mie resonances, these intrinsic material resonances offer coherent and tunable light scattering. Thus far, the impact of the excitons' temporal dynamics on the performance of such excitonic metasurfaces remains unexplored. Here, we show how the excitonic decay rates dictate the focusing efficiency of an atomically thin lens carved directly out of exfoliated monolayer WS2. By isolating the coherent exciton radiation from the incoherent background in the focus of the lens, we obtain a direct measure of the role of exciton radiation in wavefront shaping. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of exciton-phonon scattering by characterizing the focusing efficiency as a function of temperature, demonstrating an increased optical efficiency at cryogenic temperatures. Our results provide valuable insights into the role of excitonic light scattering in 2D nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Guarneri
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Qitong Li
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Thomas Bauer
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Jung-Hwan Song
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ashley P Saunders
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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2
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Taghinejad M, Xia C, Hrton M, Lee KT, Kim AS, Li Q, Guzelturk B, Kalousek R, Xu F, Cai W, Lindenberg AM, Brongersma ML. Determining hot-carrier transport dynamics from terahertz emission. Science 2023; 382:299-305. [PMID: 37856614 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj5612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the ultrafast excitation and transport dynamics of plasmon-driven hot carriers is critical to the development of optoelectronics, photochemistry, and solar-energy harvesting. However, the ultrashort time and length scales associated with the behavior of these highly out-of-equilibrium carriers have impaired experimental verification of ab initio quantum theories. Here, we present an approach to studying plasmonic hot-carrier dynamics that analyzes the temporal waveform of coherent terahertz bursts radiated by photo-ejected hot carriers from designer nano-antennas with a broken symmetry. For ballistic carriers ejected from gold antennas, we find an ~11-femtosecond timescale composed of the plasmon lifetime and ballistic transport time. Polarization- and phase-sensitive detection of terahertz fields further grant direct access to their ballistic transport trajectory. Our approach opens explorations of ultrafast carrier dynamics in optically excited nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taghinejad
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chenyi Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martin Hrton
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
| | - Kyu-Tae Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew S Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qitong Li
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Burak Guzelturk
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Radek Kalousek
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
| | - Fenghao Xu
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wenshan Cai
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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3
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Born B, Lee SH, Song JH, Lee JY, Ko W, Brongersma ML. Off-axis metasurfaces for folded flat optics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5602. [PMID: 37699876 PMCID: PMC10497541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The overall size of an optical system is limited by the volume of the components and the internal optical path length. To reach the limits of miniaturization, it is possible to reduce both component volume and path length by combining the concepts of metasurface flat optics and folded optics. In addition to their subwavelength component thickness, metasurfaces enable bending conventional folded geometries off axis beyond the law of reflection. However, designing metasurfaces for highly off-axis illumination with visible light in combination with a high numerical aperture is non-trivial. In this case, traditional designs with gradient metasurfaces exhibit low diffraction efficiencies and require the use of deep-subwavelength, high-index, and high-aspect-ratio semiconductor nanostructures that preclude inexpensive, large-area nanofabrication. Here, we describe a design approach that enables the use of low-index (n ≈ 1.5), low-aspect ratio structures for off-axis metagratings that can redirect and focus visible light (λ = 532 nm) with near-unity efficiency. We show that fabricated optical elements offer a very large angle-of-view (110°) and lend themselves to scalable fabrication by nano-imprint lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Born
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sung-Hoon Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Samsung-ro 130, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Song
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeong Yub Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Samsung-ro 130, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea
| | - Woong Ko
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Samsung-ro 130, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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4
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Liu Y, Lau SC, Cheng WH, Johnson A, Li Q, Simmerman E, Karni O, Hu J, Liu F, Brongersma ML, Heinz TF, Dionne JA. Controlling Valley-Specific Light Emission from Monolayer MoS 2 with Achiral Dielectric Metasurfaces. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37347949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Excitons in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides have a valley degree of freedom that can be optically manipulated for quantum information processing. Here, we integrate MoS2 monolayers with achiral silicon disk array metasurfaces to enhance and control valley-specific absorption and emission. Through the coupling to the metasurface electric and magnetic Mie modes, the intensity and lifetime of the emission of neutral excitons, trions, and defect bound excitons can be enhanced and shortened, respectively, while the spectral shape can be modified. Additionally, the degree of polarization (DOP) of exciton and trion emission from the valley can be symmetrically enhanced at 100 K. The DOP increase is attributed to both the metasurface-enhanced chiral absorption of light and the metasurface-enhanced exciton emission from the Purcell effect. Combining Si-compatible photonic design with large-scale 2D materials integration, our work makes an important step toward on-chip valleytronic applications approaching room-temperature operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sze Cheung Lau
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wen-Hui Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Amalya Johnson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Qitong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emma Simmerman
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ouri Karni
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025,United States
| | - Jack Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025,United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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5
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Lee N, Xue M, Hong J, van de Groep J, Brongersma ML. Multi-resonant Mie Resonator Arrays for Broadband Light Trapping in Ultrathin c-Si Solar Cells. Adv Mater 2023:e2210941. [PMID: 37129216 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Effective photon management is critical to realize high power conversion efficiencies for thin crystalline Si (c-Si) solar cells. Standard few-100-µm-thick bulk cells achieve light trapping with macroscopic surface textures covered by thin, continuous antireflection coatings. Such sizeable textures are challenging to implement on ultrathin cells. Here, we illustrate how nanoscale Mie-resonator-arrays with a bi-modal size distribution support multiple resonances that can work in concert to achieve simultaneous antireflection and light-trapping across the broad solar spectrum. We experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of these light-trapping antireflection coatings (LARCs) on a 2.8-µm-thick c-Si solar cell. The measured short-circuit current and corresponding power conversion efficiency are notably improved, achieving efficiencies as high as 11.2%. Measurements of the saturation current density on completed cells indicate that thermal oxides can effectively limit surface recombination. The presented design principles are applicable to a wide range of solar cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeun Lee
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Muyu Xue
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Jiho Hong
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute for Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
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6
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Zubritskaya I, Cichelero R, Faniayeu I, Martella D, Nocentini S, Rudquist P, Wiersma DS, Brongersma ML. Dynamically Tunable Optical Cavities with Embedded Nematic Liquid Crystalline Networks. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2209152. [PMID: 36683324 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tunable metal-insulator-metal (MIM) Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavities that can dynamically control light enable novel sensing, imaging and display applications. However, the realization of dynamic cavities incorporating stimuli-responsive materials poses a significant engineering challenge. Current approaches rely on refractive index modulation and suffer from low dynamic tunability, high losses, and limited spectral ranges, and require liquid and hazardous materials for operation. To overcome these challenges, a new tuning mechanism employing reversible mechanical adaptations of a polymer network is proposed, and dynamic tuning of optical resonances is demonstrated. Solid-state temperature-responsive optical coatings are developed by preparing a monodomain nematic liquid crystalline network (LCN) and are incorporated between metallic mirrors to form active optical microcavities. LCN microcavities offer large, reversible and highly linear spectral tuning of FP resonances reaching wavelength-shifts up to 40 nm via thermomechanical actuation while featuring outstanding repeatability and precision over more than 100 heating-cooling cycles. This degree of tunability allows for reversible switching between the reflective and the absorbing states of the device over the entire visible and near-infrared spectral regions, reaching large changes in reflectance with modulation efficiency ΔR = 79%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Zubritskaya
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Rafael Cichelero
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Ihar Faniayeu
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Daniele Martella
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Sara Nocentini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Per Rudquist
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience - MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Diederik Sybolt Wiersma
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Florence, via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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7
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Ji A, Song JH, Li Q, Xu F, Tsai CT, Tiberio RC, Cui B, Lalanne P, Kik PG, Miller DAB, Brongersma ML. Quantitative phase contrast imaging with a nonlocal angle-selective metasurface. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7848. [PMID: 36543788 PMCID: PMC9772391 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase contrast microscopy has played a central role in the development of modern biology, geology, and nanotechnology. It can visualize the structure of translucent objects that remains hidden in regular optical microscopes. The optical layout of a phase contrast microscope is based on a 4 f image processing setup and has essentially remained unchanged since its invention by Zernike in the early 1930s. Here, we propose a conceptually new approach to phase contrast imaging that harnesses the non-local optical response of a guided-mode-resonator metasurface. We highlight its benefits and demonstrate the imaging of various phase objects, including biological cells, polymeric nanostructures, and transparent metasurfaces. Our results showcase that the addition of this non-local metasurface to a conventional microscope enables quantitative phase contrast imaging with a 0.02π phase accuracy. At a high level, this work adds to the growing body of research aimed at the use of metasurfaces for analog optical computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Ji
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Jung-Hwan Song
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Qitong Li
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Fenghao Xu
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Ching-Ting Tsai
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Richard C. Tiberio
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Philippe Lalanne
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XLP2N, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Pieter G. Kik
- grid.170430.10000 0001 2159 2859CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816 USA
| | - David A. B. Miller
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Mark L. Brongersma
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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8
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Li Q, van de Groep J, White AK, Song JH, Longwell SA, Fordyce PM, Quake SR, Kik PG, Brongersma ML. Metasurface optofluidics for dynamic control of light fields. Nat Nanotechnol 2022; 17:1097-1103. [PMID: 36163507 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate light and liquids on integrated optofluidics chips has spurred a myriad of important developments in biology, medicine, chemistry and display technologies. Here we show how the convergence of optofluidics and metasurface optics can lead to conceptually new platforms for the dynamic control of light fields. We first demonstrate metasurface building blocks that display an extreme sensitivity in their scattering properties to their dielectric environment. These blocks are then used to create metasurface-based flat optics inside microfluidic channels where liquids with different refractive indices can be directed to manipulate their optical behaviour. We demonstrate the intensity and spectral tuning of metasurface colour pixels as well as on-demand optical elements. We finally demonstrate automated control in an integrated meta-optofluidic platform to open up new display functions. Combined with large-scale microfluidic integration, our dynamic-metasurface flat-optics platform could open up the possibility of dynamic display, imaging, holography and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitong Li
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute for Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adam K White
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jung-Hwan Song
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott A Longwell
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Polly M Fordyce
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pieter G Kik
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Scientists are exploring new material designs to make smaller and denser pixel displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jae Joo
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Korea
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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10
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Song JH, van de Groep J, Kim SJ, Brongersma ML. Non-local metasurfaces for spectrally decoupled wavefront manipulation and eye tracking. Nat Nanotechnol 2021; 16:1224-1230. [PMID: 34594006 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metasurface-based optical elements typically manipulate light waves by imparting space-variant changes in the amplitude and phase with a dense array of scattering nanostructures. The highly localized and low optical-quality-factor (Q) modes of nanostructures are beneficial for wavefront shaping as they afford quasi-local control over the electromagnetic fields. However, many emerging imaging, sensing, communication, display and nonlinear optics applications instead require flat, high-Q optical elements that provide substantial energy storage and a much higher degree of spectral control over the wavefront. Here, we demonstrate high-Q, non-local metasurfaces with atomically thin metasurface elements that offer notably enhanced light-matter interaction and fully decoupled optical functions at different wavelengths. We illustrate a possible use of such a flat optic in eye tracking for eyewear. Here, a metasurface patterned on a regular pair of eye glasses provides an unperturbed view of the world across the visible spectrum and redirects near-infrared light to a camera to allow imaging of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Song
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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11
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Wang Y, Landreman P, Schoen D, Okabe K, Marshall A, Celano U, Wong HSP, Park J, Brongersma ML. Electrical tuning of phase-change antennas and metasurfaces. Nat Nanotechnol 2021; 16:667-672. [PMID: 33875869 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The success of semiconductor electronics is built on the creation of compact, low-power switching elements that offer routing, logic and memory functions. The availability of nanoscale optical switches could have a similarly transformative impact on the development of dynamic and programmable metasurfaces, optical neural networks and quantum information processing. Phase-change materials are uniquely suited to enable their creation as they offer high-speed electrical switching between amorphous and crystalline states with notably different optical properties. Their high refractive index has already been harnessed to fashion them into compact optical antennas. Here, we take the next important step, by showing electrically-switchable phase-change antennas and metasurfaces that offer strong, reversible, non-volatile, multi-phase switching and spectral tuning of light scattering in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges. Their successful implementation relies on a careful joint thermal and optical optimization of the antenna elements that comprise a silver strip that simultaneously serves as a plasmonic resonator and a miniature heating stage. Our metasurface affords electrical modulation of the reflectance by more than fourfold at 755 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Landreman
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Schoen
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Exponent Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Kye Okabe
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ann Marshall
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Umberto Celano
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- IMEC, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - H-S Philip Wong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Junghyun Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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12
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Nassiri Nazif K, Kumar A, Hong J, Lee N, Islam R, McClellan CJ, Karni O, van de Groep J, Heinz TF, Pop E, Brongersma ML, Saraswat KC. High-Performance p-n Junction Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Photovoltaic Cells Enabled by MoO x Doping and Passivation. Nano Lett 2021; 21:3443-3450. [PMID: 33852295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Layered semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising materials for high-specific-power photovoltaics due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. However, in practice, contacts to TMDs have poor charge carrier selectivity, while imperfect surfaces cause recombination, leading to a low open-circuit voltage (VOC) and therefore limited power conversion efficiency (PCE) in TMD photovoltaics. Here, we simultaneously address these fundamental issues with a simple MoOx (x ≈ 3) surface charge-transfer doping and passivation method, applying it to multilayer tungsten disulfide (WS2) Schottky-junction solar cells with initially near-zero VOC. Doping and passivation turn these into lateral p-n junction photovoltaic cells with a record VOC of 681 mV under AM 1.5G illumination, the highest among all p-n junction TMD solar cells with a practical design. The enhanced VOC also leads to record PCE in ultrathin (<90 nm) WS2 photovoltaics. This easily scalable doping and passivation scheme is expected to enable further advances in TMD electronics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koosha Nassiri Nazif
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Aravindh Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jiho Hong
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nayeun Lee
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Raisul Islam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Connor J McClellan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ouri Karni
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric Pop
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Krishna C Saraswat
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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13
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Song JH, Raza S, van de Groep J, Kang JH, Li Q, Kik PG, Brongersma ML. Nanoelectromechanical modulation of a strongly-coupled plasmonic dimer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:48. [PMID: 33397929 PMCID: PMC7782521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of two nearly-touching plasmonic nanoparticles to squeeze light into a nanometer gap has provided a myriad of fundamental insights into light-matter interaction. In this work, we construct a nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) that capitalizes on the unique, singular behavior that arises at sub-nanometer particle-spacings to create an electro-optical modulator. Using in situ electron energy loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope, we map the spectral and spatial changes in the plasmonic modes as they hybridize and evolve from a weak to a strong coupling regime. In the strongly-coupled regime, we observe a very large mechanical tunability (~250 meV/nm) of the bonding-dipole plasmon resonance of the dimer at ~1 nm gap spacing, right before detrimental quantum effects set in. We leverage our findings to realize a prototype NEMS light-intensity modulator operating at ~10 MHz and with a power consumption of only 4 fJ/bit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Song
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Søren Raza
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute for Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ju-Hyung Kang
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Qitong Li
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Pieter G Kik
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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14
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Park J, Jeong BG, Kim SI, Lee D, Kim J, Shin C, Lee CB, Otsuka T, Kyoung J, Kim S, Yang KY, Park YY, Lee J, Hwang I, Jang J, Song SH, Brongersma ML, Ha K, Hwang SW, Choo H, Choi BL. All-solid-state spatial light modulator with independent phase and amplitude control for three-dimensional LiDAR applications. Nat Nanotechnol 2021; 16:69-76. [PMID: 33106642 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Spatial light modulators are essential optical elements in applications that require the ability to regulate the amplitude, phase and polarization of light, such as digital holography, optical communications and biomedical imaging. With the push towards miniaturization of optical components, static metasurfaces are used as competent alternatives. These evolved to active metasurfaces in which light-wavefront manipulation can be done in a time-dependent fashion. The active metasurfaces reported so far, however, still show incomplete phase modulation (below 360°). Here we present an all-solid-state, electrically tunable and reflective metasurface array that can generate a specific phase or a continuous sweep between 0 and 360° at an estimated rate of 5.4 MHz while independently adjusting the amplitude. The metasurface features 550 individually addressable nanoresonators in a 250 × 250 μm2 area with no micromechanical elements or liquid crystals. A key feature of our design is the presence of two independent control parameters (top and bottom gate voltages) in each nanoresonator, which are used to adjust the real and imaginary parts of the reflection coefficient independently. To demonstrate this array's use in light detection and ranging, we performed a three-dimensional depth scan of an emulated street scene that consisted of a model car and a human figure up to a distance of 4.7 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Gil Jeong
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Il Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Duhyun Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changgyun Shin
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Bum Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tatsuhiro Otsuka
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Kyoung
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwook Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Yeon Yang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Young Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisan Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inoh Hwang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeduck Jang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ho Song
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Lab for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kyoungho Ha
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Hwang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Choo
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byoung Lyong Choi
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Li L, Wang J, Kang L, Liu W, Yu L, Zheng B, Brongersma ML, Werner DH, Lan S, Shi Y, Xu Y, Wang X. Monolithic Full-Stokes Near-Infrared Polarimetry with Chiral Plasmonic Metasurface Integrated Graphene-Silicon Photodetector. ACS Nano 2020; 14:16634-16642. [PMID: 33197172 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect the full-Stokes polarization of light is vital for a variety of applications that often require complex and bulky optical systems. Here, we report an on-chip polarimeter comprising four metasurface-integrated graphene-silicon photodetectors. The geometric chirality and anisotropy of the metasurfaces result in circular and linear polarization-resolved photoresponses, from which the full-Stokes parameters, including the intensity, orientation, and ellipticity of arbitrarily polarized incident infrared light (1550 nm), can be obtained. The design presents an ultracompact architecture while excluding the standard bulky optical components and structural redundancy. Computational extraction of full-Stokes parameters from mutual information among four detectors eliminates the need for a large absorption contrast between different polarization states. Our monolithic plasmonic metasurface integrated polarimeter is ideal for a variety of polarization-based applications including biological sensing, quantum information processing, and polarization photography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Li
- School of Micro-Nanoelectronics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, ZJU-UIUC Institute, State Key Labs of Silicon Materials and Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Junzhuan Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Micro-Nanoelectronics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, ZJU-UIUC Institute, State Key Labs of Silicon Materials and Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Li Yu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Binjie Zheng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Douglas H Werner
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shoufeng Lan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Micro-Nanoelectronics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, ZJU-UIUC Institute, State Key Labs of Silicon Materials and Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Xiaomu Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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16
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Joo WJ, Kyoung J, Esfandyarpour M, Lee SH, Koo H, Song S, Kwon YN, Song SH, Bae JC, Jo A, Kwon MJ, Han SH, Kim SH, Hwang S, Brongersma ML. Metasurface-driven OLED displays beyond 10,000 pixels per inch. Science 2020; 370:459-463. [PMID: 33093108 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc8530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces are starting to find their way into integrated devices, where they can enhance and control the emission, modulation, dynamic shaping, and detection of light waves. In this study, we show that the architecture of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays can be completely reenvisioned through the introduction of nanopatterned metasurface mirrors. In the resulting meta-OLED displays, different metasurface patterns define red, green, and blue pixels and ensure optimized extraction of these colors from organic, white light emitters. This new architecture facilitates the creation of devices at the ultrahigh pixel densities (>10,000 pixels per inch) required in emerging display applications (for instance, augmented reality) that use scalable nanoimprint lithography. The fabricated pixels also offer twice the luminescence efficiency and superior color purity relative to standard color-filtered white OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jae Joo
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Korea.
| | - Jisoo Kyoung
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Korea
| | - Majid Esfandyarpour
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sung-Hoon Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Korea
| | - Hyun Koo
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Korea
| | - Sunjin Song
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Korea
| | - Young-Nam Kwon
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Korea
| | - Seok Ho Song
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Jun Cheol Bae
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Korea
| | - Myong-Jong Kwon
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Han
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hwang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, 16678, Korea
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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17
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Ocier CR, Richards CA, Bacon-Brown DA, Ding Q, Kumar R, Garcia TJ, van de Groep J, Song JH, Cyphersmith AJ, Rhode A, Perry AN, Littlefield AJ, Zhu J, Xie D, Gao H, Messinger JF, Brongersma ML, Toussaint KC, Goddard LL, Braun PV. Direct laser writing of volumetric gradient index lenses and waveguides. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:196. [PMID: 33298832 PMCID: PMC7713360 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Direct laser writing (DLW) has been shown to render 3D polymeric optical components, including lenses, beam expanders, and mirrors, with submicrometer precision. However, these printed structures are limited to the refractive index and dispersive properties of the photopolymer. Here, we present the subsurface controllable refractive index via beam exposure (SCRIBE) method, a lithographic approach that enables the tuning of the refractive index over a range of greater than 0.3 by performing DLW inside photoresist-filled nanoporous silicon and silica scaffolds. Adjusting the laser exposure during printing enables 3D submicron control of the polymer infilling and thus the refractive index and chromatic dispersion. Combining SCRIBE's unprecedented index range and 3D writing accuracy has realized the world's smallest (15 µm diameter) spherical Luneburg lens operating at visible wavelengths. SCRIBE's ability to tune the chromatic dispersion alongside the refractive index was leveraged to render achromatic doublets in a single printing step, eliminating the need for multiple photoresins and writing sequences. SCRIBE also has the potential to form multicomponent optics by cascading optical elements within a scaffold. As a demonstration, stacked focusing structures that generate photonic nanojets were fabricated inside porous silicon. Finally, an all-pass ring resonator was coupled to a subsurface 3D waveguide. The measured quality factor of 4600 at 1550 nm suggests the possibility of compact photonic systems with optical interconnects that traverse multiple planes. SCRIBE is uniquely suited for constructing such photonic integrated circuits due to its ability to integrate multiple optical components, including lenses and waveguides, without additional printed supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Ocier
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Corey A Richards
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Daniel A Bacon-Brown
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Qing Ding
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Raman Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tanner J Garcia
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jung-Hwan Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Austin J Cyphersmith
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Rhode
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrea N Perry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Alexander J Littlefield
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jinlong Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Dajie Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Haibo Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jonah F Messinger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kimani C Toussaint
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lynford L Goddard
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Paul V Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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18
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Lawrence M, Barton DR, Dixon J, Song JH, van de Groep J, Brongersma ML, Dionne JA. High quality factor phase gradient metasurfaces. Nat Nanotechnol 2020; 15:956-961. [PMID: 32807879 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric microcavities with quality factors (Q-factors) in the thousands to billions markedly enhance light-matter interactions, with applications spanning high-efficiency on-chip lasing, frequency comb generation and modulation and sensitive molecular detection. However, as the dimensions of dielectric cavities are reduced to subwavelength scales, their resonant modes begin to scatter light into many spatial channels. Such enhanced scattering is a powerful tool for light manipulation, but also leads to high radiative loss rates and commensurately low Q-factors, generally of order ten. Here, we describe and experimentally demonstrate a strategy for the generation of high Q-factor resonances in subwavelength-thick phase gradient metasurfaces. By including subtle structural perturbations in individual metasurface elements, resonances are created that weakly couple free-space light into otherwise bound and spatially localized modes. Our metasurface can achieve Q-factors >2,500 while beam steering light to particular directions. High-Q beam splitters are also demonstrated. With high-Q metasurfaces, the optical transfer function, near-field intensity and resonant line shape can all be rationally designed, providing a foundation for efficient, free-space-reconfigurable and nonlinear nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lawrence
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - David R Barton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Jefferson Dixon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jung-Hwan Song
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute for Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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19
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Shaltout AM, Lagoudakis KG, van de Groep J, Kim SJ, Vučković J, Shalaev VM, Brongersma ML. Spatiotemporal light control with frequency-gradient metasurfaces. Science 2020; 365:374-377. [PMID: 31346064 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The capability of on-chip wavefront modulation has the potential to revolutionize many optical device technologies. However, the realization of power-efficient phase-gradient metasurfaces that offer full-phase modulation (0 to 2π) and high operation speeds remains elusive. We present an approach to continuously steer light that is based on creating a virtual frequency-gradient metasurface by combining a passive metasurface with an advanced frequency-comb source. Spatiotemporal redirection of light naturally occurs as optical phase-fronts reorient at a speed controlled by the frequency gradient across the virtual metasurface. An experimental realization of laser beam steering with a continuously changing steering angle is demonstrated with a single metasurface over an angle of 25° in just 8 picoseconds. This work can support integrated-on-chip solutions for spatiotemporal optical control, directly affecting emerging applications such as solid-state light detection and ranging (LIDAR), three-dimensional imaging, and augmented or virtual systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr M Shaltout
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Konstantinos G Lagoudakis
- Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jelena Vučković
- Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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20
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Holsteen AL, Cihan AF, Brongersma ML. Temporal color mixing and dynamic beam shaping with silicon metasurfaces. Science 2020; 365:257-260. [PMID: 31320534 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax5961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces offer the possibility to shape optical wavefronts with an ultracompact, planar form factor. However, most metasurfaces are static, and their optical functions are fixed after the fabrication process. Many modern optical systems require dynamic manipulation of light, and this is now driving the development of electrically reconfigurable metasurfaces. We can realize metasurfaces with fast (>105 hertz), electrically tunable pixels that offer complete (0- to 2π) phase control and large amplitude modulation of scattered waves through the microelectromechanical movement of silicon antenna arrays created in standard silicon-on-insulator technology. Our approach can be used to realize a platform technology that enables low-voltage operation of pixels for temporal color mixing and continuous, dynamic beam steering and light focusing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Holsteen
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4045, USA
| | - Ahmet Fatih Cihan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4045, USA.
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21
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Zhou G, Yang A, Wang Y, Gao G, Pei A, Yu X, Zhu Y, Zong L, Liu B, Xu J, Liu N, Zhang J, Li Y, Wang LW, Hwang HY, Brongersma ML, Chu S, Cui Y. Electrotunable liquid sulfur microdroplets. Nat Commun 2020; 11:606. [PMID: 32001696 PMCID: PMC6992759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14438-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulating liquids with tunable shape and optical functionalities in real time is important for electroactive flow devices and optoelectronic devices, but remains a great challenge. Here, we demonstrate electrotunable liquid sulfur microdroplets in an electrochemical cell. We observe electrowetting and merging of sulfur droplets under different potentiostatic conditions, and successfully control these processes via selective design of sulfiphilic/sulfiphobic substrates. Moreover, we employ the electrowetting phenomena to create a microlens based on the liquid sulfur microdroplets and tune its characteristics in real time through changing the shape of the liquid microdroplets in a fast, repeatable, and controlled manner. These studies demonstrate a powerful in situ optical battery platform for unraveling the complex reaction mechanism of sulfur chemistries and for exploring the rich material properties of the liquid sulfur, which shed light on the applications of liquid sulfur droplets in devices such as microlenses, and potentially other electrotunable and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmin Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ankun Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Guoping Gao
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Allen Pei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yangying Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Linqi Zong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Bofei Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jinwei Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yanxi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lin-Wang Wang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Harold Y Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Steven Chu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94303, USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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22
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Shaltout AM, Shalaev VM, Brongersma ML. Spatiotemporal light control with active metasurfaces. Science 2019; 364:364/6441/eaat3100. [PMID: 31097638 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces have provided us with extraordinary ways to control light by spatially structuring materials. The space-time duality in Maxwell's equations suggests that additional structuring of metasurfaces in the time domain can even further expand their impact on the field of optics. Advances toward this goal critically rely on the development of new materials and nanostructures that exhibit very large and fast changes in their optical properties in response to external stimuli. New physics is also emerging as ultrafast tuning of metasurfaces is becoming possible, including wavelength shifts that emulate the Doppler effect, Lorentz nonreciprocity, time-reversed optical behavior, and negative refraction. The large-scale manufacturing of dynamic flat optics has the potential to revolutionize many emerging technologies that require active wavefront shaping with lightweight, compact, and power-efficient components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr M Shaltout
- Geballe Lab for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Lab for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Plasmonic antennas and metasurfaces can effectively control light-matter interactions, and this facilitates a deterministic design of optical materials properties, including structural color. However, these optical properties are generally fixed after synthesis and fabrication, while many modern-day optics applications require active, low-power, and nonvolatile tuning. These needs have spurred broad research activities aimed at identifying materials and resonant structures capable of achieving large, dynamic changes in optical properties, especially in the challenging visible spectral range. In this work, we demonstrate dynamic tuning of polarization-dependent gap plasmon resonators that contain the electrochromic oxide WO3. Its refractive index in the visible changes continuously from n = 2.1 to 1.9 upon electrochemical lithium insertion and removal in a solid-state device. By incorporating WO3 into a gap plasmon resonator, the resonant wavelength can be shifted continuously and reversibly by up to 58 nm with less than 2 V electrochemical bias voltage. The resonator can remain in a tuned state for tens of minutes under open circuit conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Li
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - A Alec Talin
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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24
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Li Q, van de Groep J, Wang Y, Kik PG, Brongersma ML. Transparent multispectral photodetectors mimicking the human visual system. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4982. [PMID: 31676782 PMCID: PMC6825164 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Compact and lightweight photodetection elements play a critical role in the newly emerging augmented reality, wearable and sensing technologies. In these technologies, devices are preferred to be transparent to form an optical interface between a viewer and the outside world. For this reason, it is of great value to create detection platforms that are imperceptible to the human eye directly onto transparent substrates. Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) make ideal photodetectors as their optical resonances enable parsing of the multi-dimensional information carried by light. Unfortunately, these optical resonances also give rise to strong, undesired light scattering. In this work, we illustrate how a new optical resonance arising from the radiative coupling between arrayed silicon NWs can be harnessed to remove reflections from dielectric interfaces while affording spectro-polarimetric detection. The demonstrated transparent photodetector concept opens up promising platforms for transparent substrates as the base for opto-electronic devices and in situ optical measurement systems. For augmented reality technologies it is beneficial to create devices on transparent substrates that are imperceptible to the human eye. Here, the authors harness resonances from radiative coupling between arrayed silicon nanowire photodetectors to remove reflections while affording spectro-polarimetric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitong Li
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yifei Wang
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pieter G Kik
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) single-particle tracking (SPT) is a key tool for studying dynamic processes in the life sciences. However, conventional optical elements utilizing light fields impose an inherent trade-off between lateral and axial resolution, preventing SPT with high spatiotemporal resolution across an extended volume. We overcome the typical loss in spatial resolution that accompanies light-field-based approaches to obtain 3D information by placing a standard microscope coverslip patterned with a multifunctional, light-field metasurface on a specimen. This approach enables an otherwise unmodified microscope to gather 3D information at an enhanced spatial resolution. We demonstrate simultaneous tracking of multiple fluorescent particles within a large 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.3 mm3 volume using a standard epi-fluorescent microscope with submicron lateral and micron-level axial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Holsteen
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-4045 , United States
| | - Dianmin Lin
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-4045 , United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Isaac Kauvar
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Gordon Wetzstein
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-4045 , United States
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26
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Peng S, Schilder NJ, Ni X, van de Groep J, Brongersma ML, Alù A, Khanikaev AB, Atwater HA, Polman A. Probing the Band Structure of Topological Silicon Photonic Lattices in the Visible Spectrum. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:117401. [PMID: 30951323 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.117401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We study two-dimensional hexagonal photonic lattices of silicon Mie resonators with a topological optical band structure in the visible spectral range. We use 30 keV electrons focused to nanoscale spots to map the local optical density of states in topological photonic lattices with deeply subwavelength resolution. By slightly shrinking or expanding the unit cell, we form hexagonal superstructures and observe the opening of a band gap and a splitting of the double-degenerate Dirac cones, which correspond to topologically trivial and nontrivial phases. Optical transmission spectroscopy shows evidence of topological edge states at the domain walls between topological and trivial lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Peng
- Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Nick J Schilder
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Xiang Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of City University of New York, New York 10031, USA
- Physics Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Andrea Alù
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of City University of New York, New York 10031, USA
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, USA
- Physics Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Alexander B Khanikaev
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of City University of New York, New York 10031, USA
- Physics Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Albert Polman
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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27
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Park J, Kang JH, Liu X, Maddox SJ, Tang K, McIntyre PC, Bank SR, Brongersma ML. Dynamic thermal emission control with InAs-based plasmonic metasurfaces. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaat3163. [PMID: 30539139 PMCID: PMC6286178 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Thermal emission from objects tends to be spectrally broadband, unpolarized, and temporally invariant. These common notions are now challenged with the emergence of new nanophotonic structures and concepts that afford on-demand, active manipulation of the thermal emission process. This opens a myriad of new applications in chemistry, health care, thermal management, imaging, sensing, and spectroscopy. Here, we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a new approach to actively tailor thermal emission with a reflective, plasmonic metasurface in which the active material and reflector element are epitaxially grown, high-carrier-mobility InAs layers. Electrical gating induces changes in the charge carrier density of the active InAs layer that are translated into large changes in the optical absorption and thermal emission from metasurface. We demonstrate polarization-dependent and electrically controlled emissivity changes of 3.6%P (6.5% in relative scale) in the mid-infrared spectral range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Park
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ju-Hyung Kang
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaoge Liu
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott J. Maddox
- Microelectronics Research Center and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758, USA
| | - Kechao Tang
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul C. McIntyre
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Seth R. Bank
- Microelectronics Research Center and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758, USA
| | - Mark L. Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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28
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Gür FN, McPolin CPT, Raza S, Mayer M, Roth DJ, Steiner AM, Löffler M, Fery A, Brongersma ML, Zayats AV, König TAF, Schmidt TL. DNA-Assembled Plasmonic Waveguides for Nanoscale Light Propagation to a Fluorescent Nanodiamond. Nano Lett 2018; 18:7323-7329. [PMID: 30339400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic waveguides consisting of metal nanoparticle chains can localize and guide light well below the diffraction limit, but high propagation losses due to lithography-limited large interparticle spacing have impeded practical applications. Here, we demonstrate that DNA-origami-based self-assembly of monocrystalline gold nanoparticles allows the interparticle spacing to be decreased to ∼2 nm, thus reducing propagation losses to 0.8 dB per 50 nm at a deep subwavelength confinement of 62 nm (∼λ/10). We characterize the individual waveguides with nanometer-scale resolution by electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Light propagation toward a fluorescent nanodiamond is directly visualized by cathodoluminescence imaging spectroscopy on a single-device level, thereby realizing nanoscale light manipulation and energy conversion. Simulations suggest that longitudinal plasmon modes arising from the narrow gaps are responsible for the efficient waveguiding. With this scalable DNA origami approach, micrometer-long propagation lengths could be achieved, enabling applications in information technology, sensing, and quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih N Gür
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Cillian P T McPolin
- Department of Physics , King's College London , Strand, London , WC2R 2LS , U.K
| | - Søren Raza
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-4045 , United States
| | - Martin Mayer
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Diane J Roth
- Department of Physics , King's College London , Strand, London , WC2R 2LS , U.K
| | - Anja Maria Steiner
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Markus Löffler
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials , Technische Universität Dresden , Hohe Str. 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-4045 , United States
| | - Anatoly V Zayats
- Department of Physics , King's College London , Strand, London , WC2R 2LS , U.K
| | - Tobias A F König
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Thorsten L Schmidt
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
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29
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Yannai M, Maguid E, Faerman A, Li Q, Song JH, Kleiner V, Brongersma ML, Hasman E. Spectrally interleaved topologies using geometric phase metasurfaces. Opt Express 2018; 26:31031-31038. [PMID: 30469990 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.031031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces facilitate the interleaving of multiple topologies in an ultra-thin photonic system. Here, we report on the spectral interleaving of topological states of light using a geometric phase metasurface. We realize that a dielectric spectrally interleaved metasurface generates multiple interleaved vortex beams at different wavelengths. By harnessing the space-variant polarization manipulations that are enabled by the geometric phase mechanism, a vectorial vortex array is implemented. The presented interleaved topologies concept can greatly enhance the functionality of advanced microscopy and communication systems.
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30
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Lin D, Holsteen AL, Maguid E, Fan P, Kik PG, Hasman E, Brongersma ML. Polarization-independent metasurface lens employing the Pancharatnam-Berry phase. Opt Express 2018; 26:24835-24842. [PMID: 30469594 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.024835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metasurface optical elements, optical phased arrays constructed from a dense arrangement of nanoscale antennas, are promising candidates for the next generation of flat optical components. Metasurfaces that rely on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase facilitate complete and efficient wavefront control. However, their operation typically requires control over the polarization state of the incident light to achieve a desired optical function. Here, we circumvent this inherent sensitivity to the incident polarization by multiplexing two metasurfaces that were designed to achieve the same optical function with incident light of opposite helicity. We analyze the optical performance of different multiplexing approaches, and demonstrate a subwavelength random interleaved polarization-independent metasurface lens operating in the visible spectrum, providing a diffraction-limited spot size for the shared-aperture.
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31
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Abstract
Solid state light emitters rely on metallic contacts with a high sheet-conductivity for effective charge injection. Unfortunately, such contacts also support surface plasmon polariton and lossy wave excitations that dissipate optical energy into the metal and limit the external quantum efficiency. Here, inspired by the concept of radio-frequency high-impedance surfaces and their use in conformal antennas we illustrate how electrodes can be nanopatterned to simultaneously provide a high DC electrical conductivity and high-impedance at optical frequencies. Such electrodes do not support SPPs across the visible spectrum and greatly suppress dissipative losses while facilitating a desirable Lambertian emission profile. We verify this concept by studying the emission enhancement and photoluminescence lifetime for a dye emitter layer deposited on the electrodes. Light emission of molecules can be largely impacted (enhanced or quenched) by nearby surfaces. Here, Esfandyarpour et al. engineer a high-impedance mirror that increases light emission of adjacent molecules by enhancing the coupling between the molecule and free space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Esfandyarpour
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Alberto G Curto
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.,Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600, MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter G Kik
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.,CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Florida, 32816, USA
| | - Nader Engheta
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.
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32
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Abstract
The ability to control and structurally tune the optical resonances of semiconductor nanostructures has far-reaching implications for a wide range of optical applications, including photodetectors, (bio)sensors, and photovoltaics. Such control is commonly obtained by tailoring the nanostructure's geometry, material, or dielectric environment. Here, we combine insights from the field of coherent optics and metasurface mirrors to effectively turn Mie resonances on and off with high spatial control and in a polarization-dependent fashion. We illustrate this in an integrated device by manipulating the photocurrent spectra of a single-nanowire photodetector placed on a metasurface mirror. This approach can be generalized to control spectral, angle-dependent, absorption, and scattering properties of semiconductor nanostructures with an engineered metasurface and without a need to alter their geometric or materials properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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33
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Gong Y, Yuan H, Wu CL, Tang P, Yang SZ, Yang A, Li G, Liu B, van de Groep J, Brongersma ML, Chisholm MF, Zhang SC, Zhou W, Cui Y. Spatially controlled doping of two-dimensional SnS 2 through intercalation for electronics. Nat Nanotechnol 2018; 13:294-299. [PMID: 29483599 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Doped semiconductors are the most important building elements for modern electronic devices 1 . In silicon-based integrated circuits, facile and controllable fabrication and integration of these materials can be realized without introducing a high-resistance interface2,3. Besides, the emergence of two-dimensional (2D) materials enables the realization of atomically thin integrated circuits4-9. However, the 2D nature of these materials precludes the use of traditional ion implantation techniques for carrier doping and further hinders device development 10 . Here, we demonstrate a solvent-based intercalation method to achieve p-type, n-type and degenerately doped semiconductors in the same parent material at the atomically thin limit. In contrast to naturally grown n-type S-vacancy SnS2, Cu intercalated bilayer SnS2 obtained by this technique displays a hole field-effect mobility of ~40 cm2 V-1 s-1, and the obtained Co-SnS2 exhibits a metal-like behaviour with sheet resistance comparable to that of few-layer graphene 5 . Combining this intercalation technique with lithography, an atomically seamless p-n-metal junction could be further realized with precise size and spatial control, which makes in-plane heterostructures practically applicable for integrated devices and other 2D materials. Therefore, the presented intercalation method can open a new avenue connecting the previously disparate worlds of integrated circuits and atomically thin materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Gong
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Yuan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Lan Wu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peizhe Tang
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shi-Ze Yang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Ankun Yang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Guodong Li
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bofei Liu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew F Chisholm
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Shou-Cheng Zhang
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wu Zhou
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- School of Physical Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics are energetic materials that can store and quickly release tremendous amounts of chemical energy. Aluminum (Al) is a particularly important fuel in many applications because of its high energy density, which can be released in a highly exothermic oxidation process. The diffusive oxidation mechanism (DOM) and melt-dispersion mechanism (MDM) explain the ways powders of Al nanoparticles (NPs) can burn, but little is known about the possible use of plasmonic resonances in NPs to manipulate photoignition. This is complicated by the inhomogeneous nature of powders and very fast heating and burning rates. Here, we generate Al NPs with well-defined sizes, shapes, and spacings by electron beam lithography and demonstrate that their plasmonic resonances can be exploited to heat and ignite them with a laser. By combining simulations with thermal-emission, electron-, and optical-microscopy studies, we reveal how an improved control over NP ignition can be attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Mutlu
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Ju-Hyung Kang
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Søren Raza
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - David Schoen
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- Exponent Inc., Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Pieter G Kik
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics , University of Central Florida , 4000 Central Florida Boulevard , Orlando , Florida 32816 , United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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35
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Holsteen AL, Raza S, Fan P, Kik PG, Brongersma ML. Purcell effect for active tuning of light scattering from semiconductor optical antennas. Science 2018; 358:1407-1410. [PMID: 29242341 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao5371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Subwavelength, high-refractive index semiconductor nanostructures support optical resonances that endow them with valuable antenna functions. Control over the intrinsic properties, including their complex refractive index, size, and geometry, has been used to manipulate fundamental light absorption, scattering, and emission processes in nanostructured optoelectronic devices. In this study, we harness the electric and magnetic resonances of such antennas to achieve a very strong dependence of the optical properties on the external environment. Specifically, we illustrate how the resonant scattering wavelength of single silicon nanowires is tunable across the entire visible spectrum by simply moving the height of the nanowires above a metallic mirror. We apply this concept by using a nanoelectromechanical platform to demonstrate active tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Holsteen
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Søren Raza
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pengyu Fan
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pieter G Kik
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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36
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Liu X, Kang JH, Yuan H, Park J, Kim SJ, Cui Y, Hwang HY, Brongersma ML. Electrical tuning of a quantum plasmonic resonance. Nat Nanotechnol 2017; 12:866-870. [PMID: 28604706 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon (SP) excitations in metals facilitate confinement of light into deep-subwavelength volumes and can induce strong light-matter interaction. Generally, the SP resonances supported by noble metal nanostructures are explained well by classical models, at least until the nanostructure size is decreased to a few nanometres, approaching the Fermi wavelength λF of the electrons. Although there is a long history of reports on quantum size effects in the plasmonic response of nanometre-sized metal particles, systematic experimental studies have been hindered by inhomogeneous broadening in ensemble measurements, as well as imperfect control over size, shape, faceting, surface reconstructions, contamination, charging effects and surface roughness in single-particle measurements. In particular, observation of the quantum size effect in metallic films and its tuning with thickness has been challenging as they only confine carriers in one direction. Here, we show active tuning of quantum size effects in SP resonances supported by a 20-nm-thick metallic film of indium tin oxide (ITO), a plasmonic material serving as a low-carrier-density Drude metal. An ionic liquid (IL) is used to electrically gate and partially deplete the ITO layer. The experiment shows a controllable and reversible blue-shift in the SP resonance above a critical voltage. A quantum-mechanical model including the quantum size effect reproduces the experimental results, whereas a classical model only predicts a red shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Liu
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ju-Hyung Kang
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Hongtao Yuan
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Junghyun Park
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Harold Y Hwang
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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37
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Maguid E, Yulevich I, Yannai M, Kleiner V, L Brongersma M, Hasman E. Multifunctional interleaved geometric-phase dielectric metasurfaces. Light Sci Appl 2017; 6:e17027. [PMID: 30167279 PMCID: PMC6062311 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Shared-aperture technology for multifunctional planar systems, performing several simultaneous tasks, was first introduced in the field of radar antennas. In photonics, effective control of the electromagnetic response can be achieved by a geometric-phase mechanism implemented within a metasurface, enabling spin-controlled phase modulation. The synthesis of the shared-aperture and geometric-phase concepts facilitates the generation of multifunctional metasurfaces. Here shared-aperture geometric-phase metasurfaces were realized via the interleaving of sparse antenna sub-arrays, forming Si-based devices consisting of multiplexed geometric-phase profiles. We study the performance limitations of interleaved nanoantenna arrays by means of a Wigner phase-space distribution to establish the ultimate information capacity of a metasurface-based photonic system. Within these limitations, we present multifunctional spin-dependent dielectric metasurfaces, and demonstrate multiple-beam technology for optical rotation sensing. We also demonstrate the possibility of achieving complete real-time control and measurement of the fundamental, intrinsic properties of light, including frequency, polarization and orbital angular momentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhanan Maguid
- Micro and Nanooptics Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Igor Yulevich
- Micro and Nanooptics Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Michael Yannai
- Micro and Nanooptics Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Vladimir Kleiner
- Micro and Nanooptics Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erez Hasman
- Micro and Nanooptics Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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38
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Abstract
Rapid progress in nanophotonics is driven by the ability of optically resonant nanostructures to enhance near-field effects controlling far-field scattering through intermodal interference. A majority of such effects are usually associated with plasmonic nanostructures. Recently, a new branch of nanophotonics has emerged that seeks to manipulate the strong, optically induced electric and magnetic Mie resonances in dielectric nanoparticles with high refractive index. In the design of optical nanoantennas and metasurfaces, dielectric nanoparticles offer the opportunity for reducing dissipative losses and achieving large resonant enhancement of both electric and magnetic fields. We review this rapidly developing field and demonstrate that the magnetic response of dielectric nanostructures can lead to novel physical effects and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseniy I Kuznetsov
- Data Storage Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634 Singapore
| | - Andrey E Miroshnichenko
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA.
| | - Yuri S Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Boris Luk'yanchuk
- Data Storage Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634 Singapore. .,Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Naldoni
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir M. Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mark L. Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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40
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Madsen SJ, Esfandyarpour M, Brongersma ML, Sinclair R. Observing Plasmon Damping Due to Adhesion Layers in Gold Nanostructures Using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy. ACS Photonics 2017; 4:268-274. [PMID: 28944259 PMCID: PMC5604478 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Gold plasmonic nanostructures with several different adhesion layers have been studied with monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM-EELS) and with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Compared to samples with no adhesion layer, those with 2nm of Cr or Ti show broadened, lower intensity plasmon peaks as measured with EELS. This broadening is observed in both optically active ("bright") and inactive ("dark") plasmon modes. When the former are probed with SERS, the signal enhancement factor is lower for samples with Cr or Ti, another indication of reduced plasmon resonance. This work illustrates the capability of STEM-EELS to provide direct near-field measurement of changes in plasmon excitation probability with nano-scale spatial resolution. Additionally, it demonstrates that applications which require high SERS enhancement, such as biomarker detection and cancer diagnostics, can be improved by avoiding the use of a metallic adhesion layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Madsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4034 USA
| | - Majid Esfandyarpour
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305-4045, United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305-4045, United States
| | - Robert Sinclair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4034 USA
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41
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Abstract
Optical metasurfaces are two-dimensional optical elements composed of dense arrays of subwavelength optical antennas and afford on-demand manipulation of the basic properties of light waves. Following the pioneering works on active metasurfaces capable of modulating wave amplitude, there is now a growing interest to dynamically control other fundamental properties of light. Here, we present metasurfaces that facilitate electrical tuning of the reflection phase and polarization properties. To realize these devices, we leverage the properties of actively controlled plasmonic antennas and fundamental insights provided by coupled mode theory. Indium-tin-oxide is embedded into gap-plasmon resonator-antennas as it offers electrically tunable optical properties. By judiciously controlling the resonant properties of the antennas from under- to overcoupling regimes, we experimentally demonstrate tuning of the reflection phase over 180°. This work opens up new design strategies for active metasurfaces for displacement measurements and tunable waveplates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Park
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ju-Hyung Kang
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaoge Liu
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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42
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Abstract
Dynamically-controlled flat optics relies on achieving active and effective control over light-matter interaction in ultrathin layers. A variety of metasurface designs have achieved efficient amplitude and phase modulation. Particularly, noteworthy progress has been made with the incorporation of newly emerging electro-optical materials into such metasurfaces, including graphene, phase change materials, and transparent conductive oxides. In this Letter, we demonstrate dynamic light-matter interaction in a silicon-based subwavelength grating that supports a guided mode resonance. By overcoating the grating with indium tin oxide as an electrically tunable material, its reflectance can be tuned from 4% to 86%. Guided mode resonances naturally afford higher optical quality factors than the optical antennas used in the construction of metasurfaces. As such, they facilitate more effective control over the flow of light within the same layer thickness.
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43
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Landreman PE, Chalabi H, Park J, Brongersma ML. Fabry-Perot description for Mie resonances of rectangular dielectric nanowire optical resonators. Opt Express 2016; 24:29760-29772. [PMID: 28059361 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.029760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We show that a dielectric nanowire (NW) with a rectangular cross section can effectively be modeled as a Fabry-Perot cavity formed by truncating a dielectric slab waveguide. By calculating the mode indices of the supported waveguide modes and the reflection phase pickup of the guided waves from the end facets, we can numerically predict the spectral locations of optical, Mie-like resonances for such NWs. This type of analysis must be performed twice in order to account for all resonances of these structures, corresponding to light propagating in the vertical or horizontal directions. The model shows excellent agreement with full-field simulations. We show how the refractive index of both the NW itself and neighboring materials and substrates impact the resonant properties. Our results can aid the development of NW-based optoelectronic devices, for which rectangular cross sections are much simpler to fabricate using top-down fabrication procedures.
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44
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Raza S, Esfandyarpour M, Koh AL, Mortensen NA, Brongersma ML, Bozhevolnyi SI. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy of branched gap plasmon resonators. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13790. [PMID: 27982030 PMCID: PMC5171719 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The miniaturization of integrated optical circuits below the diffraction limit for high-speed manipulation of information is one of the cornerstones in plasmonics research. By coupling to surface plasmons supported on nanostructured metallic surfaces, light can be confined to the nanoscale, enabling the potential interface to electronic circuits. In particular, gap surface plasmons propagating in an air gap sandwiched between metal layers have shown extraordinary mode confinement with significant propagation length. In this work, we unveil the optical properties of gap surface plasmons in silver nanoslot structures with widths of only 25 nm. We fabricate linear, branched and cross-shaped nanoslot waveguide components, which all support resonances due to interference of counter-propagating gap plasmons. By exploiting the superior spatial resolution of a scanning transmission electron microscope combined with electron energy-loss spectroscopy, we experimentally show the propagation, bending and splitting of slot gap plasmons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Raza
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230
Odense M, Denmark
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California
94305, USA
| | - Majid Esfandyarpour
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California
94305, USA
| | - Ai Leen Koh
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, California
94305, USA
| | - N. Asger Mortensen
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mark L. Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California
94305, USA
| | - Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230
Odense M, Denmark
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45
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Lin D, Holsteen AL, Maguid E, Wetzstein G, Kik PG, Hasman E, Brongersma ML. Photonic Multitasking Interleaved Si Nanoantenna Phased Array. Nano Lett 2016; 16:7671-7676. [PMID: 27960478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces provide unprecedented control over light propagation by imparting local, space-variant phase changes on an incident electromagnetic wave. They can improve the performance of conventional optical elements and facilitate the creation of optical components with new functionalities and form factors. Here, we build on knowledge from shared aperture phased array antennas and Si-based gradient metasurfaces to realize various multifunctional metasurfaces capable of achieving multiple distinct functions within a single surface region. As a key point, we demonstrate that interleaving multiple optical elements can be accomplished without reducing the aperture of each subelement. Multifunctional optical elements constructed from Si-based gradient metasurface are realized, including axial and lateral multifocus geometric phase metasurface lenses. We further demonstrate multiwavelength color imaging with a high spatial resolution. Finally, optical imaging functionality with simultaneous color separation has been obtained by using multifunctional metasurfaces, which opens up new opportunities for the field of advanced imaging and display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianmin Lin
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Aaron L Holsteen
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Elhanan Maguid
- Micro and Nanooptics Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Gordon Wetzstein
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Pieter G Kik
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Erez Hasman
- Micro and Nanooptics Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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46
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Krueger NA, Holsteen AL, Kang SK, Ocier CR, Zhou W, Mensing G, Rogers JA, Brongersma ML, Braun PV. Porous Silicon Gradient Refractive Index Micro-Optics. Nano Lett 2016; 16:7402-7407. [PMID: 27797522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and growth of transformation optics over the past decade has revitalized interest in how a gradient refractive index (GRIN) can be used to control light propagation. Two-dimensional demonstrations with lithographically defined silicon (Si) have displayed the power of GRIN optics and also represent a promising opportunity for integrating compact optical elements within Si photonic integrated circuits. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of three-dimensional Si-based GRIN micro-optics through the shape-defined formation of porous Si (PSi). Conventional microfabrication creates Si square microcolumns (SMCs) that can be electrochemically etched into PSi elements with nanoscale porosity along the shape-defined etching pathway, which imparts the geometry with structural birefringence. Free-space characterization of the transmitted intensity distribution through a homogeneously etched PSi SMC exhibits polarization splitting behavior resembling that of dielectric metasurfaces that require considerably more laborious fabrication. Coupled birefringence/GRIN effects are studied by way of PSi SMCs etched with a linear (increasing from edge to center) GRIN profile. The transmitted intensity distribution shows polarization-selective focusing behavior with one polarization focused to a diffraction-limited spot and the orthogonal polarization focused into two laterally displaced foci. Optical thickness-based analysis readily predicts the experimentally observed phenomena, which strongly match finite-element electromagnetic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Krueger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aaron L Holsteen
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christian R Ocier
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Weijun Zhou
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Boulevard, B-1470, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Glennys Mensing
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul V Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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47
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Kim SJ, Park J, Esfandyarpour M, Pecora EF, Kik PG, Brongersma ML. Superabsorbing, Artificial Metal Films Constructed from Semiconductor Nanoantennas. Nano Lett 2016; 16:3801-8. [PMID: 27149008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In 1934, Wilhelm Woltersdorff demonstrated that the absorption of light in an ultrathin, freestanding film is fundamentally limited to 50%. He concluded that reaching this limit would require a film with a real-valued sheet resistance that is exactly equal to R = η/2 ≈ 188.5Ω/□, where [Formula: see text] is the impedance of free space. This condition can be closely approximated over a wide frequency range in metals that feature a large imaginary relative permittivity εr″, that is, a real-valued conductivity σ = ε0εr″ω. A thin, continuous sheet of semiconductor material does not facilitate such strong absorption as its complex-valued permittivity with both large real and imaginary components preclude effective impedance matching. In this work, we show how a semiconductor metafilm constructed from optically resonant semiconductor nanostructures can be created whose optical response mimics that of a metallic sheet. For this reason, the fundamental absorption limit mentioned above can also be reached with semiconductor materials, opening up new opportunities for the design of ultrathin optoelectronic and light harvesting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Kim
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305-4045, United States
| | - Junghyun Park
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305-4045, United States
| | - Majid Esfandyarpour
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305-4045, United States
| | - Emanuele F Pecora
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305-4045, United States
| | - Pieter G Kik
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305-4045, United States
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida , 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305-4045, United States
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48
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Maguid E, Yulevich I, Veksler D, Kleiner V, Brongersma ML, Hasman E. Photonic spin-controlled multifunctional shared-aperture antenna array. Science 2016; 352:1202-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Coenen T, Schoen DT, Mann SA, Rodriguez SRK, Brenny BJM, Polman A, Brongersma ML. Nanoscale Spatial Coherent Control over the Modal Excitation of a Coupled Plasmonic Resonator System. Nano Lett 2015; 15:7666-70. [PMID: 26457569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate coherent control over the optical response of a coupled plasmonic resonator by high-energy electron beam excitation. We spatially control the position of an electron beam on a gold dolmen and record the cathodoluminescence and electron energy loss spectra. By selective coherent excitation of the dolmen elements in the near field, we are able to manipulate modal amplitudes of bonding and antibonding eigenmodes. We employ a combination of CL and EELS to gain detailed insight in the power dissipation of these modes at the nanoscale as CL selectively probes the radiative response and EELS probes the combined effect of Ohmic dissipation and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon Coenen
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF , Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David T Schoen
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sander A Mann
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF , Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Said R K Rodriguez
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF , Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Philips Research Laboratories , High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin J M Brenny
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF , Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Polman
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF , Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Park J, Kang JH, Liu X, Brongersma ML. Electrically Tunable Epsilon-Near-Zero (ENZ) Metafilm Absorbers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15754. [PMID: 26549615 PMCID: PMC4637893 DOI: 10.1038/srep15754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing and spectrally controlling light absorption is of great practical and fundamental importance. In optoelectronic devices consisting of layered semiconductors and metals, absorption has traditionally been manipulated with the help of Fabry-Pérot resonances. Even further control over the spectral light absorption properties of thin films has been achieved by patterning them into dense arrays of subwavelength resonant structures to form metafilms. As the next logical step, we demonstrate electrical control over light absorption in metafilms constructed from dense arrays of actively tunable plasmonic cavities. This control is achieved by embedding indium tin oxide (ITO) into these cavities. ITO affords significant tuning of its optical properties by means of electrically-induced carrier depletion and accumulation. We demonstrate that particularly large changes in the reflectance from such metafilms (up to 15% P) can be achieved by operating the ITO in the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) frequency regime where its electrical permittivity changes sign from negative to positive values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Park
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ju-Hyung Kang
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaoge Liu
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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