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Kaczyńska K, Walski M, Szereda-Przestaszewska M. Long-term ultrastructural indices of lead intoxication in pulmonary tissue of the rat. Microsc Microanal 2013; 19:1410-1415. [PMID: 23985218 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613013305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present research long-term pulmonary toxicity of lead was investigated in rats treated by intraperitoneal administration of lead acetate for three consecutive days (25 mg/kg per day). Five weeks after treatment average lead content in the whole blood was 0.41 μg/dL ± 0.05, in the lung homogenates it measured 3.35 μg/g ± 0.54, as compared to the control values of 0.13 ± 0.07 μg/dL and 1.03 μg/g ± 0.59, respectively. X-ray microanalysis of lung specimens displayed lead localized mainly within type II pneumocytes and macrophages. At the ultrastructural level the effects of lead toxicity were found in lung capillaries, interstitium, epithelial cells, and alveolar lining. Alveolar septa showed intense fibrosis, consisting of collagen, elastin, and fibroblasts. Thinned alveolar septa had emphysematous tissue with some revealing signs of angiogenesis. Type II pneumocytes contained lamellar bodies with features of laminar destruction. Fragments of the surfactant layer were often detached from the alveolar epithelium. These findings indicate that 5 weeks after exposure, lead provokes reconstruction of the alveolar septa including fibrosis and emphysematous changes in the lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Laboratory of Respiratory Reflexes, Polish Academy of Sciences Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, 02-106 Warsaw, 5 Pawińskiego Street, Poland
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Dabrowska J, Walski M, Dybicz M, Doligalska M. Comparative ultrastructural studies of the alterations to mouse lung parenchyma during Trichinella spiralis or Toxocara canis infection. Parasite Immunol 2013; 34:455-63. [PMID: 22803684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis and Toxocara canis larvae migrated through the lung and induced many alterations in the lung parenchyma. Using electron microscopy, we identified and described the histopathological changes. These changes resulted from mechanical damage or from local inflammatory reactions provoked by larvae. The pattern of changes was described between 6 and 12 days post-infection (DPI) with T. spiralis larvae, and between 21 and 28 DPI with T. canis. The ultrastructural studies demonstrated that T. spiralis larvae migrating through the lungs evoked mainly destruction of type I epithelial cells, destruction of lamellar bodies of epithelial cells or extracellular alveolar lining layer. The severity of these changes was dependent on the number of infective larvae (400 or 800 T. spiralis larvae) and possibly the result of mechanical damage in the lung parenchyma. In contrast, infection with T. canis larvae initiated mainly eosinophilic perivasculitis and vasculitis as well as macrophage accumulation in the lung, which were additionally impacted by numerous crystalloid inclusions in macrophages. Trichinella spiralis larvae and T. canis larvae induced different pathological changes in the lungs of infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dabrowska
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Biostructure Centre, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Walski M, Frontczak-Baniewicz M. Cechy ultrastrukturalne prawidłowego i dysfunkcyjnego śródbłonka naczyń krwionośnych Michał Walski, Małgorzata Frontczak-Baniewicz. Pol Arch Intern Med 2012. [DOI: 10.20452/pamw.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kaczynska K, Walski M, Szereda-Przestaszewska M. Ultrastructural changes in lung tissue after acute lead intoxication in the rat. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 2011; 60:289-294. [PMID: 21606044 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfr035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary toxicity of lead was studied in rats after an intraperitoneal administration of lead acetate at a dose of 25 mg/kg. Three consecutive days of treatment increased lead content in the whole blood to 2.1 µg/dl and in lung homogenate it attained 9.62 µg/g w.w. versus control values of 0.17 µg/dl and 0.78 µg/g w.w., respectively. At the ultrastructural level, the effects of lead toxicity were observed in lung capillaries, interstitium, epithelial cells and alveolar lining layer. Accumulation of aggregated platelets, leucocytic elements and monocytes was found within capillaries. Interstitium comprised a substantial number of collagen, elastin filaments and lipofibroblasts. Lamellar bodies of type II pneumocytes contained phospolipid lamellae, which stratified into an irregular arrangement. Pulmonary alveoli were filled with macrophages. The extracellular lining layer of lung alveoli was partially destroyed. This study provided evidence that acute lead intoxication affects the whole lung parenchyma and by impairing production of the surfactant might disturb the regular respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kaczynska
- Laboratory of Respiratory Reflexes, PAS Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Pawinskiego Str. 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Antosiewicz J, Walski M, Pokorski M. Iron and chemical control of breathing. Pneumologie 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1247901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Walski M, Pokorski M, Antosiewicz J, Rekawek A, Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Jernajczyk U, Di Giulio C. Pulmonary surfactant: ultrastructural features and putative mechanisms of aging. J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 60 Suppl 5:121-125. [PMID: 20134052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is essential for maintaining lung function. In the present study we attempted to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying changes in surfactant in old age. We examined the ultrastructure of surfactant-producing lamellar bodies of the alveolar epithelial cells and of extracellular tubular myelin unfolding from the lamellar bodies in the lungs of two contrasting age-groups of rats: young, 2-3 months old and senescent, 26 months old. The study also focused on the plausible role of surfactant protein insufficiency in the process of surfactant aging. To this end, puromycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor, was used in vivo in young rats (12 mg/100 g body weight, i.p.) and its effects on surfactant ultrastructure were compared with the surfactant status in senescent rats. Lungs were rapidly dissected after being perfused with a mixture of aldehyde fixative and the tissue was subjected to the routine transmission electron microscopic procedures. Electronograms of the senescent lungs show that the alveolar epithelial lining layer and the lamellar bodies of type II cells, producing surfactant, displayed profound degenerative alterations. No regularly shaped myelin-tubular mesh, so characteristic of young lungs, could be recognized in the old ones. The aqueous, protein-containing hypophase of the alveolar epithelial lining, consisting of myelin tubules, no longer formed a solid layer integrated with the plasma membrane of type II cells. The effects of puromycin-induced inhibition of protein synthesis on the alveolar lining layers in the young lungs were reminiscent of the picture seen in the untreated aged lungs. The similarity of surfactant changes after puromycin to those present in senescent lungs is suggestive of the possible role of decaying surfactant proteins in the natural process of surfactant aging. We conclude that protein deficiency possibly developing in old age may underlie surfactant degradation which may impact lung function in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walski
- Department of Cell Ultrastructure, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Di Giulio C, Verratti V, Artese L, Petruccelli G, Walski M, Pokorski M. Aging and expression of heme oxygenase-1 and endothelin-1 in the rat carotid body after chronic hypoxia. J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 60 Suppl 5:41-44. [PMID: 20134037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia transiently increases transcription of the gene encoding heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and potently activates production of endothelin-1 (ET-1), the latter of which plays a central role in cellular adaptation to hypoxia. The ventilatory response to hypoxia attenuates with aging, and decreased responsiveness to hypoxia is seen in the aged vs. young rats, suggesting that the functionality of the oxygen-sensitive mechanism is age-dependent. In the present study, we examined the effects of aging on the expression of HO-1 and ET-1 in the carotid body, which is a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells that measure changes in the composition of arterial blood flowing through it. Our results revealed that HO-1 and ET-1 were expressed in carotid bodies of both young and old rats, although less so in the old ones. Exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia significantly increased both HO-1 and ET-1 immunoreactivity in both young and old carotid body tissues, with the persisting age-dependent inequality to the disadvantage of old age. Considering that ET-1 is capable of enhancing intermittent hypoxia-induced chemosensory responses by the carotid body, our results suggest that decreased induction of ET-1 and HO-1 during aging could form the basis for age-related reductions in chemosensory discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Di Giulio
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Walski M, Madejska G, Sulejczak D. MMP2 and MMP9 in immature endothelial cells following surgical injury of rat cerebral cortex--a preliminary study. Folia Neuropathol 2009; 47:338-346. [PMID: 20054786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases capable of extracellular matrix remodeling. They have been implicated in various physiological and pathological phenomena involving neurovascular unit elements (neurons, astrocytes and capillary vessels). Surgical injury of the fronto-temporal region of rat cerebral cortex induces massive neurodegeneration and cell death accompanied by astrogliosis. In the area adjacent to the damage, the induction of angiogenesis is observed, in which process immature endothelial cells are important players. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in cortical blood vessels following the surgical injury of cerebral cortex in the rat. Our data demonstrated absence of immature endothelial cells and lack of or only weak MMP2 and MMP9 immunoreactivities in some cortical capillaries in intact rats. Following the surgery, we found high MMPs' immunoreactivities in walls of the vessels located in the cortex adjacent to the lesion site, and particularly in the immature endothelial cells. These results show for the first time the presence of MMPs in the immature (progenitor?) endothelial cells following surgical brain injury..
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Frontczak-Baniewicz
- Department of Cell Ultrastructure, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Fidziańska A, Bilińska ZT, Tesson F, Wagner T, Walski M, Grzybowski J, Ruzyłło W, Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I. Obliteration of cardiomyocyte nuclear architecture in a patient with LMNA gene mutation. J Neurol Sci 2008; 271:91-6. [PMID: 18502446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to perform an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the nuclear architecture of cardiomyocytes from an end-stage DCM patient with a missense point mutation in the exon 3 of the LMNA gene which is predicted to result in a D192G substitution. METHODS We studied endomyocardial biopsy samples taken from the right ventricle by immunostaining using antibodies against the lamins A and C and by electron microscopy. The cardiomyocyte ultrastructure was analysed, with particular attention to the nuclear architecture. RESULTS Thirty percent of cardiomyocyte nuclei from the D192G carrier showed chromatin disorganization and a changed nuclear shape. The most surprising finding was the appearance of sarcoplasmic organelles within the nuclear matrix of well enveloped nuclei. To our knowledge, this intriguing phenomenon was observed for the first time in cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION The study documents that D192G mutation in LMNA gene may lead to the disruption of the nuclear wall in cardiomyocytes, thus supporting the mechanical hypothesis of dilated cardiomyopathy development in humans, which might be mutation-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fidziańska
- Neuromuscular Unit, Medical Research Center, Pol. Ac. Sci., Warsaw, Poland.
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Fidziańska A, Walczak E, Walski M, Wiśniewska E, Wagner T, Kuch M. [Morphological and clinical aspects of Danon disease]. Kardiol Pol 2008; 66:302-306. [PMID: 18393115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Danon disease, an X-linked hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is caused by primary deficiency of lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP-2). The pathological hallmark of the disease is the appearance of intracytoplasmic vacuoles containing autophagic material and the absence of LAMP-2 activity in the muscle. AIM To define the LAMP-2 protein deficiency we investigated cardiac and skeletal muscle of a 19-year-old man with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without clinically apparent skeletal myopathy or mental impairment, whose mother died suddenly at 46 years of age. METHODS Clinical, morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis was performed. Paraffin sections of cardiac muscle were stained using routine histochemical methods. Frozen sections of skeletal muscle were stained using histochemical methods as well as using monoclonal antisera against N-terminal of dystrophin and antisera against LAMP-2. Ultrastructural examination of both cardiac and skeletal muscle specimens were performed. RESULTS Cardiac and skeletal muscle revealed an excessive accumulation of early and late autophagic vacuoles containing various cytoplasmic debris. In immunohistochemical analysis the vacuolar membrane seen in skeletal muscle was decorated with antibody against dystrophin and such vacuoles were negative for LAMP-2. CONCLUSION Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis of skeletal muscle (less invasive than myocardial biopsy) may be used in diagnosis of Danon disease. Early diagnosis of Danon disease is important for timely cardiac transplantation, the only effective therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fidziańska
- Zespół Nerwowo-Mieśniowy, Instytut Medycyny Doświadczalnej i Klinicznej PAN, ul. Pawińskiego 5, Warsaw
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Dąbrowska-Bouta B, Strużyńska L, Walski M, Rafałowska U. Myelin glycoproteins targeted by lead in the rodent model of prolonged exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:961-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sulejczak D, Grieb P, Walski M, Frontczak-Baniewicz M. Apoptotic death of cortical neurons following surgical brain injury. Folia Neuropathol 2008; 46:213-219. [PMID: 18825597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Unilateral surgical brain injury of the rat is a model of surgery-related brain damage of humans. Our preliminary experiments showed two phenomena within the damaged cortical region of rat brain. Those were: degeneration and death of neurons and massive gliosis. In the present study we aimed to investigate the mechanisms of neuronal death following brain injury and to characterize responses of glial cells to the damage. We analyzed the morphological changes and alterations of immunochemical profile of cells localized in the brain areas adjacent to the lesion. Our data show the massive neuronal death following the lesion. Neurons undergo necrosis and apoptosis, but on the 4th day following the operation apoptosis prevails. Apoptotic cells showed heavy immunostaining for proapoptotic Bax and caspase 3. This result suggests the involvement of these proteins in neuronal apoptosis in our experimental model. Neuronal death is accompanied by the induction of astrogliosis in the perilesional cortical area. Astrocytes became hypertrophic. We did not detect any dying astrocytes at the investigated time point, but there is a possibility that apoptosis may occur in astroglia during another time period following the damage. This question requires further studies in our experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Sulejczak
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, M. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Czajkowska D, Andrychowski J, Walski M. The immature endothelial cell in human glioma. Ultrastructural features of blood capillary vessels. Folia Neuropathol 2008; 46:49-56. [PMID: 18368627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
New vessel formation is a prerequisite for the growth of a tumour mass. Growing evidence suggests that endothelial progenitor cells circulate in the blood and participate in that process. The purpose of the present study was ultrastructural and electron microscopic immunocytochemical examination of capillary blood vessels in human glioma. The results showed striking morphological changes in these vessels. Our observations indicate that tumours build vessels by cooption of pre-existing vasculature and de novo recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells. Immature endothelial cells characterized by fibrils in the cytoplasm and Flk-1 positive immunoreactivity were observed as small clusters or luminally localized individual endothelial progenitor cells that participate in intussusceptive vessel growth. This observation indicates that the tumour microenvironment determines biological and functional attributes of endothelial progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Frontczak-Baniewicz
- Department of Cell Ultrastructure, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Walski M, Sulejczak D. Diversity of immunophenotypes of endothelial cells participating in new vessel formation following surgical rat brain injury. J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 58 Suppl 5:193-203. [PMID: 18204130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Surgical brain injury causes neovascularization in the disrupted brain parenchyma, which occurs with the participation of endothelial-like cells. Differentiation of angioblasts from embryonic mesothelial cells has been proposed on the ground of biochemical and antigenic similarities between mesothelial and endothelial cells. Therefore, a transient localization of cytokeratin, the main mesothelial intermediate filament protein, to some embryonic vessels and endothelial progenitors, prompted us to use it to identify the source of cells participating in vessel formation after surgical brain injury. To determine the immunophenotypes of immature endothelial cells involved in new vessel formation following surgical rat brain injury, we used immunohistochemical and electron microscopic immunocytochemical techniques. Subcellular localization of protein markers: Flk-1, cytokeratin, and vimentin was examined in the cells investigated. Our results confirmed the existence of a diversity of immunophenotypes of immature endothelial cells in case of surgical-related brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frontczak-Baniewicz
- Department of Cell Ultrastructure, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Chlopicki S, Csanyi G, Franczyk M, Gajda M, Jawien J, Walski M, Wojnar L, Pisulewski P. PO9-229 IMPAIRMENT OF NO AND UPREGULATION OF COX-2/PGI2 AND EDHF PATHWAYS IN APOE/LDLR −/− MICE; RELATIONSHIP WITH DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(07)71239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dobrzyński P, Kasperczyk J, Jelonek K, Ryba M, Walski M, Bero M. Application of the lithium and magnesium initiators for the synthesis of glycolide, lactide, and epsilon-caprolactone copolymers biocompatible with brain tissue. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 79:865-73. [PMID: 16886217 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The subject of this work is new method of the synthesis of biodegradable copolymers compatible with brain tissue. Copolymerization of glycolide with lactide was conducted in solution or in bulk in the presence of LiBu, LiAcac, MgBu(2), Mg(acac)(2) as initiators. In all cases, copolymers with molecular weight of 20000-40000 were obtained, which enables to use them as drug carriers. During the reactions of copolymer chain growth, the intermolecular transesterification occurs, changing the distribution of comonomeric units in copolymer chain. Magnesium initiators showed a lower contribution to transesterification in comparison with lithium and calcium compounds. The copolymerization of glycolide with epsilon-caprolactone using magnesium compounds as initiators was also described. The random glycolide/epsilon-caprolactone copolymer (10/90) obtained with MgBu(2) was used in in vivo study in the forms of microspheres and foils. Complete degradation of microspheres during 6 weeks was observed after the implantation to brain tissue. All implanted copolymers are compatible with brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Dobrzyński
- Centre of Polymer Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.
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Fidziańska A, Walczak E, Walski M. Abnormal chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in cardiomyocytes of a boy with Danon disease. Folia Neuropathol 2007; 45:133-9. [PMID: 17849364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrastructural analysis of the cardiomyocyte structure in Danon disease reveals dramatic accumulation of abnormal late autophagic vacuoles (AVd) suggestive of primary lysosomal defect. Moreover, the accumulation of AVd in cardiomyocytes is consistent with a decreased rate of autophagic to lysosomal trafficking. These results suggest that the loss of the LAMP-2 protein strongly inhibits uptake of proteins into lysosomes for degeneration. The significant reduction of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) activity in the affected cardiomyocytes induces a dramatic increase in the number and size of AVd and a severe reduction of myocardial contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fidziańska
- Neuromuscular Unit, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Walski M, Frontczak-Baniewicz M. [Ultrastructural features of normal and dysfunctional endothelium of the blood vessels]. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2007; 117 Suppl:46-49. [PMID: 18778020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Endothelium of the blood vessels plays a very important role in blood circulation, inflammation, atherosclerosis and cancer progression. We describe the ultrastructural morphology, function of endothelium and its participation in vessel formation during regenerative or inflammatory processes in adults. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies indicate on endothelial cell function in atherosclerotic plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Walski
- Zakład Ultrastruktury Komórki, Instytut Medycyny Doświadczalnej i Klinicznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Centrum Biostruktury Akademii Medycznej, Warszawa.
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Koźniewska E, Michalik R, Rafałowska J, Gadamski R, Walski M, Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Piotrowski P, Czernicki Z. Mechanisms of vascular dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 57 Suppl 11:145-60. [PMID: 17244946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The main consequence of subarachnoid hemorrhage, for those who survive bleeding, is delayed, persistent vasospasm of intracranial conduit arteries which occurs between the third and seventh day after the insult and results in symptomatic brain ischemia in about 40% of cases. This vasospasm is considered to be a major cause of disability of post-SAH patients. Despite extensive experimental and clinical research, mechanisms of vasospasm are not fully understood. Dysfunction of the endothelium resulting in enhanced production of vasoconstrictors, phenotypic changes of the receptors in endothelium and smooth muscle cells, increased sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle cells to vasoconstrictors, release of spasmogens from lysed blood clot and inflammatory response of the vascular wall have been demonstrated and discussed as pathological mechanisms participating in the development of spasm. In recent years more attention is paid to the functional and structural changes in microcirculation and a concept of microvascular spasm is evolving. Our experimental studies in rat model of SAH strongly suggest that microcirculatory dysfunction and delayed vasospasm are related to the severity of acute, transient ischemia caused by critical decrease of perfusion pressure and active vasoconstriction immediately after the bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Koźniewska
- Department of Neurosurgery, M. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Walski M. Glial scar instability after brain injury. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 57 Suppl 4:97-102. [PMID: 17072035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Glial scar is formed following surgical damage to the cerebral cortex. In the present study we examined the ultrastructural status of the cerebral cortex 14 to 180 days following surgical damage to cerebral parenchyma. The results showed a contribution of astrocytes, but also mesodermal cells, to the process of scar formation. Furthermore, our study showed that the process initiated by trauma did not terminate with the formation of a glial scar. Late phases of repair following tissue damage were associated with lytic processes and a disassembly of the cerebral parenchyma. These findings indicate a changing and unstable nature of the glial scar and its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frontczak-Baniewicz
- Department of Cell Ultrastructure, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Dymecka A, Walski M, Pokorski M. Ultrastructural degradation of the carotid body in the aged rat: is there a role for atherosclerosis in the main carotid arteries? J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 57 Suppl 4:85-90. [PMID: 17072033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study we examined the potential role of atherosclerosis in the main arteries supplying blood to the carotid body in the organ's morphological degradation with age. We addressed this issue by comparing the ultrastructural picture of carotid bodies and of fragments of the carotid artery bifurcation in two age-extreme groups of rats: young - 3 months old and senescent - 24 months old. Tissues were excised under surgical anesthesia, fixed in aldehydes, and processed for transmission electron microscopy. We found that the old carotid body parenchyma exhibited profound degenerative changes. Chemoreceptor cells were at various stages of atrophy, ranging from swollen mitochondria and fewer secretory vesicles to dark dehydrated cells. In contrast, the senescent carotid artery bifurcation was little different from that in young rats. Particularly, endothelial cells were in perfect condition. There were some changes in deeper arterial wall layers such as breaks in the continuity of elastic bands or a subtly different phenotype of smooth muscle cells. No foam cells or calcium build-ups were found in the arterial walls. Such changes correspond to the process of arterial wall stiffening in old age rather than to the outright atherosclerosis. Lack of atherosclerosis in the common carotid arteries, which could hamper blood flow, argues against its playing a role in the morphological age-changes in the carotid bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dymecka
- Department of Respiratory Research, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Walski M. Ultrastructural features of the neurovascular unit in Alzheimer's neurodegeneration. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 57 Suppl 4:91-6. [PMID: 17072034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that capillaries, neurons, and astrocytes form a functional unit that serves to maintain cerebral homeostasis. Physiological interactions between all these components of the neurovascular unit control cerebral microcirculation, while abnormal regulatory mechanisms lead to cerebral dysfunction and disease states, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using electron microscopy, we studied a fragment of the frontotemporal cortex obtained intraoperatively from a patient with established AD. The objective of our study was to assess the ultrastructure of the components of the neurovascular unit. Such ultrastructural studies allow analyzing the structural process of new blood vessels formation and also the appearance of neurons and astrocytes contributing to the neurovascular unit. We suggest that dysfunction of particular components of the neurovascular unit underlies AD and ultimately leads to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frontczak-Baniewicz
- Department of Cell Ultrastructure, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Bilińska ZT, Sylvius N, Grzybowski J, Fidziańska A, Michalak E, Walczak E, Walski M, Bieganowska K, Szymaniak E, Kuśmierczyk-Droszcz B, Lubiszewska B, Wagner T, Tesson F, Ruzyłło W. Dilated cardiomyopathy caused by LMNA mutations. Clinical and morphological studies. Kardiol Pol 2006; 64:812-9; discussion 820-1. [PMID: 16981056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is familial in about 20-35% of patients. The most frequently encountered mutations associated with DCM are found in LMNA. AIM To define the frequency of LMNA mutations in a series of consecutive DCM patients and to evaluate the phenotype of mutation carriers. METHODS We screened the 12 exons of LMNA in a series of 61 Polish patients with DCM diagnosed angiographically, as well as in two DCM families. RESULTS Two mutations were detected in 5 mutation carriers (D192G in one proband and Y481Stop in one proband and 3 of his offspring), which represents 3.3% (2/61) of the DCM patients. These mutations were absent from 100 controls. The D192G mutation was found in a 26-year-old patient with mild DCM and heart failure leading to death within two years after onset of symptoms. Mild conduction disease was also present. Ultrastructural analysis of the endomyocardial biopsy showed a striking alteration of nuclear morphology. This finding can explain nuclear fragility and is in agreement with the pathophysiological mechanical hypothesis of LMNA mutations. All four Y481Stop mutation-carriers were affected. Three phenotypes were found: in the proband, cardiac dysrhythmia and pacemaker requirement preceded DCM leading to heart transplantation; the proband's 13-year old daughter had conduction disease (2nd degree A-V block) with subtle skeletal muscle involvement documented by immunofluorescence study; ventricular arrhythmia was detected in the proband's son at the age of 11 and in the proband's daughter at the age of 18. Serum creatine kinase was normal in all mutation carriers.
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Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Gordon-Krajcer W, Walski M. The immature endothelial cell in new vessel formation following surgical injury in rat brain. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2006; 27:539-46. [PMID: 16891988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated neovasculatization in the cerebral cortex of the adult rat after surgical brain injury by ultrastructural, immunocytochemical and immunochemical means. Previously we described endothelial-like cell that participates in new vessel formation on plasma proteins that served as a provisional matrix in the region immediately adjacent to the traumatic injury. In the present study we describe new vessel formation in the multistep process with the alterations in endothelial-like cell immunophenotype. METHOD The observations were conducted from 2 to 7 days after induction of cortical trauma. Traumatic injury was induced in the frontotemporal region of cerebral cortex. RESULTS We show that endothelial-like cell could not successfully terminate its development without the presence of pericyte and astrocyte. New formed blood vessels were accompanied by fibroblast and lipofibroblast cells differentiated probably from common progenitor. MAIN FINDINGS Our result suggests that endothelial-like cell is committed endothelial cell between progenitor endothelial cell and terminally differentiated endothelium stage. Therefore, we propose that our of endothelial stem cells present in blood at different stages of morphogenetic differentiation and specifically arrested in "check points" of development trauma mobilize the group of the most differentiated progenitors. These may contribute to new vessel formation. CONCLUSION Our model should be useful for the characterization of endothelial commitment and endothelial cell differentiation after brain injury.
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Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Andrychowski J, Czernicki Z, Walski M. Involvement of immature endothelial cells in vascular alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Folia Neuropathol 2006; 44:17-23. [PMID: 16565927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate ultrastructural features of cerebral capillaries and the pattern of new vessel formation in a patient with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent neuropathological studies have demonstrated that patients with AD have cerebrovascular pathology. Using electron microscopy, we showed that alterations of the capillaries are a common finding both in vascular disease and in AD, suggesting that vascular factors may also play a role in the pathogenesis of AD. We also found regionally increased capillary density, and in many sections immature endothelial cells lying on the preexisting endothelium were present in the lumen of capillaries. These cells might thus contribute to the pathological pattern of capillaries. The cytoplasm of immature endothelial cells in the patient with AD was characterized by accumulation of amyloid fibrils. We suggest that immature endothelial cells may be an important source of circulation-derived amyloid in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Frontczak-Baniewicz
- Department of Cell Ultrastructure, M Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, 5 Pawińskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract
Trichinella spiralis larvae were examined in TEM to identify calcareous corpuscles in the outer part of parasite capsule. The microroentgenographic analysis of calcareous corpuscles mainly demonstrated the presence of phosphorus and calcium. The physiological importance of calcareous corpuscles, as well as their significance in decay of T. spiralis larvae were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Machnicka
- Institute of Parasitology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda str 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland.
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Chlopicki S, Walski M, Bartus JB. Ultrastructure of immediate microvascular lung injury induced by bacterial endotoxin in the isolated, no-deficient lung perfused with full blood. J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 56 Suppl 4:47-64. [PMID: 16204776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
NOS-2-derived NO is involved in hypotension, vasoplegia, metabolic disorders and lung injury in endotoxic shock. On the other hand, NOS-3-derived NO protects against LPS-induced lung injury. We have previously shown that NO limits lung injury in the isolated blood-perfused rat lung. Here we characterize the ultrastructure of microvascular lung injury induced by LPS in the absence of endogenous NO and summarize our data on the mechanisms of immediate lung response to LPS in the presence and absence of endogenous NO. Injection of LPS (from E.Coli, 300 microg/ml) into the isolated blood-perfused rat lung induced an immediate transient constriction of airways and vessels that was not associated with lung edema and pulmonary microcirculation injury. In contrast, in the presence of the NOS inhibitor L-NAME (300 microg/ml), LPS produced an enhanced constriction of airways and vessels, which was accompanied by profound lung edema and capillary-alveolar barrier injury, as evidenced by optic and electron microscopy. Microvascular lung injury was confirmed by the following findings: edema of pulmonary endothelium with low electronic density of endothelial cytoplasm, presence of protein-rich fluid and numerous erythrocytes in alveolar space, concentric figures of damaged tubular myelin of surfactant (myelin-like bodies), edema of epithelium type I cells with low electronic density of their cytoplasm and alterations in ultrastructure of basal membrane of vascular-alveolar barrier. Interestingly, epithelial type II cells did not show signs of injury. It is worth noting that capillary-alveolar barrier injury induced by L-NAME+LPS was associated with sequestration of platelets and neutrophils in pulmonary microcirculation and internalization of LPS by neutrophils. In conclusion, in the absence of endogenous nitric oxide LPS induces injury of microvascular endothelium and vascular-alveolar barrier that leads to fatal pulmonary edema. Mechanisms of immediate lung response to LPS in presence of NO and those leading to acute microvascular lung injury in response to LPS in absence of NO are summarized. In our view, immediate lung response to bacterial endotoxin represents a phylogenetically ancient host defence response involving complement-dependent activation of platelets and neutrophils and subsequent production of lipid mediators. This response is designed for a quick elimination of bacterial endotoxin from the circulation and is safeguarded by endothelial NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chlopicki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
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Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Bilińska ZT, Grzybowski J, Michalak E, Jakubowska E, Sobieszczańska-Małek M, Deptuch T, Walczak E, Wagner T, Walski M, Rózański J, Kiedrowski M, Lubiszewska B, Hoffman P, Rózyłło W. Cardiac amyloidosis diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy. Clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Kardiol Pol 2005; 63:20-35. [PMID: 16136426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heart is often involved by primary (AL) and familial transthyretin-related (ATTR) amyloidosis. Endomyocardial biopsy is a valuable diagnostic method, useful in detection and recognition of the type of amyloid. AIM The aim of the study was to determine the type of amyloid deposits found in endomyocardial biopsies, using histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural methods. The correlations between morphological and clinical parameters were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS During 1999-2004, endomyocardial biopsy was performed in 41 patients hospitalized in our institution due to heart failure of unknown etiology. Amyloid deposits were revealed in 3 patients, in 2 of them the intraoperative specimens were also taken. The deposits were located in myocardial interstitium as well as in the wall of small vessels. One patient showed deposits in the atrial and pericardial walls. Electron microscopy study revealed amyloid fibers adhering to the basement membranes of the myocardial cells and small vessels. Immunohistochemical staining determined two types of amyloid. A woman aged 42 showed transthyretin-related amyloidosis, most probably hereditary. A woman aged 69 exhibited the light chains amyloidosis (AL-lambda). In contrast, diagnosis was not certain (most probably ATTR) in a 35 year old woman. Essential involvement of the pericardium was observed in two younger patients. They underwent pericardiotomy. The survival time (from diagnosis to death) was one year in the patient with amyloidosis ATTR, 17 days in the patient with the AL type, and 2 years in the patient with amyloidosis of undetermined type. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac amyloidosis is associated with poor prognosis. Better recognition of this disease may allow the early diagnosis and institution of modern therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Prochorec-Sobieszek
- Department of Pathology, Institute Rheumathology, Institute -- Center of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Strosznajder R, Gadamski R, Walski M. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity protects hippocampal cells against morphological and ultrastructural alteration evoked by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Folia Neuropathol 2005; 43:156-65. [PMID: 16245211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1 EC 2.4.2.30) is a nuclear enzyme that plays an important role in cell survival and death. PARP is involved in DNA repair machinery, however, massive DNA damage leads to over-activation of PARP-1 and to depletion of its substrate bNAD+ which causes cell death. Our previous study indicated that the PARP activity was significantly activated during ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this study we investigated the effect of PARP inhibitor, 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) on intracellular organelles alteration. Gerbils were submitted to 3 and 10 min transient global ischemia followed by recirculation and survival for 1 till 7 days. The histological and electron microscopic examination indicated a pronounced protective effect of 3-AB on the swelling of astrocytes and neurons 1 day after 3 and 10 min ischemic insult. It decreased also the swelling of pericytes. 3-AB decreases evoked by ischemia swelling of mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. The significant ameliorating effect of 3-AB was also observed on the 7th day of reperfusion after 3 min ischemia and was also visible on the 1st day after 10 min ischemia. However, 7 days after prolonged 10 min ischemia almost all neurons in the CA1 hippocampal layer died and 3-AB was not able to protect these cells. In spite of that, 3-AB markedly decreased immunostaining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which was enhanced in the stratum: oriens, radiatum and lacunosum-moleculare at the 7th day after 10 min ischemia. These data indicated that inhibition of PARP may have a protective effect on neuronal cells affected by ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Pokorski M, Walski M, Dymecka A, Marczak M. The aging carotid body. J Physiol Pharmacol 2004; 55 Suppl 3:107-13. [PMID: 15611601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory system is subject to the aging process, which could limit its responsiveness to hyperventilatory stimuli. Attenuation of the ventilatory response to hypoxia in old age is, as yet, an unresolved issue. Such attenuation may be germane for the pathogenesis of respiratory disorders developing more often in elderly subjects. The aim of this study was to determine the potential adverse effects of age on the morphology and function of carotid bodies. Morphology was studied at the level of electron microscopy on carotid bodies dissected from adult young (3 months) and old (>2 years) rats and function by comparing the hypoxic ventilatory response in populations of young (mean age 24 years) and old (mean age 71 years) female subjects. The human protocol consisted of a progressive hypoxia test, based on a rebreathing technique in a closed system. The hypoxic ventilatory response was evaluated from the slopes of minute ventilation on arterial oxygen saturation. The results of the morphological study showed degenerative changes developing with age in the ultrastructure of carotid bodies. On the other side, respiratory responses to hypoxia in old women were well preserved and were no less than those in young women. Therefore, a discrepancy appeared between the morphological and functional aspects. These findings suggest development of compensatory mechanisms in brain respiratory areas which maintain primary defensive reflexes, such as the hyperventilation of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pokorski
- Department of Respiratory Research, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Strosznajder RP, Walski M. Effects 3-aminobenzamide on ultrastructure of hippocampal CA1 layer after global ischemia in gerbils. J Physiol Pharmacol 2004; 55 Suppl 3:127-33. [PMID: 15611604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP EC 2.4.2.30) is a key enzyme in the DNA repair machinery, but its excessive stimulation during reperfusion after ischemia could play a critical role in cell death. Our previous study indicated that the PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) significantly protected neuronal cells against death after a short ischemic insult. In this study we investigated the effect of 3-AB on the ischemia-evoked alterations in intracellular organelles. Gerbils were submitted to 3 min of transient forebrain ischemia followed by reinstitution of recirculation for 1-7 days. Electron microscopy showed only the signs of necrotic cell death after ischemia-reperfusion. The examination of specimens revealed a pronounced protective effect of 3-AB on the swelling of astrocytes and neurons 1 day after the ischemic insult. 3-AB also decreased the swelling of pericytes, but it had no effect on the accumulation of osmiophilic inclusions and fibril formation in astrocytes. 3-AB decreased the ischemia-induced swelling of mitochondria. The protective effects of 3-AB on cellular ultrastructure were also observed 7 days after reperfusion. These findings indicate that the inhibition of PARP may have a protective effect on cell swelling and on the state of intracellular organelles after a short-term ischemic episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Strosznajder
- Department of Respiratory Research, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsa, Poland.
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Kuhrt H, Walski M, Reichenbach A, Albrecht J. Rabbit retinal organ culture as an in-vitro model of hepatic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004; 242:512-22. [PMID: 14986013 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-004-0882-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with liver insufficiency the blood ammonia concentration is elevated, which induces structural and functional retinal alterations referred to as "hepatic retinopathy". The fact that some of these alterations are reversible after timely liver transplantation rationalizes therapeutic/preventive approaches to maintain the retina before a donor organ is available. Here, we describe further elaboration and characterization of our retinal organ culture model. METHODS Retinal pieces of neonatal rabbits were explanted and cultured for up to 22 days. After 7 days in vitro (DIV7), some of the cultures were exposed to 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, or 7.0 mM ammonia for varying periods of time and then studied by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS Untreated (control) cultures underwent several changes during prolonged culturing; these included increased expression of GFAP and of Bcl-2, and decreased levels of glutamine synthetase, in Müller (glial) cells. However, the retinal layering remained intact and even some retinal ganglion cells survived although their axons had been cut. Exposure to elevated levels of ammonia caused morphologic alterations in the explants compatible with those noted in hepatic retinopathy in vivo. Specifically, we observed neuronal cellular degeneration with destruction of retinal layers and formation of rosettes, as well as decreased expression of intermediate filament proteins, migration of cell nuclei, cell swelling, and up-regulation of glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity in (some) Müller cells. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the organ culture model may be a useful tool for detailed studies on the cellular and subcellular mechanisms underlying hepatic retinopathy and for in vitro testing of measures to alleviate HR symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Kuhrt
- Department of Neurophysiology, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
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Kwiatkowska-Patzer B, Walski M, Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Zalewska T, Baranowska B, Lipkowski AW. Matrix metalloproteases activity and ultrastructural changes in the early phase of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The effect of oral treatment with spinal cord hydrolysate [correction of hydrolisate] proteins in Lewis rat. The pilot study. Folia Neuropathol 2004; 42:107-11. [PMID: 15266785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of genes of the neutral proteinases that are important to normal development and to a variety of pathological processes including neuroinflammation. In the central nervous system (CNS), MMPs degrade components of the basal lamina, leading to disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and contribute to the neuroinflammatory responses. Their concentration in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) increases a few folds and is accompanied by a thinner basal membrane in the early phase of EAE. After induction of oral tolerance by pretreatment with spinal cord hydrolisate proteins, the concentration of MMPs decreased by 30%. Other ultrastructural changes were observed in the early phase of EAE, i.e., karioskeletal damage with vesicular structures in karioplasm, compartmentalisation of the endoplasmic reticulum in perikarium, large cisterns of the Golgi apparatus, increased activity of microglial cells with numbers of phagolisosomes, disorganisation of sheets of myelin, neoangiogenesis in parenchyma of the cerebral cortex. After oral pretreatment with spinal cord hydrolisate proteins, no changes in karioskeletal proteins were found. Still Golgi apparatus spheres were large. Many pores in the nuclear membranes were observed, which is probably a sign of increased genetic information transport. We also observed some collagen fibrils as a sign of reparative processes. These results show the diminishing of inflammation in the early phase of EAE after oral induction of immunological tolerance and some possibilities of clinical implication in multiple sclerosis treatment.
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Dabrowska J, Walski M, Grytner-Ziecina B, Machnicka-Rowińska B, Jankowska-Steifer E. [Ultrastructural analysis of capsule and nurse-cell morphology examined seven months after Trichinella spiralis mouse infection]. Wiad Parazytol 2004; 50:279-84. [PMID: 16859037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural changes in muscles cells of mice infected with T. spiralis larvae in 220 day of infection were evaluated. The object of study was in the region of the "nurse-cell" being in direct contact with the larva wall. Electron microscopic observations revealed the continuity of the muscle cell membrane adjacent to larva surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dabrowska
- Zakład Biologii Ogólnej i Parazytologii Akademii Medycznej, ul. Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warszawa.
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Grieb P, Kryczka T, Fiedorowicz M, Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Walski M. Expansion of the Golgi apparatus in rat cerebral cortex following intracerebroventricular injections of streptozotocin. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2004; 64:481-9. [PMID: 15586665 DOI: 10.55782/ane-2004-1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ) is a bacterial toxin which selectively damages both insulin-producing cells and insulin receptors. Injections of STZ into the cerebral ventricles of experimental animals are followed by sustained biochemical, metabolic and behavioral effects resembling those which are found in human brains afflicted by Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of double intracerebroventricular application of STZ on the ultrastructure of rat frontoparietal cortical neurons. The most prominent change, seen 3 weeks after STZ injection, was a significant enlargement of the Golgi apparatus caused by expansion of the trans-Golgi segment of the cellular protein secretory pathway. Morphometric analysis revealed that the area of the trans part of the Golgi complex in neuronal cells was increased more than two-fold (median values: 312 x 10(3) nm in 14 neurons from control animals, and 846 x 10(3) nm3 in 19 neurons from STZ-treated animals, P = 0.0012), whereas that of the cis part did not significantly change. The effects of STZ did not resemble Golgi atrophy and fragmentation described in neurons from disease-prone brain structures of patients with Alzheimer's disease, but were similar to that observed after intravenous application of a non-metabolizable glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose. Considering that proamyloidogenic processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein may occur preferentially in the trans-Golgi segment, the observed early response of neuronal ultrastructure to desensitization of insulin receptors may predispose cells to form beta-amyloid deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Grieb
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Grieb P, Gordon-Krajcer W, Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Walski M, Ryba MS, Kryczka T, Fiedorowicz M, Kulinowski P, Sułek Z, Majcher K, Jasiński A. 2-deoxyglucose induces beta-APP overexpression, tau hyperphosphorylation and expansion of the trans-part of the Golgi complex in rat cerebral cortex. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2004; 64:491-502. [PMID: 15586666 DOI: 10.55782/ane-2004-1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a single intraperitoneal injection of a non-metabolizable glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG, 500 mg/kg) on the levels of beta-APP expression, and phosphorylated and unphosphorylated tau protein in the rat cerebral cortex were investigated. The effects of 2-DG on the ultrastructure of cortical neurons with particular emphasis on the morphology of the Golgi apparatus, and on brain bioenergetics assessed by in vivo 31P-MRS technique were also evaluated. Seven and a half hours after injection of 2-deoxyglucose a significant increase in brain cortex beta-APP expression, increased tau phosphorylation, and a marked relative expansion of the trans- part of the Golgi intracellular secretory pathway in cortical neurons has been found. The changes of beta-APP expression and tau phosphorylation appeared within 1 h after 2-DG application and continued for at least 24 h. However, brain 31P resonance spectra remained unchanged for up to 7.5 h after 2-DG. It is suggested that the increase of beta-APP expression represents a response of brain tissues to 2-DG-evoked biochemical stress, while tau hyperphosphorylation and the change in Golgi morphology may be secondary phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Grieb
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, M. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Walski M, Chomicz L, Dabrowska J, Zebrowska J, Dudziński T. [Chlamydia pneumoniae as a biological factor contributing to pathological changes of arterial walls in patients with atherosclerosis]. Przegl Epidemiol 2003; 57:255-62. [PMID: 12910592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, using scanning and transmission electron microscope, we attempt to evaluate ultrastructural alterations of endothelial cells, macrophages and smooth muscles cells. The inflammatory process has an essential impact on the development of Chlamydia infection. Specimens from human carotid were obtained from patients who underwent endarterectomy. For examination under scanning and transmission electron microscope vessel sections were fixed in paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. We analysed alterations of endothelial cells covering advanced atherosclerotic plaque in carotid using scanning electron microscope. Smooth muscle cells had undergone the heaviest proliferation among the cells on artery wall. In the tested material we detect diversified morphological forms of Chlamydia sp. We found that one of the pathogens that may lead to atherosclerotic lesions is Chlamydia pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Walski
- Instytut Medycyny Doświadczalnej i Klinicznej PAN w Warszawie
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Kwiatkowska-Patzer B, Baranowska B, Walski M, Lipkowski AW. Influence of spinal cord protein hydrolysate upon the blood brain barrier changes due to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats. Ultrastructural study. Folia Neuropathol 2003; 41:29-34. [PMID: 12862393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A specific protein (antigen) given orally is a known method of introducing tolerance of immunological response to this antigen. This method has recently been reviewed by some authors as a possible tool in the treatment of autoaggressive diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. The experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) respected animal model for MS was used for the study. The aim of the study was the evaluation of the effect of pig spinal cord protein hydrolysate given orally upon the ultrastructural changes in the blood-brain barrier image in EAE. Changes of EAE are as follows: opened channels from basal membrane (tight junction) on the border with astrocytes, fragments of organelles of the cells, oedema of astrocytes, presence of vesicles with fluid, presence of macrophages with phagolysosomes. After pre-treatment with spinal cord hydrolysate up to 6 weeks all the above changes were normalised. These findings are promising as a possible tool in the clinical treatment of sclerosis multiplex.
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Grieb P, Ryba M, Janisz M, Walski M. Preclinical development of biodegradable polymer foils for intracerebral delivery of cytotoxic nucleosides. Folia Neuropathol 2003; 41:69-78. [PMID: 12899199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral implantation of biodegradable polymers loaded with cytotoxic or radiosensitising nucleoside analogues is a promising treatment strategy for malignant gliomas, which are currently intractable. The aim of the study was to develop biodegradable polymers containing nucleosides which could be implanted intracerebrally. Methods of synthesis were developed for the copolymers composed of D,L-lactide, glycolide and caprolactone in different proportions, as well as a novel method of introducing nucleosides to these copolymers at the polymerisation step. Upon degradation in an aqueous medium some of these copolymers emit nucleosides in micromolar concentration over several months. Their in situ degradation and biocompatibility with brain tissues was assessed by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. At the ultrastructural level tissue responses to the copolymer implantation closely resembled the responses to mechanical trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Grieb
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warszawa, Poland.
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Chrapusta SJ, Walski M. Iatrogenic Chlamydia infection-associated damage in the basilar arterial wall of the rat. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2003; 40:385-7. [PMID: 12502192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A random finding of intracranial vascular Chlamydia sp. infection in Wistar rats and its associated damage of the component tissues of the basilar arterial wall are described as seen with transmission electron microscopy. The pathological changes observed showed no apparent specificity except for "striding" of the endothelial cells on the elastic lamina, the phenomenon observed in all five rats with basilar arterial Chlamydia infection, and in only two out of 13 rats with no proof of the infection. No atherosclerotic changes were found in the infected artery in rats sacrificed 8 or 26 weeks after the presumed infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław J Chrapusta
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Medical Research Center, Warsaw, Poland.
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41
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Walski M, Frontczak-Baniewicz M. New vessel formation after surgical brain injury in the rat's cerebral cortex II. Formation of the blood vessels distal to the surgical injury. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2003; 63:77-82. [PMID: 12926534 DOI: 10.55782/ane-2003-1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the features of newly formed blood vessels after surgical brain injury of the rat's cerebral cortex distal to the operated region. We document the process of split mature blood vessels by an endothelial bridge and morphological features of newly formed vessels. We did not observe a disruption of brain parenchyma. The endothelial lining in vessels was complete. The morphological features of the endothelial cells and basement membrane show that non-sprouting angiogenesis takes place distally to the surgical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Walski
- Laboratory of Cell Ultrastructure, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawiński St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Walski M. New vessel formation after surgical brain injury in the rat's cerebral cortex I. Formation of the blood vessels proximally to the surgical injury. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2003; 63:65-75. [PMID: 12926533 DOI: 10.55782/ane-2003-1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal neovascularization has been previously considered synonymous with angiogenesis but it was found that circulating endothelial progenitor cells may home into sites of neovascularization and their differentiation into endothelial cells is consistent with vasculogenesis. In this study, we investigated neovascularization of the adult rat's cerebral cortex after surgical brain injury by electron microscopic ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies. We found places with disrupted brain parenchyma. The blood vessels showed an incomplete endothelial lining. In the brain parenchyma we observed fibrin, likely derived from disrupted blood vessels. In the plasma there were cell aggregates characterized by endothelial-like features with fibrils in the cytoplasm, untypical for endothelial cells. These endothelial-like cells participated in the process of new vessel formation. We used the anti-alpha(v) beta3 integrin antibody to visualize the different morphogenic stages of newly formed blood vessels. We demonstrated the relationship between alpha(v) beta3 integrin localization and different stages of new vessel formation. Our data suggest that growth and development of new blood vessels due to neovascularization following trauma of the adult rat brain are not restricted to angiogenesis but encompass vasculogenesis as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Frontczak-Baniewicz
- Laboratory of Cell Ultrastructure, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawiński St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Walski M, Chlopicki S, Celary-Walska R, Frontczak-Baniewicz M. Ultrastructural alterations of endothelium covering advanced atherosclerotic plaque in human carotid artery visualised by scanning electron microscope. J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 53:713-23. [PMID: 12512705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2002] [Accepted: 10/29/2002] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Human atherosclerotic plaque morphology at its various stages was extensively documented using light microscopy. However, much less is known of the ultrastructure of the human atherosclerotic plaque, in particular of ultrastructure of endothelial cells in atherosclerosis. Here, we analysed alterations of endothelial cells covering advanced atherosclerotic plaque in carotid artery using scanning electron microscope. Examination was performed on specimens from atherosclerotic lesions of the interior carotid artery, collected from 8 patients who had undergone endarterectomy. We found wide spectrum of pathological alterations of the luminal surface of atherosclerotic plaque. In dominant part of the vessel, endothelial layer was preserved but displayed pronounced irregularities in endothelial architecture including appearance of cuboidal cells. Some endothelial cells were covered by numerous microvilli and/or contained "craters" disrupting continuous surface of the endothelium. Platelets and leukocytes adhering to endothelium were frequently observed. There were also areas of the vessel lumen with endothelial denudation, in which the subendothelial surface containing fibrin proteins and collagen fibrils were visible. Interestingly, signs of proliferation of endothelial cells tending to cover the partially denuded vessel were observed. In summary, in scanning electron microscope, preserved endothelial cells of advanced atherosclerotic plaque displayed pronounced pathology; whether any of these changes represent the ultrastructural correlate of endothelial dysfunction remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walski
- Laboratory of Cell Ultrastructure, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Sulkowski G, Bubko I, Struzyńska L, Januszewski S, Walski M, Rafałowska U. Astrocytic response in the rodent model of global cerebral ischemia and during reperfusion. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2002; 54:31-8. [PMID: 12180799 DOI: 10.1078/0940-2993-00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated alterations in astrocytic cells after global cerebral ischemia resulting from cardiac arrest immediately and at several intervals after reperfusion when excessive formation of highly cytotoxic free radicals is known to occur. The cellular fraction of astrocytic origin (glial plasmalemmal vesicles - GPV) was examined by biochemical and immunochemical procedures. A tendency towards an elevation in immunocontent of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was noticed after 24 hours whereas a significant increase was observed 7 days post ischemic event. The features of astrocytic stimulation were also observed in electron microscopy studies. An enhanced amount of gliofilaments was noticed in brain sections obtained from rats after 7 days of recovery. Simultaneously, a gradual decrease of total glutathione level, depending on the duration of reperfusion, was observed in brain homogenates and in fractions of astroglial origin. The most considerable reduction was observed on day 1 (52%) and day 7 (65%) after reperfusion in brain homogenates and on day 7 (47%) in GPV fraction. The results indicate an enhanced reactivity of astrocytic cells in ischemic conditions concomitantly with a long lasting decrease of total glutathione. Obviously, the inability of astrocytic glutathione system to detoxify free radicals formed during ischemic/reoxidation conditions may lead to damage to cerebral neurons by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Sulkowski
- Department of Neurochemistry, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
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Sulkowski G, Waśkiewicz J, Walski M, Januszewski S, Rafałowska U. Synaptosomal susceptibility on global ischaemia caused by cardiac arrest correlated with early and late times after recirculation in rats. Resuscitation 2002; 52:203-13. [PMID: 11841889 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9572(01)00451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the sensitivity of brain synaptosomes and their mitochondria to the effects of global cerebral ischaemia caused by temporary cardiac arrest and the early and late consequences. The effects of 10 min of global ischaemia were measured immediately and after 1 h, 24 h and 7 days post-resuscitation. Ischaemia caused a reduction in oxygen consumption by synaptosomes of about 20%, a drop in ATP/ADP ratio of about 40%, a decrease in CrP/Cr ratio at about 45% and a reduction of synaptic vesicles and disturbances in the mitochondrial structure in isolated synaptosomes and in nerve endings of brain specimens. Morphometric analysis showed that ischaemic conditions caused a decrease in synaptic vesicles by about 61% and an increase of mitochondrial damage to 58 and 50% after 1 and 24 h postreperfusion time, respectively. Seven days postresuscitation, all the observed changes returned to normal but small numbers (about 2%) of neurones which were destroyed neurons appeared at that time. It is concluded that global ischaemia with early resuscitation after cardiac arrest may lead to damage of synaptosomes and synaptic mitochondria. This, in turn, modifies substrate oxidation, synthesis of energy variables and affects neurotransmitter function. The observed disturbances return to normal later after resuscitation but the ischaemic events and reoxygenation caused selective morphological injury of certain neurones and this may form the basis for irreversible brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Sulkowski
- Laboratory of Pathobiochemistry of the Central Nervous System, Department of Neurochemistry, Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
The developing nervous system is susceptible to lead (Pb) exposure but less is known about the effect of this toxic agent in adult rat brain. Since astrocytes serve as a cellular Pb deposition site, it is of importance to investigate the response of astroglial cells in the adult rat brain in a model of acute lead exposure (25 mg/kg b.w. of lead acetate, i.p. for 3 days). An increased immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) on Western blots was noticeable in fractions of astroglial origin-glial plasmalemmal vesicles (GPV) and in homogenates from the hippocampus and cerebral cortex but not in the cerebellum. The features of enhanced astrocytic reactivity (i.e. large accumulation of mitochondria, activated Golgi apparatus and increment of gliofilaments) were observed in electron microscopy studies in the same tissues. Total glutathione levels increased both in GPV fractions and in brain homogenates-in the cerebellum (120% above control) and in hippocampus (30% above control). The results of current studies indicate that acute lead exposure is accompanied by astrocyte activation connected with the presence of the enhanced expression of GFAP. It may indicate lead-induced neuronal injury. At the same time, a regional enhancement of detoxicative mechanisms (GSH) was noticed, suggesting activation of astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection against toxic Pb action.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Struzyñska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Laboratory of Pathobiochemistry of the Central Nervous System, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawiñskiego St., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract
Subcellular regulation mechanisms of calcium concentrations related to oxygen sensing in the carotid body are unclear. In the present study, we investigated the ultrastructural distribution patterns of calcium in carotid body cells and its changes evoked by hypoxia. Carotid bodies were dissected from anesthetized cats exposed in vivo to normoxic or acute hypoxic conditions. We used the oxalate-pyroantimonate technique that yields an electron-opaque calcium precipitate. X-ray microanalysis and appropriate controls confirmed the presence of calcium in the precipitate. Calcium precipitates were found in all types of cells in carotid body parenchyma: chemoreceptor cells, sustentacular cells, and nerve endings. In normoxic chemoreceptor cells, the precipitate was localized in dense core vesicles, mitochondria, and nuclei, but rarely in the cytoplasm. The most apparent effect of hypoxia was disappearance of the precipitate from dense core vesicles and was associated with its appearance in the cytoplasm. The amount of precipitate throughout the carotid body parenchyma was decreased overall due to hypoxia. These results indicate the involvement of subcellular calcium trafficking in hypoxia-sensing in the carotid body. The redistribution pattern of granular calcium deposits from organelles to the cytoplasm of chemoreceptor cells agrees with biochemical data of calcium release from intracellular stores during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Faff
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Research Center, Warsaw, Poland
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Walski M, Gajkowska B. The changes in the ultrastructure of the cerebrovascular junction after traumatic injury of the cerebral cortex in rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2001; 22:19-26. [PMID: 11335875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of the traumatic injury of the cerebral cortex on the ultrastructure of the cerebrovascular junction was studied in rats. The aim of the present study is to describe the ultrastructural alterations in the cerebrovascular junction in rat cerebral cortex after traumatic injury. We were particularly interested in the alterations in endothelium, pericytes and the differentiated population of cerebral macrophages. MATERIAL AND METHODS The observations were conducted four days (group I-five animals) and seven days (group II-five animals) after induction of cortical trauma. Traumatic injury was induced in the fronto-temporal region of cerebral cortex in general anesthesia with 20 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride. RESULTS In the first group we found the features of damage of the blood-brain barrier and migration of the morphological blood components to the perivascular space. The trauma caused necrosis and apoptosis within brain tissue. An important observation was the presence of numerous brain macrophages that participated in phagocytosis of damaged cellular elements. Additionally, we found an increase in the connective tissue ground substance around brain capillaries. In the second experimental group we noted an increased number of pericytes (1-3) near capillary walls. In some instances, the basement membrane surrounding the pericytes was interrupted and these cells were also located beyond the rim of the vessel wall. Some pericytes showed numerous phagolysosomes indicating that these cells belonged to perivascular macrophages. Moreover, we observed a population of phagocytes residing in close contact with neurons. These cells were different from the typical perivascular macrophages. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that the traumatic injury of the brain results in mobilization of a heterogeneous population of brain macrophages. This study indicates that different subpopulations of macrophages emerge in the region of traumatic brain damage, and that the morphology and dynamics of these phagocytes changes and depends on the time elapsed after the initial traumatic incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walski
- Laboratory of Cell Ultrastructure, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland.
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Lupo G, Anfuso CD, Assero G, Strosznajder RP, Walski M, Pluta R, Alberghina M. Amyloid beta(1-42) and its beta(25-35) fragment induce in vitro phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis in bovine retina capillary pericytes. Neurosci Lett 2001; 303:185-8. [PMID: 11323116 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe the inhibitory effect of full-length Abeta(1-42) and Abeta(25-35) fragment of amyloid-beta peptide on phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) metabolism in bovine retina capillary pericytes. Cell cultures were incubated with Abetas for 24 h. Peroxidation indices (malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase release) significantly increased after 20-50 microM Abeta(1-42) or Abeta(25-35) treatment. In addition, [Me-3H]choline incorporation into PtdCho strongly decreased while either 3H-choline or 14C-arachidonic acid release from prelabeled cells increased, indicating PtdCho hydrolysis. The effect was very likely due to prooxidant action of both Abeta peptides. Reversed-sequence Abeta(35-25) peptide did not depress 3H-choline incorporation nor stimulate PtdCho breakdown. With addition of Abetas at low concentrations (2-20 microM) to pericytes, marked ultrastructural changes, well connected to metabolic alterations, emerged including shrinkage of cell bodies, retraction of processes, disruption of the intracellular actin network. Cells treated with higher concentrations (50-200 microM) displayed characteristics of necrotic cell death. The data suggest that: (a) Abeta(1-42) and Abeta(25-35) peptides may modulate phospholipid turnover in microvessel pericytes; (b) together with endothelial cells, pericytes could be the target of vascular damage during processes involving amyloid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lupo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Szubert A, Zajac L, Walski M, Faryna M, Biejat Z, Polański J. Liver regeneration after anatomical resections. Med Sci Monit 2001; 7 Suppl 1:298-300. [PMID: 12211741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors present the results of investigation of liver regeneration after partial parenchyma resection. MATERIAL AND METHODS 20 patients (16 females, 4 male) aged 31-67 years were operated on because of metastatic colon cancer (7 cases), cavernous hemangioma (6 cases), hepatocellular carcinoma (1), alveococcosis (2), metastases of malignant melanoma (1), gall bladder carcinoma (1), FNH (1) and mucous cystadenocarcinoma (1). The resection according to anatomical segments by Couinaud were performed. Spiral CTs including liver volumetry were taken before and 30 days after the operation. on the 7-th day after the surgery, liver biopsy was performed and the material was examined under light and electron microscope. RESULTS There was no postoperative mortality. We observed transient elevation of transaminases, bilirubin levels and decrease of albumin level. Control spiral CT revealed increased liver volume in 15 cases (75 percent). In 16 cases (80 percent), electron microscopy investigations showed regeneration of the liver (mitotic figures). CONCLUSIONS Our material shows that hyperplasia as well as blood vessel and bile duct neogenesis play a very important role in liver regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Szubert
- 3rd Department of Surgery, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Medical University in Warsaw, ul. Stepińska 19/25, Warsaw, Poland
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