1
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Alpert PA, Kilthau WP, O’Brien RE, Moffet RC, Gilles MK, Wang B, Laskin A, Aller JY, Knopf DA. Ice-nucleating agents in sea spray aerosol identified and quantified with a holistic multimodal freezing model. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabq6842. [PMID: 36322651 PMCID: PMC9629709 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is a widely recognized important source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere. However, composition-specific identification, nucleation processes, and ice nucleation rates of SSA-INPs have not been well constrained. Microspectroscopic characterization of ambient and laboratory-generated SSA confirms that water-borne exudates from planktonic microorganisms composed of a mixture of proteinaceous and polysaccharidic compounds act as ice-nucleating agents (INAs). These data and data from previously published mesocosm and wave channel studies are subsequently used to further develop the stochastic freezing model (SFM) producing ice nucleation rate coefficients for SSA-INPs. The SFM simultaneously predicts immersion freezing and deposition and homogeneous ice nucleation by SSA particles under tropospheric conditions. Predicted INP concentrations agree with ambient and laboratory measurements. In addition, this holistic freezing model is independent of the source and exact composition of the SSA particles, making it well suited for implementation in cloud and climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Alpert
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Wendy P. Kilthau
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rachel E. O’Brien
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan C. Moffet
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
- Sonoma Technology, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bingbing Wang
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Alexander Laskin
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Josephine Y. Aller
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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2
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Gonçalves SJ, Weis J, China S, Evangelista H, Harder TH, Müller S, Sampaio M, Laskin A, Gilles MK, Godoi RHM. Photochemical reactions on aerosols at West Antarctica: A molecular case-study of nitrate formation among sea salt aerosols. Sci Total Environ 2021; 758:143586. [PMID: 33218800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental implications of climate change are complex and exhibit regional variations both within and between the polar regions. The increase of solar UV radiation flux over Antarctica due to stratospheric ozone depletion creates the optimal conditions for photochemical reactions on the snow. Modeling, laboratory, and indirect field studies suggest that snowpack process release gases to the atmosphere that can react on sea salt particles in remote regions such as Antarctica, modifying aerosol composition and physical properties of aerosols. Here, we present evidence of photochemical processing in West Antarctica aerosols using microscopic and chemical speciation of individual atmospheric particles. Individual aerosol particles collected at the Brazilian module Criosfera 1 were analyzed by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS) combined with computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis. The displacement of chlorine relative to sodium was observed over most of the sea salt particles. Particles with a chemical composition consistent with NaCl-NO3 contributed up to 30% of atmospheric particles investigated. Overall, this study provides evidence that the snowpack and particulate nitrate photolysis should be considered in dynamic partition equilibrium in the troposphere. These findings may assist in reducing modeling uncertainties and present new insights into the aerosol chemical composition in the polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio J Gonçalves
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; LARAMG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Johannes Weis
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physikalisches Institüt, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Heitor Evangelista
- LARAMG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tristan H Harder
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physikalisches Institüt, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Müller
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marcelo Sampaio
- Brazilian National Space Institute - INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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3
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Abstract
Airborne particles are very dynamic and highly reactive components of the Earth's atmosphere. Their high surface area and water content provide a unique reaction environment for multiphase chemistry that continually modifies particle composition and properties that consequently impact air quality as well as concentrations of gas-phase species. By absorbing and scattering solar and terrestrial radiation, particles directly influence the planet's radiative balance. Their indirect effects include modifying the nucleation, lifetime, and physical properties of clouds. Due to the sensitivity of the atmospheric environment to all these variables, fundamental studies of chemical transformations of atmospheric particles, their sources, continuously evolving composition, and physical properties are of highest research priority. Accurate descriptions of particles and their effects in the atmosphere require comprehensive information not only on the particle-type populations and their size distributions and concentrations, but also on the diversity and the spatial heterogeneity of chemical components within individual particles. Developments and applications of modern chemical imaging approaches for off-line characterization of atmospheric particles have been at the forefront of modern experimental studies and have resulted in a transformative impact in atmospheric chemistry and physics. This Account presents a synopsis of recent advances in chemical imaging of atmospheric particles collected on substrates during field and laboratory experiments. The unique advantage of chemical imaging methods is that they simultaneously provide two analytical measurements: imaging of particles to assess variability in their individual sizes and morphology, as well as particle-specific speciation of their composition and spatial heterogeneity of different chemical components within individual particles. We also highlight analytical chemistry approaches that enable chemical imaging of particles with different levels of elemental and molecular specificity, including applications of multimodal methodologies where the same or similar groups of particles are probed by two or more complementary techniques. These approaches provide unique experimental insights on the nature and sources of particles, understanding their physical properties, atmospheric reactivity, and transformations. Chemical imaging data provide unique experimental input for atmospheric models that simulate aging and changes in particle-type populations, internal composition, and their associated optical and cloud forming properties. We highlight applications of chemical imaging in selected recent studies, discuss their existing limitations, and forecast future research directions for this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ryan C. Moffet
- Meteorology and Air Quality Measurements, Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, California 94954, United States
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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4
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Charnawskas JC, Alpert PA, Lambe AT, Berkemeier T, O'Brien RE, Massoli P, Onasch TB, Shiraiwa M, Moffet RC, Gilles MK, Davidovits P, Worsnop DR, Knopf DA. Condensed-phase biogenic-anthropogenic interactions with implications for cold cloud formation. Faraday Discuss 2018; 200:165-194. [PMID: 28574555 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic and biogenic gas emissions contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). When present, soot particles from fossil fuel combustion can acquire a coating of SOA. We investigate SOA-soot biogenic-anthropogenic interactions and their impact on ice nucleation in relation to the particles' organic phase state. SOA particles were generated from the OH oxidation of naphthalene, α-pinene, longifolene, or isoprene, with or without the presence of sulfate or soot particles. Corresponding particle glass transition (Tg) and full deliquescence relative humidity (FDRH) were estimated using a numerical diffusion model. Longifolene SOA particles are solid-like and all biogenic SOA sulfate mixtures exhibit a core-shell configuration (i.e. a sulfate-rich core coated with SOA). Biogenic SOA with or without sulfate formed ice at conditions expected for homogeneous ice nucleation, in agreement with respective Tg and FDRH. α-pinene SOA coated soot particles nucleated ice above the homogeneous freezing temperature with soot acting as ice nuclei (IN). At lower temperatures the α-pinene SOA coating can be semisolid, inducing ice nucleation. Naphthalene SOA coated soot particles acted as ice nuclei above and below the homogeneous freezing limit, which can be explained by the presence of a highly viscous SOA phase. Our results suggest that biogenic SOA does not play a significant role in mixed-phase cloud formation and the presence of sulfate renders this even less likely. However, anthropogenic SOA may have an enhancing effect on cloud glaciation under mixed-phase and cirrus cloud conditions compared to biogenic SOA that dominate during pre-industrial times or in pristine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Charnawskas
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
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5
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China S, Burrows SM, Wang B, Harder TH, Weis J, Tanarhte M, Rizzo LV, Brito J, Cirino GG, Ma PL, Cliff J, Artaxo P, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Fungal spores as a source of sodium salt particles in the Amazon basin. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4793. [PMID: 30451836 PMCID: PMC6242827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Amazon basin, particles containing mixed sodium salts are routinely observed and are attributed to marine aerosols transported from the Atlantic Ocean. Using chemical imaging analysis, we show that, during the wet season, fungal spores emitted by the forest biosphere contribute at least 30% (by number) to sodium salt particles in the central Amazon basin. Hydration experiments indicate that sodium content in fungal spores governs their growth factors. Modeling results suggest that fungal spores account for ~69% (31-95%) of the total sodium mass during the wet season and that their fractional contribution increases during nighttime. Contrary to common assumptions that sodium-containing aerosols originate primarily from marine sources, our results suggest that locally-emitted fungal spores contribute substantially to the number and mass of coarse particles containing sodium. Hence, their role in cloud formation and contribution to salt cycles and the terrestrial ecosystem in the Amazon basin warrant further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Susannah M Burrows
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Bingbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tristan H Harder
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Weis
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Luciana V Rizzo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Diadema, 09961, SP, Brazil
| | - Joel Brito
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- IMT Lille Douai, SAGE, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Glauber G Cirino
- Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belem, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Po-Lun Ma
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - John Cliff
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Veghte DP, China S, Weis J, Lin P, Hinks ML, Kovarik L, Nizkorodov SA, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Heating-Induced Transformations of Atmospheric Particles: Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy Study. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9761-9768. [PMID: 30008222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Environmental transmission electron microscopy was employed to probe transformations in the size, morphology, and composition of individual atmospheric particles as a function of temperature. Two different heating devices were used and calibrated in this work: a furnace heater and a Micro Electro Mechanical System heater. The temperature calibration used sublimation temperatures of NaCl, glucose, and ammonium sulfate particles, and the melting temperature of tin. Volatilization of Suwanee River Fulvic Acid was further used to validate the calibration up to 800 °C. The calibrated furnace holder was used to examine both laboratory-generated secondary organic aerosol particles and field-collected atmospheric particles. Chemical analysis by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and near-edge fine-structure spectroscopy of the organic particles at different heating steps showed that above 300 °C particle volatilization was accompanied by charring. These methods were then applied to ambient particles collected in the central Amazon region. Distinct categories of particles differed in their volatilization response to heating. Spherical, more-viscous particles lost less volume during heating than particles that spread on the imaging substrate during impaction, due to either being liquid upon impaction or lower viscosity. This methodology illustrates a new analytical approach to accurately measure the volume fraction remaining for individually tracked atmospheric particles at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Veghte
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Johannes Weis
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Mallory L Hinks
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Libor Kovarik
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2084 United States
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7
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Oded M, Kelly ST, Gilles MK, Müller AH, Shenhar R. From dots to doughnuts: Two-dimensionally confined deposition of polyelectrolytes on block copolymer templates. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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8
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China S, Wang B, Weis J, Rizzo L, Brito J, Cirino GG, Kovarik L, Artaxo P, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Rupturing of Biological Spores As a Source of Secondary Particles in Amazonia. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:12179-12186. [PMID: 27749043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Airborne biological particles, such as fungal spores and pollen, are ubiquitous in the Earth's atmosphere and may influence the atmospheric environment and climate, impacting air quality, cloud formation, and the Earth's radiation budget. The atmospheric transformations of airborne biological spores at elevated relative humidity remain poorly understood and their climatic role is uncertain. Using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), we observed rupturing of Amazonian fungal spores and subsequent release of submicrometer size fragments after exposure to high humidity. We find that fungal fragments contain elements of inorganic salts (e.g., Na and Cl). They are hygroscopic in nature with a growth factor up to 2.3 at 96% relative humidity, thus they may potentially influence cloud formation. Due to their hygroscopic growth, light scattering cross sections of the fragments are enhanced by up to a factor of 10. Furthermore, rupturing of fungal spores at high humidity may explain the bursting events of new particle formation in Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Johannes Weis
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Luciana Rizzo
- Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo - SP, 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Joel Brito
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , São Paulo - SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Glauber G Cirino
- National Institute of Research in Amazonia , Manaus - AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Libor Kovarik
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , São Paulo - SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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9
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Abstract
This article presents an overview of recent advances in field and laboratory studies of atmospheric particles formed in processes of environmental air-surface interactions. The overarching goal of these studies is to advance predictive understanding of atmospheric particle composition, particle chemistry during aging, and their environmental impacts. The diversity between chemical constituents and lateral heterogeneity within individual particles adds to the chemical complexity of particles and their surfaces. Once emitted, particles undergo transformation via atmospheric aging processes that further modify their complex composition. We highlight a range of modern analytical approaches that enable multimodal chemical characterization of particles with both molecular and lateral specificity. When combined, these approaches provide a comprehensive arsenal of tools for understanding the nature of particles at air-surface interactions and their reactivity and transformations with atmospheric aging. We discuss applications of these novel approaches in recent studies and highlight additional research areas to explore the environmental effects of air-surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
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10
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Oded M, Kelly ST, Gilles MK, Müller AHE, Shenhar R. Periodic nanoscale patterning of polyelectrolytes over square centimeter areas using block copolymer templates. Soft Matter 2016; 12:4595-4602. [PMID: 27104854 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00381h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nano-patterned materials are beneficial for applications such as solar cells, opto-electronics, and sensing owing to their periodic structure and high interfacial area. Here, we present a non-lithographic approach for assembling polyelectrolytes into periodic nanoscale patterns over cm(2)-scale areas. Chemically modified block copolymer thin films featuring alternating charged and neutral domains are used as patterned substrates for electrostatic self-assembly. In-depth characterization of the deposition process using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques, including the state-of-the-art scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), reveals both the selective deposition of the polyelectrolyte on the charged copolymer domains as well as gradual changes in the film topography that arise from further penetration of the solvent molecules and possibly also the polyelectrolyte into these domains. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of creating nano-patterned polyelectrolyte layers, which opens up new opportunities for structured functional coating fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Oded
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Stephen T Kelly
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Axel H E Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roy Shenhar
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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11
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Piens DS, Kelly ST, Harder TH, Petters MD, O'Brien RE, Wang B, Teske K, Dowell P, Laskin A, Gilles MK. Measuring Mass-Based Hygroscopicity of Atmospheric Particles through in Situ Imaging. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:5172-5180. [PMID: 27088454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying how atmospheric particles interact with water vapor is critical for understanding the effects of aerosols on climate. We present a novel method to measure the mass-based hygroscopicity of particles while characterizing their elemental and carbon functional group compositions. Since mass-based hygroscopicity is insensitive to particle geometry, it is advantageous for probing the hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric particles, which can have irregular morphologies. Combining scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX), scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) analysis, and in situ STXM humidification experiments, this method was validated using laboratory-generated, atmospherically relevant particles. Then, the hygroscopicity and elemental composition of 15 complex atmospheric particles were analyzed by leveraging quantification of C, N, and O from STXM, and complementary elemental quantification from SEM/EDX. We found three types of hygroscopic responses, and correlated high hygroscopicity with Na and Cl content. The mixing state of 158 other particles from the sample broadly agreed with those of the humidified particles, indicating the potential to infer atmospheric hygroscopic behavior from a selected subset of particles. These methods offer unique quantitative capabilities to characterize and correlate the hygroscopicity and chemistry of individual submicrometer atmospheric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique S Piens
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen T Kelly
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tristan H Harder
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Markus D Petters
- Department of Marine Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Rachel E O'Brien
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bingbing Wang
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ken Teske
- Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring (Southern Great Plains Climate Research Facility), 109596 Coal Road, Billings, Oklahoma 74630 United States
| | - Pat Dowell
- Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring (Southern Great Plains Climate Research Facility), 109596 Coal Road, Billings, Oklahoma 74630 United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Wang B, Knopf DA, China S, Arey BW, Harder TH, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Direct observation of ice nucleation events on individual atmospheric particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:29721-29731. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer scale imaging of kaolinite particles shows that ice nucleation initiates preferentially at edges of stacked planes and not on basal planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Wang
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Swarup China
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Bruce W. Arey
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Tristan H. Harder
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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13
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Szymanski CJ, Munusamy P, Mihai C, Xie Y, Hu D, Gilles MK, Tyliszczak T, Thevuthasan S, Baer DR, Orr G. Shifts in oxidation states of cerium oxide nanoparticles detected inside intact hydrated cells and organelles. Biomaterials 2015; 62:147-54. [PMID: 26056725 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) have been shown to induce diverse biological effects, ranging from toxic to beneficial. The beneficial effects have been attributed to the potential antioxidant activity of CNPs via certain redox reactions, depending on their oxidation state or Ce(3+)/Ce(4+) ratio. However, this ratio is strongly dependent on the environment and age of the nanoparticles and it is unclear whether and how the complex intracellular environment impacts this ratio and the possible redox reactions of CNPs. To identify any changes in the oxidation state of CNPs in the intracellular environment and better understand their intracellular reactions, we directly quantified the oxidation states of CNPs outside and inside intact hydrated cells and organelles using correlated scanning transmission x-ray and super resolution fluorescence microscopies. By analyzing hundreds of small CNP aggregates, we detected a shift to a higher Ce(3+)/Ce(4+) ratio in CNPs inside versus outside the cells, indicating a net reduction of CNPs in the intracellular environment. We further found a similar ratio in the cytoplasm and in the lysosomes, indicating that the net reduction occurs earlier in the internalization pathway. Together with oxidative stress and toxicity measurements, our observations identify a net reduction of CNPs in the intracellular environment, which is consistent with their involvement in potentially beneficial oxidation reactions, but also point to interactions that can negatively impact the health of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Szymanski
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Prabhakaran Munusamy
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Cosmin Mihai
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Yumei Xie
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Dehong Hu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Donald R Baer
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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O'Brien RE, Wang B, Kelly ST, Lundt N, You Y, Bertram AK, Leone SR, Laskin A, Gilles MK. Liquid-liquid phase separation in aerosol particles: imaging at the nanometer scale. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:4995-5002. [PMID: 25850933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols can undergo phase transitions including liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) while responding to changes in the ambient relative humidity (RH). Here, we report results of chemical imaging experiments using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) to investigate the LLPS of micrometer-sized particles undergoing a full hydration-dehydration cycle. Internally mixed particles composed of ammonium sulfate (AS) and either: limonene secondary organic carbon (LSOC), α, 4-dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneaceticacid (HMMA), or polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) were studied. Events of LLPS were observed for all samples with both techniques. Chemical imaging with STXM showed that both LSOC/AS and HMMA/AS particles were never homogeneously mixed for all measured RH's above the deliquescence point and that the majority of the organic component was located in the outer phase. The outer phase composition was estimated as 65:35 organic: inorganic in LSOC/AS and as 50:50 organic: inorganic for HMMA/AS. PEG-400/AS particles showed fully homogeneous mixtures at high RH and phase separated below 89-92% RH with an estimated 70:30% organic to inorganic mix in the outer phase. These two chemical imaging techniques are well suited for in situ analysis of the hygroscopic behavior, phase separation, and surface composition of collected ambient aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E O'Brien
- †Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8198, United States
| | - Bingbing Wang
- ‡William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Stephen T Kelly
- †Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8198, United States
| | - Nils Lundt
- †Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8198, United States
- §Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yuan You
- ⊥Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Allan K Bertram
- ⊥Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Stephen R Leone
- †Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8198, United States
- §Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- ∥Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- ‡William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mary K Gilles
- †Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8198, United States
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Wang B, O’Brien RE, Kelly ST, Shilling JE, Moffet RC, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Reactivity of Liquid and Semisolid Secondary Organic Carbon with Chloride and Nitrate in Atmospheric Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:4498-508. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510336q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Wang
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354 United States
| | - Rachel E. O’Brien
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Stephen T. Kelly
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John E. Shilling
- Atmospheric
Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Ryan C. Moffet
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354 United States
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Laskin J, Laskin A, Nizkorodov SA, Roach P, Eckert P, Gilles MK, Wang B, Lee HJJ, Hu Q. Molecular selectivity of brown carbon chromophores. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:12047-12055. [PMID: 25233355 DOI: 10.1021/es503432r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Complementary methods of high-resolution mass spectrometry and microspectroscopy were utilized for molecular analysis of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from ozonolysis of two structural monoterpene isomers: D-limonene SOA (LSOA) and α-pinene SOA (PSOA). The LSOA compounds readily formed adducts with Na(+) under electrospray ionization conditions, with only a small fraction of compounds detected in the protonated form. In contrast, a significant fraction of PSOA compounds appeared in the protonated form because of their increased molecular rigidity. Laboratory simulated aging of LSOA and PSOA, through conversion of carbonyls into imines mediated by NH3 vapors in humid air, resulted in selective browning of the LSOA sample, while the PSOA sample remained white. Comparative analysis of the reaction products in the aged LSOA and PSOA samples provided insights into chemistry relevant to formation of brown carbon chromophores. A significant fraction of carbonyl-imine conversion products with identical molecular formulas was detected in both samples. This reflects the high level of similarity in the molecular composition of these two closely related SOA materials. Several highly conjugated products were detected exclusively in the brown LSOA sample and were identified as potential chromophores responsible for the observed color change. The majority of the unique products in the aged LSOA sample with the highest number of double bonds contain two nitrogen atoms. We conclude that chromophores characteristic of the carbonyl-imine chemistry in LSOA are highly conjugated oligomers of secondary imines (Schiff bases) present at relatively low concentrations. Formation of this type of conjugated compounds in PSOA is hindered by the structural rigidity of the α-pinene oxidation products. Our results suggest that the overall light-absorbing properties of SOA may be determined by trace amounts of strong brown carbon chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division and ‡Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Baker LR, Jiang CM, Kelly ST, Lucas JM, Vura-Weis J, Gilles MK, Alivisatos AP, Leone SR. Charge carrier dynamics of photoexcited Co3O4 in methanol: extending high harmonic transient absorption spectroscopy to liquid environments. Nano Lett 2014; 14:5883-90. [PMID: 25222441 DOI: 10.1021/nl502817a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Charge carrier dynamics in Co3O4 thin films are observed using high harmonic generation transient absorption spectroscopy at the Co M2,3 edge. Results reveal that photoexcited Co3O4 decays to the ground state in 600 ± 40 ps in liquid methanol compared to 1.9 ± 0.3 ns in vacuum. Kinetic analysis suggests that surface-mediated relaxation of photoexcited Co3O4 may be the result of hole transfer from Co3O4 followed by carrier recombination at the Co3O4-methanol interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Robert Baker
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Abstract
Photo-reduced Cu2+ in HKUST-1 adsorbs NO over water, underscoring the potential of MOFs with mixed oxidation metals for gas separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Nijem
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics
- University of California Berkeley
- , USA
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Advanced Light Source
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
- Berkeley, USA
| | - May L. Ng
- Advanced Light Source
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
- Berkeley, USA
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
| | - Martin Kunz
- Advanced Light Source
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
- Berkeley, USA
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics
- University of California Berkeley
- , USA
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Advanced Light Source
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
- Berkeley, USA
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Lundt N, Kelly ST, Rödel T, Remez B, Schwartzberg AM, Ceballos A, Baldasseroni C, Anastasi PAF, Cox M, Hellman F, Leone SR, Gilles MK. High spatial resolution Raman thermometry analysis of TiO2 microparticles. Rev Sci Instrum 2013; 84:104906. [PMID: 24182150 DOI: 10.1063/1.4824355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new technique of high-resolution micro-Raman thermometry using anatase TiO2 microparticles (0.5-3 μm) is presented. These very high spatial resolution measurements (280 nm) reveal temperature gradients even within individual microparticles. Potential applications of this technique are demonstrated by probing the temperature distribution of a micro-fabricated heater consisting of a thin silicon nitride (Si-N) membrane with a gold coil on top of the membrane. Using TiO2 microparticle micro-Raman thermometry, the temperature from the outer edge of the coil to the inner portion was measured to increase by ~40 °C. These high spatial resolution microscopic measurements were also used to measure the temperature gradient within the 20 μm wide Si-N between the gold heating coils. 2D numerical simulations of the micro heater temperature distribution are in excellent agreement with the experimental measurements of the temperatures. These measurements illustrate the potential to extend applications of micro-Raman thermometry to obtain temperature details on a sub-micrometer spatial resolution by employing microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lundt
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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20
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De Stasio G, Rajesh D, Casalbore P, Daniels MJ, Erhardt RJ, Frazer BH, Wiese LM, Richter KL, Sonderegger BR, Gilbert B, Schaub S, Cannara RJ, Crawford JF, Gilles MK, Tyliszczak T, Fowler JF, Larocca LM, Howard SP, Mercanti D, Mehta MP, Pallini R. Are gadolinium contrast agents suitable for gadolinium neutron capture therapy? Neurol Res 2013; 27:387-98. [PMID: 15949236 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x17206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gadolinium neutron capture therapy (GdNCT) is a potential treatment for malignant tumors based on two steps: (1) injection of a tumor-specific (157)Gd compound; (2) tumor irradiation with thermal neutrons. The GdNC reaction can induce cell death provided that Gd is proximate to DNA. Here, we studied the nuclear uptake of Gd by glioblastoma (GBM) tumor cells after treatment with two Gd compounds commonly used for magnetic resonance imaging, to evaluate their potential as GdNCT agents. METHODS Using synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy, we analyzed the Gd distribution at the subcellular level in: (1) human cultured GBM cells exposed to Gd-DTPA or Gd-DOTA for 0-72 hours; (2) intracerebrally implanted C6 glioma tumors in rats injected with one or two doses of Gd-DOTA, and (3) tumor samples from GBM patients injected with Gd-DTPA. RESULTS In cell cultures, Gd-DTPA and Gd-DOTA were found in 84% and 56% of the cell nuclei, respectively. In rat tumors, Gd penetrated the nuclei of 47% and 85% of the tumor cells, after single and double injection of Gd-DOTA, respectively. In contrast, in human GBM tumors 6.1% of the cell nuclei contained Gd-DTPA. DISCUSSION Efficacy of Gd-DTPA and Gd-DOTA as GdNCT agents is predicted to be low, due to the insufficient number of tumor cell nuclei incorporating Gd. Although multiple administration schedules in vivo might induce Gd penetration into more tumor cell nuclei, a search for new Gd compounds with higher nuclear affinity is warranted before planning GdNCT in animal models or clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelsomina De Stasio
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Physics and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, WI 53589, USA.
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Kelly ST, Nigge P, Prakash S, Laskin A, Wang B, Tyliszczak T, Leone SR, Gilles MK. An environmental sample chamber for reliable scanning transmission x-ray microscopy measurements under water vapor. Rev Sci Instrum 2013; 84:073708. [PMID: 23902077 DOI: 10.1063/1.4816649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have designed, fabricated, and tested a compact gas-phase reactor for performing in situ soft x-ray scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) measurements. The reactor mounts directly to the existing sample holder used in the majority of STXM instruments around the world and installs with minimal instrument reconfiguration. The reactor accommodates many gas atmospheres, but was designed specifically to address the needs of measurements under water vapor. An on-board sensor measures the relative humidity and temperature inside the reactor, minimizing uncertainties associated with measuring these quantities outside the instrument. The reactor reduces x-ray absorption from the process gas by over 85% compared to analogous experiments with the entire STXM instrument filled with process gas. Reduced absorption by the process gas allows data collection at full instrumental resolution, minimizes radiation dose to the sample, and results in much more stable imaging conditions. The reactor is in use at the STXM instruments at beamlines 11.0.2 and 5.3.2.2 at the Advanced Light Source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Kelly
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Wang B, Laskin A, Roedel T, Gilles MK, Moffet RC, Tivanski AV, Knopf DA. Heterogeneous ice nucleation and water uptake by field-collected atmospheric particles below 273 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pöhlker C, Wiedemann KT, Sinha B, Shiraiwa M, Gunthe SS, Smith M, Su H, Artaxo P, Chen Q, Cheng Y, Elbert W, Gilles MK, Kilcoyne ALD, Moffet RC, Weigand M, Martin ST, Pöschl U, Andreae MO. Biogenic potassium salt particles as seeds for secondary organic aerosol in the Amazon. Science 2012; 337:1075-8. [PMID: 22936773 DOI: 10.1126/science.1223264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The fine particles serving as cloud condensation nuclei in pristine Amazonian rainforest air consist mostly of secondary organic aerosol. Their origin is enigmatic, however, because new particle formation in the atmosphere is not observed. Here, we show that the growth of organic aerosol particles can be initiated by potassium-salt-rich particles emitted by biota in the rainforest. These particles act as seeds for the condensation of low- or semi-volatile organic compounds from the atmospheric gas phase or multiphase oxidation of isoprene and terpenes. Our findings suggest that the primary emission of biogenic salt particles directly influences the number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei and affects the microphysics of cloud formation and precipitation over the rainforest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pöhlker
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55020, Germany.
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Laskin A, Moffet RC, Gilles MK, Fast JD, Zaveri RA, Wang B, Nigge P, Shutthanandan J. Tropospheric chemistry of internally mixed sea salt and organic particles: Surprising reactivity of NaCl with weak organic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Moffet RC, Furutani H, Rödel TC, Henn TR, Sprau PO, Laskin A, Uematsu M, Gilles MK. Iron speciation and mixing in single aerosol particles from the Asian continental outflow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Moffet RC, Henn T, Laskin A, Gilles MK. Automated Chemical Analysis of Internally Mixed Aerosol Particles Using X-ray Spectromicroscopy at the Carbon K-Edge. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7906-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1012909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Moffet
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Tobias Henn
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
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27
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Pratt KA, Twohy CH, Murphy SM, Moffet RC, Heymsfield AJ, Gaston CJ, DeMott PJ, Field PR, Henn TR, Rogers DC, Gilles MK, Seinfeld JH, Prather KA. Observation of playa salts as nuclei in orographic wave clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zaveri RA, Berkowitz CM, Brechtel FJ, Gilles MK, Hubbe JM, Jayne JT, Kleinman LI, Laskin A, Madronich S, Onasch TB, Pekour MS, Springston SR, Thornton JA, Tivanski AV, Worsnop DR. Nighttime chemical evolution of aerosol and trace gases in a power plant plume: Implications for secondary organic nitrate and organosulfate aerosol formation, NO3radical chemistry, and N2O5heterogeneous hydrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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de Smit E, Swart I, Creemer JF, Hoveling GH, Gilles MK, Tyliszczak T, Kooyman PJ, Zandbergen HW, Morin C, Weckhuysen BM, de Groot FMF. Nanoscale chemical imaging of a working catalyst by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. Nature 2008; 456:222-5. [PMID: 19005551 DOI: 10.1038/nature07516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Moffet RC, Desyaterik Y, Hopkins RJ, Tivanski AV, Gilles MK, Wang Y, Shutthanandan V, Molina LT, Abraham RG, Johnson KS, Mugica V, Molina MJ, Laskin A, Prather KA. Characterization of aerosols containing Zn, Pb, and Cl from an industrial region of Mexico City. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42:7091-7097. [PMID: 18939531 DOI: 10.1021/es7030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent ice core measurements show lead concentrations increasing since 1970, suggesting new nonautomobile-related sources of Pb are becoming important worldwide (1). Developing a full understanding of the major sources of Pb and other metals is critical to controlling these emissions. During the March, 2006 MILAGRO campaign, single particle measurements in Mexico City revealed the frequent appearance of particles internally mixed with Zn, Pb, Cl, and P. Pb concentrations were as high as 1.14 microg/m3 in PM10 and 0.76 microg/m3 in PM2.5. Real time measurements were used to select time periods of interest to perform offline analysis to obtain detailed aerosol speciation. Many Zn-rich particles had needle-like structures and were found to be composed of ZnO and/or Zn(NO3)2 x 6H2O. The internally mixed Pb-Zn-Cl particles represented as much as 73% of the fine mode particles (by number) in the morning hours between 2-5 am. The Pb-Zn-Cl particles were primarily in the submicrometer size range and typically mixed with elemental carbon suggesting a combustion source. The unique single particle chemical associations measured in this study closely match signatures indicative of waste incineration. Our findings also show these industrial emissions play an important role in heterogeneous processing of NO(y) species. Primary emissions of metal and sodium chloride particles emitted by the same source underwent heterogeneous transformations into nitrate particles as soon as photochemical production of nitric acid began each day at approximately 7 am.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Moffet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0314, USA
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Hopkins RJ, Desyaterik Y, Tivanski AV, Zaveri RA, Berkowitz CM, Tyliszczak T, Gilles MK, Laskin A. Chemical speciation of sulfur in marine cloud droplets and particles: Analysis of individual particles from the marine boundary layer over the California current. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen K-edge spectra were measured for aqueous solutions of glycine by total electron yield near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (TEY NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The bulk solution pH was systematically varied while maintaining a constant amino acid concentration. Spectra were assigned through comparisons with both previous studies and ab initio computed spectra of isolated glycine molecules and hydrated glycine clusters. Nitrogen K-edge solution spectra recorded at low and moderate pH are nearly identical to those of solid glycine, whereas basic solution spectra strongly resemble those of the gas phase. The carbon 1s --> pi*(C=O) transition exhibits a 0.2 eV red shift at high pH due to the deprotonation of the amine terminus. This deprotonation also effects a 1.4 eV red shift in the nitrogen K-edge at high pH. Two sharp preedge features at 401.3 and 402.5 eV are also observed at high pH. These resonances, previously observed in the vapor-phase ISEELS spectrum of glycine, have been reassigned as transitions to sigma* bound states. The observation of these peaks indicates that the amine moiety is in an acceptor-only hydrogen bond configuration at high pH. At low pH, the oxygen 1s --> pi*(C=O) transition exhibits a 0.25-eV red shift due to the protonation of the carboxylic acid terminus. These spectral differences indicate that the variations in electronic structure observed in the NEXAFS spectra are determined by the internal charge state and hydration environment of the molecule in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Messer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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Tivanski AV, Hopkins RJ, Tyliszczak T, Gilles MK. Oxygenated Interface on Biomass Burn Tar Balls Determined by Single Particle Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:5448-58. [PMID: 17542565 DOI: 10.1021/jp070155u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbonaceous particles originating from biomass burning can account for a large fraction of organic aerosols in a local environment. Presently, their composition, physical and chemical properties, as well as their environmental effects are largely unknown. Tar balls, a distinct type of highly spherical carbonaceous biomass burn particles, have been observed in a number of field campaigns. The Yosemite Aerosol Characterization Study that took place in summer 2002 occurred during an active fire season in the western United States; tar balls collected during this field campaign are described in this article. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy are used to determine the shape, structure, and size-dependent chemical composition of approximately 150 individual spherical particles ranging in size from 0.15 to 1.2 mum. The elemental composition of tar balls is approximately 55% atomic carbon and approximately 45% atomic oxygen. Oxygen is present primarily as carboxylic carbonyls and oxygen-substituted alkyl (O-alkyl-C) functional groups, followed by moderate amounts of ketonic carbonyls. The observed chemical composition, density, and carbon functional groups are distinctly different from soot or black carbon and more closely resemble high molecular weight polymeric humic-like substances, which could account for their reported optical properties. A detailed examination of the carboxylic carbonyl and O-alkyl-C functional groups as a function of particle size reveals a thin oxygenated interface layer. The high oxygen content, as well as the presence of water-soluble carboxylic carbonyl groups, could account for the reported hygroscopic properties of tar balls. The presence of the oxygenated layer is attributed to atmospheric processing of biomass burn particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei V Tivanski
- Chemical Science Division and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Michelsen HA, Tivanski AV, Gilles MK, van Poppel LH, Dansson MA, Buseck PR. Particle formation from pulsed laser irradiation of soot aggregates studied with a scanning mobility particle sizer, a transmission electron microscope, and a scanning transmission x-ray microscope. Appl Opt 2007; 46:959-77. [PMID: 17279144 DOI: 10.1364/ao.46.000959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the physical and chemical changes induced in soot aggregates exposed to laser radiation using a scanning mobility particle sizer, a transmission electron microscope, and a scanning transmission x-ray microscope to perform near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Laser-induced nanoparticle production was observed at fluences above 0.12 J/cm(2) at 532 nm and 0.22 J/cm(2) at 1064 nm. Our results indicate that new particle formation proceeds via (1) vaporization of small carbon clusters by thermal or photolytic mechanisms, followed by homogeneous nucleation, (2) heterogeneous nucleation of vaporized carbon clusters onto material ablated from primary particles, or (3) both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope A Michelsen
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratory, P.O. Box 969, Mail Stop 9055, Livermore, California 94551-0969, USA.
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Davis ME, Gilles MK, Ravishankara AR, Burkholder JB. Rate coefficients for the reaction of OH with (E)-2-pentenal, (E)-2-hexenal, and (E)-2-heptenal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:2240-8. [PMID: 17487321 DOI: 10.1039/b700235a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rate coefficients for the gas-phase reaction of the OH radical with (E)-2-pentenal (CH(3)CH(2)CH[double bond]CHCHO), (E)-2-hexenal (CH(3)(CH(2))(2)CH[double bond]CHCHO), and (E)-2-heptenal (CH(3)(CH(2))(3)CH[double bond]CHCHO), a series of unsaturated aldehydes, over the temperature range 244-374 K at pressures between 23 and 150 Torr (He, N(2)) are reported. Rate coefficients were measured under pseudo-first-order conditions in OH with OH radicals produced via pulsed laser photolysis of HNO(3) or H(2)O(2) at 248 nm and detected by pulsed laser-induced fluorescence. The rate coefficients were independent of pressure and the room temperature rate coefficients and Arrhenius expressions obtained are (cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) units): k(1)(297 K)=(4.3 +/- 0.6)x 10(-11), k(1)(T)=(7.9 +/- 1.2)x 10(-12) exp[(510 +/- 20)/T]; k(2)(297 K)=(4.4 +/- 0.5)x 10(-11), k(2)(T)=(7.5 +/- 1.1)x 10(-12) exp[(520 +/- 30)/T]; and k(3)(297 K)=(4.4 +/- 0.7)x 10(-11), k(3)(T)=(9.7 +/- 1.5)x 10(-12) exp[(450 +/- 20)/T] for (E)-2-pentenal, (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-heptenal, respectively. The quoted uncertainties are 2sigma(95% confidence level) and include estimated systematic errors. Rate coefficients are compared with previously published room temperature values and the discrepancies are discussed. The atmospheric degradation of unsaturated aldehydes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Davis
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, USA
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Sandford SA, Aléon J, Alexander CMO, Araki T, Bajt S, Baratta GA, Borg J, Bradley JP, Brownlee DE, Brucato JR, Burchell MJ, Busemann H, Butterworth A, Clemett SJ, Cody G, Colangeli L, Cooper G, D'Hendecourt L, Djouadi Z, Dworkin JP, Ferrini G, Fleckenstein H, Flynn GJ, Franchi IA, Fries M, Gilles MK, Glavin DP, Gounelle M, Grossemy F, Jacobsen C, Keller LP, Kilcoyne ALD, Leitner J, Matrajt G, Meibom A, Mennella V, Mostefaoui S, Nittler LR, Palumbo ME, Papanastassiou DA, Robert F, Rotundi A, Snead CJ, Spencer MK, Stadermann FJ, Steele A, Stephan T, Tsou P, Tyliszczak T, Westphal AJ, Wirick S, Wopenka B, Yabuta H, Zare RN, Zolensky ME. Organics Captured from Comet 81P/Wild 2 by the Stardust Spacecraft. Science 2006; 314:1720-4. [PMID: 17170291 DOI: 10.1126/science.1135841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Organics found in comet 81P/Wild 2 samples show a heterogeneous and unequilibrated distribution in abundance and composition. Some organics are similar, but not identical, to those in interplanetary dust particles and carbonaceous meteorites. A class of aromatic-poor organic material is also present. The organics are rich in oxygen and nitrogen compared with meteoritic organics. Aromatic compounds are present, but the samples tend to be relatively poorer in aromatics than are meteorites and interplanetary dust particles. The presence of deuterium and nitrogen-15 excesses suggest that some organics have an interstellar/protostellar heritage. Although the variable extent of modification of these materials by impact capture is not yet fully constrained, a diverse suite of organic compounds is present and identifiable within the returned samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Sandford
- Astrophysics Branch, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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Brownlee D, Tsou P, Aléon J, Alexander CMO, Araki T, Bajt S, Baratta GA, Bastien R, Bland P, Bleuet P, Borg J, Bradley JP, Brearley A, Brenker F, Brennan S, Bridges JC, Browning ND, Brucato JR, Bullock E, Burchell MJ, Busemann H, Butterworth A, Chaussidon M, Cheuvront A, Chi M, Cintala MJ, Clark BC, Clemett SJ, Cody G, Colangeli L, Cooper G, Cordier P, Daghlian C, Dai Z, D'Hendecourt L, Djouadi Z, Dominguez G, Duxbury T, Dworkin JP, Ebel DS, Economou TE, Fakra S, Fairey SAJ, Fallon S, Ferrini G, Ferroir T, Fleckenstein H, Floss C, Flynn G, Franchi IA, Fries M, Gainsforth Z, Gallien JP, Genge M, Gilles MK, Gillet P, Gilmour J, Glavin DP, Gounelle M, Grady MM, Graham GA, Grant PG, Green SF, Grossemy F, Grossman L, Grossman JN, Guan Y, Hagiya K, Harvey R, Heck P, Herzog GF, Hoppe P, Hörz F, Huth J, Hutcheon ID, Ignatyev K, Ishii H, Ito M, Jacob D, Jacobsen C, Jacobsen S, Jones S, Joswiak D, Jurewicz A, Kearsley AT, Keller LP, Khodja H, Kilcoyne ALD, Kissel J, Krot A, Langenhorst F, Lanzirotti A, Le L, Leshin LA, Leitner J, Lemelle L, Leroux H, Liu MC, Luening K, Lyon I, Macpherson G, Marcus MA, Marhas K, Marty B, Matrajt G, McKeegan K, Meibom A, Mennella V, Messenger K, Messenger S, Mikouchi T, Mostefaoui S, Nakamura T, Nakano T, Newville M, Nittler LR, Ohnishi I, Ohsumi K, Okudaira K, Papanastassiou DA, Palma R, Palumbo ME, Pepin RO, Perkins D, Perronnet M, Pianetta P, Rao W, Rietmeijer FJM, Robert F, Rost D, Rotundi A, Ryan R, Sandford SA, Schwandt CS, See TH, Schlutter D, Sheffield-Parker J, Simionovici A, Simon S, Sitnitsky I, Snead CJ, Spencer MK, Stadermann FJ, Steele A, Stephan T, Stroud R, Susini J, Sutton SR, Suzuki Y, Taheri M, Taylor S, Teslich N, Tomeoka K, Tomioka N, Toppani A, Trigo-Rodríguez JM, Troadec D, Tsuchiyama A, Tuzzolino AJ, Tyliszczak T, Uesugi K, Velbel M, Vellenga J, Vicenzi E, Vincze L, Warren J, Weber I, Weisberg M, Westphal AJ, Wirick S, Wooden D, Wopenka B, Wozniakiewicz P, Wright I, Yabuta H, Yano H, Young ED, Zare RN, Zega T, Ziegler K, Zimmerman L, Zinner E, Zolensky M. Comet 81P/Wild 2 Under a Microscope. Science 2006; 314:1711-6. [PMID: 17170289 DOI: 10.1126/science.1135840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 740] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Stardust spacecraft collected thousands of particles from comet 81P/Wild 2 and returned them to Earth for laboratory study. The preliminary examination of these samples shows that the nonvolatile portion of the comet is an unequilibrated assortment of materials that have both presolar and solar system origin. The comet contains an abundance of silicate grains that are much larger than predictions of interstellar grain models, and many of these are high-temperature minerals that appear to have formed in the inner regions of the solar nebula. Their presence in a comet proves that the formation of the solar system included mixing on the grandest scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Brownlee
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Drake IJ, Zhang Y, Gilles MK, Teris Liu CN, Nachimuthu P, Perera RCC, Wakita H, Bell AT. An In Situ Al K-Edge XAS Investigation of the Local Environment of H +- and Cu +-Exchanged USY and ZSM-5 Zeolites. J Phys Chem B 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/jp068083e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Drake IJ, Zhang Y, Gilles MK, Teris Liu CN, Nachimuthu P, Perera RCC, Wakita H, Bell AT. An In Situ Al K-Edge XAS Investigation of the Local Environment of H+- and Cu+-Exchanged USY and ZSM-5 Zeolites. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:11665-76. [PMID: 16800461 DOI: 10.1021/jp058244z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum coordination in the framework of USY and ZSM-5 zeolites containing charge-compensating cations (NH4+, H+, or Cu+) was investigated by Al K-edge EXAFS and XANES. This work was performed using a newly developed in-situ cell designed especially for acquiring soft X-ray absorption data. Both tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated Al were observed for hydrated H-USY and H-ZSM-5, in good agreement with 27Al NMR analyses. Upon dehydration, water desorbed from the zeolite, and octahedrally coordinated Al was converted progressively to tetrahedrally coordinated Al. These observations confirmed the hypothesis that the interaction of water with Brønsted acid protons can lead to octahedral coordination of Al without loss of Al from the zeolite lattice. When H+ is replaced with NH4+ or Cu+, charge compensating species that absorb less water, less octahedrally coordinated Al was observed. Analysis of Al K-edge EXAFS data indicates that the Al-O bond distance for tetrahedrally coordinated Al in dehydrated USY and ZSM-5 is 1.67 angstroms. Simulation of k3chi(k) for Cu+ exchanged ZSM-5 leads to an estimated distance between Cu+ and framework Al atoms of 2.79 angstroms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Drake
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1462, USA
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40
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De Stasio G, Rajesh D, Ford JM, Daniels MJ, Erhardt RJ, Frazer BH, Tyliszczak T, Gilles MK, Conhaim RL, Howard SP, Fowler JF, Estève F, Mehta MP. Motexafin-Gadolinium Taken Up In vitro by at Least 90% of Glioblastoma Cell Nuclei. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:206-13. [PMID: 16397044 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We present preclinical data showing the in vitro intranuclear uptake of motexafin gadolinium by glioblastoma multiforme cells, which could serve as a prelude to the future development of radiosensitizing techniques, such as gadolinium synchrotron stereotactic radiotherapy (GdSSR), a new putative treatment for glioblastoma multiforme. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this approach, administration of a tumor-seeking Gd-containing compound would be followed by stereotactic external beam radiotherapy with 51-keV photons from a synchrotron source. At least two criteria must be satisfied before this therapy can be established: Gd must accumulate in cancer cells and spare the normal tissue; Gd must be present in almost all the cancer cell nuclei. We address the in vitro intranuclear uptake of motexafin gadolinium in this article. We analyzed the Gd distribution with subcellular resolution in four human glioblastoma cell lines, using three independent methods: two novel synchrotron spectromicroscopic techniques and one confocal microscopy. We present in vitro evidence that the majority of the cell nuclei take up motexafin gadolinium, a drug that is known to selectively reach glioblastoma multiforme. RESULTS With all three methods, we found Gd in at least 90% of the cell nuclei. The results are highly reproducible across different cell lines. The present data provide evidence for further studies, with the goal of developing GdSSR, a process that will require further in vivo animal and future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelsomina De Stasio
- Department of Physics and Synchrotron Radiation Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Stoughton, Winconsin 53589, USA.
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41
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Cappa CD, Smith JD, Wilson KR, Messer BM, Gilles MK, Cohen RC, Saykally RJ. Effects of Alkali Metal Halide Salts on the Hydrogen Bond Network of Liquid Water. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:7046-52. [PMID: 16851801 DOI: 10.1021/jp0445324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of the oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectrum (XAS) of aqueous sodium halide solutions demonstrate that ions significantly perturb the electronic structure of adjacent water molecules. The addition of halide salts to water engenders an increase in the preedge intensity and a decrease in the postedge intensity of the XAS, analogous to those observed when increasing the temperature of pure water. The main-edge feature exhibits unique behavior and becomes more intense when salt is added. Density functional theory calculations of the XAS indicate that the observed red shift of the water transitions as a function of salt concentration arises from a strong, direct perturbation of the unoccupied molecular orbitals on water by anions, and does not require significant distortion of the hydrogen bond network beyond the first solvation shell. This contrasts the temperature-dependent spectral variations, which result primarily from intensity changes of specific transitions due to geometric rearrangement of the hydrogen bond network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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Abstract
Surface- and volume-limited chemical reactions on and in atmospheric aerosol particles cause growth while changing organic composition by 13 to 24% per day. Many of these particles contain carbonaceous components from mineral dust and combustion emissions in Africa, Asia, and North America and reveal reaction rates that are three times slower than those typically used in climate models. These slower rates for converting from volatile or hydrophobic to condensed and hygroscopic organic compounds increase carbonaceous particle burdens in climate models by 70%, producing organic aerosol climate forcings of as much as -0.8 watt per square meter cooling and +0.3 watt per square meter warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Maria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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McCabe DC, Brown SS, Gilles MK, Talukdar RK, Smith IWM, Ravishankara AR. Kinetics of the Removal of OH(v = 1) and OD(v = 1) by HNO3 and DNO3 from 253 to 383 K. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0346413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. McCabe
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, 325 Broadway R/AL2, Boulder, Colorado 80305, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, and School of Chemical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham BI5 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, 325 Broadway R/AL2, Boulder, Colorado 80305, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, and School of Chemical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham BI5 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, 325 Broadway R/AL2, Boulder, Colorado 80305, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, and School of Chemical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham BI5 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ranajit K. Talukdar
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, 325 Broadway R/AL2, Boulder, Colorado 80305, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, and School of Chemical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham BI5 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ian W. M. Smith
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, 325 Broadway R/AL2, Boulder, Colorado 80305, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, and School of Chemical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham BI5 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A. R. Ravishankara
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, 325 Broadway R/AL2, Boulder, Colorado 80305, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, and School of Chemical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham BI5 2TT, United Kingdom
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Gierczak T, Gilles MK, Bauerle S, Ravishankara AR. Reaction of Hydroxyl Radical with Acetone. 1. Kinetics of the Reactions of OH, OD, and 18OH with Acetone and Acetone-d6. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gierczak
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Stefan Bauerle
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - A. R. Ravishankara
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
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Gilles MK, Burkholder JB, Gierczak T, Marshall P, Ravishankara AR. Rate Coefficient and Product Branching Measurements for the Reaction OH + Bromopropane from 230 to 360 K. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014736+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gilles MK, Lineberger WC, Ervin KM. Photoelectron spectroscopy of the monofluorovinylidene and difluorovinylidene anions: the monofluorovinylidene-fluoroacetylene rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00056a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ervin KM, Gronert S, Barlow SE, Gilles MK, Harrison AG, Bierbaum VM, DePuy CH, Lineberger WC, Ellison GB. Bond strengths of ethylene and acetylene. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00171a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gilles MK, Ervin KM, Ho J, Lineberger WC. Negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy of halocarbene anions (HCF-, HCCl-, HCBr-, and HCI-); photoelectron angular distributions and neutral triplet excitation energies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100182a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. Gilles
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, USA
| | - David C. McCabe
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, USA
| | - James B. Burkholder
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, USA
| | - A. R. Ravishankara
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, USA
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