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Brah T, Le Neveu M, Snow M, Krishnamoorthi M, Frost A, Wu H, Simpson K, Patzkowsky K, Wang K. 8744 Factors Associated with Oophorectomy Among Pediatric Ovarian Torsion Patients. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2022.09.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Woods TN, Harder JW, Kopp G, Snow M. Solar-Cycle Variability Results from the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) Mission. Sol Phys 2022; 297:43. [PMID: 35465471 PMCID: PMC8986744 DOI: 10.1007/s11207-022-01980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) was a NASA mission that operated from 2003 to 2020 to provide key climate-monitoring measurements of total solar irradiance (TSI) and solar spectral irradiance (SSI). This 17-year mission made TSI and SSI observations during the declining phase of Solar Cycle 23, during all of Solar Cycle 24, and at the very beginning of Solar Cycle 25. The SORCE solar-variability results include comparisons of the solar irradiance observed during Solar Cycles 23 and 24 and the solar-cycle minima levels in 2008 - 2009 and 2019 - 2020. The differences between these two minima are very small and are not significantly above the estimate of instrument stability over the 11-year period. There are differences in the SSI variability for Solar Cycles 23 and 24, notably for wavelengths longer than 250 nm. Consistency comparisons with SORCE variability on solar-rotation timescales and solar-irradiance model predictions suggest that the SORCE Solar Cycle 24 SSI results might be more accurate than the SORCE Solar Cycle 23 results. The SORCE solar-variability results have been useful for many Sun-climate studies and will continue to serve as a reference for comparisons with future missions studying solar variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N. Woods
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Jerald W. Harder
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Greg Kopp
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Martin Snow
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303 USA
- South African National Space Agency Hospital Street, Hermanus, 7200 South Africa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Robert Sobukwe Road, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535 South Africa
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Thuillier G, Zhu P, Snow M, Zhang P, Ye X. Characteristics of solar-irradiance spectra from measurements, modeling, and theoretical approach. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:79. [PMID: 35351849 PMCID: PMC8964690 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An accurate solar-irradiance spectrum is needed as an input to any planetary atmosphere or climate model. Depending on the spectral characteristics of the chosen model, uncertainties in the irradiance may introduce significant differences in atmospheric and climate predictions. This is why several solar spectral-irradiance data sets have been published during the last decade. They have been obtained by different methods: either measurements from a single instrument or a composite of different spectra, or they are theoretical or semi-empirical solar models. In this paper, these spectral datasets will be compared in terms of irradiance, power per spectral interval, their derived solar-atmosphere brightness temperature, and time series. Whatever the different sources of these spectra are, they generally agree to within their quoted accuracy. The solar-rotation effect simultaneously observed by SORCE and PREMOS-PICARD is accurately measured. The 11-year long-term variability remains a difficult task, given the weak activity of solar cycle 24 and long-term instrument aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Thuillier
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos World Radiation Centre (PMOD/WRC), Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Ping Zhu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 3888 Dong Nanhu Road, Changchun, 130033, China.
- Royal Observatory of Belgium, Av. Circulaire 3, 1180, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Martin Snow
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- South African National Space Agency (SANSA), Hospital Street, Hermanus, 7200, South Africa
- University of the Western Cape, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Robert Sobukwe Rd, Belville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
- Innovation Center for FengYun Meteorological Satellite, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 3888 Dong Nanhu Road, Changchun, 130033, China
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Woods TN, Harder JW, Kopp G, McCabe D, Rottman G, Ryan S, Snow M. Overview of the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) Seventeen-Year Mission. Sol Phys 2021; 296:127. [PMID: 34776547 PMCID: PMC8550650 DOI: 10.1007/s11207-021-01869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) was a NASA mission that operated from 2003 to 2020 to provide key climate-monitoring measurements of total solar irradiance (TSI) and solar spectral irradiance (SSI). Three important accomplishments of the SORCE mission are i) the continuation of the 42-year-long TSI climate data record, ii) the continuation of the ultraviolet SSI record, and iii) the initiation of the near-ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared SSI records. All of the SORCE instruments functioned well over the 17-year mission, which far exceeded its five-year prime mission goal. The SORCE spacecraft, having mostly redundant subsystems, was also robust over the mission. The end of the SORCE mission was a planned passivation of the spacecraft following a successful two-year overlap with the NASA Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS) mission, which continues the TSI and SSI climate records. There were a couple of instrument anomalies and a few spacecraft anomalies during SORCE's long mission, but operational changes and updates to flight software enabled SORCE to remain productive to the end of its mission. The most challenging of the anomalies was the degradation of the battery capacity that began to impact operations in 2009 and was the cause for the largest SORCE data gap (August 2013 - February 2014). An overview of the SORCE mission is provided with a couple of science highlights and a discussion of flight anomalies that impacted the solar observations. Companion articles about the SORCE instruments and their final science data-processing algorithms provide additional details about the instrument measurements over the duration of the mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N. Woods
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Jerald W. Harder
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Greg Kopp
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Debra McCabe
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Gary Rottman
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Sean Ryan
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Martin Snow
- South African National Space Agency, Hospital Street, Hermanus, 7200 South Africa
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Thakrar RR, Al-Obaedi O, Theivendran K, Snow M. Assessment of lower limb rotational profile and its correlation with the tibial tuberosity-trochlea groove distance: A radiological study. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2020; 27:2309499019868148. [PMID: 31451047 DOI: 10.1177/2309499019868148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to determine whether there is a correlation between the lower limb rotational profile and tibial tuberosity-trochlea groove (TT-TG) distance. DESIGN AND PATIENTS The computed tomography cross-sectional imaging on 50 patients' lower limbs (100 limbs) was investigated at our institution. The TT-TG distance was measured along with rotational measurements including femoral version (FV), tibial torsion and knee joint rotation angle (KJRA). Patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 had a TT-TG ≥ 20 mm which was considered pathological and group 2 with a non-pathological TT-TG (≤19 mm). Rotational angles were compared between groups. Statistical analysis was performed using the t-test and Mann-Whitney U analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the mean KJRA (p = 0.026) between the pathological (mean = 10.6, standard deviation (SD) = 7.79°) and the non-pathological TT-TG groups (mean = 6.99, SD = 5.06°). A higher mean value for FV and tibial torsion was also demonstrated in patients with a pathological TT-TG (18.2 vs. 13.7, 32.8 vs. 30.9, p > 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, there was a statistically significant higher mean value for the KJRA in patients with a pathological TT-TG. Hence, a lateralized tibial tubercle as demonstrated by an increase in the TT-TG distance may be associated with a coexisting lower limb rotational malalignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj R Thakrar
- 1 Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK
| | - Ossama Al-Obaedi
- 2 Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kanthan Theivendran
- 3 Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals, West Bromwich, West Midlands, UK
| | - Martin Snow
- 4 Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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Abulhasan J, Anley C, Snow M, Grey M. Hamstring stretch reflex: could it be a reproducible objective measure of functional knee stability? Physiotherapy 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Woods TN, Eparvier FG, Harder J, Snow M. Decoupling Solar Variability and Instrument Trends Using the Multiple Same-Irradiance-Level (MuSIL) Analysis Technique. Sol Phys 2018; 293:76. [PMID: 30996490 PMCID: PMC6438597 DOI: 10.1007/s11207-018-1294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The solar spectral irradiance (SSI) dataset is a key record for studying and understanding the energetics and radiation balance in Earth's environment. Understanding the long-term variations of the SSI over timescales of the 11-year solar activity cycle and longer is critical for many Sun-Earth research topics. Satellite measurements of the SSI have been made since the 1970s, most of them in the ultraviolet, but recently also in the visible and near-infrared. A limiting factor for the accuracy of previous solar variability results is the uncertainties for the instrument degradation corrections, which need fairly large corrections relative to the amount of solar cycle variability at some wavelengths. The primary objective of this investigation has been to separate out solar cycle variability and any residual uncorrected instrumental trends in the SSI measurements from the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) mission and the Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Ionosphere, Energetic, and Dynamics (TIMED) mission. A new technique called the Multiple Same-Irradiance-Level (MuSIL) analysis has been developed, which examines an SSI time series at different levels of solar activity to provide long-term trends in an SSI record, and the most common result is a downward trend that most likely stems from uncorrected instrument degradation. This technique has been applied to each wavelength in the SSI records from SORCE (2003 - present) and TIMED (2002 - present) to provide new solar cycle variability results between 27 nm and 1600 nm with a resolution of about 1 nm at most wavelengths. This technique, which was validated with the highly accurate total solar irradiance (TSI) record, has an estimated relative uncertainty of about 5% of the measured solar cycle variability. The MuSIL results are further validated with the comparison of the new solar cycle variability results from different solar cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N. Woods
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Drive, CO 80303 Boulder, USA
| | - Francis G. Eparvier
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Drive, CO 80303 Boulder, USA
| | - Jerald Harder
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Drive, CO 80303 Boulder, USA
| | - Martin Snow
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Drive, CO 80303 Boulder, USA
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Voros GM, Pandit R, Snow M, Griffiths PG. Unilateral Recurrent Acute Retinal Necrosis Syndrome Caused by Cytomegalovirus in an Immune-Competent Adult. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 16:484-6. [PMID: 16761257 DOI: 10.1177/112067210601600323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report an immune-competent patient with unilateral recurrent acute retinal necrosis syndrome caused by cytomegalovirus, and to highlight the importance of diagnostic vitreous biopsy and specific antiviral therapy in this condition. METHODS Case report. RESULTS A 75-year-old man with good general health had two episodes of acute retinal necrosis syndrome affecting his left eye. Vitreous biopsy was performed in each episode, and polymerase chain reaction analysis on the vitreous specimen was positive for cytomegalovirus and negative for varicella zoster virus and herpes simplex virus 1 and 2. On each occasion, investigations indicated past cytomegalovirus infection but no evidence of a systemic re-activation. No indication of immunodeficiency was found over a 2-year follow-up period. His management, which included systemic and intravitreal antiviral therapy, is discussed. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, only two other cases of acute retinal necrosis syndrome caused by cytomegalovirus have been reported previously in immune-competent patients. This case illustrates the importance of vitreous biopsy for viral polymerase chain re-action studies in cases of acute retinal necrosis syndrome, in order to direct appropriate antiviral treatment. It also illustrates the role of an intravitreal antiviral drug that is effective against all three herpetic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Voros
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Buckheit R, Fliakas-Boltz V, Russell J, Snow M, Pallansch L, Yang S, Bader J, Khan T, Zanger M. A Diarylsulphone Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor with a Unique Sensitivity Profile to Drug-Resistant Virus Isolates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship evaluations with a series of diarylsulphone non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors indicated that the steric properties of the molecule and compound lipophilicity primarily contributed to the overall level of activity of the compounds against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The most active compounds in the diarylsulphone series had an orthonitro group and yielded anti-HIV activity at sub-micromolar concentrations. Compounds of the diarylsulphone class exhibited antiviral properties similar to other members of the pharmacologic class of HIV-1 specific non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, including activity in a wide variety of established and primary human cells, activity against a wide variety of laboratory and clinical virus isolates, and activity when challenged at high multiplicity of infection. Synergistic inhibition of HIV-1 was observed when the diarylsulphone NSC 667952 was used with the nucleoside analogues AZT, ddl, 3TC and d4T, the protease inhibitor KNI 272 and the sulphonated dye resobene; additive effects were observed when NSC 667952 was used with the nucleoside analogue ddC and other non-nucleoside RT inhibitors. The diarylsulphones exhibited a unique sensitivity profile when evaluated against both virus isolates and purified reverse transcriptase containing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance-engendering mutations. Unlike other members of the class of non-nucleoside compounds, NSC 667952 remained active against virus isolates with the L100I amino acid change in the RT. The compound was, however, highly sensitive to Y181C., K103N and K101E amino acid changes in the RT. The diarylsulphone selected for resistant virus populations which possessed the Y181C amino acid change in the reverse transcriptase and which exhibited enhanced sensitivity to the non-nucleoside inhibitors calanolide A and costatolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.W. Buckheit
- Virology Research Group, Southern Research Institute - Frederick Research Center, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - V. Fliakas-Boltz
- Virology Research Group, Southern Research Institute - Frederick Research Center, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - J.D. Russell
- Virology Research Group, Southern Research Institute - Frederick Research Center, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - M. Snow
- Virology Research Group, Southern Research Institute - Frederick Research Center, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - L.A. Pallansch
- Virology Research Group, Southern Research Institute - Frederick Research Center, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - S.S. Yang
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J.P. Bader
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - T.N. Khan
- Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M. Zanger
- Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
The ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to transdifferentiate into a desired cell lineage has captured the imagination of scientists and clinicians alike. The limited ability for chondrocytes to regenerate in chondral injuries has raised the concept of using MSCs to help regenerate and repair damaged tissue. The expansion of cells in a laboratory setting to be delivered back to the patient is too costly for clinical use in the present tough economic climate. This process is slow with due to the complexity of trying to imitate the natural environment and biological stimulation of chondral cell replication and proliferation. Bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) has the potential to provide an easily accessible and readily available source of MSCs with key growth factors that can be used in treating chondral injuries. This review summarizes the underlying basic science of MSCs and the therapeutic potential of BMAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Holton
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Mohamed A Imam
- Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham, UK; Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Martin Snow
- Royal Orthopaedic Hospital , Birmingham , UK
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Wakefield CB, Moore GI, Bertram AE, Snow M, Newman SJ. Extraordinary capture of a Randall's snapper Randallichthys filamentosus in the temperate south-eastern Indian Ocean and its molecular phylogenetic relationship within the Etelinae. J Fish Biol 2016; 88:735-740. [PMID: 26511767 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The capture of a rarely encountered Randall's snapper Randallichthys filamentosus (female, 587 mm fork length) from the upper continental slope (c. 350 m) off the south coast of Western Australia (c. 34·5° S; 122·5° E) in January 2014 represents its first record from the temperate Indian Ocean and a southern range extension. This record suggests that spawning of this predominantly tropical species may probably be occurring in the eastern Indian Ocean, considering the extensive, and unlikely, distance the progeny would have otherwise travelled from its typical distribution in the western and central Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Wakefield
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia, P. O. Box 20, North Beach, 6920 WA, Australia
| | - G I Moore
- Fish Section, Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, 6106 WA, Australia
| | - A E Bertram
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia, P. O. Box 20, North Beach, 6920 WA, Australia
| | - M Snow
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia, P. O. Box 20, North Beach, 6920 WA, Australia
| | - S J Newman
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia, P. O. Box 20, North Beach, 6920 WA, Australia
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Dias PJ, Wakefield CB, Fairclough DV, Jackson G, Travers MJ, Snow M. Real-time PCR validation of visually identified snapper Chrysophrys auratus (Sparidae) eggs. J Fish Biol 2016; 88:811-819. [PMID: 26707536 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a total of 212 eggs were visually identified as snapper Chrysophrys auratus. Real-time PCR confirmed visual identification in 69% of cases but corroboration varied widely among plankton samples. The use of molecular tools to support visual identification prior to adopting daily egg production stock assessment methods should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Dias
- Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia, Western Australia Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, P. O. Box 20, North Beach, WA 6920, Australia
- School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - C B Wakefield
- Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia, Western Australia Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, P. O. Box 20, North Beach, WA 6920, Australia
| | - D V Fairclough
- Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia, Western Australia Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, P. O. Box 20, North Beach, WA 6920, Australia
| | - G Jackson
- Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia, Western Australia Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, P. O. Box 20, North Beach, WA 6920, Australia
| | - M J Travers
- Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia, Western Australia Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, P. O. Box 20, North Beach, WA 6920, Australia
| | - M Snow
- Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia, Western Australia Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, P. O. Box 20, North Beach, WA 6920, Australia
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Woods TN, Snow M, Harder J, Chapman G, Cookson A. A Different View of Solar Spectral Irradiance Variations: Modeling Total Energy over Six-Month Intervals. Sol Phys 2015; 290:2649-2676. [PMID: 27445419 PMCID: PMC4938014 DOI: 10.1007/s11207-015-0766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A different approach to studying solar spectral irradiance (SSI) variations, without the need for long-term (multi-year) instrument degradation corrections, is examining the total energy of the irradiance variation during 6-month periods. This duration is selected because a solar active region typically appears suddenly and then takes 5 to 7 months to decay and disperse back into the quiet-Sun network. The solar outburst energy, which is defined as the irradiance integrated over the 6-month period and thus includes the energy from all phases of active region evolution, could be considered the primary cause for the irradiance variations. Because solar cycle variation is the consequence of multiple active region outbursts, understanding the energy spectral variation may provide a reasonable estimate of the variations for the 11-year solar activity cycle. The moderate-term (6-month) variations from the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) instruments can be decomposed into positive (in-phase with solar cycle) and negative (out-of-phase) contributions by modeling the variations using the San Fernando Observatory (SFO) facular excess and sunspot deficit proxies, respectively. These excess and deficit variations are fit over 6-month intervals every 2 months over the mission, and these fitted variations are then integrated over time for the 6-month energy. The dominant component indicates which wavelengths are in-phase and which are out-of-phase with solar activity. The results from this study indicate out-of-phase variations for the 1400 - 1600 nm range, with all other wavelengths having in-phase variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N. Woods
- />Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP), University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Martin Snow
- />Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP), University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Jerald Harder
- />Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP), University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Dr., Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Gary Chapman
- />San Fernando Observatory (SFO), California State University Northridge, 14031 San Fernando Rd., Sylmar, CA 91342 USA
| | - Angela Cookson
- />San Fernando Observatory (SFO), California State University Northridge, 14031 San Fernando Rd., Sylmar, CA 91342 USA
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Yeo L, Adlard N, Biehl M, Juarez M, Smallie T, Snow M, Buckley CD, Raza K, Filer A, Scheel-Toellner D. Expression of chemokines CXCL4 and CXCL7 by synovial macrophages defines an early stage of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:763-71. [PMID: 25858640 PMCID: PMC4819606 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives For our understanding of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), it is important to elucidate the mechanisms underlying early stages of synovitis. Here, synovial cytokine production was investigated in patients with very early arthritis. Methods Synovial biopsies were obtained from patients with at least one clinically swollen joint within 12 weeks of symptom onset. At an 18-month follow-up visit, patients who went on to develop RA, or whose arthritis spontaneously resolved, were identified. Biopsies were also obtained from patients with RA with longer symptom duration (>12 weeks) and individuals with no clinically apparent inflammation. Synovial mRNA expression of 117 cytokines was quantified using PCR techniques and analysed using standard and novel methods of data analysis. Synovial tissue sections were stained for CXCL4, CXCL7, CD41, CD68 and von Willebrand factor. Results A machine learning approach identified expression of mRNA for CXCL4 and CXCL7 as potentially important in the classification of early RA versus resolving arthritis. mRNA levels for these chemokines were significantly elevated in patients with early RA compared with uninflamed controls. Significantly increased CXCL4 and CXCL7 protein expression was observed in patients with early RA compared with those with resolving arthritis or longer established disease. CXCL4 and CXCL7 co-localised with blood vessels, platelets and CD68+ macrophages. Extravascular CXCL7 expression was significantly higher in patients with very early RA compared with longer duration RA or resolving arthritis Conclusions Taken together, these observations suggest a transient increase in synovial CXCL4 and CXCL7 levels in early RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yeo
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Adlard
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Biehl
- Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Juarez
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - T Smallie
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Snow
- Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - C D Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - K Raza
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Filer
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - D Scheel-Toellner
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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McIntosh SW, Leamon RJ, Krista LD, Title AM, Hudson HS, Riley P, Harder JW, Kopp G, Snow M, Woods TN, Kasper JC, Stevens ML, Ulrich RK. The solar magnetic activity band interaction and instabilities that shape quasi-periodic variability. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6491. [PMID: 25849045 PMCID: PMC4396379 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar magnetism displays a host of variational timescales of which the enigmatic 11-year sunspot cycle is most prominent. Recent work has demonstrated that the sunspot cycle can be explained in terms of the intra- and extra-hemispheric interaction between the overlapping activity bands of the 22-year magnetic polarity cycle. Those activity bands appear to be driven by the rotation of the Sun's deep interior. Here we deduce that activity band interaction can qualitatively explain the ‘Gnevyshev Gap'—a well-established feature of flare and sunspot occurrence. Strong quasi-annual variability in the number of flares, coronal mass ejections, the radiative and particulate environment of the heliosphere is also observed. We infer that this secondary variability is driven by surges of magnetism from the activity bands. Understanding the formation, interaction and instability of these activity bands will considerably improve forecast capability in space weather and solar activity over a range of timescales. The origins of the Sun's periodic activity, such as sunspot cycles, are poorly understood. McIntosh et al. posit that the rotational forcing of the activity bands comprising the 22-year magnetic cycle undergoes shorter-term variations, driving magnetic flux surges that impact solar output on those timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W McIntosh
- High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, PO Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307, USA
| | - Robert J Leamon
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Larisza D Krista
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80205, USA
| | - Alan M Title
- Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, 3251 Hanover Street, Building 252, Palo Alto, Colorado 94304, USA
| | - Hugh S Hudson
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Pete Riley
- Predictive Science Inc., 9990 Mesa Rim Road, Suite 170, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Jerald W Harder
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 1234 Innovation Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Greg Kopp
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 1234 Innovation Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Martin Snow
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 1234 Innovation Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Thomas N Woods
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 1234 Innovation Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Justin C Kasper
- 1] Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Michael L Stevens
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Roger K Ulrich
- Division of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Los Angeles, Colorado 90095, USA
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16
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Nolan D, Stephens F, Crockford M, Jones JB, Snow M. Detection and characterization of viruses of the genus Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish imported into an Australian border quarantine premises: an emerging risk to national biosecurity. J Fish Dis 2015; 38:187-195. [PMID: 24475941 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This report documents an emerging trend of identification of Megalocytivirus-like inclusions in a range of ornamental fish species intercepted during quarantine detention at the Australian border. From September 2012 to February 2013, 5 species of fish that had suffered mortality levels in excess of 25% whilst in the post-entry quarantine and had Megalocytivirus-like inclusion bodies in histological sections were examined by PCR. The fish had been imported from Singapore, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. Ninety-seven of 111 individual fish from affected tanks of fish tested were positive for the presence of Megalocytivirus by PCR. Sequence analysis of representative PCR products revealed an identical sequence of 621 bp in all cases which was identical to a previously characterized Megalocytivirus (Sabah/RAA1/2012 strain BMGIV48). Phylogenetic analysis of available Megalocytivirus major capsid protein (MCP) sequences confirmed the existence of 3 major clades of Megalocytivirus. The virus detected in this study was identified as a member of Genotype II. The broad host range and pathogenicity of megalocytiviruses, coupled to the documented spread of ornamental fish into the environment, render this a significant and emerging biosecurity threat to Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nolan
- Department of Fisheries, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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17
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Chen CCJJ, Ringenbach DRS, Snow M. Treadmill walking effects on grip strength in young men with Down syndrome. Res Dev Disabil 2014; 35:288-293. [PMID: 24317185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the relation between grip strength and anthropometric factors and the impact of an aerobic exercise on grip strength in young men with Down syndrome (DS). This study was a pre-post design. Twelve males with DS were assigned to an exercise group, who walked using an incremental protocol on a treadmill for 20 min at aerobic levels. Eight additional persons with DS were assigned to an attentional control group, who watched a video. Measure of grip strength was tested pre- and post-interventions. The results showed positively significant relationship among grip strength and age (r=.74, p<.01), weight (r=.52, p=.02), body mass index (r=.61, p=.01) and waist circumference (r=.54, p=.02). In addition, Grip strength was slightly improved after exercise (p=.03) but decreased after control condition. The results showed that anthropometric factors, such as age, weight, body mass index and waist circumference, were positively correlated with grip strength in young men with DS. Further, improvement in grip strength can be found even after a single exercise session. This finding emphasizes the importance of maintaining an active lifestyle in persons with DS for performing activities of daily living.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C J J Chen
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - D R S Ringenbach
- Kinesiology Program, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - M Snow
- Kinesiology Program, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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18
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Yeo L, Lom H, Juarez M, Snow M, Buckley CD, Filer A, Raza K, Scheel-Toellner D. Expression of FcRL4 defines a pro-inflammatory, RANKL-producing B cell subset in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:928-35. [PMID: 24431391 PMCID: PMC4392201 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The success of B cell targeting therapies has highlighted the importance of B cells in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. We have previously shown that B cells in the RA synovium are capable of producing pro-inflammatory and bone-destructive cytokines including RANKL. Here we sought to characterise the nature and functional relevance of the RANKL-producing B cell subset in the RA synovium. Methods Synovial fluid and peripheral blood B cells from patients with RA were analysed by flow cytometry for markers of B cell differentiation and activation and for chemokine receptors. FcRL4+ and FcRL4− B cells sorted from synovial fluid were analysed for cytokine expression using Taqman low-density arrays. Synovial tissue biopsies obtained from patients with RA were analysed by immunofluorescence for CD20, RANKL and FcRL4. FCRL4 mRNA expression was determined in synovial tissue of RA patients and non-inflammatory control subjects by real-time PCR. Results RANKL-producing B cells in RA synovial tissue and fluid were identified as belonging to a distinct subset of B cells defined by expression of the transmembrane protein FcRL4. FcRL4+ B cells express a distinct combination of cytokines and surface proteins indicating a function distinct from that of FcRL4− B cells. Notably, FcRL4+ B cells expressed high levels of TNF-α and RANKL mRNA. Conclusions We have identified a novel pro-inflammatory B cell population in the RA synovium which is defined by expression of FcRL4 and responsible for RANKL production. This B cell population expresses high levels of CD20, and its removal by rituximab may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yeo
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - H Lom
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Juarez
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Snow
- Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - C D Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Filer
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - K Raza
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - D Scheel-Toellner
- Rheumatology Research Group, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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19
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Wang S, Li KF, Pongetti TJ, Sander SP, Yung YL, Liang MC, Livesey NJ, Santee ML, Harder JW, Snow M, Mills FP. Midlatitude atmospheric OH response to the most recent 11-y solar cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2023-8. [PMID: 23341617 PMCID: PMC3568342 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117790110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydroxyl radical (OH) plays an important role in middle atmospheric photochemistry, particularly in ozone (O(3)) chemistry. Because it is mainly produced through photolysis and has a short chemical lifetime, OH is expected to show rapid responses to solar forcing [e.g., the 11-y solar cycle (SC)], resulting in variabilities in related middle atmospheric O(3) chemistry. Here, we present an effort to investigate such OH variability using long-term observations (from space and the surface) and model simulations. Ground-based measurements and data from the Microwave Limb Sounder on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Aura satellite suggest an ∼7-10% decrease in OH column abundance from solar maximum to solar minimum that is highly correlated with changes in total solar irradiance, solar Mg-II index, and Lyman-α index during SC 23. However, model simulations using a commonly accepted solar UV variability parameterization give much smaller OH variability (∼3%). Although this discrepancy could result partially from the limitations in our current understanding of middle atmospheric chemistry, recently published solar spectral irradiance data from the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment suggest a solar UV variability that is much larger than previously believed. With a solar forcing derived from the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment data, modeled OH variability (∼6-7%) agrees much better with observations. Model simulations reveal the detailed chemical mechanisms, suggesting that such OH variability and the corresponding catalytic chemistry may dominate the O(3) SC signal in the upper stratosphere. Continuing measurements through SC 24 are required to understand this OH variability and its impacts on O(3) further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Wang
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.
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20
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Bland F, McIntosh R, Bain N, Snow M. Development and validation of a range of endogenous controls to support the implementation of practical Taqman real-time PCR-based surveillance for fish diseases within aquaculture. J Fish Dis 2012; 35:447-454. [PMID: 22524565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of Taqman real-time PCR-based technology has recently become more frequent in the detection of pathogens in the aquaculture industry. This interest has necessitated the development of robust and reliable pathogen-detection assays. The development of a range of endogenous control assays to be run alongside these diagnostic assays works to further increase confidence in the latter. This study describes the design of a range of endogenous control assays based on the elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) gene specific to a range of fish species including Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar; rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss; brown trout, Salmo trutta; cod, Gadus morhua; haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus; saithe, Pollachius virens; whiting, Merlangius merlangus; Norway pout, Trisopterus esmarkii; carp (family Cyprinidae), roach, Rutilus rutilus; European eel, Anguilla anguilla; and herring, Clupea harengus, as well as a number of fish cell lines. Evidence is provided of the validation of these assays for specific species, a range of tissue types and cell lines as well as an example of the potential uses of these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bland
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, Scotland
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21
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MacLean S, Khan WS, Malik AA, Snow M, Anand S. Tendon regeneration and repair with stem cells. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2012:316281. [PMID: 25098364 PMCID: PMC3205775 DOI: 10.1155/2012/316281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of stems cells in tendon repair is of particular interest given the frequency of tendon injuries worldwide together with the technical difficulty often encountered when repairing or augmenting tendons. Stems cells have the capability to differentiate into a variety of different cell types including osteocytes and tenocytes, and if normal architecture of damaged tendon (either macroscopic or microscopic) could be restored, this would significantly improve the management of patients with these injuries. There is already encouraging research on the use of stems cells clinically although considerable further work is required to improve knowledge and clinical applications of stem cells in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. MacLean
- University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - W. S. Khan
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Middlesex HA7 4LP, UK
| | - A. A. Malik
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Middlesex HA7 4LP, UK
| | - M. Snow
- Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham B31 2AP, UK
| | - S. Anand
- University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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22
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Fontenla JM, Harder J, Livingston W, Snow M, Woods T. High-resolution solar spectral irradiance from extreme ultraviolet to far infrared. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Campbell S, McBeath A, Secombes C, Snow M, Collet B. Interferon response following infection with genetically similar isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) exhibiting contrasting virulence in rainbow trout. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2011; 30:287-294. [PMID: 21056106 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) were identified which are genetically similar yet, based on their isolation history were considered likely to differ in virulence in juvenile rainbow trout. An experimental infection study was performed in order to verify this hypothesis and provide an experimental infectivity model with which to investigate the basis for susceptibility of rainbow trout to this commercially important virus. Significant differences in mortality were obtained following both intraperitoneal (IP) injection and immersion challenges with an early marine (DK-M.Rhabdo) and early rainbow trout VHSV isolate (DK-F1) respectively. Expression of Type I IFN, Mx1 (an IFN-inducible protein), and viral genes (encoding nucleo-, phospho-, matrix, glyco- and non-viron proteins) was studied in sequential tissue samples using real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR). Resulting data revealed a significant increase in IFN and Mx1 expression detected in fish challenged by IP injection with both isolates. Expression levels of these genes were directly related to the degree of viral replication as measured by the expression of VHSV RNAs. In immersion-challenged fish a significant increase in Mx1 was observed only when using the virulent isolate DK-F1; however no elevated host response was detectable in fish challenged with the marine isolate DK-M.Rhabdo. Quintessentially the inability to detect any virus in trout challenged with the marine isolate via immersion suggests the virus was incapable of establishing infection. The mechanisms for this appear to be more related to initial cellular entry and replication rather than due to the overcoming of initial infection via an elevated host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Campbell
- Marine Scotland, Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
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24
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Matejusova I, McKay P, Bland F, Snow M. Application of a sensitive, specific and controlled real-time PCR assay to surveillance indicates a low prevalence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in wild herring, Clupea harengus L., in Scottish waters. J Fish Dis 2010; 33:841-847. [PMID: 20735797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Surveillance data on the distribution of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in the North Sea (UK), targeting Atlantic herring in areas with previous virus detection, were obtained from research cruises conducted during 2005. The sensitive molecular approach of real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was applied alongside a newly developed endogenous positive control assay specific for herring (elongation factor 1α) to ensure integrity of template. Three hundred and five pools from 1937 individual herring were tested, and no evidence of VHSV in association with wild Atlantic herring was detected. Samples were obtained from Scottish waters where marine aquaculture is conducted. The results confirm that previous tissue culture studies have most likely not significantly underestimated the prevalence of carrier herring in this area. The significance of migratory species such as herring as a reservoir species for VHSV, with the potential to translocate virus genotypes between geographical areas, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Matejusova
- Marine Scotland, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK.
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25
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Shinn A, Collins C, García-Vásquez A, Snow M, Matějusová I, Paladini G, Longshaw M, Lindenstrøm T, Stone D, Turnbull J, Picon-Camacho S, Rivera CV, Duguid R, Mo T, Hansen H, Olstad K, Cable J, Harris P, Kerr R, Graham D, Monaghan S, Yoon G, Buchmann K, Taylor N, Bakke T, Raynard R, Irving S, Bron J. Multi-centre testing and validation of current protocols for the identification of Gyrodactylus salaris (Monogenea). Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:1455-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Ellis AE, Cavaco A, Petrie A, Lockhart K, Snow M, Collet B. Histology, immunocytochemistry and qRT-PCR analysis of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post-smolts following infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). J Fish Dis 2010; 33:803-818. [PMID: 20561142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a very serious viral disease in terms of its impact on production of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fry and post-smolts. Post-smolts of Atlantic salmon were injected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and cohabited with naive fish to produce natural infection. Cohabitant fish were sampled every 2 days, up to day 36 post-infection (p.i.). From 90 cohabitant fish, 11 (12.2%) were positive by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The first detection of IPNV by IHC occurred on day 16 p.i. which coincided with the onset of mortality in this group. Besides the pancreas, the liver was found to be a key target organ for IPNV. For the first time, the virus was observed in the islets of Langerhans and in the kidney corpuscles of Stannius which suggests that the virus could affect the fish's metabolism. The liver of two fish, which showed the most widespread presence of IPNV by IHC, had a pathology including focal necrosis and widespread presence of apoptotic hepatocytes, many of which did not stain for virus by IHC. Up-regulation of cytokine gene expression was found only in the IHC-positive (IHC+ve) fish and reflected the level of infection as determined by IHC positivity of the liver. In most fish, interferon (IFN), Mx, γIFN and γIP were up-regulated in liver and kidney, while only IFN and Mx were up-regulated in gill. IL1β and TNFα were not induced in any tissue. The gill showed variable levels of constitutive expression of IL1β and γIFN. The two fish with liver pathology had the highest level of IFN expression, especially relative to the level of Mx expression, in the liver compared with the other IHC+ve fish which did not have a liver pathology. The results suggest that following widespread infection of hepatocytes, the cells may over-produce IFN, resulting in apoptosis of neighbouring cells with subsequent death from liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Ellis
- Marine Scotland, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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27
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Snow M, Black J, Matejusova I, McIntosh R, Baretto E, Wallace IS, Bruno DW. Detection of salmonid alphavirus RNA in wild marine fish: implications for the origins of salmon pancreas disease in aquaculture. Dis Aquat Organ 2010; 91:177-188. [PMID: 21133318 DOI: 10.3354/dao02265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Salmonid alphaviruses (SAVs), which include the aetiological agents of salmon pancreas disease (SPD) in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and sleeping disease (SD) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), are significant viral pathogens of European salmonid aquaculture. SAV is horizontally transmitted and the virus can survive for extended periods in seawater. A lack of convincing evidence for vertical transmission coupled to the fact that the SPD virus (SPDV) occurs in historically infected sites irrespective of fallow period duration suggests that a substantial reservoir of infection exists in the marine environment. We used a highly sensitive real-time PCR (qPCR) assay targeting a region of the SAV nsP1 gene to screen wild marine fish species for the presence of SAV in an attempt to identify such a potential reservoir. Screened fish species were caught in the vicinity of aquaculture activity in an area with a previous history of SAV infection (Shetland Isles, Scotland). SAV RNA was detected in internal organs (kidney and heart) from the flatfish species common dab Limanda limanda, long rough dab Hippoglossoides platessoides, and plaice Pleuronectes platessa. Based on these findings, sampling was extended to an area remote from aquaculture activity (Stonehaven Bay, NE coast of Scotland) from where heart tissues obtained from common dab also tested positive. While no virus could be cultivated from these samples, qPCR detections were shown to be SAV-specific by sequencing of an alternative gene region (E2) to that targeted by the qPCR assay. Analysis of these nucleotide sequences revealed minor differences to those previously obtained from farmed salmon, and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of an E2 dataset demonstrated a subtype V-like sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Snow
- Marine Scotland, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, PO Box 101, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK.
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28
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Cheung W, Mahmud J, Evans S, Holt C, Snow M, Wang B, Chizari M. T-9 Evaluating the Mechanical Properties of a Tendon Graft, Using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Technique. J Biomech 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9290(10)70139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Campbell S, Collet B, Einer-Jensen K, Secombes CJ, Snow M. Identifying potential virulence determinants in viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) for rainbow trout. Dis Aquat Organ 2009; 86:205-212. [PMID: 20066955 DOI: 10.3354/dao02127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We identified viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) isolates classified within Genotype Ib which are genetically similar (>99.4% glycoprotein amino acid identity) yet, based on their isolation history, were suspected to differ in virulence in juvenile rainbow trout. The virulence of an isolate recovered in 2000 from a viral haemorrhagic septicaemia disease episode in a marine rainbow trout farm in Sweden (SE-SVA-1033) was evaluated in juvenile rainbow trout via intraperitoneal injection and immersion challenge alongside 3 isolates recovered from wild-caught marine fish (DK-4p37, DK-5e59 and UKMLA98/6HE1) suspected of being of low pathogenicity to trout. Mortality data revealed that isolate SE-SVA-1033 caused VHSV-specific mortality in both intraperitoneal and immersion challenges (75.0 and 15.4%, respectively). The remaining Genotype Ib isolates caused significantly lower mortalities using the same experimental infection routes (<35.0 and <2.0%, respectively). Having identified VHSV isolates with clear differences in their pathogenicity, coding and inter-genic non-coding regions of 2 isolates (SE-SVA-1033 and DK-4p37) were determined and compared in order to identify potential markers responsible for the observed differences in virulence. Only 4 predicted amino acid substitutions were identified across the genome sequenced; these occurred in the N (R46G), G (S113G), NV (L12F) and L (S56A) proteins. These findings form the basis for further studies aimed at determining the biological significance of these mutations and suggest that small changes at the molecular level can cause significant changes in the virulence properties of VHSV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Campbell
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Jonstrup SP, Gray T, Kahns S, Skall HF, Snow M, Olesen NJ. FishPathogens.eu/vhsv: a user-friendly viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus isolate and sequence database. J Fish Dis 2009; 32:925-929. [PMID: 19538460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A database has been created, http://www.FishPathogens.eu, with the aim of providing a single repository for collating important information on significant pathogens of aquaculture, relevant to their control and management. This database will be developed, maintained and managed as part of the European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases function. This concept has been initially developed for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and will be extended in future to include information on other significant aquaculture pathogens. Information included for each isolate comprises sequence, geographical origin, host origin and useful key literature. Various search mechanisms make it easy to find specific groups of isolates. Search results can be presented in several different ways including table-based, map-based and graph-based outputs. When retrieving sequences, the user is given freedom to obtain data from any selected part of the genome of interest. The output of the sequence search can be readily retrieved as a FASTA file ready to be imported into a sequence alignment tool of choice, facilitating further molecular epidemiological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Jonstrup
- Division of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Arhus N, Denmark.
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Gregory A, Munro LA, Snow M, Urquhart KL, Murray AG, Raynard RS. An experimental investigation on aspects of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) infection dynamics in seawater Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 2009; 32:481-489. [PMID: 19538641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.00999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated infection dynamics of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) by conducting two experiments to examine minimum infective dose and viral shedding of ISAV. In terms of minimum infective dose, the high variability between replicate tanks and the relatively slow spread of infection through the population at 1 x 10(1) TCID(50) mL(-1) indicated this dose is approaching the minimum infective dose for ISAV in seawater salmon populations. A novel qPCR assay incorporating an influenza virus control standard with each seawater sample was developed that enabled the quantity of ISAV shed from infected populations to be estimated in values equivalent to viral titres. Viral shedding was first detected at 7 days post-challenge (5.8 x 10(-2) TCID(50) mL(-1)kg(-1)) and rose to levels above the minimum infective dose (4.2 x 10(1) TCID(50) mL(-1)kg(-1)) on day 11 post-challenge, 2 days before mortalities in ISAV inoculated fish started. These results clearly demonstrate that a large viral shedding event occurs before death. Viral titres peaked at 7.0 x 10(1) TCID(50) mL(-1)kg(-1) 15 days post-infection. These data provide important information relevant to the management of ISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gregory
- Fisheries Research Services, Aberdeen, UK
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Snow M, McKay P, Matejusova I. Development of a widely applicable positive control strategy to support detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) using Taqman real-time PCR. J Fish Dis 2009; 32:151-6. [PMID: 19261042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Real-time PCR assays are being increasingly applied to the detection of fish pathogens due to their sensitivity, specificity and potential for high throughput sample processing. Such assays allow for the ready and efficient inclusion of appropriate quality controls which are fundamental to scientific integrity and to satisfying the demands of diagnostic test accreditation. In this article, we report development of a universal positive control strategy for real-time PCR assays, which has been used to support and improve a previously published method for detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). The strategy employed uses an RNA mimic template, which is based on the ISAV segment 8 target sequence but includes an artificial universal positive control sequence. Inclusion of this sequence, which is targeted by a second specific probe carrying a different fluorophore to the primary assay, allows for convenient screening of all real-time PCR reactions for the presence of contaminating positive control material. The development of readily distinguishable artificial positive control material offers distinct advantages to real-time PCR assays over using control material derived from clinical material.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Snow
- FRS Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK.
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Abstract
Antiperspirant compositions have traditionally relied upon aluminium-based active compounds to reduce sweating. Titanium is a physiologically inert metal, and titanium metal chelates appear to induce superficial physical pore blockage to provide effective antiperspirancy in a variety of product types. Titanium metal chelates can be formed from titanium alkoxides and organic acids. Conflicting opinions as to the salt structure exist and, in the case of part-neutralized ammonium titanium lactate (ATL) salt, evidence has been seen for a range of ligands bound to different strengths at different stages of hydrolysis. Aluminium is thought to work by ductal diffusion to give antiperspirancy via neutralization to a polymeric, relatively superficial gel obstruction. ATL mimics conventional alumiunium salts in that it is mainly a topical antiperspirant active, with ATL-treated skin restored to normal patterns of sweating activity after a few tape-strips. Under acidic and near-neutral pH conditions, the ATL active is relatively stable to hydrolysis and can be formulated into topical compositions as either an aqueous solution of the active or as a free-flowing powder in anhydrous systems. When judged by an in vitro efficacy technique which is thought to predict in vivo performance, ATL functions as an effective antiperspirant.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Hagan
- Unilever Research Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, Wirral UK
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Matejusová I, Doig F, Middlemas SJ, Mackay S, Douglas A, Armstrong JD, Cunningham CO, Snow M. Using quantitative real-time PCR to detect salmonid prey in scats of greyHalichoerus grypusand harbourPhoca vitulinaseals in Scotland - an experimental and field study. J Appl Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Das BK, Nayak KK, Fourrier M, Collet B, Snow M, Ellis AE. Expression of Mx protein in tissues of Atlantic salmon post-smolts--an immunohistochemical study. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2007; 23:1209-1217. [PMID: 17980623 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A rabbit antiserum was produced from a 12-amino acid long peptide common to the 3 known isoforms of Atlantic salmon Mx proteins. The antibody stained ASK-1 cells 48h after stimulation with poly I:C. In Western blots of these cells, the antibody stained a doublet with MW about 75kDa and another band at about 65kDa, typical of the MW of Atlantic salmon Mx. Western blots of kidney from IPNV-injected salmon showed a similar staining pattern. In immunohistochemistry, the antibody stained the gill, kidney and liver tissue of a fish infected with IPNV by cohabitation. These tissues also expressed high levels of interferon (IFN) and Mx transcripts as determined by real-time qRT-PCR. Normal healthy salmon post-smolts sampled at 4-8 weeks after transfer to sea water had very low-level expression of IFN and Mx transcripts. However, at 4 and 5 weeks after sea water transfer the gill, kidney and liver of these fish stained strongly for Mx protein. Thereafter, immunostaining of Mx markedly diminished in all tissues, persisting weakly in the gill. It has been reported that Atlantic salmon smolts constitutively express IFN and Mx transcripts around the time of smolting. Presumably the Mx protein detected in the tissues for about 6 weeks after transfer to sea water resulted from such a transcriptional event. As Mx is known to provide protection against IPNV infections it is tempting to associate the duration of persistence of Mx protein with the outbreaks of IPN-related mortalities in post-smolts, 6-8 weeks after transfer to sea water.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Das
- Marine Laboratory, Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland, UK
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Das BK, Collet B, Snow M, Ellis AE. Expression kinetics of ISG15 and viral major capsid protein (VP2) in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) fry following infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2007; 23:825-30. [PMID: 17606384 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic cod fry (1g) were infected by intraperitoneal injection with IPNV and samples of liver were taken every second day from four fish up to day 21. Samples were analysed for levels of viral transcripts by real time RT-PCR and the induction of expression of interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) transcripts were estimated by conventional RT-PCR relative to beta-actin. Mortality of over 40% occurred in infected groups between day 6 and 12 after infection. Levels of viral transcripts were low on day 1, rose on day 3, peaked on day 5 remaining high till day 13, and thereafter declined to low levels by day 21. The highest levels of viral transcripts, therefore, coincided with the onset and duration of mortality, but low levels persisted in surviving fish. ISG15 transcripts in control fish were detectable at low levels. Following infection with IPNV there was a marked increase in transcripts on day 3 and this level persisted up to day 21. This is the first report that IPNV induces the expression of the ISG15 gene in Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Das
- Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, India
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Das BK, Collet B, Snow M, Ellis AE. Expression of interferon type I and II, Mx and gammaIP genes in the kidney of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, is induced during smolting. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2007; 23:514-20. [PMID: 17467293 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The expression in kidney tissue of interferon type I (IFNalpha) and type II (IFNgamma) genes and two of their inducible genes, Mx and gammaIP were monitored, using qRT-PCR, in a population of Atlantic salmon prior to and over the period of smolting and sea water transfer. The smolting process was induced by photoperiod manipulation in October and smolts were transferred to sea water in December. Prior to extending the light period in October, the fish showed extremely low level expression of the genes assayed. However, immediately on extending the light and up until 1 week after transfer to sea water, 26 of the 90 fish sampled showed up-regulated expression for IFNalpha, Mx and gammaIP. The highest levels were shown by two fish on the 2 days prior to sea water transfer. Eleven fish displayed elevated expression of IFNgamma but there was no apparent association with smolting or sea water transfer or expression of the other genes. At the end of the sampling period, 30 fish were tested by standard virological methods and found to be virus free. The results indicate that during the smolting process, Atlantic salmon consititutively express IFNalpha and Mx mRNA. Those individuals which express Mx close to the time of transfer to sea water would be expected to have high levels of the anti-viral Mx protein in tissues for the longest time after sea water transfer. This could provide an innate defence against viral pathogens which post-smolts may encounter for the first time on entering the marine environment. Those individuals which express Mx early in the smolting process may be more at risk of developing IPN or other viral diseases as post-smolts.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Das
- Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, India
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Snow M, Ben-Sassi A, Winter RK, Verghese A, Hibberd R, Saad RAG, Morris Stiff G, Lewis MH. Can carotid ultrasound predict plaque histopathology? J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2007; 48:299-303. [PMID: 17505433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM European and North American studies have confirmed the benefits of carotid endarterectomy for patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenoses >70%. However, the management of asymptomatic patients and those with lesser degrees of stenosis is less certain. Several studies have suggested that, for these subgroups, the targeting of potentially unstable plaques, may help to identify those most at risk of cerebrovascular accidents and thus most likely to benefit from surgery. The aim of this study was to correlate the ultrasound features of carotid artery stenosis with the histopathological findings of the carotid endarterectomy specimens in order to identify features which will allow preoperative identification of clinically unstable plaques. METHODS Sixty consecutive patients with symptomatic, critical carotid stenosis were prospectively studied. Plaques were classified preoperatively into one of five types based on their echogenicity and were also assessed for irregularity and ulceration. These findings were then compared with the histopathological findings of the endarterectomy specimen. RESULTS Of 33 plaques considered on ultrasound to be uniformly or predominantly echolucent (unstable), 27 were found to be largely fatty or haemorrhagic (PPV =82%). Of 17 plaques considered to be predominantly echogenic (stable) on ultrasound, 11 were found to be predominantly fibrotic (PPV = 65%). Correlation between ultrasound irregularity or ulceration and histopathology was poor. CONCLUSION In routine clinical practice, ultrasound can identify with reasonable accuracy, plaques that are predominantly haemorrhagic or fatty, and therefore potentially unstable. This may have future implications in selection of patients for surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Snow
- Department of Surgery, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Llantrisant, UK
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McBeath AJA, Snow M, Secombes CJ, Ellis AE, Collet B. Expression kinetics of interferon and interferon-induced genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) following infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus and infectious salmon anaemia virus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2007; 22:230-41. [PMID: 16806972 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) are economically important pathogens of the salmonid aquaculture industry. Atlantic salmon were challenged by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) with either virus followed by time-course sampling. Cohabiting fish in the IPNV challenge were also sampled. Kidney tissue was analysed using a TaqMan real-time PCR assay to measure the expression of a range of host immune genes in relation to the endogenous control, elongation factor 1 alpha (ELF). Host genes measured included Mx, type I and type II interferon (IFN), gammaIFN induced protein (gammaIP), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Viral levels were also measured. In i.p. injected fish, both viruses greatly induced expression of Mx, gammaIP, type I and type II IFN by day 6 post-infection, however only ISAV caused substantial mortality. Some differences between the expression kinetics produced by both viruses were noted. Infection with ISAV increased IL-1beta expression following day 6, but no effect was seen in fish infected with IPNV. Neither virus induced TNF-alpha expression. This study confirms the presence of both type I and type II IFN responses and their induced genes in Atlantic salmon upon infection with an orthomyxovirus and a birnavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J A McBeath
- Fisheries Research Services, FRS Marine Laboratory, Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland, UK.
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Lockhart K, McBeath AJA, Collet B, Snow M, Ellis AE. Expression of Mx mRNA following infection with IPNV is greater in IPN-susceptible Atlantic salmon post-smolts than in IPN-resistant Atlantic salmon parr. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2007; 22:151-6. [PMID: 16806971 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Mx response was compared in parr and post-smolt Atlantic salmon following intra-peritoneal injection of the same dose of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) per g of fish. Mx gene expression, measured by quantitative RT-PCR in liver, showed a maximum level 3days after injection in parr with undetectable levels on day 7. In post-smolts, similar levels as in parr were attained on day 3, but levels then continued to rise on day 5 and 7 to about 10 times higher than the peak level in parr. Poly I:C injected parr showed Mx levels similar to IPNV injected post-smolts. Mortality from IPN in post-smolts occurred on days 6 and 7. Levels of IPN VP2 transcripts in parr were very low and did not increase with time, suggesting viral replication was low. Individual variation in levels of Mx and IPN VP2 gene transcripts was very high in post-smolts and although data is limited there was an inverse relationship between the levels of Mx and VP2, suggesting that individuals with high Mx levels on day 5 may be able to prevent viral replication. This contrasts with the response in parr, where IPN-resistance was not associated with a high Mx response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lockhart
- FRS Marine Laboratory, P.O. Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland, UK
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López-Vázquez C, Raynard RS, Bain N, Snow M, Bandín I, Dopazo CP. Genotyping of marine viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus isolated from the Flemish Cap by nucleotide sequence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns. Dis Aquat Organ 2006; 73:23-31. [PMID: 17240749 DOI: 10.3354/dao073023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A total of 14 viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) isolates obtained from Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides caught at the Flemish Cap, a fishing ground in the North Atlantic Ocean near Newfoundland, were characterised using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nucleotide sequence analysis. RFLP analysis was performed on a 1259 bp fragment of the glycoprotein (G) gene, and a 305 nucleotide region within the nucleoprotein (N) gene was used for sequence analysis. Representative strains of the 4 established genotypes were employed for comparative purposes. Sequencing analysis indicated that the Flemish cap isolates grouped in Genotype 3, which also includes isolates from wild fish caught in the North Sea and coastal waters of the UK and Ireland, isolates derived from outbreaks of VHS in turbot farms in the British Isles, and an isolate from European eel Anguilla anguilla caught in northern France. Characterisation using RFLPs resulted in the development of a simple and reliable method of typing VHSV at the genotype level using a 2-step restriction analysis (2-SRA) assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- C López-Vázquez
- Unidad de Ictiopatología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Snow M, McKay P, McBeath AJA, Black J, Doig F, Kerr R, Cunningham CO, Nylund A, Devold M. Development, application and validation of a Taqman real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Dev Biol (Basel) 2006; 126:133-45; discussion 325-6. [PMID: 17058489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a disease of cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) which was successfully eradicated from Scotland following its emergence in 1998. The rapid deployment of sensitive diagnostic methods for the detection of ISA virus (ISAV) was fundamental to the swift eradication of ISA disease in Scotland and continues to be of crucial importance to surveillance of the aquaculture industry. This study reports the development, validation, application and interpretation of two independent, highly sensitive and specific semi-quantitative Taqman real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) methods for the detection of ISAV. Such technology offers considerable advantages over conventional RT-PCR methods in current routine use for ISAV surveillance. These include an increased sensitivity, enhanced specificity, semi-quantification using endogenous controls, a lack of subjectivity in results interpretation, speed of processing and improved contamination control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Snow
- FRS Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK.
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Snow M, King JA, Garden A, Raynard RS. Experimental susceptibility of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (L.), and Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), to different genotypes of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. J Fish Dis 2005; 28:737-42. [PMID: 16336475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) is a well-characterized disease of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, which has also caused economic losses in marine turbot farms in the British Isles. We have previously demonstrated that turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, are susceptible to isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) that are endemic in the marine environment, highlighting a potential risk to marine aquaculture. Given the increasing interest in the intensive rearing of additional aquaculture species such as Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, and Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, this study aimed at investigating the susceptibility of these species to VHSV. Both species were found to be largely resistant to VHS following immersion challenge with a selection of 18 isolates, representing the known marine VHSV genotypes. Only one and two VHSV-associated mortalities occurred out of a total of 1710 and 1254 halibut and cod, respectively. These findings suggest that there is a low direct risk to the development of commercial cod and halibut aquaculture from the existing endemic reservoir of VHSV. This study, coupled to field observations has, however, highlighted the fact that both species can become infected with VHSV. The known adaptability of RNA viruses, together with the selection pressures associated with intensive aquaculture would thus advocate a cautious approach to VHSV surveillance within these emerging industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Snow
- Fisheries Research Services (FRS) Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK.
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Snow M, King JA, Garden A, Shanks AM, Raynard RS. Comparative susceptibility of turbot Scophthalmus maximus to different genotypes of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. Dis Aquat Organ 2005; 67:31-8. [PMID: 16385805 DOI: 10.3354/dao067031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) disease has exerted a significant impact on the development of turbot aquaculture in the British Isles. The source of such outbreaks is believed to be naturally occurring marine isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), which are endemic in the marine environment of Northern Europe. Genetic studies have classified these marine VHSV isolates into genotypes based on their geographic rather than host-species origin. This study set out to explore the hypothesis that susceptibility of turbot to VHSV might be genotype specific. Immersion infection of turbot with a range of isolates, selected according to genotype, identified significant differences between susceptibility and genotype. Viruses belonging to Genotypes Ib (Baltic marine isolates) and III (North Sea/E. Atlantic marine isolates) caused significantly higher mortality than isolates from Genotypes Ia (isolates associated with rainbow trout aquaculture) and II (Baltic marine isolates). This study serves to highlight the importance of thoroughly investigating the susceptibility of any given species to the range of pathogens to which they might be exposed prior to considering them resistant to any disease. Furthermore, it highlights different risk factors that might be associated with turbot aquaculture undertaken in different environments. Finally, an increased knowledge of the relative virulence of different isolates in turbot will assist in understanding virulence determinants, which could lead to advances in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Snow
- Fisheries Research Services Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK.
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Plarre H, Devold M, Snow M, Nylund A. Prevalence of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in wild salmonids in western Norway. Dis Aquat Organ 2005; 66:71-9. [PMID: 16175969 DOI: 10.3354/dao066071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), an important pathogen of farmed salmon in Norway, Scotland, the Faeroe Islands, Ireland, Canada, the USA and Chile, suggest that natural reservoirs for this virus can be found on both sides of the North Atlantic. Based on existing information about ISAV it is believed to be maintained in wild populations of trout and salmon in Europe. It has further been suggested that ISAV is transmitted between wild hosts, mainly during their freshwater spawning phase in rivers, and that wild salmonids, mainly trout, are possible carriers of benign wild-type variants of ISAV. Change in virulence is probably a result of deletions of amino acid segments from the highly polymorphic region (HPR) of benign wild-type isolates after transmission to farmed salmon. Hence, it has been suggested that the frequency of new outbreaks of ISA in farmed salmon could partly reflect natural variation in the prevalence of ISAV in wild populations of salmonids. The aims of the present study were to screen for ISAV in wild salmonids during spawning in rivers and to determine the pathogenicity of resultant isolates from wild fish. Tissues from wild salmonids were screened by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. The prevalence of ISAV in wild trout Salmo trutta varied from 62 to 100% between tested rivers in 2001. The prevalence dropped in 2002, ranging from 13 to 36% in the same rivers and to only 6% in 2003. All ISAV were nonpathogenic when injected into disease-free Atlantic salmon, but were capable of propagation, as indicated by subsequent viral recovery. However, non-pathogenic ISAV has also been found in farmed salmon, where a prevalence as high as 60% has been registered, but with no mortalities occurring. Based on the results of the present and other studies, it must be concluded that vital information about the importance of wild and man-made reservoirs for the emergence of ISA in salmon farming is still lacking. This information can only be gained by further screening of possible reservoirs, combined with the development of a molecular tool for typing virulence and the geographical origin of the virus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Plarre
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Komives A, Sint AK, Bowers M, Snow M. A Gamma Polarimeter for Neutron Polarization Measurement in a Liquid Deuterium Target for Parity Violation in Polarized Neutron Capture on Deuterium. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2005; 110:221-224. [PMID: 27308125 PMCID: PMC4849596 DOI: 10.6028/jres.110.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A measurement of the parity-violating gamma asymmetry in n-D capture would yield information on N-N parity violation independent of the n-p system. Since cold neutrons will depolarize in a liquid deuterium target in which the scattering cross section is much larger than the absorption cross section, it will be necessary to quantify the loss of polarization before capture. One way to do this is to use the large circular polarization of the gamma from n-D capture and analyze the circular polarization of the gamma in a gamma polarimeter. We describe the design of this polarimeter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Komives
- DePauw University, Greencastle, IN 46135
| | - A K Sint
- DePauw University, Greencastle, IN 46135
| | - M Bowers
- DePauw University, Greencastle, IN 46135
| | - M Snow
- Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408
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Snow M, Bain N, Black J, Taupin V, Cunningham CO, King JA, Skall HF, Raynard RS. Genetic population structure of marine viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Dis Aquat Organ 2004; 61:11-21. [PMID: 15584406 DOI: 10.3354/dao061011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of a specific region of the nucleoprotein gene were compared in order to investigate the genetic population structure of marine viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Analysis of the sequence from 128 isolates of diverse geographic and host origin renders this the most comprehensive molecular epidemiological study of marine VHSV conducted to date. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene sequences confirmed the existence of the 4 major genotypes previously identified based on N- and subsequent G-gene based analyses. The range of Genotype I included subgroups of isolates associated with rainbow trout aquaculture (Genotype Ia) and those from the Baltic marine environment (Genotype Ib) to emphasise the relatively close genetic relationship between these isolates. The existence of an additional genotype circulating within the Baltic Sea (Genotype II) was also confirmed. Genotype III included marine isolates from around the British Isles in addition to those associated with turbot mariculture, highlighting a continued risk to the development of this industry. Genotype IV consisted of isolates from the marine environment in North America. Taken together, these findings suggest a marine origin of VHSV in rainbow trout aquaculture. The implications of these findings with respect to the future control of VHSV are discussed. The capacity for molecular phylogenetic analysis to resolve complex epidemiological problems is also demonstrated and its likely future importance to disease management issues highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Snow
- Fisheries Research Services Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, Scotland, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shiralkar
- Russells Hall Hospital, Dudley, West Midlands DY1 2HQ
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Snow M, Raynard RS, Murray AG, Bruno DW, King JA, Grant R, Bricknell IR, Bain N, Gregory A. An evaluation of current diagnostic tests for the detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) following experimental water-borne infection of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 2003; 26:135-145. [PMID: 12962223 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Four commonly used diagnostic tests [reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), virus culture and light microscopy] were evaluated for their ability to detect infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) or tissue pathology following experimental infection of Atlantic salmon. Fish were infected with ISAV by water-borne exposure which mimics the route of natural infection. Forty-five per cent of pre-clinical fish tested yielded positive results by RT-PCR for at least one of the organs tested (kidney, heart, gill, liver, blood). No significant difference was detected between organs in the number or time of first occurrence of positive result. Virus culture identified a total of 14% of pre-clinical fish as ISAV-infected. The presence of ISAV in heart tissue was particularly notable (13% of fish sampled) as was the inability to culture virus from spleen tissue. In the case of IFAT, 15% of fish sampled were positive, although tissue other than kidney proved unsuitable for use in this method. Only limited ISAV-specific pathology was detectable by histological examination of fish prior to the onset of clinical disease. These findings reveal important information regarding the optimal choice of both tissue sample and diagnostic test for the routine diagnosis of ISAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Snow
- FRS Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
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