1
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Asquith CRM, East MP, Laitinen T, Alamillo-Ferrer C, Hartikainen E, Wells CI, Axtman AD, Drewry DH, Tizzard GJ, Poso A, Willson TM, Johnson GL. Discovery and optimization of narrow spectrum inhibitors of Tousled like kinase 2 (TLK2) using quantitative structure activity relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116357. [PMID: 38636130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The oxindole scaffold has been the center of several kinase drug discovery programs, some of which have led to approved medicines. A series of two oxindole matched pairs from the literature were identified where TLK2 was potently inhibited as an off-target kinase. The oxindole has long been considered a promiscuous kinase inhibitor template, but across these four specific literature oxindoles TLK2 activity was consistent, while the kinome profile was radically different ranging from narrow to broad spectrum kinome coverage. We synthesized a large series of analogues, utilizing quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, water mapping of the kinase ATP binding sites, kinome profiling, and small-molecule x-ray structural analysis to optimize TLK2 inhibition and kinome selectivity. This resulted in the identification of several narrow spectrum, sub-family selective, chemical tool compounds including 128 (UNC-CA2-103) that could enable elucidation of TLK2 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R M Asquith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland; Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carla Alamillo-Ferrer
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Erkka Hartikainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carrow I Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alison D Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David H Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timothy M Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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2
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Karim M, Mishra M, Lo CW, Saul S, Cagirici HB, Tran DHN, Agrawal A, Ghita L, Ojha A, East MP, Gammeltoft KA, Sahoo MK, Johnson GL, Das S, Jochmans D, Cohen CA, Gottwein J, Dye J, Neff N, Pinsky BA, Laitinen T, Pantsar T, Poso A, Zanini F, Jonghe SD, Asquith CRM, Einav S. PIP4K2C inhibition reverses autophagic flux impairment induced by SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.15.589676. [PMID: 38659941 PMCID: PMC11042293 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.15.589676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In search for broad-spectrum antivirals, we discovered a small molecule inhibitor, RMC-113, that potently suppresses the replication of multiple RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2 in human lung organoids. We demonstrated selective dual inhibition of the lipid kinases PIP4K2C and PIKfyve by RMC-113 and target engagement by its clickable analog. Advanced lipidomics revealed alteration of SARS-CoV-2-induced phosphoinositide signature by RMC-113 and linked its antiviral effect with functional PIP4K2C and PIKfyve inhibition. We discovered PIP4K2C's roles in SARS-CoV-2 entry, RNA replication, and assembly/egress, validating it as a druggable antiviral target. Integrating proteomics, single-cell transcriptomics, and functional assays revealed that PIP4K2C binds SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 6 and regulates virus-induced impairment of autophagic flux. Reversing this autophagic flux impairment is a mechanism of antiviral action of RMC-113. These findings reveal virus-induced autophagy regulation via PIP4K2C, an understudied kinase, and propose dual inhibition of PIP4K2C and PIKfyve as a candidate strategy to combat emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwah Karim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Manjari Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chieh-Wen Lo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sirle Saul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Halise Busra Cagirici
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Do Hoang Nhu Tran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Aditi Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Luca Ghita
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Amrita Ojha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karen Anbro Gammeltoft
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen
- University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malaya Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Biomedical & Nutritional Science, Center for Pathogen Research & Training (CPRT), University of Massachusetts-Lowell, USA
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Courtney A Cohen
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Viral Immunology Branch, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Judith Gottwein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen
- University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Dye
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Viral Immunology Branch, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Norma Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Tatu Pantsar
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Fabio Zanini
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Shirit Einav
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, CA, USA
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Joisa CU, Chen KA, Beville S, Stuhlmiller T, Berginski ME, Okumu D, Golitz BT, East MP, Johnson GL, Gomez SM. Combined kinome inhibition states are predictive of cancer cell line sensitivity to kinase inhibitor combination therapies. Pac Symp Biocomput 2024; 29:276-290. [PMID: 38160286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Protein kinases are a primary focus in targeted therapy development for cancer, owing to their role as regulators in nearly all areas of cell life. Recent strategies targeting the kinome with combination therapies have shown promise, such as trametinib and dabrafenib in advanced melanoma, but empirical design for less characterized pathways remains a challenge. Computational combination screening is an attractive alternative, allowing in-silico filtering prior to experimental testing of drastically fewer leads, increasing efficiency and effectiveness of drug development pipelines. In this work, we generated combined kinome inhibition states of 40,000 kinase inhibitor combinations from kinobeads-based kinome profiling across 64 doses. We then integrated these with transcriptomics from CCLE to build machine learning models with elastic-net feature selection to predict cell line sensitivity across nine cancer types, with accuracy R2 ∼ 0.75-0.9. We then validated the model by using a PDX-derived TNBC cell line and saw good global accuracy (R2 ∼ 0.7) as well as high accuracy in predicting synergy using four popular metrics (R2 ∼ 0.9). Additionally, the model was able to predict a highly synergistic combination of trametinib and omipalisib for TNBC treatment, which incidentally was recently in phase I clinical trials. Our choice of tree-based models for greater interpretability allowed interrogation of highly predictive kinases in each cancer type, such as the MAPK, CDK, and STK kinases. Overall, these results suggest that kinome inhibition states of kinase inhibitor combinations are strongly predictive of cell line responses and have great potential for integration into computational drug screening pipelines. This approach may facilitate the identification of effective kinase inhibitor combinations and accelerate the development of novel cancer therapies, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmaya U Joisa
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA2North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA3Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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4
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Asquith CRM, East MP, Laitinen T, Alamillo-Ferrer C, Hartikainen E, Wells CI, Axtman AD, Drewry DH, Tizzard GJ, Poso A, Willson TM, Johnson GL. Discovery and Optimization of Narrow Spectrum Inhibitors of Tousled Like Kinase 2 (TLK2) Using Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.28.573261. [PMID: 38234837 PMCID: PMC10793458 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.28.573261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The oxindole scaffold has been the center of several kinase drug discovery programs, some of which have led to approved medicines. A series of two oxindole matched pairs from the literature were identified where TLK2 was a potent off-target kinase. The oxindole has long been considered a promiscuous inhibitor template, but across these 4 specific literature oxindoles TLK2 activity was consistent, while the kinome profile was radically different from narrow to broad spectrum coverage. We synthesized a large series of analogues and through quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, water mapping of the kinase ATP binding sites, small-molecule x-ray structural analysis and kinome profiling, narrow spectrum, sub-family selective, chemical tool compounds were identified to enable elucidation of TLK2 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R M Asquith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carla Alamillo-Ferrer
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erkka Hartikainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carrow I Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alison D Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David H Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timothy M Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Glodowski CR, Mott KR, Okumu D, East MP, Elston TC, Johnson GL, Perou CM. Abstract PD4-09: PD4-09 Single cell RNA-sequencing identifies intra-tumoral cellular heterogeneity and drug-induced subpopulation shifts in Triple Negative Breast Cancer mouse models. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs22-pd4-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive disease with a poor prognosis that accounts for 10-20% of breast cancer cases worldwide. Intra-tumoral heterogeneity and tumor cell plasticity are thought to contribute to drug resistance in TNBCs. Our work aims to: 1) precisely identify the intra-tumoral heterogeneity in cellular states present within TNBC, and 2) test whether drugs can block or initiate plasticity between subpopulations to improve drug sensitivity. We hypothesize that treatment(s) induce cellular plasticity, thus causing cells to shift into resistant states that persist until treatment is removed. We further hypothesize that these resistant subpopulations give rise to new tumor outgrowths once the treatment stops. Methods: To test this, we are treating TP53-/- Genetically Engineered Mouse Model (GEMM) syngeneic transplant tumors of the basal-like TNBC phenotype with the chemotherapeutic doublet of carboplatin/paclitaxel, and targeted agents implicated in plasticity including the MEK inhibitor trametinib, a chromatin remodeling inhibitor I-BET151, and the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor brequinar. To identify cellular subpopulations and examine their response to treatment, we performed both in vivo and in vitro drug sensitivity testing, as well as gene expression profiling using single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq). Results: We have identified clear intra-tumoral heterogeneity with at least 6 distinct cell states present, including basal, mesenchymal/claudin-low, and proliferative subpopulations in vivo in most TNBC GEMM models. We performed 18 individual scRNAseq experiments on the TP53-/- 2225L GEMM transplant line with the aforementioned treatments and untreated controls in triplicate and compared subpopulation frequencies in treated versus untreated tumors. Notably, treatment with trametinib and brequinar caused the rise of two rare subpopulations (i.e. 1% to 3-4% of total tumor cells) that express genes consistent with previously described drug-tolerant persisters (DTP), which we have called “Epithelial-DTP” (Tacstd2, Krt6a, and Cryab enriched) and “Mesenchymal-DTP” (Snai2 and Sca-1 enriched). A gene signature generated from the Epithelial-DTP subpopulation predicted poor patient outcomes in neoadjuvant chemotherapy treated TNBC patients. Further, in TNBC patient-derived xenografts (PDX), these two DTP subpopulations are also present and induced by treatment to an even greater frequency. Ongoing experiments include the use of fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate and functionally test the tumor-initiating capabilities of these two rare cell subpopulations. In addition, many experiments are underway to identify means to therapeutically target these DTP cells, with these results to be presented. Ultimately, identifying these rare drug resistant subpopulations, and identifying means to eradicate them, could vastly improve therapeutic regimens and outcomes for patients with TNBCs.
Citation Format: Cherise R. Glodowski, Kevin R. Mott, Denis Okumu, Michael P. East, Timothy C. Elston, Gary L. Johnson, Charles M. Perou. PD4-09 Single cell RNA-sequencing identifies intra-tumoral cellular heterogeneity and drug-induced subpopulation shifts in Triple Negative Breast Cancer mouse models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr PD4-09.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael P. East
- 4Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Timothy C. Elston
- 5Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Gary L. Johnson
- 6Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Charles M. Perou
- 7University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Xu Y, Morrison AB, Herrera SG, East MP, Johnson GL, Yeh JJ. Abstract PR011: Proteomic profiling reveals subtype specific kinase expression in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca22-pr011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have previously identified two tumor specific molecular subtypes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), basal-like and classical. Although basal-like tumors are found in less than 20% of patients, patients with basal-like tumors have a worse prognosis and are largely resistant to FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy. To identify targetable basal-like subtype specific vulnerabilities in PDAC, we utilized Multiplexed kinase Inhibitor Beads and Mass Spectrometry (MIB-MS) to profile the kinome in patient derived xenograft (PDX) models that recapitulate the tumor subtypes found in patients. MIB-MS results show that kinase expression is significantly associated with molecular subtype. Notably, basal-like tumors show increased expression of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) including EGFR, MET, and IGF1R and MAP kinase members MEK2 and BRAF indicating activation of the MAP kinase signaling cascade. These RTKs including EGFR are also differentially expressed in primary patient tumors suggesting the true efficacy of EGFR and other kinase inhibitors in basal-like tumors may have been masked by the larger proportion of patients (>80%) with unresponsive classical tumors. Furthermore, inhibition of MAP kinase signaling with the MEK inhibitor trametinib results in kinome reprogramming exclusive to classical tumors. MIB-MS profiling reveals upregulation of TAOK3 and MEK3/6 indicating activation of p38 MAP kinase signaling as a classical subtype specific compensatory mechanism against MEK inhibition. Overall, these results present actionable basal-like subtype specific kinase targets by defining a novel subtype specific kinome in PDAC. Precision approaches in clinical trials are needed to determine if new and previously thought to be disappointing kinase inhibitors may be efficacious in patients with basal-like tumors.
Citation Format: Yi Xu, Ashley B. Morrison, Silvia G. Herrera, Michael P. East, Gary L. Johnson, Jen Jen Yeh. Proteomic profiling reveals subtype specific kinase expression in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2022 Sep 13-16; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PR011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- 1University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | | | | | - Jen Jen Yeh
- 1University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Graves PR, Aponte-Collazo LJ, Fennell EMJ, Graves AC, Hale AE, Dicheva N, Herring LE, Gilbert TSK, East MP, McDonald IM, Lockett MR, Ashamalla H, Moorman NJ, Karanewsky DS, Iwanowicz EJ, Holmuhamedov E, Graves LM. Correction to "Mitochondrial Protease ClpP Is a Target for the Anticancer Compounds ONC201 and Related Analogues". ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2377-2378. [PMID: 35878877 PMCID: PMC9484722 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shelton AK, Smithberger E, Butler M, Stamper A, Bash RE, Angus SP, East MP, Johnson GL, Berens ME, Furnari FB, Miller R. Abstract 3248: Acquired resistance to targeted inhibitors in EGFR-driven glioblastoma: Identification of dual kinase targets. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating primary brain tumor with <5% 5-year survival. CDKN2A deletion (~60%) and EGFR amplification (~55%) mutations frequently co-occur in these tumors. EGFR is an attractive therapeutic target due to its mutational frequency and availability of brain-penetrant tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Several EGFR TKI have failed clinically, due in part to acquired resistance. To mechanistically examine this type of resistance, we used a panel of ten genetically engineered mouse astrocyte lines harboring Cdkn2a deletion and EGFRvIII, a common (~30%) activating mutation. Resistant cells were generated via long-term exposure to gefitinib or erlotinib, either in vitro or in vivo. Both transcriptomic (RNAseq) and proteomic (multiplexed inhibitor beads with mass spectrometry, MIB-MS) experiments showed that cell lines clustered primarily by resistance phenotype and secondarily by method of resistance development when analyzed using principal component analysis and unsupervised hierarchical clustering. Kinases involved in proliferation and differentiation signaling pathways (ex: Pdgfrb, Pdk2, Tnik, Mapk3, Fgfr2) were upregulated in both RNAseq and MIB-MS datasets and thus represent putative druggable targets for dual kinase inhibition. Analysis of commonly upregulated kinases and their commercially available inhibitors revealed dovitinib and dasatinib, two brain-penetrant drugs approved for other cancer indications, as candidates for dual inhibition with an EGFR TKI. Resistant cell lines were all more sensitive to dovitinib than their drug-naïve parents; however, sensitivity to dasatinib varied. BLISS analysis of dual treatment with EGFR TKI neratinib and dasatinib or dovitinib revealed synergistic drug interactions in most lines. Additionally, drug-naïve cells displayed a robust, acute proteomic response to EGFR TKI afatinib over 48h, while the response of resistant lines was significantly blunted. This model system can also be used to examine acute vs. long-term kinome response to EGFR TKI. Acute response was examined by treating drug-naïve cells with afatinib over 48h, and long-term kinome rewiring was observed by comparing untreated cells to gefitinib- and erlotinib-resistant cell lines. Combing both RNAseq datasets for kinases upregulated in both drug-naïve cells over a 48h EGFR TKI treatment course and in resistant cell lines compared to their sensitive parents reveals 21 and 13 common kinases, respectively, at p<0.001. Eight of these kinases (Cdk19, Ddr1, Kalrn, Khk, Mapk3, Pink1, Tnik, Ulk2) appear in both the in vitro and in vivo datasets, indicating a conserved kinome response regardless of method of resistance generation. Overall, integrated kinome profiling in GBM models with defined mutational profiles provides a powerful framework to identify novel therapeutic targets that could significantly alter current treatment paradigms.
Citation Format: Abigail K. Shelton, Erin Smithberger, Madison Butler, Allie Stamper, Ryan E. Bash, Steve P. Angus, Michael P. East, Gary L. Johnson, Michael E. Berens, Frank B. Furnari, Ryan Miller. Acquired resistance to targeted inhibitors in EGFR-driven glioblastoma: Identification of dual kinase targets [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3248.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Madison Butler
- 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Ryan E. Bash
- 2University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Michael P. East
- 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Gary L. Johnson
- 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | - Ryan Miller
- 2University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Smithberger E, Shelton AK, Bash RE, Butler MK, Flores AR, Stamper A, Angus SP, East MP, Johnson GL, Berens ME, Furnari FB, Miller R. Abstract 1857: Glioblastoma growth is suppressed dual inhibition of EGFR and CDK6 kinases. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant brain tumor that has proven difficult to treat, despite expressing promising targets such as EGFRvIII. EGFRvIII, a mutant version of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is constitutively active and not present in normal brain cells. The tumor specificity of EGFRvIII and the frequent EGFR amplification seen in GBM make EGFR a potentially attractive therapeutic target; however, clinical studies have shown little to no efficacy for EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). One reason for this lack of efficacy may be adaptive resistance. We used RNA sequencing and multiplexed inhibitor beads with mass spectrometry (MIB-MS) to study the transcriptomes and kinomes of genetically engineered mouse astrocytes to investigate this resistance and identify potential targets for dual inhibition. Out of 329 kinases detected by MIB-MS, 76 were differentially expressed between cells with Cdkn2a deletion (“C”) and cells that also overexpressed EGFRvIII (“CEv3”). Thirty-four of these kinases were overexpressed in the CEv3 cells relative to the parental C cells (log2 fold change of 5.6, p<1x105). One of these kinases, Cdk6, is also significantly overexpressed in CEv3 cells versus cells that have a further loss of function mutation of Pten (“CEv3P”) (log2 fold change of 5.6, p<1x105). Despite this significant differential expression at the protein level, RNA expression of Cdk6 was similar between cell lines. When these cells were treated with the CDK6 inhibitor abemaciclib, CEv3 cells were found to be significantly more sensitive to inhibition than C and CEv3P cells (IC50 of 0.10 μM vs. 0.18 μM and 0.23 μM, respectively). Similarly, when cells were treated with abemaciclib in combination with the EGFR inhibitor neratinib, there was significantly higher synergy in CEv3 cells than C or CEv3P cells. Genotypically-matched patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cells were assayed for EGFR-CDK6 inhibitor synergy and showed a similar pattern of greater synergy in cells with EGFRvIII overexpression and functional PTEN than cells with EGFRvIII overexpression and PTEN loss. CEv3 and CEv3P cells were orthotopically implanted into mice and treated with neratinib, abemaciclib, or a combination. In CEv3-injected mice, combination treatment led to significantly longer survival than either single agent or control treatment. However, in CEv3P-injected mice, no survival difference was seen between any of the treatment arms. Taken together, these data provide strong evidence that CDK6 is a promising target for combination treatment with EGFR inhibitors in glioblastoma.
Citation Format: Erin Smithberger, Abigail K. Shelton, Ryan E. Bash, Madison K. Butler, Alex R. Flores, Allie Stamper, Steven P. Angus, Michael P. East, Gary L. Johnson, Michael E. Berens, Frank B. Furnari, Ryan Miller. Glioblastoma growth is suppressed dual inhibition of EGFR and CDK6 kinases [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1857.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan E. Bash
- 2University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | - Allie Stamper
- 2University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Michael P. East
- 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Gary L. Johnson
- 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | - Ryan Miller
- 2University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Turn RE, Hu Y, Dewees SI, Devi N, East MP, Hardin KR, Khatib T, Linnert J, Wolfrum U, Lim MJ, Casanova JE, Caspary T, Kahn RA. The ARF GAPs ELMOD1 and ELMOD3 act at the Golgi and cilia to regulate ciliogenesis and ciliary protein traffic. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:cor1. [PMID: 35612986 PMCID: PMC9561853 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-09-0443_corr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Asquith CRM, Temme L, East MP, Laitinen T, Pickett J, Kwarcinski FE, Sinha P, Wells CI, Johnson GL, Zutshi R, Drewry DH. Identification of 4-anilino-quin(az)oline as a cell active Protein Kinase Novel 3 (PKN3) inhibitor chemotype. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200161. [PMID: 35403825 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Deep annotation of a library of 4-anilinoquinolines led to the identification of 7-iodo- N -(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)quinolin-4-amine 16 as a potent inhibitor (IC 50 = 14 nM) of Protein Kinase Novel 3 (PKN3) with micromolar activity in cells. Compound 16 is a potential tool compound to study the cell biology of PKN3 and its role in pancreatic and prostate cancer and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These 4-anilinoquinolines may also be useful tools to uncover the therapeutic potential of PKN3 inhibition in a broad range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louisa Temme
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNITED STATES
| | - Michael P East
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- University of Eastern Finland Faculty of Health Sciences: Ita-Suomen yliopisto Terveystieteiden tiedekunta, School of Pharmacy, FINLAND
| | - Julie Pickett
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNITED STATES
| | - Frank E Kwarcinski
- Luceome Biotechnologies, LLC, Luceome Biotechnologies, LLC, UNITED STATES
| | - Parvathi Sinha
- Luceome Biotechnologies, LLC, Luceome Biotechnologies, LLC, UNITED STATES
| | - Carrow I Wells
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNITED STATES
| | - Gary L Johnson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine,, UNITED STATES
| | - Reena Zutshi
- Luceome Biotechnologies, LLC, Luceome Biotechnologies, LLC,, UNITED STATES
| | - David H Drewry
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNITED STATES
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Turn RE, Hu Y, Dewees SI, Devi N, East MP, Hardin KR, Khatib T, Linnert J, Wolfrum U, Lim MJ, Casanova JE, Caspary T, Kahn RA. The ARF GAPs ELMOD1 and ELMOD3 act at the Golgi and cilia to regulate ciliogenesis and ciliary protein traffic. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar13. [PMID: 34818063 PMCID: PMC9236152 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-09-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ELMODs are a family of three mammalian paralogues that display GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity toward a uniquely broad array of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family GTPases that includes ARF-like (ARL) proteins. ELMODs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues, highly conserved across eukaryotes, and ancient in origin, being present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. We described functions of ELMOD2 in immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in the regulation of cell division, microtubules, ciliogenesis, and mitochondrial fusion. Here, using similar strategies with the paralogues ELMOD1 and ELMOD3, we identify novel functions and locations of these cell regulators and compare them to those of ELMOD2, allowing the determination of functional redundancy among the family members. We found strong similarities in phenotypes resulting from deletion of either Elmod1 or Elmod3 and marked differences from those arising in Elmod2 deletion lines. Deletion of either Elmod1 or Elmod3 results in the decreased ability of cells to form primary cilia, loss of a subset of proteins from cilia, and accumulation of some ciliary proteins at the Golgi, predicted to result from compromised traffic from the Golgi to cilia. These phenotypes are reversed upon activating mutant expression of either ARL3 or ARL16, linking their roles to ELMOD1/3 actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Turn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305
| | - Yihan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, China
| | - Skylar I. Dewees
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Narra Devi
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Katherine R. Hardin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tala Khatib
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Joshua Linnert
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Michael J. Lim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - James E. Casanova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Richard A. Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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East MP, Johnson GL. Adaptive chromatin remodeling and transcriptional changes of the functional kinome in tumor cells in response to targeted kinase inhibition. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101525. [PMID: 34958800 PMCID: PMC8888345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of protein kinases induces adaptive reprogramming of tumor cell regulatory networks by altering expression of genes that regulate signaling, including protein kinases. Adaptive responses are dependent on transcriptional changes resulting from remodeling of enhancer and promoter landscapes. Enhancer and promoter remodeling in response to targeted kinase inhibition is controlled by changes in open chromatin state and by activity of specific transcription factors, such as c-MYC. This review focuses on the dynamic plasticity of protein kinase expression of the tumor cell kinome and the resulting adaptive resistance to targeted kinase inhibition. Plasticity of the functional kinome has been shown in patient window trials where triple-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive breast cancer patient tumors were characterized by RNAseq after biopsies before and after 1 week of therapy. The expressed kinome changed dramatically during drug treatment, and these changes in kinase expression were shown in cell lines and xenografts in mice to be correlated with adaptive tumor cell drug resistance. The dynamic transcriptional nature of the kinome also differs for inhibitors targeting different kinase signaling pathways (e.g., BRAF-MEK-ERK versus PI3K-AKT) that are commonly activated in cancers. Heterogeneity arising from differences in gene regulation and mutations represents a challenge to therapeutic durability and prevention of clinical drug resistance with drug-tolerant tumor cell populations developing and persisting through treatment. We conclude that understanding the heterogeneity of kinase expression at baseline and in response to therapy is imperative for development of combinations and timing intervals of therapies making interventions durable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
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Zhu H, Ficarro SB, Alexander WM, Fleming LE, Adelmant G, Zhang T, Willetts M, Decker J, Brehmer S, Krause M, East MP, Gray NS, Johnson GL, Kruppa G, Marto JA. PRM-LIVE with Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Its Application in Selectivity Profiling of Kinase Inhibitors. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13791-13799. [PMID: 34606255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) has emerged as a popular approach for targeted protein quantification. With high ion utilization efficiency and first-in-class acquisition speed, the timsTOF Pro provides a powerful platform for PRM analysis. However, sporadic chromatographic drift in peptide retention time represents a fundamental limitation for the reproducible multiplexing of targets across PRM acquisitions. Here, we present PRM-LIVE, an extensible, Python-based acquisition engine for the timsTOF Pro, which dynamically adjusts detection windows for reproducible target scheduling. In this initial implementation, we used iRT peptides as retention time standards and demonstrated reproducible detection and quantification of 1857 tryptic peptides from the cell lysate in a 60 min PRM-LIVE acquisition. As an application in functional proteomics, we use PRM-LIVE in an activity-based protein profiling platform to assess binding selectivity of small-molecule inhibitors against 220 endogenous human kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Scott B Ficarro
- Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - William M Alexander
- Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Laura E Fleming
- Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Guillaume Adelmant
- Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tinghu Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Systems Biology and ChEM-H, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthew Willetts
- Bruker Daltonics Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Jens Decker
- Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Sven Brehmer
- Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | | | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Chemical & Systems Biology and ChEM-H, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gary Kruppa
- Bruker S.R.O., District Brno-City 61900, Czech Republic
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Kalogirou AS, East MP, Laitinen T, Torrice CD, Maffuid KA, Drewry DH, Koutentis PA, Johnson GL, Crona DJ, Asquith CRM. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel 1,2,6-Thiadiazinone Kinase Inhibitors as Potent Inhibitors of Solid Tumors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195911. [PMID: 34641454 PMCID: PMC8513058 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A focused series of substituted 4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-ones was designed and synthesized to probe the anti-cancer properties of this scaffold. Insights from previous kinase inhibitor programs were used to carefully select several different substitution patterns. Compounds were tested on bladder, prostate, pancreatic, breast, chordoma, and lung cancer cell lines with an additional skin fibroblast cell line as a toxicity control. This resulted in the identification of several low single digit micro molar compounds with promising therapeutic windows, particularly for bladder and prostate cancer. A number of key structural features of the 4H-1,2,6-thiadiazin-4-one scaffold are discussed that show promising scope for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S. Kalogirou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenis Str., Engomi, P.O. Box 22006, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus;
- Correspondence: (A.S.K.); (C.R.M.A.); Tel.: +357-22-559655 (A.S.K.); +1-919-491-3177 (C.R.M.A.)
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.P.E.); (G.L.J.)
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Chad D. Torrice
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.D.T.); (K.A.M.); (D.J.C.)
| | - Kaitlyn A. Maffuid
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.D.T.); (K.A.M.); (D.J.C.)
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Gary L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.P.E.); (G.L.J.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Daniel J. Crona
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.D.T.); (K.A.M.); (D.J.C.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher R. M. Asquith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.P.E.); (G.L.J.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.K.); (C.R.M.A.); Tel.: +357-22-559655 (A.S.K.); +1-919-491-3177 (C.R.M.A.)
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Angus SP, Stuhlmiller TJ, Mehta G, Bevill SM, Goulet DR, Olivares-Quintero JF, East MP, Tanioka M, Zawistowski JS, Singh D, Sciaky N, Chen X, He X, Rashid NU, Chollet-Hinton L, Fan C, Soloway MG, Spears PA, Jefferys S, Parker JS, Gallagher KK, Forero-Torres A, Krop IE, Thompson AM, Murthy R, Gatza ML, Perou CM, Earp HS, Carey LA, Johnson GL. FOXA1 and adaptive response determinants to HER2 targeted therapy in TBCRC 036. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:51. [PMID: 33980863 PMCID: PMC8115531 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the HER2/ERBB2 receptor is a keystone to treating HER2-positive malignancies, particularly breast cancer, but a significant fraction of HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancers recur or fail to respond. Anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies, like trastuzumab or pertuzumab, and ATP active site inhibitors like lapatinib, commonly lack durability because of adaptive changes in the tumor leading to resistance. HER2+ cell line responses to inhibition with lapatinib were analyzed by RNAseq and ChIPseq to characterize transcriptional and epigenetic changes. Motif analysis of lapatinib-responsive genomic regions implicated the pioneer transcription factor FOXA1 as a mediator of adaptive responses. Lapatinib in combination with FOXA1 depletion led to dysregulation of enhancers, impaired adaptive upregulation of HER3, and decreased proliferation. HER2-directed therapy using clinically relevant drugs (trastuzumab with or without lapatinib or pertuzumab) in a 7-day clinical trial designed to examine early pharmacodynamic response to antibody-based anti-HER2 therapy showed reduced FOXA1 expression was coincident with decreased HER2 and HER3 levels, decreased proliferation gene signatures, and increased immune gene signatures. This highlights the importance of the immune response to anti-HER2 antibodies and suggests that inhibiting FOXA1-mediated adaptive responses in combination with HER2 targeting is a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Angus
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Gaurav Mehta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Samantha M Bevill
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel R Goulet
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maki Tanioka
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
| | | | - Darshan Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Noah Sciaky
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiaping He
- Department of Genetics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Naim U Rashid
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lynn Chollet-Hinton
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cheng Fan
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew G Soloway
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patricia A Spears
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stuart Jefferys
- Department of Genetics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joel S Parker
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristalyn K Gallagher
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andres Forero-Torres
- University of Alabama-Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian E Krop
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alastair M Thompson
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rashmi Murthy
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael L Gatza
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Charles M Perou
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H Shelton Earp
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa A Carey
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Garcia-Recio S, Thennavan A, East MP, Parker JS, Cejalvo JM, Garay JP, Hollern DP, He X, Mott KR, Galván P, Fan C, Selitsky SR, Coffey AR, Marron D, Brasó-Maristany F, Burgués O, Albanell J, Rojo F, Lluch A, de Dueñas EM, Rosen JM, Johnson GL, Carey LA, Prat A, Perou CM. FGFR4 regulates tumor subtype differentiation in luminal breast cancer and metastatic disease. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4871-4887. [PMID: 32573490 DOI: 10.1172/jci130323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms driving tumor progression from less aggressive subtypes to more aggressive states represent key targets for therapy. We identified a subset of luminal A primary breast tumors that give rise to HER2-enriched (HER2E) subtype metastases, but remain clinically HER2 negative (cHER2-). By testing the unique genetic and transcriptomic features of these cases, we developed the hypothesis that FGFR4 likely participates in this subtype switching. To evaluate this, we developed 2 FGFR4 genomic signatures using a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model treated with an FGFR4 inhibitor, which inhibited PDX growth in vivo. Bulk tumor gene expression analysis and single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that the inhibition of FGFR4 signaling caused molecular switching. In the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) breast cancer cohort, FGFR4-induced and FGFR4-repressed signatures each predicted overall survival. Additionally, the FGFR4-induced signature was an independent prognostic factor beyond subtype and stage. Supervised analysis of 77 primary tumors with paired metastases revealed that the FGFR4-induced signature was significantly higher in luminal/ER+ tumor metastases compared with their primaries. Finally, multivariate analysis demonstrated that the FGFR4-induced signature also predicted site-specific metastasis for lung, liver, and brain, but not for bone or lymph nodes. These data identify a link between FGFR4-regulated genes and metastasis, suggesting treatment options for FGFR4-positive patients, whose high expression is not caused by mutation or amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Garcia-Recio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Center and.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine
| | - Aatish Thennavan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Center and.,Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, School of Dentistry, and
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joel S Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Center and.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine
| | - Juan M Cejalvo
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Oncology (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joseph P Garay
- Lineberger Comprehensive Center and.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine
| | - Daniel P Hollern
- Lineberger Comprehensive Center and.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine
| | - Xiaping He
- Lineberger Comprehensive Center and.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine
| | - Kevin R Mott
- Lineberger Comprehensive Center and.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine
| | - Patricia Galván
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Oncology (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cheng Fan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Center and.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Fara Brasó-Maristany
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Oncology (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Octavio Burgués
- GEICAM, Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan Albanell
- GEICAM, Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Rojo
- GEICAM, Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Lluch
- GEICAM, Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Martinez de Dueñas
- GEICAM, Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Provincial de Castellón, Castellón, Spain
| | - Jeffery M Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa A Carey
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aleix Prat
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Oncology (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.,SOLTI Breast Cancer Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Center and.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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21
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22
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Turn RE, East MP, Prekeris R, Kahn RA. The ARF GAP ELMOD2 acts with different GTPases to regulate centrosomal microtubule nucleation and cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2070-2091. [PMID: 32614697 PMCID: PMC7543072 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ELMOD2 is a ∼32 kDa protein first purified by its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity toward ARL2 and later shown to have uniquely broad specificity toward ARF family GTPases in in vitro assays. To begin the task of defining its functions in cells, we deleted ELMOD2 in immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts and discovered a number of cellular defects, which are reversed upon expression of ELMOD2-myc. We show that these defects, resulting from the loss of ELMOD2, are linked to two different pathways and two different GTPases: with ARL2 and TBCD to support microtubule nucleation from centrosomes and with ARF6 in cytokinesis. These data highlight key aspects of signaling by ARF family GAPs that contribute to previously underappreciated sources of complexity, including GAPs acting from multiple sites in cells, working with multiple GTPases, and contributing to the spatial and temporal control of regulatory GTPases by serving as both GAPs and effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Turn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30307
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Richard A Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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23
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Lipner MB, Peng XL, Jin C, Xu Y, Gao Y, East MP, Rashid NU, Moffitt RA, Herrera Loeza SG, Morrison AB, Golitz BT, Vaziri C, Graves LM, Johnson GL, Yeh JJ. Irreversible JNK1-JUN inhibition by JNK-IN-8 sensitizes pancreatic cancer to 5-FU/FOLFOX chemotherapy. JCI Insight 2020; 5:129905. [PMID: 32213714 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 55,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) yearly, and fewer than 20% of these patients survive a year beyond diagnosis. Chemotherapies are considered or used in nearly every PDAC case, but there is limited understanding of the complex signaling responses underlying resistance to these common treatments. Here, we take an unbiased approach to study protein kinase network changes following chemotherapies in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of PDAC to facilitate design of rational drug combinations. Proteomics profiling following chemotherapy regimens reveals that activation of JNK-JUN signaling occurs after 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin (5-FU + LEU) and FOLFOX (5-FU + LEU plus oxaliplatin [OX]), but not after OX alone or gemcitabine. Cell and tumor growth assays with the irreversible inhibitor JNK-IN-8 and genetic manipulations demonstrate that JNK and JUN each contribute to chemoresistance and cancer cell survival after FOLFOX. Active JNK1 and JUN are specifically implicated in these effects, and synergy with JNK-IN-8 is linked to FOLFOX-mediated JUN activation, cell cycle dysregulation, and DNA damage response. This study highlights the potential for JNK-IN-8 as a biological tool and potential combination therapy with FOLFOX in PDAC and reinforces the need to tailor treatment to functional characteristics of individual tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Lipner
- Department of Pharmacology.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | - Chong Jin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Biostatistics
| | - Yi Xu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Pathology, and
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Naim U Rashid
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Biostatistics
| | | | | | | | | | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Pathology, and
| | - Lee M Graves
- Department of Pharmacology.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Department of Pharmacology.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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24
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McDonald IM, Grant GD, East MP, Gilbert TSK, Wilkerson EM, Goldfarb D, Beri J, Herring LE, Vaziri C, Cook JG, Emanuele MJ, Graves LM. Mass spectrometry-based selectivity profiling identifies a highly selective inhibitor of the kinase MELK that delays mitotic entry in cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2359-2374. [PMID: 31896573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) has been implicated in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation. RNAi-mediated MELK depletion impairs growth and causes G2/M arrest in numerous cancers, but the mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. Furthermore, the MELK inhibitor OTSSP167 has recently been shown to have poor selectivity for MELK, complicating the use of this inhibitor as a tool compound to investigate MELK function. Here, using a cell-based proteomics technique called multiplexed kinase inhibitor beads/mass spectrometry (MIB/MS), we profiled the selectivity of two additional MELK inhibitors, NVS-MELK8a (8a) and HTH-01-091. Our results revealed that 8a is a highly selective MELK inhibitor, which we further used for functional studies. Resazurin and crystal violet assays indicated that 8a decreases triple-negative breast cancer cell viability, and immunoblotting revealed that impaired growth is due to perturbation of cell cycle progression rather than induction of apoptosis. Using double-thymidine synchronization and immunoblotting, we observed that MELK inhibition delays mitotic entry, which was associated with delayed activation of Aurora A, Aurora B, and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Following this delay, cells entered and completed mitosis. Using live-cell microscopy of cells harboring fluorescent proliferating cell nuclear antigen, we confirmed that 8a significantly and dose-dependently lengthens G2 phase. Collectively, our results provide a rationale for using 8a as a tool compound for functional studies of MELK and indicate that MELK inhibition delays mitotic entry, likely via transient G2/M checkpoint activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Gavin D Grant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Thomas S K Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Emily M Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Dennis Goldfarb
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; Institute for Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Joshua Beri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Laura E Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jeanette Gowen Cook
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Michael J Emanuele
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lee M Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.
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25
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26
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Graves PR, Aponte-Collazo LJ, Fennell EMJ, Graves AC, Hale AE, Dicheva N, Herring LE, Gilbert TSK, East MP, McDonald IM, Lockett MR, Ashamalla H, Moorman NJ, Karanewsky DS, Iwanowicz EJ, Holmuhamedov E, Graves LM. Mitochondrial Protease ClpP is a Target for the Anticancer Compounds ONC201 and Related Analogues. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1020-1029. [PMID: 31021596 PMCID: PMC6528275 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
ONC201
is a first-in-class imipridone molecule currently in clinical
trials for the treatment of multiple cancers. Despite enormous clinical
potential, the mechanism of action is controversial. To investigate
the mechanism of ONC201 and identify compounds with improved potency,
we tested a series of novel ONC201 analogues (TR compounds) for effects
on cell viability and stress responses in breast and other cancer
models. The TR compounds were found to be ∼50–100 times
more potent at inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing the integrated
stress response protein ATF4 than ONC201. Using immobilized TR compounds,
we identified the human mitochondrial caseinolytic protease P (ClpP)
as a specific binding protein by mass spectrometry. Affinity chromatography/drug
competition assays showed that the TR compounds bound ClpP with ∼10-fold
higher affinity compared to ONC201. Importantly, we found that the
peptidase activity of recombinant ClpP was strongly activated by ONC201
and the TR compounds in a dose- and time-dependent manner with the
TR compounds displaying a ∼10–100 fold increase in potency
over ONC201. Finally, siRNA knockdown of ClpP in SUM159 cells reduced
the response to ONC201 and the TR compounds, including induction of
CHOP, loss of the mitochondrial proteins (TFAM, TUFM), and the cytostatic
effects of these compounds. Thus, we report that ClpP directly binds
ONC201 and the related TR compounds and is an important biological
target for this class of molecules. Moreover, these studies provide,
for the first time, a biochemical basis for the difference in efficacy
between ONC201 and the TR compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, New York 11215, United States
| | - Lucas J. Aponte-Collazo
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Emily M. J. Fennell
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Adam C. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew E. Hale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nedyalka Dicheva
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Laura E. Herring
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas S. K. Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ian M. McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew R. Lockett
- Department of Chemistry and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hani Ashamalla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, New York 11215, United States
| | - Nathaniel J. Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | | | - Edwin J. Iwanowicz
- Madera Therapeutics LLC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27517, United States
| | - Ekhson Holmuhamedov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142292, Russian Federation
| | - Lee M. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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27
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Asquith CRM, Naegeli KM, East MP, Laitinen T, Havener TM, Wells CI, Johnson GL, Drewry DH, Zuercher WJ, Morris DC. Design of a Cyclin G Associated Kinase (GAK)/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitor Set to Interrogate the Relationship of EGFR and GAK in Chordoma. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4772-4778. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. M. Asquith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kaleb M. Naegeli
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tammy M. Havener
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Carrow I. Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gary L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William J. Zuercher
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David C. Morris
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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28
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Asquith CRM, Berger BT, Wan J, Bennett JM, Capuzzi SJ, Crona DJ, Drewry DH, East MP, Elkins JM, Fedorov O, Godoi PH, Hunter DM, Knapp S, Müller S, Torrice CD, Wells CI, Earp HS, Willson TM, Zuercher WJ. SGC-GAK-1: A Chemical Probe for Cyclin G Associated Kinase (GAK). J Med Chem 2019; 62:2830-2836. [PMID: 30768268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We describe SGC-GAK-1 (11), a potent, selective, and cell-active inhibitor of cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK), together with a structurally related negative control SGC-GAK-1N (14). 11 was highly selective in an in vitro kinome-wide screen, but cellular engagement assays defined RIPK2 as a collateral target. We identified 18 as a potent RIPK2 inhibitor lacking GAK activity. Together, this chemical probe set can be used to interrogate GAK cellular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedict-Tilman Berger
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | | | - James M Bennett
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building , Oxford OX3 7DQ , U.K
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan M Elkins
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building , Oxford OX3 7DQ , U.K.,Structural Genomics Consortium , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo 13083-886 , Brazil
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building , Oxford OX3 7DQ , U.K
| | - Paulo H Godoi
- Structural Genomics Consortium , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo 13083-886 , Brazil
| | | | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Susanne Müller
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
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29
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Krulikas LJ, McDonald IM, Lee B, Okumu DO, East MP, Gilbert TSK, Herring LE, Golitz BT, Wells CI, Axtman AD, Zuercher WJ, Willson TM, Kireev D, Yeh JJ, Johnson GL, Baines AT, Graves LM. Application of Integrated Drug Screening/Kinome Analysis to Identify Inhibitors of Gemcitabine-Resistant Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth. SLAS Discov 2018; 23:850-861. [PMID: 29742358 PMCID: PMC6102050 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218773045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuous exposure of a pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 (MiaS) to gemcitabine resulted in the formation of a gemcitabine-resistant subline (MiaR). In an effort to discover kinase inhibitors that inhibited MiaR growth, MiaR cells were exposed to kinase inhibitors (PKIS-1 library) in a 384-well screening format. Three compounds (UNC10112721A, UNC10112652A, and UNC10112793A) were identified that inhibited the growth of MiaR cells by more than 50% (at 50 nM). Two compounds (UNC10112721A and UNC10112652A) were classified as cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, whereas UNC10112793A was reported to be a PLK inhibitor. Dose-response experiments supported the efficacy of these compounds to inhibit growth and increase apoptosis in 2D cultures of these cells. However, only UNC10112721A significantly inhibited the growth of 3D spheroids composed of MiaR cells and GFP-tagged cancer-associated fibroblasts. Multiplexed inhibitor bead (MIB)-mass spectrometry (MS) kinome competition experiments identified CDK9, CLK1-4, DYRK1A, and CSNK1 as major kinase targets for UNC10112721A in MiaR cells. Another CDK9 inhibitor (CDK-IN-2) replicated the growth inhibitory effects of UNC10112721A, whereas inhibitors against the CLK, DYRK, or CSNK1 kinases had no effect. In summary, these studies describe a coordinated approach to discover novel kinase inhibitors, evaluate their efficacy in 3D models, and define their specificity against the kinome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linas J. Krulikas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ian M. McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Denis O. Okumu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas S. K. Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laura E. Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brian T. Golitz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carrow I. Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Allison D. Axtman
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William J. Zuercher
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Timothy M. Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dmitri Kireev
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gary L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Lee M. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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30
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Collins KA, Stuhlmiller TJ, Zawistowski JS, East MP, Pham TT, Hall CR, Goulet DR, Bevill SM, Angus SP, Velarde SH, Sciaky N, Oprea TI, Graves LM, Johnson GL, Gomez SM. Proteomic analysis defines kinase taxonomies specific for subtypes of breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:15480-15497. [PMID: 29643987 PMCID: PMC5884642 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiplexed small molecule inhibitors covalently bound to Sepharose beads (MIBs) were used to capture functional kinases in luminal, HER2-enriched and triple negative (basal-like and claudin-low) breast cancer cell lines and tumors. Kinase MIB-binding profiles at baseline without perturbation proteomically distinguished the four breast cancer subtypes. Understudied kinases, whose disease associations and pharmacology are generally unexplored, were highly represented in MIB-binding taxonomies and are integrated into signaling subnetworks with kinases that have been previously well characterized in breast cancer. Computationally it was possible to define subtypes using profiles of less than 50 of the more than 300 kinases bound to MIBs that included understudied as well as metabolic and lipid kinases. Furthermore, analysis of MIB-binding profiles established potential functional annotations for these understudied kinases. Thus, comprehensive MIBs-based capture of kinases provides a unique proteomics-based method for integration of poorly characterized kinases of the understudied kinome into functional subnetworks in breast cancer cells and tumors that is not possible using genomic strategies. The MIB-binding profiles readily defined subtype-selective differential adaptive kinome reprogramming in response to targeted kinase inhibition, demonstrating how MIB profiles can be used in determining dynamic kinome changes that result in subtype selective phenotypic state changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla A.L. Collins
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Timothy J. Stuhlmiller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Jon S. Zawistowski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Trang T. Pham
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Claire R. Hall
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Daniel R. Goulet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Samantha M. Bevill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Steven P. Angus
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Sara H. Velarde
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Noah Sciaky
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Tudor I. Oprea
- Translational Informatics Division, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Lee M. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Gary L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Shawn M. Gomez
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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Asquith CRM, Laitinen T, Bennett JM, Godoi PH, East MP, Tizzard GJ, Graves LM, Johnson GL, Dornsife RE, Wells CI, Elkins JM, Willson TM, Zuercher WJ. Identification and Optimization of 4-Anilinoquinolines as Inhibitors of Cyclin G Associated Kinase. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:48-66. [PMID: 29072804 PMCID: PMC5914168 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
4-Anilinoquinolines were identified as potent and narrow-spectrum inhibitors of the cyclin G associated kinase (GAK), an important regulator of viral and bacterial entry into host cells. Optimization of the 4-anilino group and the 6,7-quinoline substituents produced GAK inhibitors with nanomolar activity, over 50 000-fold selectivity relative to other members of the numb-associated kinase (NAK) subfamily, and a compound (6,7-dimethoxy-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)quinolin-4-amine; 49) with a narrow-spectrum kinome profile. These compounds may be useful tools to explore the therapeutic potential of GAK in prevention of a broad range of infectious and systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. M. Asquith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - James M. Bennett
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Paulo H. Godoi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Lee M. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gary L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ronna E. Dornsife
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Carrow I. Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Elkins
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Timothy M. Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William J. Zuercher
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Cann ML, McDonald IM, East MP, Johnson GL, Graves LM. Measuring Kinase Activity-A Global Challenge. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3595-3606. [PMID: 28464261 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The kinase enzymes within a cell, known collectively as the kinome, play crucial roles in many signaling pathways, including survival, motility, differentiation, stress response, and many more. Aberrant signaling through kinase pathways is often linked to cancer, among other diseases. A major area of scientific research involves understanding the relationships between kinases, their targets, and how the kinome adapts to perturbations of the cellular system. This review will discuss many of the current and developing methods for studying kinase activity, and evaluate their applications, advantages, and disadvantages. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3595-3606, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Cann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Genetic Medicine Building, Campus Box #7365, 120 Mason Farm Rd., Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Ian M McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Genetic Medicine Building, Campus Box #7365, 120 Mason Farm Rd., Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Genetic Medicine Building, Campus Box #7365, 120 Mason Farm Rd., Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Genetic Medicine Building, Campus Box #7365, 120 Mason Farm Rd., Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Lee M Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Genetic Medicine Building, Campus Box #7365, 120 Mason Farm Rd., Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
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33
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Okumu DO, East MP, Levine M, Herring LE, Zhang R, Gilbert TSK, Litchfield DW, Zhang Y, Graves LM. BIRC6 mediates imatinib resistance independently of Mcl-1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177871. [PMID: 28520795 PMCID: PMC5433768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviral IAP repeat containing 6 (BIRC6) is a member of the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), a family of functionally and structurally related proteins that inhibit apoptosis. BIRC6 has been implicated in drug resistance in several different human cancers, however mechanisms regulating BIRC6 have not been extensively explored. Our phosphoproteomic analysis of an imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell line (MYL-R) identified increased amounts of a BIRC6 peptide phosphorylated at S480, S482, and S486 compared to imatinib-sensitive CML cells (MYL). Thus we investigated the role of BIRC6 in mediating imatinib resistance and compared it to the well-characterized anti-apoptotic protein, Mcl-1. Both BIRC6 and Mcl-1 were elevated in MYL-R compared to MYL cells. Lentiviral shRNA knockdown of BIRC6 in MYL-R cells increased imatinib-stimulated caspase activation and resulted in a ~20-25-fold increase in imatinib sensitivity, without affecting Mcl-1. Treating MYL-R cells with CDK9 inhibitors decreased BIRC6 mRNA, but not BIRC6 protein levels. By contrast, while CDK9 inhibitors reduced Mcl-1 mRNA and protein, they did not affect imatinib sensitivity. Since the Src family kinase Lyn is highly expressed and active in MYL-R cells, we tested the effects of Lyn inhibition on BIRC6 and Mcl-1. RNAi-mediated knockdown or inhibition of Lyn (dasatinib/ponatinib) reduced BIRC6 protein stability and increased caspase activation. Inhibition of Lyn also increased formation of an N-terminal BIRC6 fragment in parallel with reduced amount of the BIRC6 phosphopeptide, suggesting that Lyn may regulate BIRC6 phosphorylation and stability. In summary, our data show that BIRC6 stability is dependent on Lyn, and that BIRC6 mediates imatinib sensitivity independently of Mcl-1 or CDK9. Hence, BIRC6 may be a novel target for the treatment of drug-resistant CML where Mcl-1 or CDK9 inhibitors have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis O. Okumu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Merlin Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Raymond Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas S. K. Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David W. Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lee M. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Arend KC, Lenarcic EM, Vincent HA, Rashid N, Lazear E, McDonald IM, Gilbert TSK, East MP, Herring LE, Johnson GL, Graves LM, Moorman NJ. Kinome Profiling Identifies Druggable Targets for Novel Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Antivirals. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:S263-S276. [PMID: 28237943 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.065375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a significant cause of disease in immune-compromised adults and immune naïve newborns. No vaccine exists to prevent HCMV infection, and current antiviral therapies have toxic side effects that limit the duration and intensity of their use. There is thus an urgent need for new strategies to treat HCMV infection. Repurposing existing drugs as antivirals is an attractive approach to limit the time and cost of new antiviral drug development. Virus-induced changes in infected cells are often driven by changes in cellular kinase activity, which led us to hypothesize that defining the complement of kinases (the kinome), whose abundance or expression is altered during infection would identify existing kinase inhibitors that could be repurposed as new antivirals. To this end, we applied a kinase capture technique, multiplexed kinase inhibitor bead-mass spectrometry (MIB-MS) kinome, to quantitatively measure perturbations in >240 cellular kinases simultaneously in cells infected with a laboratory-adapted (AD169) or clinical (TB40E) HCMV strain. MIB-MS profiling identified time-dependent increases and decreases in MIB binding of multiple kinases including cell cycle kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases, and mitotic kinases. Based on the kinome data, we tested the antiviral effects of kinase inhibitors and other compounds, several of which are in clinical use or development. Using a novel flow cytometry-based assay and a fluorescent reporter virus we identified three compounds that inhibited HCMV replication with IC50 values of <1 μm, and at doses that were not toxic to uninfected cells. The most potent inhibitor of HCMV replication was OTSSP167 (IC50 <1.2 nm), a MELK inhibitor, blocked HCMV early gene expression and viral DNA accumulation, resulting in a >3 log decrease in virus replication. These results show the utility of MIB-MS kinome profiling for identifying existing kinase inhibitors that can potentially be repurposed as novel antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Arend
- From the ‡Department of Microbiology & Immunology.,¶Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Erik M Lenarcic
- From the ‡Department of Microbiology & Immunology.,¶Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Heather A Vincent
- From the ‡Department of Microbiology & Immunology.,¶Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Naim Rashid
- ¶Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,‖Department of Biostatistics
| | - Eric Lazear
- From the ‡Department of Microbiology & Immunology.,¶Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | - Laura E Herring
- §Department of Pharmacology.,**UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Core Facility University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599 North Carolina
| | | | - Lee M Graves
- §Department of Pharmacology.,**UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Core Facility University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599 North Carolina
| | - Nathaniel J Moorman
- From the ‡Department of Microbiology & Immunology, .,¶Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
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35
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Seixas C, Choi SY, Polgar N, Umberger NL, East MP, Zuo X, Moreiras H, Ghossoub R, Benmerah A, Kahn RA, Fogelgren B, Caspary T, Lipschutz JH, Barral DC. Arl13b and the exocyst interact synergistically in ciliogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:308-20. [PMID: 26582389 PMCID: PMC4713133 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-02-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arl13b belongs to the ADP-ribosylation factor family within the Ras superfamily of regulatory GTPases. Mutations in Arl13b cause Joubert syndrome, which is characterized by congenital cerebellar ataxia, hypotonia, oculomotor apraxia, and mental retardation. Arl13b is highly enriched in cilia and is required for ciliogenesis in multiple organs. Nevertheless, the precise role of Arl13b remains elusive. Here we report that the exocyst subunits Sec8, Exo70, and Sec5 bind preferentially to the GTP-bound form of Arl13b, consistent with the exocyst being an effector of Arl13b. Moreover, we show that Arl13b binds directly to Sec8 and Sec5. In zebrafish, depletion of arl13b or the exocyst subunit sec10 causes phenotypes characteristic of defective cilia, such as curly tail up, edema, and abnormal pronephric kidney development. We explored this further and found a synergistic genetic interaction between arl13b and sec10 morphants in cilia-dependent phenotypes. Through conditional deletion of Arl13b or Sec10 in mice, we found kidney cysts and decreased ciliogenesis in cells surrounding the cysts. Moreover, we observed a decrease in Arl13b expression in the kidneys from Sec10 conditional knockout mice. Taken together, our results indicate that Arl13b and the exocyst function together in the same pathway leading to functional cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília Seixas
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Noemi Polgar
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Nicole L Umberger
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30022
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30022
| | - Xiaofeng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Hugo Moreiras
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rania Ghossoub
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, UMR7258, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Richard A Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30022
| | - Ben Fogelgren
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30022
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 Department of Medicine, RHJ Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Duarte C Barral
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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Ivanova AA, East MP, Yi SL, Kahn RA. Characterization of recombinant ELMOD (cell engulfment and motility domain) proteins as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for ARF family GTPases. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11111-11121. [PMID: 24616099 PMCID: PMC4036250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.548529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ARF family of regulatory GTPases, within the RAS superfamily, is composed of ~30 members in mammals, including up to six ARF and at least 18 ARF-like (ARL) proteins. They exhibit significant structural and biochemical conservation and regulate a variety of essential cellular processes, including membrane traffic, cell division, and energy metabolism; each with links to human diseases. We previously identified members of the ELMOD family as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for ARL2 that displayed crossover activity for ARFs as well. To further characterize the GAP activities of the three human ELMODs as GAPs we developed new preparations of each after overexpression in human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells. This allowed much higher specific activities and enhanced stability and solubility of the purified proteins. The specificities of ELMOD1-3 as GAPs for six different members of the ARF family were determined and found to display wide variations, which we believe will reveal differences in cellular functions of family members. The non-opioid sigma-1 receptor (S1R) was identified as a novel effector of GAP activity of ELMOD1-3 proteins as its direct binding to either ELMOD1 or ELMOD2 resulted in loss of GAP activity. These findings are critical to understand the roles of ELMOD proteins in cell signaling in general and in the inner ear specifically, and open the door to exploration of the regulation of their GAP activities via agonists or antagonists of the S1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Ivanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Slee L Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Richard A Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.
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East MP, Bowzard JB, Dacks JB, Kahn RA. ELMO domains, evolutionary and functional characterization of a novel GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain for Arf protein family GTPases. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:39538-53. [PMID: 23014990 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.417477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human family of ELMO domain-containing proteins (ELMODs) consists of six members and is defined by the presence of the ELMO domain. Within this family are two subclassifications of proteins, based on primary sequence conservation, protein size, and domain architecture, deemed ELMOD and ELMO. In this study, we used homology searching and phylogenetics to identify ELMOD family homologs in genomes from across eukaryotic diversity. This demonstrated not only that the protein family is ancient but also that ELMOs are potentially restricted to the supergroup Opisthokonta (Metazoa and Fungi), whereas proteins with the ELMOD organization are found in diverse eukaryotes and thus were likely the form present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. The segregation of the ELMO clade from the larger ELMOD group is consistent with their contrasting functions as unconventional Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factors and the Arf family GTPase-activating proteins, respectively. We used unbiased, phylogenetic sorting and sequence alignments to identify the most highly conserved residues within the ELMO domain to identify a putative GAP domain within the ELMODs. Three independent but complementary assays were used to provide an initial characterization of this domain. We identified a highly conserved arginine residue critical for both the biochemical and cellular GAP activity of ELMODs. We also provide initial evidence of the function of human ELMOD1 as an Arf family GAP at the Golgi. These findings provide the basis for the future study of the ELMOD family of proteins and a new avenue for the study of Arf family GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P East
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Abstract
We show Arl13b is localized to the ciliary membrane and regulates tubulin modifications and ciliary length in vitro. Significantly, we found that Smoothened is enriched in Arl13b null fibroblasts, even without Sonic hedgehog stimulation, but that Glis are not similarly enriched. Arl13b, a ciliary protein within the ADP-ribosylation factor family and Ras superfamily of GTPases, is required for ciliary structure but has poorly defined ciliary functions. In this paper, we further characterize the role of Arl13b in cilia by examining mutant cilia in vitro and determining the localization and dynamics of Arl13b within the cilium. Previously, we showed that mice lacking Arl13b have abnormal Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling; in this study, we show the dynamics of Shh signaling component localization to the cilium are disrupted in the absence of Arl13b. Significantly, we found Smoothened (Smo) is enriched in Arl13b-null cilia regardless of Shh pathway stimulation, indicating Arl13b regulates the ciliary entry of Smo. Furthermore, our analysis defines a role for Arl13b in regulating the distribution of Smo within the cilium. These results suggest that abnormal Shh signaling in Arl13b mutant embryos may result from defects in protein localization and distribution within the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Larkins
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Abstract
Arf GAPs (ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating proteins) are essential components of Arf (ADP-ribosylation factor) signaling pathways. Arf GAPs stimulate the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP to transition Arf from the active, GTP bound, state to the inactive, GDP bound, state. Based on this activity, Arf GAPs were initially proposed to function primarily or exclusively as terminators of Arf signaling. Further studies of Arf GAPs have revealed that they also function as effectors of Arf signaling in at least a few steps or processes in which Arfs are not directly involved. In this review we discuss the non-canonical functions of Arf GAPs and address several key questions in the field, including: whether (1) Arf GAPs are terminators or effectors of Arf signaling, (2) Arf GAPs positively or negatively regulate COPI assembly, (3) Arf GAPs are involved in vesicle fission, and (4) Arf GAPs regulate vesicle uncoating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P East
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322-3050, USA.
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40
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Fritz JR, East MP, Kahn RA. Identifying the essential arginine required for ELMOD1 GAP activity. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.867.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sajja HK, East MP, Mao H, Wang AY, Nie S, Yang L. Development of multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and noninvasive imaging of therapeutic effect. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2009; 6:43-51. [PMID: 19275541 PMCID: PMC3108242 DOI: 10.2174/157016309787581066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary scientific field undergoing explosive development. Nanometer-sized particles offer novel structural, optical and electronic properties that are not attainable with individual molecules or bulk solids. Advances in nanomedicine can be made by engineering biodegradable nanoparticles such as magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, polymers, dendrimers and liposomes that are capable of targeted delivery of both imaging agents and anticancer drugs. This leads toward the concept and possibility of personalized medicine for the potential of early detection of cancer lesions, determination of molecular signatures of the tumor by noninvasive imaging and, most importantly, molecular targeted cancer therapy. Increasing evidence suggests that the nanoparticles, whose surface contains a targeting molecule that binds to receptors highly expressed in tumor cells, can serve as cancer image contrast agents to increase sensitivity and specificity in tumor detection. In comparison with other small molecule contrast agents, the advantage of using nanoparticles is their large surface area and the possibility of surface modifications for further conjugation or encapsulation of large amounts of therapeutic agents. Targeted nanoparticles ferry large doses of therapeutic agents into malignant cells while sparing the normal healthy cells. Such multifunctional nanodevices hold the promise of significant improvement of current clinical management of cancer patients. This review explores the development of nanoparticles for enabling and improving the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, the potential of nanomedicine, and the development of novel and more effective diagnostic and screening techniques to extend the limits of molecular diagnostics providing point-of-care diagnosis and more personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Krishna Sajja
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Shuming Nie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lily Yang
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Surgery and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Room C-4088, 1365-C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322; Tel: 404-778-4269; Fax: 404-778-5530;
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42
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Abstract
This experiment investigates Borkovec's theory that the function of worry is to protect people from potentially distressing emotional imagery. The experiment builds on a previous one of Borkovec and Inz (Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 153-158, 1990) comparing the frequency of thoughts and images in imagery and relaxation. The present experiment confirms the previous finding that worry is associated with less imagery than relaxation, but shows that this is not distinctive to worry. Indeed, an additional control condition, 'present-oriented mentation', was associated with even less imagery than worry. The fact that other kinds of thinking are at least as effective as worry in suppressing emotional imagery indicates that this property of worry is not sufficient to explain its occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P East
- MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, England
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43
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Abstract
Recent research has pointed to the importance of cognitive activity in interfering with sleep, and suggested a close relationship between worry and insomnia. To explore the relationship between worry and insomnia in more detail, a sample was studied in which worry and insomnia were combined in a 2 x 2 design. The content of sleep-interfering cognitions was explored both with a previously developed Sleep Disturbance Questionnaire and a newly developed checklist of the content of thoughts that arose if people could not sleep. Both supported the importance of a distinction between sleep-related and other thoughts. Whereas worried insomniacs show a broad range of sleep-interfering thoughts, the thoughts of non-worried insomniacs focused mainly on sleep itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Watts
- MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, UK
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