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Shahzad AM, Lu W, Dey S, Bhattarai P, Gaikwad AV, Jaffar J, Westall G, Sutherland D, Singhera GK, Hackett TL, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Platelet Activating Factor Receptor and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression Increases in the Small Airway Epithelium and Parenchyma of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Implications for Microbial Pathogenesis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2126. [PMID: 38610892 PMCID: PMC11012432 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13072126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an irreversible lung fibrotic disorder of unknown cause. It has been reported that bacterial and viral co-infections exacerbate disease pathogenesis. These pathogens use adhesion molecules such as platelet activating factor receptor (PAFR) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) to gain cellular entry, causing infections. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining was carried out for lung resections from IPF patients (n = 11) and normal controls (n = 12). The quantification of PAFR and ICAM-1 expression is presented as a percentage in the small airway epithelium. Also, type 2 pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages were counted as cells per mm2 of the parenchymal area and presented as a percentage. All image analysis was done using Image Pro Plus 7.0 software. Results: PAFR expression significantly increased in the small airway epithelium (p < 0.0001), type 2 pneumocytes (p < 0.0001) and alveolar macrophages (p < 0.0001) compared to normal controls. Similar trend was observed for ICAM-1 expression in the small airway epithelium (p < 0.0001), type 2 pneumocytes (p < 0.0001) and alveolar macrophages (p < 0.0001) compared to normal controls. Furthermore, the proportion of positively expressed type 2 pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages was higher in IPF than in normal control. Conclusions: This is the first study to show PAFR and ICAM-1 expression in small airway epithelium, type 2 pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages in IPF. These findings could help intervene microbial impact and facilitate management of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Affan Mahmood Shahzad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- Medical School, Oceania University of Medicine, Apia WS1330, Samoa
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Prem Bhattarai
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Jade Jaffar
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Glen Westall
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Darren Sutherland
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Singhera
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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Eapen MS, Lu W, Dey S, Chia C, Hardikar A, Hassan MI, Bhattarai P, Gaikwad AV, Das S, Hansbro PM, Singhera GK, Hackett TL, Sohal SS. Differential expression of mast cells in the small airways and alveolar septa of current smokers and patients with small airway disease and COPD. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:00579-2023. [PMID: 38500797 PMCID: PMC10945381 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00579-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background COPD patients suffer from dysregulated and suppressed immune functionality, determined by their loss of degranulating capacity. Here we provide crucial information on the presence of degranulated mast cells (MCs) in COPD airways and demonstrate their relationship to lung physiology and airway remodelling. Methods Small airway lung resections from non-smoking controls (NC), normal lung function smokers (NLFS), small airway disease (SAD), and mild-to-moderate COPD current smokers (COPD-CS) and ex-smokers (COPD-ES) were dual immuno-stained with MC tryptase and degranulation marker lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP)-1. Total MCs, degranulating MCs and non-MCs were enumerated in small airway epithelium and subepithelium, and in alveolar septa. Results In the small airway wall subepithelial areas, COPD-CS and COPD-ES patients had significantly lower MCs than the NC group (p<0.05), although the numbers were considerably higher in the small airway epithelium (p<0.01). Degranulating non-MCs were higher in SAD (p<0.05) than in COPD in the small airway subepithelium. In contrast, there were significant increases in total MCs (degranulated and non-degranulated) and degranulated non-MCs in the alveolar septum of COPD patients compared with the NC group (p<001). The lower numbers of MCs in the subepithelium correlated with lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of FVC (FEF25-75%), higher smoking rates in COPD patients, and increased small airway wall thickness and extracellular matrix. The increase in MCs in the alveolar septum negatively correlated with FEF25-75%. Conclusions This study is the first to assess the differential pattern of MC, degranulating MC and non-MC populations in the small airways and alveoli of COPD patients. The spatial positioning of the MCs within the airways showed variable correlations with lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, Australia
| | - Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Australia
| | - Ashutosh Hardikar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Australia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Prem Bhattarai
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Shatarupa Das
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney School of Life Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney School of Life Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Singhera
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, Australia
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Gaikwad AV, Eapen MS, Dey S, Bhattarai P, Shahzad AM, Chia C, Jaffar J, Westall G, Sutherland D, Singhera GK, Hackett TL, Lu W, Sohal SS. TGF-β1, pSmad-2/3, Smad-7, and β-Catenin Are Augmented in the Pulmonary Arteries from Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF): Role in Driving Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT). J Clin Med 2024; 13:1160. [PMID: 38398472 PMCID: PMC10888973 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: We have previously reported that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is an active process in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) contributing to arterial remodelling. Here, we aim to quantify drivers of EndMT in IPF patients compared to normal controls (NCs). Methods: Lung resections from thirteen IPF patients and eleven NCs were immunohistochemically stained for EndMT drivers, including TGF-β1, pSmad-2/3, Smad-7, and β-catenin. Intima, media, and adventitia were analysed for expression of each EndMT driver in pulmonary arteries. Computer- and microscope-assisted Image ProPlus7.0 image analysis software was used for quantifications. Results: Significant TGF-β1, pSmad-2/3, Smad-7, and β-catenin expression was apparent across all arterial sizes in IPF (p < 0.05). Intimal TGF-β1, pSmad-2/3, Smad-7, and β-catenin were augmented in the arterial range of 100-1000 μm (p < 0.001) compared to NC. Intimal TGF-β1 and β-catenin percentage expression showed a strong correlation with the percentage expression of intimal vimentin (r' = 0.54, p = 0.05 and r' = 0.61, p = 0.02, respectively) and intimal N-cadherin (r' = 0.62, p = 0.03 and r' = 0.70, p = 0.001, respectively). Intimal TGF-β1 and β-catenin expression were significantly correlated with increased intimal thickness as well (r' = 0.52, p = 0.04; r' = 0.052, p = 0.04, respectively). Moreover, intimal TGF-β1 expression was also significantly associated with increased intimal elastin deposition (r' = 0.79, p = 0.002). Furthermore, total TGF-β1 expression significantly impacted the percentage of DLCO (r' = -0.61, p = 0.03). Conclusions: This is the first study to illustrate the involvement of active TGF-β/Smad-2/3-dependent and β-catenin-dependent Wnt signalling pathways in driving EndMT and resultant pulmonary arterial remodelling in patients with IPF. EndMT is a potential therapeutic target for vascular remodelling and fibrosis in general in patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Prem Bhattarai
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Affan Mahmood Shahzad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Jade Jaffar
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Glen Westall
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Darren Sutherland
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Singhera
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
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Bhattarai P, Lu W, Hardikar A, Dey S, Gaikwad AV, Shahzad AM, Chia C, Williams A, Singhera GK, Hackett TL, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition is an active process in smokers and patients with early COPD contributing to pulmonary arterial pathology. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:00767-2023. [PMID: 38348240 PMCID: PMC10860200 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00767-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously reported pulmonary arterial remodelling in smokers and patients with early COPD, which can be attributed to endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). In this study, we aimed to evaluate if EndMT is an active mechanism in smokers and COPD. Methods Immunohistochemical staining for the EndMT biomarkers CD31, N-cadherin, vimentin and S100A4 was done on lung resection tissue from 49 subjects. These comprised 15 nonsmoker controls (NC), six normal lung function smokers (NLFS), nine patients with small airway disease (SAD), nine current smokers with mild-moderate COPD (COPD-CS) and 10 ex-smokers with COPD (COPD-ES). Pulmonary arteries were analysed using Image ProPlus software v7.0. Results We noted reduced junctional CD31+ endothelial cells (p<0.05) in the intimal layer of all smoking groups compared to NC. We also observed increased abundance of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin (p<0.05) and vimentin (p<0.001) in all smoking groups and across all arterial sizes versus NC, except for N-cadherin in large arteries in COPD-CS. The abundance of S100A4 correlated with arterial thickness (small: r=0.29, p=0.05; medium: r=0.33, p=0.03; large: r=0.35, p=0.02). Vimentin in the small arterial wall negatively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (r= -0.35, p=0.02) and forced expiratory flow rate at 25-75% of forced vital capacity (r= -0.34, p=0.03), while increased cytoplasmic CD31 abundance in the intimal layer of medium and large arteries negatively correlated with predicted diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (medium: r= -0.35, p=0.04; large: r= -0.39, p=0.03). Conclusion This is the first study showing the acquisition of mesenchymal traits by pulmonary endothelial cells from NLFS, SAD and mild-moderate COPD patients through EndMT. This informs on the potential early origins of pulmonary hypertension in smokers and patients with early COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Bhattarai
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Ashutosh Hardikar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Affan Mahmood Shahzad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Andrew Williams
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Singhera
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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Ferreira GM, Clarindo FA, Ribeiro ÁL, Gomes-de-Pontes L, de Carvalho LD, Martins-Filho OA, da Fonseca FG, Teixeira MM, Sabino ADP, Eapen MS, Morris DL, Valle SJ, Coelho-dos-Reis JGA. Taming the SARS-CoV-2-mediated proinflammatory response with BromAc ®. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1308477. [PMID: 38193087 PMCID: PMC10773902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1308477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the present study, the impact of BromAc®, a specific combination of bromelain and acetylcysteine, on the SARS-CoV-2-specific inflammatory response was evaluated. Methods An in vitro stimulation system was standardized using blood samples from 9 healthy donors, luminex assays and flow cytometry were performed. Results and discussion BromAc® demonstrated robust anti-inflammatory activity in human peripheral blood cells upon SARS-CoV-2 viral stimuli, reducing the cytokine storm, composed of chemokines, growth factors, and proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines produced after short-term in vitro culture with the inactivated virus (iSARS-CoV-2). A combined reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced by SARS-CoV-2, in addition to steady-state levels of platelet recruitment-associated growth factor-PDGFbb, was observed, indicating that BromAc® may be important to reduce thromboembolism in COVID-19. The immunophenotypic analysis of the impact of BromAc® on leukocytes upon viral stimuli showed that BromAc® was able to downmodulate the populations of CD16+ neutrophils and CD14+ monocytes observed after stimulation with iSARS-CoV-2. Conversely, BromAc® treatment increased steady-state HLA-DR expression in CD14+ monocytes and preserved this activation marker in this subset upon iSARS-CoV-2 stimuli, indicating improved monocyte activation upon BromAc® treatment. Additionally, BromAc® downmodulated the iSARS-CoV-2-induced production of TNF-a by the CD19+ B-cells. System biology approaches, utilizing comprehensive correlation matrices and networks, showed distinct patterns of connectivity in groups treated with BromAc®, suggesting loss of connections promoted by the compound and by iSARS-CoV-2 stimuli. Negative correlations amongst proinflammatory axis and other soluble and cellular factors were observed in the iSARS-CoV-2 group treated with BromAc® as compared to the untreated group, demonstrating that BromAc® disengages proinflammatory responses and their interactions with other soluble factors and the axis orchestrated by SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion These results give new insights into the mechanisms for the robust anti-inflammatory effect of BromAc® in the steady state and SARS-CoV-2-specific immune leukocyte responses, indicating its potential as a therapeutic strategy for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovane Marques Ferreira
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felipe Alves Clarindo
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ágata Lopes Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Letícia Gomes-de-Pontes
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana Debortoli de Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia e Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Rene Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas (CT-Vacinas), Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- CT Terapias Avançadas e Inovadoras (CT-Terapias), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adriano de Paula Sabino
- Laboratório de Hematologia Clínica, Experimental e Molecular, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Research & Development Department, Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David L. Morris
- Research & Development Department, Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St George and Sutherland Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Valle
- Research & Development Department, Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St George and Sutherland Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordana Grazziela Alves Coelho-dos-Reis
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- CT Terapias Avançadas e Inovadoras (CT-Terapias), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Lu W, Eapen MS, Hardikar A, Chia C, Robertson I, Singhera GK, Hackett TL, Sohal SS. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition changes in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients with early COPD. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00581-2023. [PMID: 38152085 PMCID: PMC10752287 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00581-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) might be central to lung cancer development in smokers and COPD. We illustrate EMT changes in a broader demographic of patient groups who were diagnosed with nonsmall cell lung cancer (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma). These included COPD current and ex-smokers, patients with small airway disease and normal lung function smokers compared to normal controls. Methods We had access to surgically resected small airway tissue from 46 subjects and assessed for airway wall thickness and immunohistochemically for the EMT biomarkers E-cadherin, N-cadherin, S100A4, vimentin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). All tissue analysis was done with a computer and microscope-assisted Image-Pro Plus 7.0 software. Results Airway wall thickness significantly increased across all pathological groups (p<0.05) compared to normal controls. Small airway epithelial E-cadherin expression markedly decreased (p<0.01), and increases in N-cadherin, vimentin, S100A4 and EGFR expression were observed in all pathological groups compared to normal controls (p<0.01). Vimentin-positive cells in the reticular basement membrane, lamina propria and adventitia showed a similar trend to epithelium across all pathological groups (p<0.05); however, such changes were only observed in reticular basement membrane for S100A4 (p<0.05). Vimentin was higher in adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma; in contrast, S100A4 was higher in the squamous cell carcinoma group. EGFR and N-cadherin expression in both phenotypes was markedly higher than E-cadherin, vimentin and S100A4 (p<0.0001). Conclusion EMT is an active process in the small airway of smokers and COPD diagnosed with nonsmall cell lung cancer, contributing to small airway remodelling and cancer development as seen in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia
| | - Ashutosh Hardikar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Iain Robertson
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Singhera
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tillie L. Hackett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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Dey S, Lu W, Haug G, Chia C, Larby J, Weber HC, Gaikwad AV, Bhattarai P, Shahzad AM, Pathinayake PS, Wark PAB, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Airway inflammatory changes in the lungs of patients with asthma-COPD overlap (ACO): a bronchoscopy endobronchial biopsy study. Respir Res 2023; 24:221. [PMID: 37700291 PMCID: PMC10498556 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are two distinct chronic airway inflammatory diseases, they often co-exist in a patient and the condition is referred to as asthma-COPD overlap (ACO). Lack of evidence regarding the inflammatory cells in ACO airways has led to their poor prognosis and treatment. The objective of this endobronchial biopsy (EBB) study was to enumerate inflammatory cellular changes in the airway wall of ACO compared with asthma, COPD current smokers (CS) and ex-smokers (ES), normal lung function smokers (NLFS), and non-smoker controls (HC). METHODS EBB tissues from 74 patients were immunohistochemically stained for macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, CD8+ T-cells and CD4+ T-cells. The microscopic images of stained tissues were evaluated in the epithelium, reticular basement membrane (RBM) cells/mm RBM length, and lamina propria (LP) cells/mm2 up to a depth of 120 µM using the image analysis software Image-Pro Plus 7.0. The observer was blinded to the images and disease diagnosis. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism v9. RESULTS The tissue macrophages in ACO were substantially higher in the epithelium and RBM than in HC (P < 0.001 for both), COPD-ES (P < 0.001 for both), and -CS (P < 0.05 and < 0.0001, respectively). The ACO LP macrophages were significantly higher in number than COPD-CS (P < 0.05). The mast cell numbers in ACO were lower than in NLFS (P < 0.05) in the epithelium, lower than COPD (P < 0.05) and NLFS (P < 0.001) in RBM; and lower than HC (P < 0.05) in LP. We noted lower eosinophils in ACO LP than HC (P < 0.05) and the lowest neutrophils in both ACO and asthma. Furthermore, CD8+ T-cell numbers increased in the ACO RBM than HC (P < 0.05), COPD-ES (P < 0.05), and NLFS (P < 0.01); however, they were similar in number in epithelium and LP across groups. CD4+ T-cells remained lower in number across all regions and groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the ACO airway tissue inflammatory cellular profile differed from the contributing diseases of asthma and COPD with a predominance of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag, 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag, 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Josie Larby
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Heinrich C Weber
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tasmanian Health Services (THS), North-West Hospital, Burnie, TAS, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag, 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
| | - Prem Bhattarai
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag, 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Affan Mahmood Shahzad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag, 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
| | - Prabuddha S Pathinayake
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Peter A B Wark
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag, 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag, 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia.
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia.
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Brake SJ, Lu W, Chia C, Haug G, Larby J, Hardikar A, Singhera GK, Hackett TL, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Transforming growth factor-β1 and SMAD signalling pathway in the small airways of smokers and patients with COPD: potential role in driving fibrotic type-2 epithelial mesenchymal transition. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1216506. [PMID: 37435075 PMCID: PMC10331458 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COPD is a common disease characterized by respiratory airflow obstruction. TGF-β1 and SMAD pathway is believed to play a role in COPD pathogenesis by driving epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Methods We investigated TGF-β1 signalling and pSmad2/3 and Smad7 activity in resected small airway tissue from patients with; normal lung function and a smoking history (NLFS), current smokers and ex-smokers with COPD GOLD stage 1 and 2 (COPD-CS and COPD-ES) and compared these with normal non-smoking controls (NC). Using immunohistochemistry, we measured activity for these markers in the epithelium, basal epithelium, and reticular basement membrane (RBM). Tissue was also stained for EMT markers E-cadherin, S100A4 and vimentin. Results The Staining of pSMAD2/3 was significantly increased in the epithelium, and RBM of all COPD groups compared to NC (p <0.0005). There was a less significant increase in COPD-ES basal cell numbers compared to NC (p= 0.02). SMAD7 staining showed a similar pattern (p <0.0001). All COPD group levels of TGF-β1 in the epithelium, basal cells, and RBM cells were significantly lower than NC (p <0.0001). Ratio analysis showed a disproportionate increase in SMAD7 levels compared to pSMAD2/3 in NLFS, COPD-CS and COPD-ES. pSMAD negatively correlated with small airway calibre (FEF25-75%; p= 0.03 r= -0.36). EMT markers were active in the small airway epithelium of all the pathological groups compared to patients with COPD. Conclusion Activation of the SMAD pathway via pSMAD2/3 is triggered by smoking and active in patients with mild to moderate COPD. These changes correlated to decline in lung function. Activation of the SMADs in the small airways is independent of TGF-β1, suggesting factors other than TGF-β1 are driving these pathways. These factors may have implications for small airway pathology in smokers and COPD through the process of EMT, however more mechanistic work is needed to prove these correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel James Brake
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Respiratory Medicine, Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Medicine, Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Josie Larby
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Ashutosh Hardikar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Gurpreet K. Singhera
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia (UBC) Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tillie L. Hackett
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia (UBC) Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Respiratory Medicine, Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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Gaikwad AV, Lu W, Dey S, Bhattarai P, Haug G, Larby J, Chia C, Jaffar J, Westall G, Singhera GK, Hackett TL, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition: a precursor to pulmonary arterial remodelling in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00487-2022. [PMID: 37077555 PMCID: PMC10107070 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00487-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundWe have previously reported arterial remodelling in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and suggested that endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) might be central these changes. This study aims to provide evidence for active EndMT in IPF patients.MethodsLung resections from thirteen patients with IPF and fifteen normal controls (NC) were immunostained for EndMT biomarkers: VE-cadherin, N-cadherin, S100A4 and vimentin. Pulmonary arteries were analysed for EndMT markers by using computer and microscope assisted image analysis software Image ProPlus7.0. All the analysis was done with observer blinded to subject and diagnosis.ResultsIncreased expression of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin (p<0.0001), vimentin (p<0.0001), and S100A4 (p<0.05), was noted with downregulation of junctional endothelial VE-cadherin (p<0.01) in intimal layer of the arteries from patients with IPF compared to NC. Cadherin switch was observed in IPF patients, showing increase in endothelial N-cadherin and decrease in VE-cadherin (p<0.01). There was also VE-cadherin shift from junctions to cytoplasm (p<0.01), effecting endothelial cell integrity in patients with IPF. In IPF, individual mesenchymal markers vimentin and N-cadherin negatively correlated with diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (r'=-0.63, p=0.03 and r’=-0.66, p= 0.01). Further, N-cadherin positively correlated with arterial thickness (r'=0.58, p=0.03).ConclusionThis is the first study to demonstrate active EndMT in size based classified pulmonary arteries from IPF patients and potential role in driving remodelling changes. The mesenchymal markers had negative impact on the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide. This work also informs early origins of pulmonary hypertension in patients with IPF.
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Bhattarai P, Lu W, Vijay Gaikwad A, Dey S, Chia C, Larby J, Haug G, Hardikar A, Williams A, Kaur Singhera G, Hackett TL, Suji Eapen M, Singh Sohal S. Arterial remodelling in smokers and in patients with small airway disease and COPD: Implications for lung physiology and early origins of pulmonary hypertension. ERJ Open Res 2022; 8:00254-2022. [DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00254-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPulmonary vascular remodelling in COPD has detrimental consequences on lung physiology. The aim of our study was to provide a comprehensive size-based morphometric quantification of pulmonary arterial remodelling in smokers and in patients with small airway disease and in patients with COPD.MethodMovat's Pentachrome was done on lung resections for forty-six subjects. Twelve were non-smoker-controls (NC), six normal lung function smokers (NLFS), nine patients with small-airway diseases (SAD), nine mild-moderate COPD-current (COPD-CS) and ten COPD-ex-smokers (COPD-ES). Following a size-based classification of pulmonary arteries, their numbers, total wall thickness, individual layer thickness and elastin percentage were measured using an image analysis software, Image ProPlus v7.0.ResultsA decrease in number of pulmonary arteries was observed across pathological groups than in NC in all artery sizes. Arterial wall thickness was greater in NLFS, and COPD-CS than in NC. Thickness in COPD-ES was smaller than in COPD-CS. Intimal thickness was greater in all pathological groups across arterial sizes than in NC. Medial thickness was also greater in small and medium-sized arteries. Intimal thickness of larger arteries in COPD-CS correlated negatively to FEV1/FVC% and FEF25–75%. Elastin deposition in small arteries of COPD-CS group was greatest among the groups. Intimal elastin deposition correlated more negatively to intimal thickness in NLFS and SAD than in COPD-CS.ConclusionSmoking, small airway disease and mild-to-moderate COPD are associated with pruning and a decrease in the number of pulmonary arteries, in increased wall thickness, and variable elastin deposition. These changes were associated with worse airway obstruction.
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Dey S, Lu W, Weber HC, Young S, Larby J, Chia C, Haug G, Brake SJ, Myers S, Gaikwad AV, Bhattarai P, Pathinayake PS, Wark PAB, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Differential airway remodelling changes were observed in patients with asthma COPD overlap (ACO) compared to asthma and COPD patients alone. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L473-L483. [PMID: 35997281 PMCID: PMC9550567 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00137.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of patients with asthma COPD overlap (ACO) is clinically challenging due to insufficient evidence of pathological changes in these patients. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated airway remodeling in endobronchial biopsies from a total of 90 subjects, which included 12 ACO, 14 patients with asthma, 12 COPD exsmokers (ES), 11 current smokers (CS), 28 healthy controls (HC), and 13 normal lung function smokers (NLFS). Tissue was stained with Masson’s trichrome. Epithelium, goblet cells, reticular basement membrane (RBM), cellularity, lamina propria (LP), and smooth muscle (SM) changes were measured using Image-Pro Plus v7 software. Differential airway remodeling pattern was seen in patients with ACO. A limited change was noted in the ACO epithelium compared with other pathological groups. RBM was substantially thicker in patients with ACO than in HC (P < 0.0002) and tended to be thicker than in patients with asthma and NLFS. The total RBM cells were higher in ACO than in the HC (P < 0.0001), COPD-CS (P = 0.0559), -ES (P = 0.0345), and NLFS (P < 0.0002), but did not differ from patients with asthma. Goblet cells were higher in the ACO than in the HC (P = 0.0028) and COPD-ES (P = 0.0081). The total LP cells in ACO appeared to be higher than in HC, COPD-CS, and NLFS but appeared to be lower than in patients with asthma. Finally, SM area was significantly lower in the ACO than in patients with asthma (P = 0.001), COPD-CS (=0.0290), and NLFS (P = 0.0011). This first comprehensive study suggests that patients with ACO had distinguishable tissue remodeling that appeared to be more severe than patients with asthma and COPD. This study will help in informed decision-making for better patient management in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Heinrich C Weber
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tasmanian Health Services (THS), North-West Hospital, Burnie, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sally Young
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.,Lung Function Unit, North-West Regional Hospital, Burnie, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Josie Larby
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Samuel James Brake
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Steve Myers
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Prem Bhattarai
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Prabuddha S Pathinayake
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Peter A B Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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Gaikwad AV, Lu W, Dey S, Bhattarai P, Chia C, Larby J, Haug G, Myers S, Jaffar J, Westall G, Singhera GK, Hackett TL, Markos J, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Vascular remodelling in IPF patients and its detrimental effect on lung physiology: potential role of endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). ERJ Open Res 2022; 8:00571-2021. [PMID: 35350273 PMCID: PMC8943284 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00571-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, irreversible fibrotic interstitial lung disease. We performed size-based quantitation of pulmonary arterial remodelling in IPF and examined the role of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and effects on lung physiology. Methods Resected lung tissues from 11 normal controls (NCs), and 13 IPF patients were differentially stained using the Movat Pentachrome technique. Size-based classification for pulmonary arteries was conducted in NC and IPF tissues. For each pulmonary artery, arterial size, luminal diameter, thickness of the intima, media and adventitia, and elastin deposition were quantified using Image ProPlus7.0 software. In addition, immunohistochemical staining was performed for EndMT markers and collagen. Results Large and medium-size arterial numbers were significantly reduced in IPF compared to NCs (p<0.0001). Intima thickness was highest in the arterial range of 200–399 μm and 600–1000 μm (p<0.0001), while medial and adventitial thickness was significant across 200–1000 μm (p<0.05) compared to NC. Medial thickness was found to significantly affect the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (r=−0.8, p=0.01). Total arterial elastin in IPF was higher across all arterial ranges except 100–199 μm in IPF than in NC, with the greatest differences in 200–399 μm (p<0.001) and 600–1000 μm (p<0.001). Total elastin also negatively correlated with DLCO (r’=−0.63, p=0.04) in IPF. An increase in EndMT markers and collagen type I/ IV was observed. Conclusions This is the first study demonstrating size-based differences in pulmonary arteries in IPF and its detrimental effect on lung physiology. The process of EndMT might be central to these vascular remodelling changes and could be a potential novel therapeutic target. Pulmonary arterial remodelling occurs in IPF patients, affects lung function and may exaggerate pulmonary hypertension. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition appears decisive with vascular changes and could be a novel therapeutic target for IPF.https://bit.ly/3GG3qBa
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Lu W, Eapen MS, Singhera GK, Markos J, Haug G, Chia C, Larby J, Brake SJ, Westall GP, Jaffar J, Kalidhindi RSR, Fonseka ND, Sathish V, Hackett TL, Sohal SS. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), Transmembrane Peptidase Serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and Furin Expression Increases in the Lungs of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) and Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): Implications for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infections. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030777. [PMID: 35160229 PMCID: PMC8837032 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported higher ACE2 levels in smokers and patients with COPD. The current study investigates if patients with interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) such as IPF and LAM have elevated ACE2, TMPRSS2, and Furin levels, increasing their risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and development of COVID-19. Surgically resected lung tissue from IPF, LAM patients, and healthy controls (HC) was immunostained for ACE2, TMPRSS2, and Furin. Percentage ACE2, TMPRSS2, and Furin expression was measured in small airway epithelium (SAE) and alveolar areas using computer-assisted Image-Pro Plus 7.0 software. IPF and LAM tissue was also immunostained for myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and growth factor transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1). Compared to HC, ACE2, TMPRSS2 and Furin expression were significantly upregulated in the SAE of IPF (p < 0.01) and LAM (p < 0.001) patients, and in the alveolar areas of IPF (p < 0.001) and LAM (p < 0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between smoking history and ACE2 expression in the IPF cohort for SAE (r = 0.812, p < 0.05) and alveolar areas (r = 0.941, p < 0.01). This, to our knowledge, is the first study to compare ACE2, TMPRSS2, and Furin expression in patients with IPF and LAM compared to HC. Descriptive images show that α-SMA and TGF-β1 increase in the IPF and LAM tissue. Our data suggests that patients with ILDs are at a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 infection and post-COVID-19 interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Growth factors secreted by the myofibroblasts, and surrounding tissue could further affect COVID-19 adhesion proteins/cofactors and post-COVID-19 interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Smoking seems to be the major driving factor in patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; (W.L.); (M.S.E.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (S.J.B.)
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; (W.L.); (M.S.E.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (S.J.B.)
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Singhera
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (G.K.S.); (T.L.H.)
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - James Markos
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; (W.L.); (M.S.E.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (S.J.B.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; (W.L.); (M.S.E.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (S.J.B.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; (W.L.); (M.S.E.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (S.J.B.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Josie Larby
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; (W.L.); (M.S.E.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (S.J.B.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Samuel James Brake
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; (W.L.); (M.S.E.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (S.J.B.)
| | - Glen P. Westall
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (G.P.W.); (J.J.)
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jade Jaffar
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (G.P.W.); (J.J.)
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rama Satyanarayana Raju Kalidhindi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA; (R.S.R.K.); (N.D.F.); (V.S.)
| | - Nimesha De Fonseka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA; (R.S.R.K.); (N.D.F.); (V.S.)
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA; (R.S.R.K.); (N.D.F.); (V.S.)
| | - Tillie L. Hackett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (G.K.S.); (T.L.H.)
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; (W.L.); (M.S.E.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (C.C.); (J.L.); (S.J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-6324-5434
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Asrani P, Tiwari K, Eapen MS, Hassan MI, Sohal SS. Containment strategies for COVID-19 in India: lessons from the second wave. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:829-835. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2036605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Purva Asrani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Keshav Tiwari
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India-110012
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7248, Australia
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7248, Australia
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15
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Brake SJ, Eapen MS, McAlinden KD, Markos J, Haug G, Larby J, Chia C, Hardikar A, Singhera GK, Hackett TL, Lu W, Sohal SS. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Adhesion Site Protein Upregulation in Small Airways, Type 2 Pneumocytes, and Alveolar Macrophages of Smokers and COPD – Possible Implications for Interstitial Fibrosis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2022; 17:101-115. [PMID: 35046647 PMCID: PMC8761078 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s329783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smokers and patients with COPD are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to severe COVID-19. Methods This cross-sectional study involved resected lung tissues from 16 patients with GOLD stage I or II COPD; of which 8 were current smokers COPD (COPD-CS), and 8 ex-smokers COPD (COPD-ES), 7 normal lung function smokers (NLFS), 9 patients with small airways disease (SAD), and 10 were never-smoking normal controls (NC). Immunostaining for ACE2, Furin, and TMPRSS2 was performed and analysed for percent expression in small airway epithelium (SAE) and counts for positively and negatively stained type 2 pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages (AMs) were done using Image ProPlus V7.0. Furthermore, primary small airway epithelial cells (pSAEC) were analysed by immunofluorescence after exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Results ACE2, Furin, and TMPRSS2 expression significantly increased in SAE and type 2 pneumocytes in all the subjects (except Furin for NLFS) compared to NC (p < 0.001). Similar significance was observed for ACE2 positive AM (p < 0.002), except COPD-ES, which decreased in ACE2 positive AMs (p < 0.003). Total type 2 pneumocytes and AMs significantly increased in the pathological groups compared to NC (p < 0.01), except SAD (p = 0.08). However, AMs are significantly reduced in COPD-ES (p < 0.003). Significant changes were observed for tissue co-expression of Furin and TMPRSS2 with ACE2 in SAE, type 2 pneumocytes and AMs. These markers also negatively correlated with lung function parameters, such as FEV1/FVC % predicted, FEF25-75%, DLCO% predicted. A strong co-localisation and expression for ACE2 (p < 0.0001), Furin (p < 0.01), and TMPRSS2 (p < 0.0001) was observed in pSAEC treated with 1% CSE than controls. Discussion The increased expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2 and Furin, in the SAE, type 2 pneumocytes and AMs of smokers and COPD are detrimental to lung function and proves that these patient groups could be more susceptible to severe COVID-19 infection. Increased type 2 pneumocytes suggest that these patients are vulnerable to developing post-COVID-19 interstitial pulmonary fibrosis or fibrosis in general. There could be a silently developing interstitial pathology in smokers and patients with COPD. This is the first comprehensive study to report such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel James Brake
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
| | - Kielan Darcy McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
| | - James Markos
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Josie Larby
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Ashutosh Hardikar
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Singhera
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tillie L Hackett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
- Correspondence: Sukhwinder Singh Sohal Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag – 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, AustraliaTel +61 3 6324 5434 Email
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Asrani P, Tiwari K, Eapen MS, McAlinden KD, Haug G, Johansen MD, Hansbro PM, Flanagan KL, Hassan MI, Sohal SS. Clinical features and mechanistic insights into drug repurposing for combating COVID-19. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 142:106114. [PMID: 34748991 PMCID: PMC8570392 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from Wuhan in China before it spread to the entire globe. It causes coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) where mostly individuals present mild symptoms, some remain asymptomatic and some show severe lung inflammation and pneumonia in the host through the induction of a marked inflammatory 'cytokine storm'. New and efficacious vaccines have been developed and put into clinical practice in record time, however, there is a still a need for effective treatments for those who are not vaccinated or remain susceptible to emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant strains. Despite this, effective therapeutic interventions against COVID-19 remain elusive. Here, we have reviewed potential drugs for COVID-19 classified on the basis of their mode of action. The mechanisms of action of each are discussed in detail to highlight the therapeutic targets that may help in reducing the global pandemic. The review was done up to July 2021 and the data was assessed through the official websites of WHO and CDC for collecting the information on the clinical trials. Moreover, the recent research papers were also assessed for the relevant data. The search was mainly based on keywords like Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, drugs (specific name of the drugs), COVID-19, clinical efficiency, safety profile, side-effects etc.This review outlines potential areas for future research into COVID-19 treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Asrani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Keshav Tiwari
- ICAR - National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Kielan Darcy McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston 7250, Australia
| | - Matt D Johansen
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- Clinical School, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Tasmania Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.
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17
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Noor S, Mohammad T, Ashraf GM, Farhat J, Bilgrami AL, Eapen MS, Sohal SS, Yadav DK, Hassan MI. Mechanistic insights into the role of serum-glucocorticoid kinase 1 in diabetic nephropathy: A systematic review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:562-573. [PMID: 34715204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of serum-glucocorticoid kinase 1 (SGK1) contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple disorders, including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, fibrosis, and metabolic syndrome. SGK1 variant is expressed in the presence of insulin and several growth factors, eventually modulating various ion channels, carrier proteins, and transcription factors. SGK1 also regulates the enzymatic activity of Na+ K+ ATPase, glycogen synthase kinase-3, ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2, and phosphomannose mutase impacting cell cycle regulation, neuroexcitation, and apoptosis. Ample evidence supports the crucial role of aberrant SGK1 expression in hyperglycemia-mediated secondary organ damage. Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a dreadful microvascular complication of diabetes, is the leading cause of end-stage renal failures with high morbidity and mortality rate. The complex pathogenesis of DN encompasses several influencing factors, including transcriptional factors, inflammatory markers, cytokines, epigenetic modulators, and abnormal enzymatic activities. SGK1 plays a pivotal role by controlling various physiological functions associated with the occurrence and progression of DN; therefore, targeting SGK1 may favorably influence the clinical outcome in patients with DN. This review aimed to provide mechanistic insights into SGK1 regulated DN pathogenesis and summarize the evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of SGK1 inhibition and its consequences on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Noor
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Gulam M Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joviana Farhat
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anwar L Bilgrami
- Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Hambakmoeiro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon City 21924, South Korea.
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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18
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Ahmad T, Eapen MS, Ishaq M, Park AY, Karpiniec SS, Stringer DN, Sohal SS, Fitton JH, Guven N, Caruso V, Eri R. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Fucoidan Extracts In Vitro. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:702. [PMID: 34940701 PMCID: PMC8704339 DOI: 10.3390/md19120702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoidans are sulfated, complex, fucose-rich polymers found in brown seaweeds. Fucoidans have been shown to have multiple bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory effects, and are known to inhibit inflammatory processes via a number of pathways such as selectin blockade and enzyme inhibition, and have demonstrated inhibition of inflammatory pathologies in vivo. In this current investigation, fucoidan extracts from Undaria pinnatifida, Fucus vesiculosus, Macrocystis pyrifera, Ascophyllum nodosum, and Laminaria japonica were assessed for modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in a human macrophage line (THP-1). Fucoidan extracts exhibited no signs of cytotoxicity in THP-1 cells after incubation of 48 h. Additionally, all fucoidan extracts reduced cytokine production in LPS stimulated PBMCs and human THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Notably, the 5-30 kDa subfraction from Macrocystis pyrifera was a highly effective inhibitor at lower concentrations. Fucoidan extracts from all species had significant anti-inflammatory effects, but the lowest molecular weight subfractions had maximal effects at low concentrations. These observations on various fucoidan extracts offer insight into strategies that improve their efficacy against inflammation-related pathology. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the mechanism of action of these extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauseef Ahmad
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia;
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; (M.S.E.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Muhammad Ishaq
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia; (M.I.); (N.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Ah Young Park
- Marinova Pty Ltd., Cambridge, TAS 7170, Australia; (A.Y.P.); (S.S.K.); (D.N.S.)
| | - Samuel S. Karpiniec
- Marinova Pty Ltd., Cambridge, TAS 7170, Australia; (A.Y.P.); (S.S.K.); (D.N.S.)
| | - Damien N. Stringer
- Marinova Pty Ltd., Cambridge, TAS 7170, Australia; (A.Y.P.); (S.S.K.); (D.N.S.)
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; (M.S.E.); (S.S.S.)
| | - J. Helen Fitton
- Marinova Pty Ltd., Cambridge, TAS 7170, Australia; (A.Y.P.); (S.S.K.); (D.N.S.)
- RDadvisor, Hobart, TAS 7006, Australia
| | - Nuri Guven
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia; (M.I.); (N.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Vanni Caruso
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia; (M.I.); (N.G.); (V.C.)
- ISAL Foundation, Research on Pain, Torre Pedrera, 204-47922 Rimini, Italy
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia;
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19
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AlAjmi MF, Khan S, Choudhury A, Mohammad T, Noor S, Hussain A, Lu W, Eapen MS, Chimankar V, Hansbro PM, Sohal SS, Elasbali AM, Hassan MI. Impact of Deleterious Mutations on Structure, Function and Stability of Serum/Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase 1: A Gene to Diseases Correlation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:780284. [PMID: 34805284 PMCID: PMC8597711 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.780284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase involved in regulating cell survival, growth, proliferation, and migration. Its elevated expression and dysfunction are reported in breast, prostate, hepatocellular, lung adenoma, and renal carcinomas. We have analyzed the SGK1 mutations to explore their impact at the sequence and structure level by utilizing state-of-the-art computational approaches. Several pathogenic and destabilizing mutations were identified based on their impact on SGK1 and analyzed in detail. Three amino acid substitutions, K127M, T256A, and Y298A, in the kinase domain of SGK1 were identified and incorporated structurally into original coordinates of SGK1 to explore their time evolution impact using all-atom molecular dynamic (MD) simulations for 200 ns. MD results indicate substantial conformational alterations in SGK1, thus its functional loss, particularly upon T256A mutation. This study provides meaningful insights into SGK1 dysfunction upon mutation, leading to disease progression, including cancer, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F. AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shama Khan
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arunabh Choudhury
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Saba Noor
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Vrushali Chimankar
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali
- Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Dey S, Eapen MS, Chia C, Gaikwad AV, Wark PAB, Sohal SS. Pathogenesis, clinical features of asthma COPD overlap (ACO), and therapeutic modalities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 322:L64-L83. [PMID: 34668439 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00121.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both asthma and COPD are heterogeneous diseases identified by characteristic symptoms and functional abnormalities, with airway obstruction common in both diseases. Asthma COPD overlap (ACO) does not define a single disease but is a descriptive term for clinical use that includes several overlapping clinical phenotypes of chronic airways disease with different underlying mechanisms. This literature review was initiated to describe published studies, identify gaps in knowledge, and propose future research goals regarding the disease pathology of ACO, especially the airway remodelling changes and inflammation aspects. Airway remodelling occurs in asthma and COPD, but there are differences in the structures affected and the prime anatomic site at which they occur. Reticular basement membrane thickening and cellular infiltration with eosinophils and T-helper (CD4+) lymphocytes are prominent features of asthma. Epithelial squamous metaplasia, airway wall fibrosis, emphysema, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophilia and (CD8+) T-cytotoxic lymphocyte infiltrations in the airway wall are features of COPD. There is no universally accepted definition of ACO, nor are there clearly defined pathological characteristics to differentiate from asthma and COPD. Understanding etiological concepts within the purview of inflammation and airway remodelling changes in ACO would allow better management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Peter A B Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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21
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Singh J, Thachil T, Eapen MS, Lim A, Sufyan W, Rawson R, Duncan H, De Ieso P, Sohal SS. Immunohistochemical investigation of cytokine expression levels as biomarkers in transrectal ultrasound-guided needle biopsy specimens of prostate adenocarcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 15:191. [PMID: 34405051 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines influence the biological behaviour of prostate cancer (PC) and may influence patient outcome and serve as useful prognostic biomarkers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate cytokine expression levels in prostatic needle biopsy specimens and the association with clinicopathological characteristics of patients with PC. A total of 18 patients with PC who underwent transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy were included in the clinical study. These patients were naïve to radiotherapy (RT) or androgen deprivation therapy prior to TRUS biopsy and clinical follow up data was collected. Cytokine expression levels were analysed by using immunohistochemistry and Spearman's correlation test was used to determine the correlation between cytokine expression and clinicopathological characteristics. Expression levels of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6 decreased as Gleason score (GS) increased; however, a statistically significant difference was not detected. A statically significant correlation was observed between needle biopsy specimen and pre-RT plasma sample expression levels of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6 (P=0.01 and P=0.05, respectively) and anti-inflammatory TGF-β1 (P=0.05). However, further studies are needed to confirm these results using a larger sample size to confirm the prognostic value of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6 and anti-inflammatory TGF-β1 in patients with PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagtar Singh
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory 0810, Australia.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
| | - Thanuja Thachil
- Ballarat Austin Radiation Oncology Centre, Victoria 3350, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
| | - Aijye Lim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital 0810, Australia
| | - Wajiha Sufyan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital 0810, Australia
| | - Robert Rawson
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital 0810, Australia
| | - Henry Duncan
- Urology Department, Darwin Private Hospital, Northern Territory 0810, Australia
| | - Paolo De Ieso
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
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22
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Wark PA, Pathinayake PS, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Asthma, COPD and SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19): potential mechanistic insights. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.00920-2021. [PMID: 34244320 PMCID: PMC8287734 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00920-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We read with interest the manuscripts [1, 2] and the accompanying editorial [3] describing the risk of severe disease and infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and asthma, but are struck by the difference seen with risk of complications from asthma and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared to the experience during the 2009 influenza pandemic, where people with asthma were clearly at heightened risk, at least of hospitalisation [4]. In contrast, those who smoke or have COPD, appear at greater risk. Observational studies will never be able to provide evidence of cause and effect and a greater understanding of the mechanisms of susceptibility to infection with SARS-CoV-2 is also required. Hence, we would like to take this further and enhance discussion on potential mechanisms (figure 1). Patients with asthma are somewhat protected from COVID-19 complications compared to COPD. This may be due to variability in viral attachment protein, ICS use, smoking/vaping status, a skewed inflammatory pattern, and dysregulated endocytic machinery.https://bit.ly/3qOcyNb
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ab Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Prabuddha S Pathinayake
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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23
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Asrani P, Eapen MS, Hassan MI, Sohal SS. Implications of the second wave of COVID-19 in India. Lancet Respir Med 2021; 9:e93-e94. [PMID: 34216547 PMCID: PMC8245060 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Purva Asrani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia.
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24
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Eapen MS, Lu W, Hackett TL, Singhera GK, Mahmood MQ, Hardikar A, Ward C, Walters EH, Sohal SS. Increased myofibroblasts in the small airways, and relationship to remodelling and functional changes in smokers and COPD patients: potential role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00876-2020. [PMID: 34109247 PMCID: PMC8181830 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00876-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous reports have shown epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as an active process that contributes to small airway fibrotic pathology. Myofibroblasts are highly active pro-fibrotic cells that secrete excessive and altered extracellular matrix (ECM). Here we relate small airway myofibroblast presence with airway remodelling, physiology and EMT activity in smokers and COPD patients. Methods Lung resections from nonsmoker controls, normal lung function smokers and COPD current and ex-smokers were stained with anti-human α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), collagen 1 and fibronectin. αSMA+ cells were computed in reticular basement membrane (Rbm), lamina propria and adventitia and presented per mm of Rbm and mm2 of lamina propria. Collagen-1 and fibronectin are presented as a percentage change from normal. All analyses including airway thickness were measured using Image-pro-plus 7.0. Results We found an increase in subepithelial lamina propria (especially) and adventitia thickness in all pathological groups compared to nonsmoker controls. Increases in αSMA+ myofibroblasts were observed in subepithelial Rbm, lamina propria and adventitia in both the smoker and COPD groups compared to nonsmoker controls. Furthermore, the increase in the myofibroblast population in the lamina propria was strongly associated with decrease in lung function, lamina propria thickening, increase in ECM protein deposition, and finally EMT activity in epithelial cells. Conclusions This is the first systematic characterisation of small airway myofibroblasts in COPD based on their localisation, with statistically significant correlations between them and other pan-airway structural, lung function and ECM protein changes. Finally, we suggest that EMT may be involved in such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Tillie L Hackett
- Dept of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Singhera
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Dept of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Malik Q Mahmood
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Ashutosh Hardikar
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Dept of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Australia
| | - Chris Ward
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Eugene Haydn Walters
- School of Medicine, and Menzies Institute of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,These authors contributed equally
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25
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McAlinden KD, Barnsley K, Weber HC, Haug G, Chia C, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Cochrane review update leaves big questions unanswered regarding vaping: implications for medical practitioners. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:57/5/2100022. [PMID: 33985983 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00022-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kielan Darcy McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Equal contributors
| | - Kathryn Barnsley
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,Equal contributors
| | - Heinrich C Weber
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Dept of Paediatrics and Respiratory Medicine, Tasmanian Health Service - North West, Burnie, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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26
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Eapen MS, Lu W, Hackett TL, Singhera GK, Thompson IE, McAlinden KD, Hardikar A, Weber HC, Haug G, Wark PAB, Chia C, Sohal SS. Dysregulation of endocytic machinery and ACE2 in small airways of smokers and COPD patients can augment their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infections. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L158-L163. [PMID: 33174446 PMCID: PMC7869956 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00437.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lungs of smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are severely compromised and are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) attack. The dangerous combination of enhanced SARS-CoV-2 attachment receptor protein ACE2 along with an increase in endocytic vacuoles will enable viral attachment, entry, and replication. The objective of the study was to identify the presence of SARS-CoV-2 host attachment receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) along with endocytic vacuoles, early endosome antigen-1 (EEA1), late endosome marker RAB7, cathepsin-L, and lysosomal associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) as lysosome markers in the airways of smokers and COPD patients. The study design was cross-sectional and involved lung resections from 39 patients in total, which included 19 patients with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage I or GOLD stage II COPD, of which 9 were current smokers with COPD (COPD-CS) and 10 were ex-smokers with COPD (COPD-ES), 10 were normal lung function smokers, and 10 were never-smoking normal controls. Immunostaining for ACE2, EEA1, RAB7, and cathepsin-L was done. A comparative description for ACE2, EEA1, RAB7, and cathepsin-L expression pattern is provided for the patient groups. Furthermore, staining intensity for LAMP-1 lysosomes was measured as the ratio of the LAMP-1-stained areas per total area of epithelium or subepithelium, using Image ProPlus v7.0 software. LAMP-1 expression showed a positive correlation to patient smoking history while in COPD LAMP-1 negatively correlated to lung function. The active presence of ACE2 protein along with endocytic vacuoles such as early/late endosomes and lysosomes in the small airways of smokers and COPD patients provides evidence that these patient groups could be more susceptible to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tillie L Hackett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Singhera
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Isobel E Thompson
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kielan Darcy McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ashutosh Hardikar
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Heinrich C Weber
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tasmanian Health Services, North West Hospital, Burnie, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Peter A B Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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27
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Aghaei M, Dastghaib S, Aftabi S, Aghanoori MR, Alizadeh J, Mokarram P, Mehrbod P, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, McAlinden KD, Eapen MS, Sohal SS, Sharma P, Zeki AA, Ghavami S. The ER Stress/UPR Axis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Life (Basel) 2020; 11:1. [PMID: 33374938 PMCID: PMC7821926 DOI: 10.3390/life11010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular protein homeostasis in the lungs is constantly disrupted by recurrent exposure to various external and internal stressors, which may cause considerable protein secretion pressure on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in the survival and differentiation of these cell types to meet the increased functional demands. Cells are able to induce a highly conserved adaptive mechanism, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), to manage such stresses. UPR dysregulation and ER stress are involved in numerous human illnesses, such as metabolic syndrome, fibrotic diseases, and neurodegeneration, and cancer. Therefore, effective and specific compounds targeting the UPR pathway are being considered as potential therapies. This review focuses on the impact of both external and internal stressors on the ER in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and discusses the role of the UPR signaling pathway activation in the control of cellular damage and specifically highlights the potential involvement of non-coding RNAs in COPD. Summaries of pathogenic mechanisms associated with the ER stress/UPR axis contributing to IPF and COPD, and promising pharmacological intervention strategies, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Aghaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.A.); (S.A.); (J.A.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Sanaz Dastghaib
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (S.D.); (P.M.)
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
| | - Sajjad Aftabi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.A.); (S.A.); (J.A.)
- Medical Physics Department, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Mohamad-Reza Aghanoori
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.A.); (S.A.); (J.A.)
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (S.D.); (P.M.)
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Kielan Darcy McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Tasmania, Australia; (K.D.M.); (M.S.E.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Tasmania, Australia; (K.D.M.); (M.S.E.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Tasmania, Australia; (K.D.M.); (M.S.E.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Amir A. Zeki
- Davis School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, UC Davis Lung Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.A.); (S.A.); (J.A.)
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
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28
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Eapen MS, Sohal SS. WNT/β-catenin pathway: A novel therapeutic target for attenuating airway remodelling and EMT in COPD. EBioMedicine 2020; 62:103095. [PMID: 33161229 PMCID: PMC7656136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag - 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag - 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia.
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29
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Eapen MS, Lu W, Gaikwad AV, Bhattarai P, Chia C, Hardikar A, Haug G, Sohal SS. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition: a precursor to post-COVID-19 interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and vascular obliteration? Eur Respir J 2020; 56:13993003.03167-2020. [PMID: 32859681 PMCID: PMC7453738 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.03167-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We read with interest the recent editorial by Huertaset al. [1], highlighting the importance of endothelial cell dysfunction in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The authors have made some very fascinating insights, and we would like to take this discussion further, especially emphasising the role of endothelial cells in initiating post-infection pulmonary fibrosis and vascular remodelling. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been suggested as the primary receptor for mediating SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells. Apart from ACE2, the other key players that facilitate SARS-CoV-2 entry, includes transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), furin, sialic acid and the extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (CD147) [1]. In their article, the authors provide compelling comprehensions from a study comparing post mortem lung tissues from patients who died from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), acute respiratory distress syndrome due to influenza A (H1N1) infection and those from age-matched, uninfected control lungs [1, 2]. A crucial inference was the connections between the significant increase in ACE2 positive endothelial cells and the substantial change in endothelial cell morphology, disruption of intercellular junctions, cell swelling, and the breakdown of the underlying basement membrane, all indicative of vascular structural modification in tune to the process of endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) [3]. Considering the implications for post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis and vascular destruction seen in this infectious pathology, we believe that the role of EndMT in disease manifestation could be consequential. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) could lead to post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis and vascular remodellinghttps://bit.ly/2QqSKxT
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Prem Bhattarai
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Australia
| | - Ashutosh Hardikar
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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McAlinden KD, Eapen MS, Lu W, Sharma P, Sohal SS. The Ill Effects of IQOS on Airway Cells: Let's Not Get Burned All Over Again. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:269-270. [PMID: 32735165 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0094le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenying Lu
- University of TasmaniaLaunceston, Tasmania, Australiaand
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 is a recent emerging pandemic whose prognosis is still unclear. Diagnostic tools are the main players that not only indicate a possible infection but can further restrict the transmission and can determine the extent to which disease progression would occur. AREAS COVERED In this paper, we have performed a narrative and critical review on different technology-based diagnostic strategies such as molecular approaches including real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, serological testing through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, laboratory and point of care devices, radiology-based detection through computed tomography and chest X-ray, and viral cell cultures on Vero E6 cell lines are discussed in detail to address COVID-19. This review further provides an overview of emergency use authorized immunodiagnostic and molecular diagnostic kits and POC devices by FDA for timely and efficient conduction of diagnostic tests. The majority of the literature cited in this paper is collected from guidelines on protocols and other considerations on diagnostic strategies of COVID-19 issued by WHO, CDC, and FDA under emergency authorization. EXPERT OPINION Such information holds importance to the health professionals in conducting error-free diagnostic tests and researches in producing better clinical strategies by addressing the limitations associated with the available methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Asrani
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi, India
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital , Launceston, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital , Launceston, Australia
| | - Heinrich C Weber
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tasmanian Health Services (THS), North West Hospital , Burnie, Australia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi, India
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia
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McAlinden KD, Eapen MS, Lu W, Sharma P, Sohal SS. The rise of electronic nicotine delivery systems and the emergence of electronic-cigarette-driven disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L585-L595. [PMID: 32726146 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00160.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the United States experienced the emergence of the vaping-associated lung injury (VALI) epidemic. Vaping is now known to result in the development and progression of severe lung disease in the young and healthy. Lack of regulation on electronic cigarettes in the United States has resulted in over 2,000 patients and 68 deaths. We examine the clinical representation of VALI and the delve into the scientific evidence of how deadly exposure to electronic cigarettes can be. E-cigarette vapor is shown to affect numerous cellular processes, cellular metabolism, and cause DNA damage (which has implications for cancer). E-cigarette use is associated with a higher risk of developing crippling lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which would develop several years from now, increasing the already existent smoking-related burden. The role of vaping and virus susceptibility is yet to be determined; however, vaping can increase the virulence and inflammatory potential of several lung pathogens and is also linked to an increased risk of pneumonia. As it has emerged for cigarette smoking, great caution should also be given to vaping in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the COVID-19 pandemic. Sadly, e-cigarettes are continually promoted and perceived as a safer alternative to cigarette smoking. E-cigarettes and their modifiable nature are harmful, as the lungs are not designed for the chronic inhalation of e-cigarette vapor. It is of interest that e-cigarettes have been shown to be of no help with smoking cessation. A true danger lies in vaping, which, if ignored, will lead to disastrous future costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kielan Darcy McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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Gaikwad AV, Eapen MS, McAlinden KD, Chia C, Larby J, Myers S, Dey S, Haug G, Markos J, Glanville AR, Sohal SS. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:1027-1043. [PMID: 32659128 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1795832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible fibrotic disease associated with respiratory failure. The disease remains idiopathic, but repeated alveolar epithelium injury, disruption of alveolar-capillary integrity, abnormal vascular repair, and pulmonary vascular remodeling are considered possible pathogenic mechanisms. Also, the development of comorbidities such as pulmonary hypertension (PH) could further impact disease outcome, quality of life and survival rates in IPF. AREAS COVERED The current review provides a comprehensive literature survey of the mechanisms involved in the development and manifestations of IPF and their links to PH pathology. This review also provides the current understanding of molecular mechanisms that link the two pathologies and will specifically decipher the role of endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) along with the possible triggers of EndMT. The possibility of targeting EndMT as a therapeutic option in IPF is discussed. EXPERT OPINION With a steady increase in prevalence and mortality, IPF is no longer considered a rare disease. Thus, it is of utmost importance and urgency that the underlying profibrotic pathways and mechanisms are fully understood, to enable the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia
| | - Kielan D McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital , Launceston, Australia
| | - Josie Larby
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital , Launceston, Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia
| | - Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital , Launceston, Australia
| | - James Markos
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital , Launceston, Australia
| | - Allan R Glanville
- Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Thoracic Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital , Sydney, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania , Launceston, Australia
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McAlinden KD, Eapen MS, Lu W, Chia C, Haug G, Sohal SS. COVID-19 and vaping: risk for increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection? Eur Respir J 2020; 56:13993003.01645-2020. [PMID: 32430427 PMCID: PMC7241112 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01645-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With great interest we read and commend the study done by Russoet al. [1], highlighting their findings that nicotine induces an increase in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) expression in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEpC) and is mediated by α7-subtype nicotinic receptors (α7-nAChR). It raises the concern that all electronic nicotine-delivery systems may put users at greater risk of succumbing to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Absolute cessation of any tobacco product in any form: implications for COVID-19https://bit.ly/3cyk9ra
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Affiliation(s)
- Kielan Darcy McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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35
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McAlinden KD, Eapen MS, Lu W, Chia C, Haug G, Sohal SS. COVID-19 and vaping: risk for increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection? Eur Respir J 2020. [PMID: 32430427 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01645‐2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kielan Darcy McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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Brake SJ, Barnsley K, Lu W, McAlinden KD, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Smoking Upregulates Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 Receptor: A Potential Adhesion Site for Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19). J Clin Med 2020; 9:E841. [PMID: 32244852 PMCID: PMC7141517 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicenter of the original outbreak in China has high male smoking rates of around 50%, and early reported death rates have an emphasis on older males, therefore the likelihood of smokers being overrepresented in fatalities is high. In Iran, China, Italy, and South Korea, female smoking rates are much lower than males. Fewer females have contracted the virus. If this analysis is correct, then Indonesia would be expected to begin experiencing high rates of Covid-19 because its male smoking rate is over 60% (Tobacco Atlas). Smokers are vulnerable to respiratory viruses. Smoking can upregulate angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, the known receptor for both the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the human respiratory coronavirus NL638. This could also be true for new electronic smoking devices such as electronic cigarettes and "heat-not-burn" IQOS devices. ACE2 could be a novel adhesion molecule for SARS-CoV-2 causing Covid-19 and a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of fatal microbial infections, and therefore it should be fast tracked and prioritized for research and investigation. Data on smoking status should be collected on all identified cases of Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel James Brake
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia; (S.J.B.); (W.L.); (K.D.M.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Kathryn Barnsley
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia; (S.J.B.); (W.L.); (K.D.M.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Kielan Darcy McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia; (S.J.B.); (W.L.); (K.D.M.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia; (S.J.B.); (W.L.); (K.D.M.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia; (S.J.B.); (W.L.); (K.D.M.); (M.S.E.)
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37
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McAlinden KD, Eapen MS, Ghavami S, Sohal SS, Sharma P. Altered Calcium in Ciliary Dysfunction: Potential Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Ciliophagy. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 61:794-795. [PMID: 31774335 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0157le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pawan Sharma
- Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
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Eapen MS, Sharma P, Moodley YP, Hansbro PM, Sohal SS. Dysfunctional Immunity and Microbial Adhesion Molecules in Smoking-induced Pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:250-251. [PMID: 30290125 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201808-1553le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawan Sharma
- 2 University of Technology Sydney Sydney, Australia.,3 University of Sydney Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuben P Moodley
- 4 Institute of Respiratory Health Perth, Australia.,5 University of Western Australia Perth, Australia.,6 Fiona Stanley Hospital Murdoch, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- 2 University of Technology Sydney Sydney, Australia.,7 University of Newcastle Callaghan, Australia.,8 Hunter Medical Research Institute Newcastle, Australia and.,9 Centenary Institute Sydney, Australia
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Eapen MS, Sharma P, Sohal SS. Mitochondrial dysfunction in macrophages: a key to defective bacterial phagocytosis in COPD. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:54/4/1901641. [PMID: 31601722 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01641-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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Eapen MS, Sharma P, Gaikwad AV, Lu W, Myers S, Hansbro PM, Sohal SS. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is driven by transcriptional and post transcriptional modulations in COPD: implications for disease progression and new therapeutics. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:1603-1610. [PMID: 31409985 PMCID: PMC6645357 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s208428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD is a common and highly destructive disease with huge impacts on people and health services throughout the world. It is mainly caused by cigarette smoking though environmental pollution is also significant. There are no current treatments that affect the overall course of COPD; current drugs focus on symptomatic relief and to some extent reducing exacerbation rates. There is an urgent need for in-depth studies of the fundamental pathogenic mechanisms that underpin COPD. This is vital, given the fact that nearly 40%-60% of the small airway and alveolar damage occurs in COPD well before the first measurable changes in lung function are detected. These individuals are also at a high risk of lung cancer. Current COPD research is mostly centered around late disease and/or innate immune activation within the airway lumen, but the actual damage to the airway wall has early onset. COPD is the end result of complex mechanisms, possibly triggered through initial epithelial activation. To change the disease trajectory, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms in the epithelium that are switched on early in smokers. One such mechanism we believe is the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This article highlights the importance of this profound epithelial cell plasticity in COPD and also its regulation. We consider that understanding early changes in COPD will open new windows for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia.,Medical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.,Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
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Lu W, Sharma P, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Inhaled corticosteroids attenuate epithelial mesenchymal transition: implications for COPD and lung cancer prophylaxis. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:54/1/1900778. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00778-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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42
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Khaleel I, Zaidi STR, Shastri MD, Eapen MS, Ming LC, Wanandy T, Patel RP. Investigations into the physical and chemical stability of concentrated co-trimoxazole intravenous infusions. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2019; 25:e102-e108. [PMID: 31157078 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2017-001225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives High dose of intravenous sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole) is often used in immunocompromised patients for the treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. Current manufacturer's dilution recommendation for intravenous co-trimoxazole (1:25 v/v) requires the administration of 2 L of additional fluid per day causing serious complications including pulmonary oedema. Intravenous administration of concentrated solution of co-trimoxazole may minimise the risk of fluid overload associated side effects. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the physicochemical stability of concentrated intravenous co-trimoxazole solutions. Methods Four ampoules of intravenous co-trimoxazole were injected into an infusion bag containing either 480 (1:25 v/v), 380 (1:20 v/v), 280 (1:15 v/v) or 180 (1:10 v/v) mL of glucose 5% solution. Three bags for each dilution (total 12 bags) were prepared and stored at room temperature. An aliquot was withdrawn immediately (at 0 hour) and after 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 hours of storage for high-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) analysis, and additional samples were withdrawn every half an hour for microscopic examination. Each sample was analysed for the concentration of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole using a stability indicating HPLC method. Samples were assessed for pH, change in colour (visually) and for particle content (microscopically) immediately after preparation and on each time of analysis. Results Intravenous co-trimoxazole at 1:25, 1:20, 1:15 and 1:10 v/v retained more than 98% of the initial concentration of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole for 4 hours. There was no major change in pH at time zero and at various time points. Microscopically, no particles were detected for at least 4 hours and 2 hours when intravenous co-trimoxazole was diluted at 1:25 or 1:20 and 1:15 v/v, respectively. More than 1200 particles/mL were detected after 2.5 hours of storage when intravenous co-trimoxazole was diluted at 1:15 v/v. Conclusions Intravenous co-trimoxazole is stable over a period of 4 hours when diluted with 380 mL of glucose 5% solution (1:20 v/v) and for 2 hours when diluted with 280 mL glucose 5% solution (1:15 v/v).
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa Khaleel
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Syed Tabish R Zaidi
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Pharmacy, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Madhur D Shastri
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Troy Wanandy
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Pharmacy, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rahul P Patel
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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43
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Sohal SS, Hansbro PM, Shukla SD, Eapen MS, Walters EH. Potential Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogens in Idiopathic Interstitial Lung Disease. Chest 2019; 152:899-900. [PMID: 28991543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia; School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Shakti Dhar Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Eugene Haydn Walters
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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44
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Eapen MS, Gaikwad AV, Thompson IE, Lu W, Myers S, Sharma P, Sohal SS. The effectiveness of immunosuppressive cyclosporin in attenuating the progression of interstitial lung diseases. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:S1139-S1142. [PMID: 31245065 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.04.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Isobel E Thompson
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Medical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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45
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Sohal SS, Eapen MS, Naidu VGM, Sharma P. IQOS exposure impairs human airway cell homeostasis: direct comparison with traditional cigarette and e-cigarette. ERJ Open Res 2019; 5:00159-2018. [PMID: 30775377 PMCID: PMC6368999 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00159-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While cigarette smoking still remains one of the most pressing global health issues of our time, newer forms of smoking device have been introduced across the globe in the last decade [1]. Electronic nicotine/non-nicotine delivery systems commonly known as electronic cigarettes (eCig) heat a solution (e-liquid) to create vapour [2]; the latest addition to this list is the introduction of heat-not-burn (HNBs) tobacco products branded as IQOS [3]. HNBs are hybrids between eCigs and traditional cigarettes i.e. they are equipped with a device that heats the product, without burning to generate aerosol and the product being heated is not a liquid but real tobacco [4, 5]. eCig vaping is comparatively new but its use is increasing at an alarming rate; it is believed it will surpass the use of traditional cigarettes in next 5 years, with global sales reaching US$10 billion [6]. Since its launch in Italy and Japan in 2014, IQOS has become the leader in the HNB market [4, 7]. To date, IQOS is available in 41 countries, including 22 from the WHO-European region, and its market share has now reached the level of cigars in Italy [4]. Emerging data shows that eCig use, particularly in the young, is associated with future cigarette use [8]. Similarly, over half of the people interested in IQOS are never-smokers [4]. Therefore, both eCigs and IQOS may represent a gateway for nicotine addiction among never-smokers rather than a substitute used for harm-reduction purposes in current smokers [4]. It is now clear that eCig vapour contains high levels of toxic compounds [9], which adversely affect respiratory, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems both in vitro and in vivo [10–12]. It is also important to recognise that IQOS products are comparatively new but emerging research suggests that IQOS emits substantially high levels of carbonyls [13]. There is as yet no published comparison between the effect of eCigs, IQOS and tobacco smoke on human lungs. Here, we examine whether exposure to IQOS has the same damaging effect on human airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells as traditional tobacco cigarette and eCigs in vitro. Heat-not-burn (HNB) devices can alter vital physiological functions in the lung. HNB devices may not be a safer option than cigarette smoking or eCig vaping; this does not support the recommendation of their use over other nicotine delivery products.http://ow.ly/wZ5P30ng8bU
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Vegi G M Naidu
- Dept of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Guwahati, India
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.,Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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46
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Saha P, Johny E, Dangi A, Shinde S, Brake S, Eapen MS, Sohal SS, Naidu V, Sharma P. Impact of Maternal Air Pollution Exposure on Children's Lung Health: An Indian Perspective. Toxics 2018; 6:toxics6040068. [PMID: 30453488 PMCID: PMC6315719 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution has become an emerging invisible killer in recent years and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. More than 90% of the world’s children breathe toxic air every day. India is among the top ten most highly polluted countries with an average PM10 level of 134 μg/m3 per year. It is reported that 99% of India’s population encounters air pollution levels that exceed the World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline, advising a PM2.5 permissible level of 10 μg/m3. Maternal exposure to air pollution has serious health outcomes in offspring because it can affect embryonic phases of development during the gestation period. A fetus is more prone to effects from air pollution during embryonic developmental phases due to resulting oxidative stress as antioxidant mechanisms are lacking at that stage. Any injury during this vulnerable period (embryonic phase) will have a long-term impact on offspring health, both early and later in life. Epidemiological studies have revealed that maternal exposure to air pollution increases the risk of development of airway disease in the offspring due to impaired lung development in utero. In this review, we discuss cellular mechanisms involved in maternal exposure to air pollution and how it can impact airway disease development in offspring. A better understanding of these mechanisms in the context of maternal exposure to air pollution can offer a new avenue to prevent the development of airway disease in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati 781125, Assam, India.
| | - Ebin Johny
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati 781125, Assam, India.
| | - Ashish Dangi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati 781125, Assam, India.
| | - Sopan Shinde
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati 781125, Assam, India.
| | - Samuel Brake
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7248, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7248, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7248, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Vgm Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati 781125, Assam, India.
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia.
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47
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Eapen MS, Myers S, Lu W, Tanghe C, Sharma P, Sohal SS. sE-cadherin and sVE-cadherin indicate active epithelial/endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT and EndoMT) in smokers and COPD: implications for new biomarkers and therapeutics. Biomarkers 2018; 23:709-711. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2018.1479772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Chloé Tanghe
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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48
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Sohal SS, Eapen MS, Ward C, Walters EH. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: A Necessary New Therapeutic Target in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017. [PMID: 28640653 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201704-0771le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chris Ward
- 1 University of Tasmania Hobart, Australia.,3 University of Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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49
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Eapen MS, Hansbro PM, McAlinden K, Kim RY, Ward C, Hackett TL, Walters EH, Sohal SS. Abnormal M1/M2 macrophage phenotype profiles in the small airway wall and lumen in smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Sci Rep 2017; 7:13392. [PMID: 29042607 PMCID: PMC5645352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We explore potential dysregulation of macrophage phenotypes in COPD pathogenesis through integrated study of human small airway tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and an experimental murine model of COPD. We evaluated human airway tissue and BAL from healthy controls, normal lung function smokers (NLFS), and COPD subjects. Both small airways and BAL cells were immunohistochemically stained with anti-CD68 for total macrophages and with anti-CD163 for M2, and anti-iNOS for M1 macrophages. Multiplex ELISA measured BAL cytokines. Comparable cigarette smoke-induced experimental COPD mouse model was assessed for relevant mRNA profiles. We found an increase in pro-inflammatory M1s in the small airways of NLFS and COPD compared to controls with a reciprocal decrease in M2 macrophages, which remained unchanged among pathological groups. However, luminal macrophages showed a dominant M2 phenotype in both NLFS and COPD subjects. BAL cytokine skewed towards an M2 profile with increase in CCL22, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10 in both NLFS and COPDs. The mouse-model of COPD showed similar increase in mRNA for M2 markers. Our finding suggests abnormal macrophage switching in both mucosal and luminal areas of COPD patients, that strongly associated with cytokine balance. There may be potential for beneficial therapeutic cytokine manipulation of macrophage phenotypes in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kielan McAlinden
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Ward
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eugene H Walters
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. .,School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is primarily an airway condition, which mainly affects cigarette smokers and presents with shortness of breath that is progressive and poorly reversible. In COPD research, there has been a long held belief that airway disease progression is due to inflammation. Although this may be true in the airway lumen with innate immunity activated by the effect of smoke or secondary to infection, the accurate picture of inflammatory cells in the airway wall, where the pathophysiological COPD remodeling occurs, is uncertain and debatable. Areas covered: The current review provides a comprehensive literature survey of the changes in the main inflammatory cells in human COPD patients and focuses on contrarian views that affect the prevailing dogma on inflammation. The review also delves into the role of oxidative stress and inflammasomes in modulating the immune response in COPD. Further, the effects of inflammation in affecting the epithelium, fibroblasts, and airway remodeling are discussed. Expert commentary: Inflammation as a driving force for airway wall damage and remodelling in early COPD is at the very least 'oversimplified' and is likely to be misleading. This has serious implications for rational thinking about the illness, including pathogenesis and designing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- b School of Health Sciences , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
| | - Eugene Haydn Walters
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia.,b School of Health Sciences , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
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