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Gautam H, Khan S, Nidhi, Sofo A, Khan NA. Appraisal of the Role of Gaseous Signaling Molecules in Thermo-Tolerance Mechanisms in Plants. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:791. [PMID: 38592775 PMCID: PMC10975175 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A significant threat to the ongoing rise in temperature caused by global warming. Plants have many stress-resistance mechanisms, which is responsible for maintaining plant homeostasis. Abiotic stresses largely increase gaseous molecules' synthesis in plants. The study of gaseous signaling molecules has gained attention in recent years. The role of gaseous molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), and ethylene, in plants under temperature high-temperature stress are discussed in the current review. Recent studies revealed the critical function that gaseous molecules play in controlling plant growth and development and their ability to respond to various abiotic stresses. Here, we provide a thorough overview of current advancements that prevent heat stress-related plant damage via gaseous molecules. We also explored and discussed the interaction of gaseous molecules. In addition, we provided an overview of the role played by gaseous molecules in high-temperature stress responses, along with a discussion of the knowledge gaps and how this may affect the development of high-temperature-resistant plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Gautam
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Sheen Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Nidhi
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Adriano Sofo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment, Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Alvi AF, Khan S, Khan NA. Hydrogen sulfide and ethylene regulate sulfur-mediated stomatal and photosynthetic responses and heat stress acclimation in rice. Plant Physiol Biochem 2024; 207:108437. [PMID: 38368727 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The gaseous signaling molecules, ethylene (ET) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are well known for their ability to mitigate abiotic stress, but how they interact with mineral nutrients under heat stress is unclear. We have studied the involvement of ET and H2S in adaptation of heat stress on the availability of sulfur (S) levels in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Heat stress (40 °C) negatively impacted growth and photosynthetic-sulfur use efficiency (p-SUE), with accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in six rice cultivars, namely PS 2511, Birupa, Nidhi, PB 1509, PB 1728, and Panvel. Supplementation of S at 2.0 mM SO42- in the form of MgSO4, improved growth and photosynthetic attributes more than 1.0 mM SO42- under control (28 °C), and mitigated heat stress effects more prominently in PS 2511 (heat-tolerant) than in PB 1509 (heat-sensitive) cultivar. The higher heat stress mitigation potential of 2.0 mM SO42- in heat-tolerant cultivar was correlated with higher S-assimilation, activity of antioxidant enzymes, stomatal (stomatal conductance) and non-stomatal limitations, activity of carbonic anhydrase and Rubisco, and mesophyll conductance. The use of norbornadiene (NBD) and hypotaurine (HT), ET and H2S inhibitors, respectively, resulted in the lowest values for photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal and non-stomatal factors, implying the mediation of ET and H2S in heat stress acclimation. The connectivity of ET and H2S with S-assimilation through a common metabolite cysteine (Cys) improved heat stress adaptation in which H2S acted downstream to ET-mediated responses. Thus, the better adaptability of rice plants to heat stress may be obtained through modulation of ET and H2S via S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameena Fatima Alvi
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Sheen Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Asgher M, Rehaman A, Nazar Ul Islam S, Khan NA. Multifaceted roles of silicon nano particles in heavy metals-stressed plants. Environ Pollut 2024; 341:122886. [PMID: 37952923 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) contamination has emerged as one of the most damaging abiotic stress factors due to their prominent release into the environment through industrialization and urbanization worldwide. The increase in HMs concentration in soil and the environment has invited attention of researchers/environmentalists to minimize its' impact by practicing different techniques such as application of phytohormones, gaseous molecules, metalloids, and essential nutrients etc. Silicon (Si) although not considered as the essential nutrient, has received more attention in the last few decades due to its involvement in the amelioration of wide range of abiotic stress factors. Silicon is the second most abundant element after oxygen on earth, but is relatively lesser available for plants as it is taken up in the form of mono-silicic acid, Si(OH)4. The scattered information on the influence of Si on plant development and abiotic stress adaptation has been published. Moreover, the use of nanoparticles for maintenance of plant functions under limited environmental conditions has gained momentum. The current review, therefore, summarizes the updated information on Si nanoparticles (SiNPs) synthesis, characterization, uptake and transport mechanism, and their effect on plant growth and development, physiological and biochemical processes and molecular mechanisms. The regulatory connect between SiNPs and phytohormones signaling in counteracting the negative impacts of HMs stress has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Asgher
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, 185234, India
| | - Abdul Rehaman
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, 185234, India
| | - Syed Nazar Ul Islam
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, 185234, India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Khan S, Alvi AF, Saify S, Iqbal N, Khan NA. The Ethylene Biosynthetic Enzymes, 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) Synthase (ACS) and ACC Oxidase (ACO): The Less Explored Players in Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Biomolecules 2024; 14:90. [PMID: 38254690 PMCID: PMC10813531 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethylene is an essential plant hormone, critical in various physiological processes. These processes include seed germination, leaf senescence, fruit ripening, and the plant's response to environmental stressors. Ethylene biosynthesis is tightly regulated by two key enzymes, namely 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO). Initially, the prevailing hypothesis suggested that ACS is the limiting factor in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence from various studies has demonstrated that ACO, under specific circumstances, acts as the rate-limiting enzyme in ethylene production. Under normal developmental processes, ACS and ACO collaborate to maintain balanced ethylene production, ensuring proper plant growth and physiology. However, under abiotic stress conditions, such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, or pathogen attack, the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis becomes critical for plants' survival. This review highlights the structural characteristics and examines the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulation of ACS and ACO and their role under abiotic stress conditions. Reviews on the role of ethylene signaling in abiotic stress adaptation are available. However, a review delineating the role of ACS and ACO in abiotic stress acclimation is unavailable. Exploring how particular ACS and ACO isoforms contribute to a specific plant's response to various abiotic stresses and understanding how they are regulated can guide the development of focused strategies. These strategies aim to enhance a plant's ability to cope with environmental challenges more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheen Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Ameena Fatima Alvi
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Sadaf Saify
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Noushina Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (S.K.); (S.S.)
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Dhamotharaswamy K, Selvaraj H, Chidambaram K, Dhanasekaran M, Duraisamy K, Khan NA, Thangavel S. An impactful prospective study on pulmonary tuberculosis in geriatric populations besides its clinical outcomes and implications in the Indian subcontinent. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2024; 28:269-277. [PMID: 38235878 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202401_34913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Geriatric populations are most at risk for the tuberculosis pandemic, and as people age, the rate of infection rises steadily and drastically. Geriatric individuals frequently experience diagnostic challenges with a wide range of comorbidities, but employing all available standard and novel methods to diagnose any infection is crucial. The prophylactic and therapeutic management for the geriatric population presents a significant difficulty and challenge in assessing an appropriate and effective therapeutic outcome due to prolonged drug therapy and adverse drug reactions. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis in the geriatric population in the Indian subcontinent, its risk factors, clinical outcomes, and adherence to the medication. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective observational investigation was conducted in a tertiary care Hospital in Erode, Tamil Nadu, India, from April 2021 to September 2022. A total of 1,014 patients were screened, and 176 participants were selected. The participants were then subjected to medication adherence evaluation, and clinical data was collected. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0. RESULTS Among 176 participants, 135 (76.70%) were old (65-74 age), 37 (21.02%) were very old (75-84 age) TB patients, and 4 (2.27%) patients were extremely old TB patients (>85). Medication adherence was improved from baseline to the end of the study (p≤0.000). 110 patients completed the treatment (62.5%). 41 patients were cured in between treatments (23.29%), 13 patients died during the treatment (7.38%), 9 patients lost their follow-up (5.11%), 3 patients failed to respond to the treatment (1.70%). CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of therapy critically depends on the patient's medication adherence to anti-TB therapy. In addition to having a higher likelihood of therapy failure, elderly patients did not appropriately respond to the treatment and completely recovered from the infection even after effective pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dhamotharaswamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India.
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Mariyam S, Bhardwaj R, Khan NA, Sahi SV, Seth CS. Review on nitric oxide at the forefront of rapid systemic signaling in mitigation of salinity stress in plants: Crosstalk with calcium and hydrogen peroxide. Plant Sci 2023; 336:111835. [PMID: 37611833 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a global issue that limits plant growth in agricultural fields and contributes to food crisis. Salt stressors impede plant's ionic, osmotic, and oxidative balance, as well as a variety of physiological functions. Exposure to salinity stress manifest considerable ROS clustering, entailing modification in performance of various organelles. To deal with salinity, plants use a variety of coping strategies, such as osmoregulation, ion-homeostasis, increased antioxidant synthesis, and so on. Nitric oxide (NO) is a pivotal signalling molecule that helps facilitate salt stress-induced physiological plant responses. A variety of evidences point to NO being produced under similar stress conditions and with similar kinetics as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The interplay between H2O2 and NO has important functional implications for modulating plant transduction processes. Besides, NO and calcium (Ca2+)-dependent pathways also have some connection in salt stress response mechanisms. Extensive crosstalk between NO and Ca2+ signalling pathways is investigated, and it suggests that almost every type of Ca2+ channel is under the tight control of NO, and NO acts as a Ca2+ mobilising compound and aids in signal reliance. The review provides insights into understanding recent advances regarding NO's, Ca2+ and H2O2 role in salt stress reduction with entwine signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoora Mariyam
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, Delhi, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivendra V Sahi
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Sorwer MS, Khan NA, Miah AH, Rahman MA, Khan DJ, Islam MA, Jahan UR, Roy HK, Islam MA. Assessment of Serum Homocysteine Level to Predict Early Prognosis of Ischaemic Stroke. Mymensingh Med J 2023; 32:975-982. [PMID: 37777889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is the third most familiar cause of mortality worldwide and in Bangladesh. The reported prevalence of stroke in Bangladesh is 0.3%. Age, high serum glucose, elevated admission blood pressure, fever, large infarction size, and hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported to be risk factor for early post-stroke neurological deterioration. Early serum homocysteine level estimation can predict the early prognosis of ischemic stroke. In a developing country like Bangladesh, an earlier stroke outcome prediction for guiding therapeutic approach is essential. This study aimed to specify the role of estimating serum homocysteine during the early phase of acute ischemic stroke to assume an early prognosis that would guide- a management plan, the need to stay in the hospital and the need for intervention. This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed at the Department of Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from October 2021 to April 2022. Radiologically confirmed all ischemic stroke patients admitted at the Department of Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, during the study period fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in this study. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. Data was collected using a pre-designed case record form. Quantitative data were represented as mean and standard deviation and qualitative data as frequency and percentage. The comparison was made by Chi-square test and independent samples t-test using SPSS (version 26.0). During the study period, among 716 stroke patients, 59 ischemic stroke patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 64.0±11.72 years. After 72 hours of supportive treatment, early neurological outcomes were observed using NIHSS scoring. Out of 59 patients, the condition of 45(76.0%) patients improved or remained stable (END-) and the state of 14(24.0%) patients worsened (END+). Elderly age-raised temperature and elevated blood glucose level are known to increase infarction size, but only elevated temperature (p value 0.009) has statistical significance in this study. The mean homocysteine level ±SD was 20.22±6.95μmol/L, which is above the normal (<15μmol/L). The level was above average for both outcome groups. Serum homocysteine level was significantly higher in END(+) group (31.59±2.98μmol/L) than END(-) group (16.69±2.66μmol/L) and p value was <0.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Sorwer
- Dr Md Sayem Sorwer, Indoor Medical Officer, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh; E-mail:
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Iqbal N, Sehar Z, Fatma M, Khan S, Alvi AF, Mir IR, Masood A, Khan NA. Melatonin Reverses High-Temperature-Stress-Inhibited Photosynthesis in the Presence of Excess Sulfur by Modulating Ethylene Sensitivity in Mustard. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3160. [PMID: 37687406 PMCID: PMC10490298 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic, nontoxic, regulatory biomolecule with various functions in abiotic stress tolerance. It reverses the adverse effect of heat stress on photosynthesis in plants and helps with sulfur (S) assimilation. Our research objective aimed to find the influence of melatonin, along with excess sulfur (2 mM SO42-), in reversing heat stress's impacts on the photosynthetic ability of the mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivar SS2, a cultivar with low ATP-sulfurylase activity and a low sulfate transport index (STI). Further, we aimed to substantiate that the effect was a result of ethylene modulation. Melatonin in the presence of excess-S (S) increased S-assimilation and the STI by increasing the ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) and serine acetyltransferase (SAT) activity of SS2, and it enhanced the content of cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met). Under heat stress, melatonin increased S-assimilation and diverted Cys towards the synthesis of more reduced glutathione (GSH), utilizing excess-S at the expense of less methionine and ethylene and resulting in plants' reduced sensitivity to stress ethylene. The treatment with melatonin plus excess-S increased antioxidant enzyme activity, photosynthetic-S use efficiency (p-SUE), Rubisco activity, photosynthesis, and growth under heat stress. Further, plants receiving melatonin and excess-S in the presence of norbornadiene (NBD; an ethylene action inhibitor) under heat stress showed an inhibited STI and lower photosynthesis and growth. This suggested that ethylene was involved in the melatonin-mediated heat stress reversal effects on photosynthesis in plants. The interaction mechanism between melatonin and ethylene is still elusive. This study provides avenues to explore the melatonin-ethylene-S interaction for heat stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushina Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mehar Fatma
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Sheen Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Ameena Fatima Alvi
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Iqbal R. Mir
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Asim Masood
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Khan NA, Ferrante A, Khan MIR, Poor P. Editorial: Ethylene: a key regulatory molecule in plants, Volume II. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1222462. [PMID: 37396643 PMCID: PMC10313324 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1222462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nafees A. Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Peter Poor
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Alvi AF, Iqbal N, Albaqami M, Khan NA. The emerging key role of reactive sulfur species in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Physiol Plant 2023:e13945. [PMID: 37265249 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In plants, sulfur plays a critical role in the formation of important biomolecules such as cysteine, methionine, and tripeptide glutathione. Thiol groups, composed of sulfur, are essential to numerous metabolic processes. The easy and reversible oxidation and reduction of thiol groups have drawn attention to the redox regulation of cellular metabolism. Reactive sulfur species (RSS), including hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), persulfides and polysulfides, are synthetized in all living organisms, mainly from cysteine, and have been recognized in the last two decades as very important molecules in redox regulation. RSS are considered potent signaling molecules, being involved in the regulation of virtually all aspects of cell function. With regard to stress, reactive species and the antioxidant machinery maintain a delicate balance that gets disturbed under stress conditions, wherein reactive species biosynthesis, transportation, scavenging, and overall metabolism become decisive for plant survival. While reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have been much discussed over recent years, research into reactive sulfur species (RSS) biosynthesis, signaling, and relation to abiotic stresses is still nascent. RSS evolved long before reactive oxygen species, and because both are metabolized by catalase, it has been suggested that "antioxidant" enzymes originally evolved to regulate RSS and may still do so today. In this review, we have tried to summarize the generation, signaling, and interaction of RSS in plant systems and to discuss in detail the roles under various abiotic stresses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameena Fatima Alvi
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | - Mohammed Albaqami
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Sehar Z, Fatma M, Khan S, Mir IR, Abdi G, Khan NA. Melatonin influences methyl jasmonate-induced protection of photosynthetic activity in wheat plants against heat stress by regulating ethylene-synthesis genes and antioxidant metabolism. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7468. [PMID: 37156928 PMCID: PMC10167371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) play important roles in the adaptation of plants to different stress factors by modulating stress tolerance mechanisms. The present study reports the involvement of MT (100 µM) in MeJA (10 µM)-induced photosynthetic performance and heat stress acclimation through regulation of the antioxidant metabolism and ethylene production in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. Plants exposed to 40 °C for 6 h per day for 15 days and allowed to retrieve at 28 °C showed enhanced oxidative stress and antioxidant metabolism, increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS) activity and ethylene production, and decreased photosynthetic performance. In contrast, the exogenously applied MT and MeJA reduced oxidative stress through improved S-assimilation (+ 73.6% S content), antioxidant defense system (+ 70.9% SOD, + 115.8% APX and + 104.2% GR, and + 49.5% GSH), optimized ethylene level to 58.4% resulting in improved photosynthesis by 75%. The use of p-chlorophenyl alanine, a MT biosynthesis inhibitor along with MeJA in the presence of heat stress reduced the photosynthetic performance, ATP-S activity and GSH content, substantiated the requirement of MT in the MeJA-induced photosynthetic response of plants under heat stress. These findings suggest that MeJA evoked the plant's ability to withstand heat stress by regulating the S-assimilation, antioxidant defense system, and ethylene production, and improving photosynthetic performance was dependent on MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Mehar Fatma
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Sheen Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Iqbal R Mir
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Gholamreza Abdi
- Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran.
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Easwaran V, Khan NA, Iqbal MJ, Alshahrani SM, Orayj K, Almeleebia TM, Sadiq MMJ, Vijayaraghavalu S, Hussain ATM. The study of healthcare professionals' perspective towards the quality of diabetic care services in Abha. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27:4328-4336. [PMID: 37259764 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202305_32437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational characteristics and diabetes care from the perspective of health care professionals (HCPs) in Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional, self-reported survey of healthcare professionals was done. The study comprised a total of 106 HCPs from various departments involved with diabetes patient clinics or service providers. The electronic data collecting form was used to gather the data. RESULTS The study revealed a stronger association between the availability of bed facilities and better glycemic control. Moreover, the majority of HCPs believes that urbanization and sedentary lifestyles are the main contributors to the rise of diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia. Depending on organizational features, the regulations that are available for monitoring defaulter patients and running continuous medical education (CME) programs are vastly different. The main cause of the reported lack of medications for managing diabetic care was described as being a problem with the central medical supply store's drug supply, which was influenced by the type of health sector. CONCLUSIONS Facilitating change at all levels, including patient education, HCPs education, and organizational development, can improve the quality of treatment. The current study can provide insight into the focus of interventional strategies to deliver diabetes patients with high-quality patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Easwaran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Fatma M, Sehar Z, Iqbal N, Alvi AF, Abdi G, Proestos C, Khan NA. Sulfur supplementation enhances nitric oxide efficacy in reversal of chromium-inhibited Calvin cycle enzymes, photosynthetic activity, and carbohydrate metabolism in wheat. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6858. [PMID: 37100855 PMCID: PMC10133275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrated that exogenously-sourced nitric oxide (as SNP, sodium nitroprusside; NO donor) and sulfur (S) protected photosynthesis against chromium (Cr) stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. HD 2851). Plants grown with 100 µM Cr exhibited higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, resulting in photosynthetic damage. The individual application of 50 µM NO increased carbohydrate metabolism as well as photosynthetic parameters, antioxidant system with higher transcriptional gene levels that encode the key enzymes for the Calvin cycle under Cr stress. These effects were more prominent when NO was applied with 1.0 mM SO42-. An increase in the reduced glutathione (GSH) content obtained with NO was further enhanced by S and resulted in higher protection against Cr stress. The protective effect of NO with S against Cr toxicity on photosynthesis was reversed when buthionine sulfoximine (BSO; GSH biosynthetic inhibitor) was used. Application of BSO reversed the impact of NO plus S on photosynthesis under Cr stress, verifying that the ameliorating effect of NO was through S-assimilation and via GSH production. Thus, the availability of S to NO application can help reduce Cr toxicity and protect photosynthetic activity and expression of the Calvin cycle enzymes in leaves through the GSH involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehar Fatma
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Noushina Iqbal
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | | | - Gholamreza Abdi
- Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran.
| | - Charalampos Proestos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Sehar Z, Mir IR, Khan S, Masood A, Khan NA. Nitric Oxide and Proline Modulate Redox Homeostasis and Photosynthetic Metabolism in Wheat Plants under High Temperature Stress Acclimation. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1256. [PMID: 36986944 PMCID: PMC10053195 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of exogenously-sourced NO (nitric oxide, as 100 µM SNP) and proline (50 mM) in the protection of the photosynthetic performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants against heat stress were investigated. The study focused on the mechanisms of proline accumulation, activity, gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, and NO generation. Plants were exposed to a temperature of 40 °C for 6 h per day over 15 days, then allowed to recover at 28 °C. Heat-stressed plants showed increased oxidative stress, with higher levels of H2O2 and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and increased proline accumulation, ACS activity, ethylene evolution, and NO generation, which in turn leads to increased accumulation of antioxidant enzymes and reduced photosynthetic attributes. In the tested wheat cultivar, the exogenous application of SNP and proline under heat stress improved the photosynthesis and reduced oxidative stress by enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant defense system. Potentially, the promoter AOX (alternative oxidase) played a role in maintaining redox homeostasis by lowering H2O2 and TBARS levels. The genes for GR antioxidant and photosystem II core protein encoding psbA and psbB were highly up-regulated in nitric oxide and proline treated heat-stressed plants, indicating that ethylene positively impacted photosynthesis under high temperature stress. Moreover, nitric oxide supplementation under high temperature stress optimized ethylene levels to regulate the assimilation and metabolism of proline and the antioxidant system, lowering the adverse effects. The study showed that nitric oxide and proline increased high temperature stress tolerance in wheat by increasing the osmolytes accumulation and the antioxidant system, resulting in enhanced photosynthesis.
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Easwaran V, Alshahrani SM, Sadiq MMJ, Khan NA, Alavudeen SS, Almeleebia TM, Alkhaldi BA, Alshuraymi MK, Asiri MY, Khulaif NW. Knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes among general population towards bipolar disorders: a cross-sectional report from the Southern region of Saudi Arabia. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27:2288-2296. [PMID: 37013746 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202303_31762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to understand the impact of demographic characteristics and to describe the gender differences in knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes towards bipolar disorders among common residents in the Southern region of Saudi Arabia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This cross-sectional survey was conducted between January 2021 and March 2021. The survey was conducted among the common residents in the southern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data were collected by using a structured, self-administered, validated questionnaire comprised of a dichotomous type of questions along with Likert scale. RESULTS There is a significant difference in the distribution of knowledge scores between male and female study participants (p=0.000). No significant gender differences have been identified in beliefs and attitudes toward bipolar disorder (p=0.229) and in overall score (p=0.159). The traumatic event was reported as the major cause of bipolar disorder. The age group and employment status were found to be the major predictor of knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes about bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS Although the knowledge awareness rate on bipolar disorder is high among public in the Southern region, there is a vast scope for improving it. Education should be disseminated to promote mental health awareness and improve attitudes and beliefs on bipolar disorders and reduce stigma and discrimination against patients with bipolar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Easwaran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Rasheed F, Mir IR, Sehar Z, Fatma M, Gautam H, Khan S, Anjum NA, Masood A, Sofo A, Khan NA. Nitric Oxide and Salicylic Acid Regulate Glutathione and Ethylene Production to Enhance Heat Stress Acclimation in Wheat Involving Sulfur Assimilation. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11223131. [PMID: 36432860 PMCID: PMC9697704 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones have a role in stress adaptation. The major mechanism underlying the role of exogenously-sourced nitric oxide (NO; as sodium nitroprusside, SNP: 50.0 µM) and salicylic acid (SA; 0.5 mM) in the presence of 2.0 mM SO4-2 was assessed in heat stress (HS; 40 °C for 6 h daily for 15 days) tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. HD-3226). The cultivar HD-3226 possessed high photosynthetic sulfur use efficiency (p-SUE) among the six cultivars screened. Plants grown under HS exhibited an increased content of reactive oxygen species (ROS; including superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide) and extent of lipid peroxidation with a consequent reduction in photosynthesis and growth. However, both NO and SA were found to be protective against HS via enhanced S assimilation. Their application reduced oxidative stress and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. NO or SA supplementation along with S under HS recovered the losses and improved photosynthesis and growth. The use of SA inhibitor (2-aminoindane-2-phosphonic acid; AIP) and NO scavenger (cPTIO) confirmed that the mitigating effects of SA and NO involved induction in S assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Rasheed
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Iqbal R. Mir
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mehar Fatma
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Harsha Gautam
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Sheen Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Naser A. Anjum
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Asim Masood
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Adriano Sofo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment, Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Khan S, Sehar Z, Fatma M, Mir IR, Iqbal N, Tarighat MA, Abdi G, Khan NA. Involvement of ethylene in melatonin-modified photosynthetic-N use efficiency and antioxidant activity to improve photosynthesis of salt grown wheat. Physiol Plant 2022; 174:e13832. [PMID: 36437590 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of melatonin in the regulation of salt stress acclimation has been shown in plants in this present work. We found that the GOAL cultivar of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was the most salt-tolerant among the investigated cultivars, GOAL, HD-2967, PBW-17, PBW-343, PBW-550, and WH-1105 when screened for tolerance to 100 mM NaCl. The application of 100 μM melatonin maximally reduced oxidative stress and improved photosynthesis in the cv. GOAL. Melatonin supplementation reduced salt stress-induced oxidative stress by upregulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR), and reduced the glutathione (GSH) production. This resulted in increased membrane stability, photosynthetic-N use efficiency and photosynthesis in plants. The application of 50 μM of the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) in the presence of melatonin and salt stress increased H2 O2 content but reduced GR activity and GSH, photosynthesis, and plant dry mass. This signifies that melatonin-mediated salt stress tolerance was related to ethylene synthesis as it improved antioxidant activity and photosynthesis of plants under salt stress. Thus, the interaction of melatonin and ethylene bears a prominent role in salt stress tolerance in wheat and can be used to develop salt tolerance in other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheen Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mehar Fatma
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Iqbal R Mir
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | | | - Gholamareza Abdi
- Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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18
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Alvi AF, Sehar Z, Fatma M, Masood A, Khan NA. Strigolactone: An Emerging Growth Regulator for Developing Resilience in Plants. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11192604. [PMID: 36235470 PMCID: PMC9571818 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Improving plant resilience to changing environmental conditions is the primary focus of today's scientific research globally. It is essential to find various strategies for the better survival of plants with higher resistance potential to climate change. Strigolactones (SLs) are multifunctional β-carotene derivative molecules that determine a range of plant growth and development aspects, such as root architecture, shoot branching, chlorophyll synthesis, and senescence. SLs facilitate strong defense responses against drought, salinity, heavy metal, nutrient starvation, and heat stress. The SLs trigger other hormonal-responsive pathways and determine plant resilience against stressful environments. This review focuses on the mechanisms regulated by SLs and interaction with other plant hormones to regulate plant developmental processes and SLs' influence on the mitigation of plant damage under abiotic stresses. A better understanding of the signaling and perception of SLs may lead to the path for the sustainability of plants in the changing environmental scenario. The SLs may be considered as an opening door toward sustainable agriculture.
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Mdkhana B, Goel S, Saleh MA, Siddiqui R, Khan NA, Elmoselhi AB. Role of oxidative stress in angiogenesis and the therapeutic potential of antioxidants in breast cancer. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26:4677-4692. [PMID: 35856359 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202207_29192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The escalation of cancer cases globally, especially breast cancer, is of concern. Angiogenesis is hallmark of cancer pathogenesis and plays an important role in cancer progression and metastasis. Pro-angiogenic agents, secreted by tumor cells, form new blood vessels, and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS promote angiogenesis via two major pathways: namely Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) dependent and non-VEGF dependent pathways. As a consequence of unbalanced ROS overproduction and low antioxidants levels, oxidative stress occurs and promotes angiogenesis in breast cancer tissues. Thus, the potential use of antioxidants as a preventive therapy in breast cancer. Preclinical studies depict that vitamins A and E may counter oxidative stress resulting in reduction of metastasis and viability of breast cancer. Furthermore, clinical studies demonstrate a decline in breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women upon the consumption of antioxidants. Herein, we discuss various pro-angiogenic agents that may play an important role in breast cancer angiogenesis. Moreover, the contribution of oxidative stress in inducing the angiogenic process is extensively reviewed here. Furthermore, the findings of pre-clinical and clinical studies on the use of antioxidants, namely vitamins A and E, in breast cancer are deliberated upon, along with the role of angiogenesis in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mdkhana
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.
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20
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Rather BA, Mir IR, Masood A, Anjum NA, Khan NA. Ethylene-nitrogen synergism induces tolerance to copper stress by modulating antioxidant system and nitrogen metabolism and improves photosynthetic capacity in mustard. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:49029-49049. [PMID: 35212900 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to test the efficiency of ethylene (Eth; 200 µL L-1 ethephon) in presence or absence of nitrogen (N; 80 mg N kg-1 soil) in protecting photosynthetic apparatus from copper (Cu; 100 mg Cu kg-1 soil) stress in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and to elucidate the physio-biochemical modulation for Eth plus N-induced Cu tolerance. Elevated Cu-accrued reductions in photosynthesis and growth were accompanied by significantly higher Cu accumulation in leaves and oxidative stress with reduced assimilation of N and sulfur (S). Ethylene in coordination with N considerably reduced Cu accumulation, lowered lipid peroxidation, lignin accumulation, and contents of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, and superoxide anion, O2•-), and mitigated the negative effect of Cu on N and S assimilation, accumulation of non-protein thiols and phytochelatins, enzymatic, and non-enzymatic antioxidants (activity of ascorbate peroxidase, APX, and glutathione reductase, GR; content of reduced glutathione, GSH, and ascorbate, AsA), cell viability, photosynthesis, and growth. Overall, the effect of ethylene-nitrogen synergism was evident on prominently mitigating Cu stress and protecting photosynthesis. The approach of supplementing ethylene with N may be used as a potential tool to restrain Cu stress, and protect photosynthesis and growth of mustard plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal A Rather
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Iqbal R Mir
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Asim Masood
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Naser A Anjum
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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21
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Asgher M, Sehar Z, Rehaman A, Rashid S, Ahmed S, Per TS, Alyemeni MN, Khan NA. Exogenously-applied L-glutamic acid protects photosynthetic functions and enhances arsenic tolerance through increased nitrogen assimilation and antioxidant capacity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environ Pollut 2022; 301:119008. [PMID: 35189299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
L-Glutamic acid (Glu) is used as an effective bio-stimulant to reduce arsenic (As) stress in plants. The role of Glu was studied in the protection of photosynthesis and growth of rice (Oryza sativa L. Japonica Type Taipie-309) plants grown with 50 μM As stress by studying the oxidative stress, photosynthetic and growth characteristics. Among the Glu concentrations (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 μM), 10 μM Glu maximally enhanced photosynthesis and growth parameters with the least cellular oxidative stress level. The supplementation of 10 μM Glu resulted in the reduced effects of As stress on gas exchange parameters, PSII activity and growth attributes through enhancement of antioxidant and proline metabolism. The enzymes of nitrogen (N) assimilation, such as nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase were increased with Glu treatment under As stress. The Glu-induced metabolite synthesis showed the role of various metabolites in As stress responses. The role of Glu as a signalling molecule in reducing the adverse effects of As through accelerating the antioxidant enzymes, PSII activity, proline metabolism and nitrogen assimilation has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Asgher
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Abdul Rehaman
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Shaista Rashid
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Sajad Ahmed
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Tasir S Per
- Department of Botany, Government Degree College, Doda, Jammu and Kashmir, 182202, India
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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22
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Aslam HMU, Khan NA, Hussain SI, Ali Y, Raheel M, Shahzad R, Jamil S, Yasin O, Ali S, Amrao L. First Report of Brown Leaf Spot of Rice ( Oryza sativa) Caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana in Pakistan. Plant Dis 2022; 106:PDIS05211097PDN. [PMID: 34798785 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-21-1097-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H M U Aslam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Plant Protection (IPP), MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - N A Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - S I Hussain
- Pest Warning and Quality Control of Pesticides, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Y Ali
- College of Agriculture, BZU, Bahadur Sub-Campus Layyah, Pakistan
| | - M Raheel
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - R Shahzad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - S Jamil
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - O Yasin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - S Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - L Amrao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Gautam H, Fatma M, Sehar Z, Iqbal N, Albaqami M, Khan NA. Exogenously-Sourced Ethylene Positively Modulates Photosynthesis, Carbohydrate Metabolism, and Antioxidant Defense to Enhance Heat Tolerance in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031031. [PMID: 35162955 PMCID: PMC8835467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of exogenously-applied ethylene sourced from ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid)was studied on photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and high-temperature stress tolerance in Taipei-309 and Rasi cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Heat stress increased the content of H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)more in Rasi than Taipei-309. Further, a significant decline in sucrose, starch, and carbohydrate metabolism enzyme activity and photosynthesis was also observed in response to heat stress. The application of ethephon reduced H2O2 and TBARS content by enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant defense system and improved carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, and growth more conspicuously in Taipei-309 under heat stress. The ethephon application enhanced photosynthesis by up-regulating the psbA and psbB genes of photosystem II in heat-stressed plants. Interestingly, foliar application of ethephoneffectively down-regulated high-temperature-stress-induced elevated ethylene biosynthesis gene expression. Overall, ethephon application optimized ethylene levels under high-temperature stress to regulate the antioxidant enzymatic system and carbohydrate metabolism, reducing the adverse effects on photosynthesis. These findings suggest that ethylene regulates photosynthesis via carbohydrate metabolism and the antioxidant system, thereby influencing high-temperature stress tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Gautam
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (H.G.); (M.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Mehar Fatma
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (H.G.); (M.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (H.G.); (M.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Noushina Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Mohammed Albaqami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (H.G.); (M.F.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (N.A.K.)
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Sofo A, Khan NA, D'Ippolito I, Reyes F. Subtoxic levels of some heavy metals cause differential root-shoot structure, morphology and auxins levels in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 173:68-75. [PMID: 35101796 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of soil by heavy metals severely affects plant growth and causes soil pollution. While effects on plant growth have been investigated for metals taken individually or in groups, less is known about their comparative effects. In this study Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were grown for 14 days in Petri dishes containing medium contaminated by six common heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn), at the minimum concentrations defined as toxic by the most recent EU legislation on contamination of agricultural soils. (a) Root structure and morphology, (b) metal composition and translocation, and (c) the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were analyzed. Metals accumulated more in roots than in shoots, with concentrations that differed by several orders of magnitude depending on the metal: Cd (ca. 700 × and ca. 450 × in roots and shoots, respectively), Hg (150 × , 80 × ), Ni (50 × , 20 × ), Cu (48 × , 20 × ), Zn (23 × , 6 × ), and Pb (9 × , 4 × ). Responses were significant for at least nine of the ten root parameters (with the exception of Hg), and five of the six shoot parameters (with the exception of Zn). Cu and Zn induced respectively the strongest responses in root hormonal (up to ca. 240% the control values for IBA, 190% for IAA) and structural parameters (up to 210% for main root length, 330% for total lateral root length, 220% for number of root tips, 600% for total root surface, and from 2.5° to 26.0° of root growth angle). Regarding the shoots, the largest changes occurred for shoot height (down to 60% for Ni), rosette diameter (down to 45% for Hg), leaf number (up to 230% for Zn) and IBA (up to 240% for Pb and Cu). A microscope analysis revealed that shape and conformation of root hairs were strongly inhibited after Cd exposure, and enhanced under Hg and Pb. The results could have positive applications such as for defining toxicity thresholds (in phytoremediation) and acceptable concentration levels (for policies) for some of the most common heavy metals in agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Sofo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment and Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, 20, 75100, Matera, Italy.
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Ilaria D'Ippolito
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment and Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, 20, 75100, Matera, Italy
| | - Francesco Reyes
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Sehar Z, Iqbal N, Fatma M, Rather BA, Albaqami M, Khan NA. Ethylene Suppresses Abscisic Acid, Modulates Antioxidant System to Counteract Arsenic-Inhibited Photosynthetic Performance in the Presence of Selenium in Mustard. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:852704. [PMID: 35651777 PMCID: PMC9149584 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) stress provokes various toxic effects in plants that disturbs its photosynthetic potential and hampers growth. Ethylene and selenium (Se) have shown regulatory interaction in plants for metal tolerance; however, their synergism in As tolerance through modification of the antioxidant enzymes and hormone biosynthesis needs further elaboration. With this in view, we investigated the impact of ethylene and Se in the protection of photosynthetic performance against As stress in mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Supplementation with ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid; ethylene source) and/or Se allayed the negative impact of As-induced toxicity by limiting As content in leaves, enhancing the antioxidant defense system, and decreasing the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA). Ethylene plus Se more prominently regulated stomatal behavior, improved photosynthetic capacity, and mitigated As-induced effects. Ethephon in the presence of Se decreased stress ethylene formation and ABA accumulation under As stress, resulting in improved photosynthesis and growth through enhanced reduced glutathione (GSH) synthesis, which in turn reduced the oxidative stress. In both As-stressed and non-stressed plants treated with ethylene action inhibitor, norbornadiene, resulted in increased ABA and oxidative stress with reduced photosynthetic activity by downregulating expression of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase, suggesting the involvement of ethylene in the reversal of As-induced toxicity. These findings suggest that ethephon and Se induce regulatory interaction between ethylene, ABA accumulation, and GSH metabolism through regulating the activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes. Thus, in an economically important crop (mustard), the severity of As stress could be reduced through the supplementation of both ethylene and Se that coordinate for maximum stress alleviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | - Mehar Fatma
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Bilal A. Rather
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohammed Albaqami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Albaqami
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- Nafees A. Khan
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Alqahtani T, Alqahtani AM, Alshahrani SM, Orayj K, Almanasef M, Alamri AH, Easwaran V, Khan NA. Assessment of knowledge and practice of mammography and breast self-examination among the general female population in Asir region of KSA. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2021; 25:7231-7237. [PMID: 34919222 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202112_27416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and an increasing burden in terms of incidence, morbidity and mortality. It accounts for about 28.7% of all new cancers in women. In 2015, the Saudi cancer registry shows that breast cancer was graded first among women and it accounts for 16.7% of all cancers reported among Saudi nationals. This study was designed to assess breast cancer screening knowledge and practices among women in the Asir region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study recruiting 1,021 female participants was performed. The variables included breast cancer knowledge, socio-demographic features, breast self-examination knowledge and practice. Descriptive statistics was used to compare and analyze the collected data while chi-square test was used to check the statistical significance among the selected variables. Saudi married women from Asir region were the participants of this cross-sectional study. RESULTS Our findings suggested that participants had a satisfactory level of knowledge about breast self-examination and mammograms at a rate of > 90% and 44.76% respectively. Over 90% of participants had good breast self-exam knowledge, however, only 6.37% was always performed breast self-examination. Similarly, nearly 40% of participants performed mammograms, while 40.5% were unaware. Leaflets and doctors were the primary sources of information for participants regarding the information of breast cancer screening. CONCLUSIONS Breast self-examination is a crucial approach to the timely detection of breast cancer and is subsequently critical for effective treatment. From the findings of this study we concluded that most women in the Asir region have a good awareness of breast cancer screening methods. However, either screening of self-examination or mammogram for breast cancer was not carried out thoroughly and regularly. This means that we must continue to emphasize the importance of primary health care in the earliest stages of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
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27
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Ul-Hassan H, Mahboob S, Masood Z, Riaz MN, Rizwan S, Al-Misned F, Abdel-Aziz MFA, Al-Ghanim KA, Gabol K, Chatta AM, Khan NA, Saeed, Waqar M. Biodiversity of commercially important finfish species caught by mid-water and bottom trawls from two different coasts of Arabian Sea: Threats and conservation strategies. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e249211. [PMID: 34730605 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.249211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to estimate the diversity and the occurrence of commercially important finfish species collected by twenty fish sampling site of Sindh and Baluchistan coasts of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan from January to December 2019. Additionally, physicochemical characteristics of seawater were analyzed from these selected sites and found to be within suitable ranges required for fish growth and survive. A total of 81287 fish individuals were collected and identified as 49 species belonging to 26 families in our study. The most diversified family was Sparidae (13 species) followed by Carangidae and Lutjanidae (4 species), Mullidae, Serranidae, Ariidae (3 species), and Sciaenidae (2 species). The remaining 20 families were represented by only one species. The values of Shannon diversity index calculated for the four selected habitats revealed that high fish diversity was reported at Sonmiani Coast (H'=1.81), while less at Ormara Coast (H'=0.23). Likewise, Evenness index (E) was high at Sonmiani Coast (E=0.50) and less fish diversity was reported at Ormara Coast (E=0.06). Reducing risks to threatened marine species in coastal habitats also requires conservation actions at multiple scales. Thus, it was concluded that our study could be valuable in providing the more information's regarding to the diversity of finfish species and their occurrence along the Pakistan Coast. Further, to better understand the effects, regular monitoring and conservation measures should be taken to mitigate the influence of anthropogenic activities and protect finfish diversity from further decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ul-Hassan
- University of Karachi, Department of Zoology, Karachi, Pakistan.,Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Fisheries Development Board, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - S Mahboob
- King Saud University, College of Science, Department of Zoology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Z Masood
- SBK Women University Quetta, Department of Zoology, Baluchistan, Pakistan
| | - M N Riaz
- Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - S Rizwan
- Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - F Al-Misned
- King Saud University, College of Science, Department of Zoology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M F A Abdel-Aziz
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries - NIOF, Aquculture Division, Cairo, Egypt
| | - K A Al-Ghanim
- King Saud University, College of Science, Department of Zoology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - K Gabol
- University of Karachi, Department of Zoology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - A M Chatta
- Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Fisheries Development Board, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - N A Khan
- Sindh Madressa-tul-Islam University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Karachi Pakistan
| | - Saeed
- University of Karachi, Department of Zoology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - M Waqar
- University of Karachi, Department of Zoology, Karachi, Pakistan
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Haider R, Shamsi TS, Khan NA. Machine learning based decipherment of Cell Population Data: a promising hospital front-door screening tool for COVID-19. Am J Clin Pathol 2021. [PMCID: PMC8574509 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqab191.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction/Objective Key challenges against early diagnosis of COVID-19 are its symptoms sharing nature and prolong SARS-CoV-2 PCR turnaround time. Hither machine learning (ML) tools experienced by routinely generated clinical data; potentially grant early prediction. Methods/Case Report Routine and earlier diagnostic data along demographic information were extracted for total of 21,672 subsequent presentations. Along conventional statistics, multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) were applied to predict COVID-19 from pre-pandemic control. Three feature sets were prepared, and performance evaluated through stratified 10-fold cross validation. With differing predominance of COVID-19, multiple test sets were created and predictive efficiency was evaluated to simulate real-fashion performance against fluctuating course of pandemic. Models validation was also inducted in prospective manner on independent dataset, equating framework forecasting to conclusions from PCR. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) RBF model attained superior cross entropy error 20.761(7.883) and 20.782(3.991) for Q-Flags and Routine Items respectively while MLP outperformed for cell population data (CPD) parameters with value of 6.968(1.259) for ‘training(testing)’. Our CPD driven MLP framework in challenge of lower (<5%) COVID-19 predominance affords greater negative predictive values (NPV >99%). Higher accuracy (%correct 92.5) was offered during prospective validation using independent dataset. Sensitivity analysis advances illusive accuracy (%correct 94.1) and NPV (96.9%). LY-WZ, Blasts/Abn Lympho?, ‘HGB Interf?’, and ‘RBC Agglutination?’ are among novel enlightening study attributes. Conclusion CPD driven ML tools offer efficient screening of COVID-19 patients at presentation to hospital to backing early expulsion and directing patients’ flow-from amid the initial presentation to hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Haider
- Baqai Institute of Hematology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Select..., PAKISTAN
| | - T S Shamsi
- National Institute of Blood Disease, Karachi, PAKISTAN
| | - N A Khan
- NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, PAKISTAN
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29
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Khan MIR, Jahan B, AlAjmi MF, Rehman MT, Iqbal N, Irfan M, Sehar Z, Khan NA. Crosstalk of plant growth regulators protects photosynthetic performance from arsenic damage by modulating defense systems in rice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 222:112535. [PMID: 34325203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a well-known plant growth regulator, which participates in many physiological processes of plants under normal and stressful conditions. In this study, we investigated the impact of SA supplementation on the components of ascorbate-glutathione cycle and glyoxalase system, photosynthesis and growth of rice (Oryza sativa) plants subjected to arsenic (As) stress. Plants grown with As exhibited enhanced As uptake, increased oxidative stress, and photosynthesis and growth inhibition. Application of SA promoted photosynthesis and growth in plants with or without As stress by improving plant defense systems and reducing oxidative stress through interaction with ethylene and nitric oxide (NO). SA acted as an ethylene antagonist, reducing stress ethylene formation under As stress, while NO formation was induced. This resulted in coordinated control over the antioxidant defense systems and enhanced As tolerance, protecting photosynthesis and growth from As-induced damage. The study showed that positive responses of SA in promoting photosynthesis and growth under As stress were the result of its interplay with ethylene and NO, enhanced capacity of defense systems to reduce oxidative stress. The crosstalk of SA with ethylene and NO will be useful in augmenting the performance of rice plants under As stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Badar Jahan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India
| | - Mohamed F AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Irfan
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India.
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Iqbal N, Fatma M, Gautam H, Umar S, Sofo A, D’ippolito I, Khan NA. The Crosstalk of Melatonin and Hydrogen Sulfide Determines Photosynthetic Performance by Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Wheat under Heat Stress. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10091778. [PMID: 34579310 PMCID: PMC8465529 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a pivotal process that determines the synthesis of carbohydrates required for sustaining growth under normal or stress situation. Stress exposure reduces the photosynthetic potential owing to the excess synthesis of reactive oxygen species that disturb the proper functioning of photosynthetic apparatus. This decreased photosynthesis is associated with disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism resulting in reduced growth under stress. We evaluated the importance of melatonin in reducing heat stress-induced severity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. The plants were subjected to 25 °C (optimum temperature) or 40 °C (heat stress) for 15 days at 6 h time duration and then developed the plants for 30 days. Heat stress led to oxidative stress with increased production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and reduced accrual of total soluble sugars, starch and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes which were reflected in reduced photosynthesis. Application of melatonin not only reduced oxidative stress through lowering TBARS and H2O2 content, augmenting the activity of antioxidative enzymes but also increased the photosynthesis in plant and carbohydrate metabolism that was needed to provide energy and carbon skeleton to the developing plant under stress. However, the increase in these parameters with melatonin was mediated via hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as the inhibition of H2S by hypotaurine (HT; H2S scavenger) reversed the ameliorative effect of melatonin. This suggests a crosstalk of melatonin and H2S in protecting heat stress-induced photosynthetic inhibition via regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushina Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (N.I.); (S.U.)
| | - Mehar Fatma
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (H.G.)
| | - Harsha Gautam
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (H.G.)
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (N.I.); (S.U.)
| | - Adriano Sofo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment, Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Ilaria D’ippolito
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment, Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy;
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (H.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (N.A.K.)
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31
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Iqbal N, Umar S, Khan NA, Corpas FJ. Crosstalk between abscisic acid and nitric oxide under heat stress: exploring new vantage points. Plant Cell Rep 2021; 40:1429-1450. [PMID: 33909122 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress adversely affects plants growth potential. Global warming is reported to increase in the intensity, frequency, and duration of heatwaves, eventually affecting ecology, agriculture and economy. With an expected increase in average temperature by 2-3 °C over the next 30-50 years, crop production is facing a severe threat to sub-optimum growth conditions. Abscisic acid (ABA) and nitric oxide (NO) are growth regulators that are involved in the adaptation to heat stress by affecting each other and changing the adaptation process. The interaction between these molecules has been discussed in various studies in general or under stress conditions; however, regarding high temperature, their interaction has little been worked out. In the present review, the focus is shifted on the role of these molecules under heat stress emphasizing the different possible interactions between ABA and NO as both regulate stomatal closure and other molecules including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), antioxidants, proline, glycine betaine, calcium (Ca2+) and heat shock protein (HSP). Exploring the crosstalk between ABA and NO with other molecules under heat stress will provide us with a comprehensive knowledge of plants mechanism of heat tolerance which could be useful to develop heat stress-resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushina Iqbal
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, 18080, Granada, Spain.
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Fatma M, Iqbal N, Sehar Z, Alyemeni MN, Kaushik P, Khan NA, Ahmad P. Methyl Jasmonate Protects the PS II System by Maintaining the Stability of Chloroplast D1 Protein and Accelerating Enzymatic Antioxidants in Heat-Stressed Wheat Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081216. [PMID: 34439464 PMCID: PMC8388886 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of 10 µM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) for the protection of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) photosystem II (PS II) against heat stress (HS) was studied. Heat stress was induced at 42 °C to established plants, which were then recovered at 25 °C and monitored during their growth for the study duration. Application of MeJA resulted in increased enzymatic antioxidant activity that reduced the content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and enhanced the photosynthetic efficiency. Exogenous MeJA had a beneficial effect on chlorophyll fluorescence under HS and enhanced the pigment system (PS) II system, as observed in a JIP-test, a new tool for chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve. Exogenous MeJA improved the quantum yield of electron transport (ETo/CS) as well as electron transport flux for each reaction center (ET0/RC). However, the specific energy fluxes per reaction center (RC), i.e., TR0/RC (trapping) and DI0/RC (dissipation), were reduced by MeJA. These results indicate that MeJA affects the efficiency of PS II by stabilizing the D1 protein, increasing its abundance, and enhancing the expression of the psbA and psbB genes under HS, which encode proteins of the PS II core RC complex. Thus, MeJA is a potential tool to protect PS II and D1 protein in wheat plants under HS and to accelerate the recovery of the photosynthetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehar Fatma
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Noushina Iqbal
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Prashant Kaushik
- Kikugawa Research Station, Yokohama Ueki, 2265, Kamo, Kikugawa City, Shizuoka 439-0031, Japan;
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence: or (N.A.K.); or (P.A.)
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: or (N.A.K.); or (P.A.)
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Jahan B, Iqbal N, Fatma M, Sehar Z, Masood A, Sofo A, D’Ippolito I, Khan NA. Ethylene Supplementation Combined with Split Application of Nitrogen and Sulfur Protects Salt-Inhibited Photosynthesis through Optimization of Proline Metabolism and Antioxidant System in Mustard ( Brassica juncea L.). Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10071303. [PMID: 34199061 PMCID: PMC8309136 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the potential of ethylene as ethephon (an ethylene source) was investigated individually and in combination with split doses of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) soil treatments for removal of the damaging effects of salt stress (100 mM NaCl) in mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Plants were grown with 50 mg N plus 50 mg S kg-1 soil at sowing time and an equivalent dose at 20 days after sowing [N50 + S50]0d and 20d. Ethephon at 200 μL L‒1 was applied to combined split doses of N and S with or without NaCl. Plants subjected to NaCl showed a decrease in growth and photosynthetic characteristics as well as N and S assimilation, whereas proline metabolism and antioxidants increased. The application of ethephon to plants grown with split N and S doses significantly enhanced photosynthetic efficiency by increasing the assimilation of N and S, improving the concentration of proline and induction of the antioxidant system with or without NaCl. The regulation of ethylene and/or split forms of N and S application may be potential tools for not just overcoming salt stress effects in this species and in related Brassicaceae but also enhancing their photosynthesis and growth potential through increased nutrient assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badar Jahan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (B.J.); (M.F.); (Z.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Noushina Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Mehar Fatma
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (B.J.); (M.F.); (Z.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (B.J.); (M.F.); (Z.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Asim Masood
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (B.J.); (M.F.); (Z.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Adriano Sofo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment, Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Ilaria D’Ippolito
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment, Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy;
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (B.J.); (M.F.); (Z.S.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (N.A.K.)
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Syeed S, Sehar Z, Masood A, Anjum NA, Khan NA. Control of Elevated Ion Accumulation, Oxidative Stress, and Lipid Peroxidation with Salicylic Acid-Induced Accumulation of Glycine Betaine in Salinity-Exposed Vigna radiata L. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:3301-3320. [PMID: 34152545 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the sustainable approaches is required for the minimization of adverse impact of worldwide increasing soil salinity on plant growth, development, and productivity. This study investigated the protective role and major mechanism underlying salicylic acid (SA; 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mM)-induced glycine betaine (GB)-mediated tolerance to salinity (50 mM NaCl) in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. cultivar Punt Mung). The supply of 0.5 mM SA maximally increased the accumulation of GB (>40%) with respect to the control. This was further corroborated with the increase in water potential, antioxidant system (reduced glutathione (GSH), GSH/GSSG redox state, and glutathione reductase (GR) activity) and decreased Na+ and Cl- accumulation, Na+/K+ ratio, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation. This was also associated with the increased photosynthesis (14-18%) and growth (7-12%) parameters. Overall, SA-induced accumulation of GB protected photosynthesis and growth against 50 mM NaCl-accrued impacts in V. radiata through minimizing the accumulation of Na+ and Cl- ions, oxidative stress, and maintaining high GSH level that led to reduced cellular redox environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabina Syeed
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Asim Masood
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Naser A Anjum
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Sehar Z, Iqbal N, Khan MIR, Masood A, Rehman MT, Hussain A, AlAjmi MF, Ahmad A, Khan NA. Ethylene reduces glucose sensitivity and reverses photosynthetic repression through optimization of glutathione production in salt-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:12650. [PMID: 34135422 PMCID: PMC8209215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylene plays a crucial role throughout the life cycle of plants under optimal and stressful environments. The present study reports the involvement of exogenously sourced ethylene (as ethephon; 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) in the protection of the photosynthetic activity from glucose (Glu) sensitivity through its influence on the antioxidant system for adaptation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants under salt stress. Ten-day-old plants were subjected to control and 100 mM NaCl and treated with 200 µl L-1 ethephon on foliage at 20 days after seed sowing individually or in combination with 6% Glu. Plants receiving ethylene exhibited higher growth and photosynthesis through reduced Glu sensitivity in the presence of salt stress. Moreover, ethylene-induced reduced glutathione (GSH) production resulted in increased psbA and psbB expression to protect PSII activity and photosynthesis under salt stress. The use of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), GSH biosynthesis inhibitor, substantiated the involvement of ethylene-induced GSH in the reversal of Glu-mediated photosynthetic repression in salt-stressed plants. It was suggested that ethylene increased the utilization of Glu under salt stress through its influence on photosynthetic potential and sink strength and reduced the Glu-mediated repression of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebus Sehar
- grid.411340.30000 0004 1937 0765Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Noushina Iqbal
- grid.411816.b0000 0004 0498 8167Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062 India
| | - M. Iqbal R. Khan
- grid.411816.b0000 0004 0498 8167Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062 India
| | - Asim Masood
- grid.411340.30000 0004 1937 0765Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Md. Tabish Rehman
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Afzal Hussain
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F. AlAjmi
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Altaf Ahmad
- grid.411340.30000 0004 1937 0765Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- grid.411340.30000 0004 1937 0765Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
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Sehar Z, Jahan B, Masood A, Anjum NA, Khan NA. Hydrogen peroxide potentiates defense system in presence of sulfur to protect chloroplast damage and photosynthesis of wheat under drought stress. Physiol Plant 2021; 172:922-934. [PMID: 32997365 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) combined with sulfur (S) was studied in the protection of the photosynthetic performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stress. The mechanisms of S-assimilation, the activity of antioxidants, glucose sensitivity, water and osmotic relations and abscisic acid (ABA) content were the focus. The combined application of 50 μM H2 O2 and 100 mg S kg-1 soil (sulfur) resulted in a marked increase in S-assimilation and activity of antioxidant enzymes, with decreased glucose sensitivity and ABA content causing improvement in the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus under drought stress. The photosynthetic performance, pigment system (PS) II activity, and growth were improved conspicuously by H2 O2 in the presence of S, as H2 O2 induced S-assimilation capacity, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and GSH synthesis under drought stress. Our study shows that H2 O2 is more effective in the reversal of drought stress in the presence of S through its influence on S-assimilation, glucose sensitivity, and antioxidant system. These results provide evidence for the effectiveness of H2 O2 in improving photosynthesis under drought stress in the presence of S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Badar Jahan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Asim Masood
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Naser A Anjum
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Khan MIR, Ashfaque F, Chhillar H, Irfan M, Khan NA. The intricacy of silicon, plant growth regulators and other signaling molecules for abiotic stress tolerance: An entrancing crosstalk between stress alleviators. Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 162:36-47. [PMID: 33667965 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Unfavorable environmental conditions are the critical inimical to the sustainable agriculture. Among various novel strategies designed to protect plants from abiotic stress threats, use of mineral elements as 'stress mitigators' has emerged as the most crucial and interesting aspect. Silicon (Si) is a quasi-essential nutrient that mediates plant growth and development and interacts with plant growth regulators (PGRs) and signaling molecules to combat abiotic stress induced adversities in plants and increase stress tolerance. PGRs are one of the most important chemical messengers that mediate plant growth and development during stressful conditions. However, the individual roles of Si and PGRs have extensively defined but their exquisite crosstalk with each other to mediate plant stress responses is still indiscernible. The present review is an upfront effort to delineate an intricate crosstalk/interaction between Si and PGRs to reduce abiotic stress adversities. The combined effects of interaction of Si with other signaling molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and calcium (Ca2+) for the survival of plants under stress and optimal conditions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farha Ashfaque
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | - Mohammad Irfan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
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Khan MIR, Khan NA, Jahan B, Goyal V, Hamid J, Khan S, Iqbal N, Alamri S, Siddiqui MH. Phosphorus supplementation modulates nitric oxide biosynthesis and stabilizes the defence system to improve arsenic stress tolerance in mustard. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2021; 23 Suppl 1:152-161. [PMID: 33176068 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of mineral nutrients with metals/metalloids and signalling molecules is well known. In the present study, we investigated the effect of phosphorus (P) in mitigation of arsenic (As) stress in mustard (Brassica juncea L.). The study was conducted to investigate potential of 30 mg P·kg-1 soil P supplement (diammonium phosphate) to cope up with the adverse effects of As stress (24 mg As·kg-1 soil) in mustard plants Supplementation of P influenced nitric oxide (NO) generation, which up-regulated proline metabolism, ascorbate-glutathione system and glyoxalase system and alleviated the effects of on photosynthesis and growth. Arsenic stress generated ROS and methylglyoxal content was scavenged through P-mediated NO, and reduced As translocation from roots to leaves. The involvement of NO under P-mediated alleviation of As stress was substantiated with the use of cPTIO (NO biosynthesis inhibitor) and SNP (NO inducer). The reversal of P effects on photosynthesis under As stress with the use of cPTIO emphasized the role of P-mediated NO in mitigation of As stress and protection of photosynthesis The results suggested that P reversed As-induced oxidative stress by modulation of NO formation, which regulated antioxidant machinery. Thus, P-induced regulatory interaction between NO and reversal of As-induced oxidative stress for the protection of photosynthesis may be suggested for sustainable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I R Khan
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - N A Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - B Jahan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - V Goyal
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - J Hamid
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - S Khan
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - N Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - S Alamri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M H Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Gautam H, Sehar Z, Rehman MT, Hussain A, AlAjmi MF, Khan NA. Nitric Oxide Enhances Photosynthetic Nitrogen and Sulfur-Use Efficiency and Activity of Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle to Reduce High Temperature Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Plants. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020305. [PMID: 33670537 PMCID: PMC7922496 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of nitric oxide (NO) as 100 µM sodium nitroprusside (SNP, NO donor) on photosynthetic-nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), photosynthetic-sulfur use efficiency (SUE), photosynthesis, growth and agronomic traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, Taipie-309 (high photosynthetic-N and SUE) and Rasi (low photosynthetic-N and SUE) were investigated under high temperature stress (40 °C for 6 h). Plants exposed to high temperature stress caused significant reduction in photosynthetic activity, use efficiency of N and S, and increment in H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) content. The drastic effects of high temperature stress were more pronounced in cultivar Rasi than Taipie-309. However, foliar spray of SNP decreased the high temperature induced H2O2 and TBARS content and increased accumulation of proline and activity of ascorbate-glutathione cycle that collectively improved tolerance to high temperature stress more effectively in Taipie-309. Exogenously applied SNP alleviated the high temperature induced decrease in photosynthesis through maintaining higher photosynthetic-NUE and photosynthetic-SUE, activity of ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), and synthesis of reduced glutathione (GSH). The use of 2-4-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxy-3-oxide (cPTIO, NO scavenger) substantiated the study that in the absence of NO oxidative stress increased, while NO increased photosynthetic-NUE and photosynthetic-SUE, net photosynthesis and plant dry mass. Taken together, the present investigation reveals that NO increased heat stress tolerance and minimized high temperature stress adversaries more effectively in cultivar Taipie-309 than Rasi by enhancing photosynthetic-NUE and SUE and strengthening the antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Gautam
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (H.G.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (H.G.); (Z.S.)
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.T.R.); (A.H.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.T.R.); (A.H.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Mohamed F. AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.T.R.); (A.H.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (H.G.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Fatma M, Iqbal N, Gautam H, Sehar Z, Sofo A, D’Ippolito I, Khan NA. Ethylene and Sulfur Coordinately Modulate the Antioxidant System and ABA Accumulation in Mustard Plants under Salt Stress. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10010180. [PMID: 33478097 PMCID: PMC7835815 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the interactive effect of ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid; an ethylene source) and sulfur (S) in regulating the antioxidant system and ABA content and in maintaining stomatal responses, chloroplast structure, and photosynthetic performance of mustard plants (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) grown under 100 mM NaCl stress. The treatment of ethephon (200 µL L−1) and S (200 mg S kg−1 soil) together markedly improved the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle, resulting in declined oxidative stress through lesser content of sodium (Na+) ion and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in salt-stressed plants. These changes promoted the development of chloroplast thylakoids and photosynthetic performance under salt stress. Ethephon + S also reduced abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in guard cell, leading to maximal stomatal conductance under salt stress. The inhibition of ethylene action by norbornadiene (NBD) in salt- plus non-stressed treated plants increased ABA and H2O2 contents, and reduced stomatal opening, suggesting the involvement of ethephon and S in regulating stomatal conductance. These findings suggest that ethephon and S modulate antioxidant system and ABA accumulation in guard cells, controlling stomatal conductance, and the structure and efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehar Fatma
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (H.G.); (Z.S.)
| | - Noushina Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Harsha Gautam
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (H.G.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (H.G.); (Z.S.)
| | - Adriano Sofo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment and Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, 20, 75100 Matera, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Ilaria D’Ippolito
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment and Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, 20, 75100 Matera, Italy;
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (H.G.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (N.A.K.)
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Iqbal N, Umar S, Khan NA, Corpas FJ. Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Coordinately Reduce Glucose Sensitivity and Decrease Oxidative Stress via Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle in Heat-Stressed Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010108. [PMID: 33466569 PMCID: PMC7828694 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in countermanding heat-inhibited photosynthetic features were studied in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Heat stress (HS) was employed at 40 °C after establishment for 6 h daily, and then plants were allowed to recover at 25 °C and grown for 30 days. Glucose (Glc) content increased under HS and repressed plant photosynthetic ability, but the application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, as NO donor) either alone or with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, as H2S donor) reduced Glc-mediated photosynthetic suppression by enhancing ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) metabolism and antioxidant system, which reduced oxidative stress with decreased H2O2 and TBARS content. Oxidative stress reduction or inhibiting Glc repression was maximum with combined SNP and NaHS treatment, which was substantiated by 2-4-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) and hypotaurine (HT), scavengers for NO and H2S, respectively. The scavenge of H2S reduced NO-mediated alleviation of HS suggesting of its downstream action in NO-mediated heat-tolerance. However, a simultaneous decrease of both (NO and H2S) led to higher Glc-mediated repression of photosynthesis and oxidative stress in terms of increased H2O2 content that was comparable to HS plants. Thus, NO and H2S cooperate to enhance photosynthesis under HS by reducing H2O2-induced oxidative stress and excess Glc-mediated photosynthetic suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushina Iqbal
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India;
| | - Francisco J. Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, 18080 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.I.); (F.J.C.)
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Soopramanien M, Khan NA, Siddiqui R. Gut microbiota of animals living in polluted environments are a potential resource of anticancer molecules. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1039-1055. [PMID: 33368930 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, in spite of advances in therapeutic interventions and supportive care. In 2018 alone, there were 18·1 million new cancer cases and 9·6 million deaths indicating the need for novel anticancer agents. Plant-based products have often been linked with protective effects against communicable and non-communicable diseases. Recently, we have shown that animals such as crocodiles thrive in polluted environments and are often exposed to carcinogenic agents, but still benefit from prolonged lifespan. The protective mechanisms shielding them from cancer could be attributed to the immune system, and/or it is possible that their gut microbiota produce anticancer molecules. In support, several lines of evidence suggest that gut microbiota plays a critical role in the physiology of its host. Here, we reviewed the available literature to assess whether the gut microbiota of animals thriving in polluted environment possess anticancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soopramanien
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - N A Khan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - R Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Asgher M, Ahmed S, Sehar Z, Gautam H, Gandhi SG, Khan NA. Hydrogen peroxide modulates activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes and protects photosynthetic activity from arsenic damage in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Hazard Mater 2021; 401:123365. [PMID: 32652423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We studied the role of H2O2 in the protection of photosynthesis from arsenic (As) damage in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by examining the antioxidant system, photosynthesis, and growth attributes. Among the As concentrations (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 μM) tested, maximum oxidative stress and inhibition in photosynthesis and growth were found with 50 μM As. The application of 50 μM H2O2 resulted in alleviation of the adverse effects of 50 μM As on Pigment System (PS) II activity, photosynthesis, and growth. Hydrogen peroxide supplementation induced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) and increased reduced glutathione (GSH) content and proline metabolism. The expression of SOD and APX, PSBA and PSBB was induced in the presence of H2O2 to alleviate the As damage to PS II and maintain photosynthetic activity. The role of H2O2 as a signaling molecule is shown in the protection of photosynthetic activity in rice from As toxicity through regulation on the activity and the expression of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Asgher
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Sajad Ahmed
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Harsha Gautam
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Khanna RR, Jahan B, Iqbal N, Khan NA, AlAjmi MF, Tabish Rehman M, Khan MIR. GABA reverses salt-inhibited photosynthetic and growth responses through its influence on NO-mediated nitrogen-sulfur assimilation and antioxidant system in wheat. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:73-82. [PMID: 33189727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a newly recognized signaling molecule participating in physiological processes, growth, and development of plants under optimal and stressful environments. In the present reported research, we investigated the role of GABA in imparting salt stress tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Exposure of wheat plants to 100 mM NaCl resulted in increased oxidative stress, glucose content, nitric oxide (NO) production together with reduced growth and photosynthetic traits of plants. Contrarily, GABA application improved nitrogen (N) metabolism, sulfur (S) assimilation, ion homeostasis, growth and photosynthesis under salt stress. Additionally, GABA mitigated oxidative stress induced by salt stress with the increased ascorbate-glutathione cycle and proline metabolism. The study with NO inhibitor, c-PTIO [2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxy-3-oxide] in GABA experiment suggested that the impact of GABA on improvement of growth and photosynthesis under salt stress was mediated by NO and influenced N and S assimilation and antioxidant systems. The results suggested that the GABA has a significant potential in reversing the salt stress response in wheat plants, and GABA-mediated signals are manifested through NO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Badar Jahan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | - Nafees A Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohamed F AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Rather BA, Mir IR, Sehar Z, Anjum NA, Masood A, Khan NA. The outcomes of the functional interplay of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in metal stress tolerance in plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 155:523-534. [PMID: 32836198 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phytotoxicity of metals constraints plants health, metabolism and productivity. The sustainable approaches for minimizing major metals-accrued phytotoxicity have been least explored. The gasotransmitters signaling molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) play a significant role in the mitigation of major consequences of metals stress. Versatile gaseous signaling molecules, NO and H2S are involved in the regulation of various physiological processes in plants and their tolerance to abiotic stresses. However, literature available on NO or H2S stand alone, and the major insights into the roles of NO and/or H2S in plant tolerance, particularly to metals, remained unclear. Given above, this paper aimed to (a) briefly overview metals and highlight their major phytotoxicity; (b) appraises literature reporting potential mechanisms underlying the roles of NO and H2S in plant-metal tolerance; (c) crosstalk on NO and H2S in relation to plant metal tolerance. Additionally, major aspects so far unexplored in the current context have also been mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal A Rather
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Iqbal R Mir
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Naser A Anjum
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Asim Masood
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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Siddiqui R, Akbar N, Khan NA. Gut microbiome and human health under the space environment. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:14-24. [PMID: 32692438 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is well recognized to have a pivotal role in regulation of the health and behaviour of the host, affecting digestion, metabolism, immunity, and has been linked to changes in bones, muscles and the brain, to name a few. However, the impact of microgravity environment on gut bacteria is not well understood. In space environments, astronauts face several health issues including stress, high iron diet, radiation and being in a closed system during extended space missions. Herein, we discuss the role of gut bacteria in the space environment, in relation to factors such as microgravity, radiation and diet. Gut bacteria may exact their effects by synthesis of molecules, their absorption, and through physiological effects on the host. Moreover we deliberate the role of these challenges in the dysbiosis of the human microbiota and possible dysregulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - N Akbar
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - N A Khan
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Rather BA, Mir IR, Masood A, Anjum NA, Khan NA. Nitric Oxide Pre-Treatment Advances Seed Germination and Alleviates Copper-Induced Photosynthetic Inhibition in Indian Mustard. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E776. [PMID: 32575782 PMCID: PMC7356349 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This investigation tested the efficiency of nitric oxide (NO) in alleviation of Cu-induced adverse impacts on seed germination and photosynthesis in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Pre-treatment of B. juncea seeds with sodium nitroprusside (SNP; NO donor) significantly improved the seed germination rate and also alleviated Cu-accrued oxidative stress. However, in the absence of NO, Cu caused a higher reduction in seed germination rate. The presence of NO strengthened the antioxidant defense system (glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) and thereby sustained the lower lipid peroxidation, reduced H2O2 content, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in Cu-exposed seeds. NO pre-treated seeds also retained a higher amylase activity and exhibited an improved seed germination rate. This effect of NO under Cu stress was also seen in plants originated from the NO pre-treated seeds, where the role of NO pre-treatment was reflected in the improved photosynthetic potential of B. juncea. Overall, NO pre-treatment not only improved the germination rate in seeds but also carried its effects in the grown seedlings evidenced as improved photosynthesis and growth. Potential mechanisms involved in the action of NO pre-treatment included NO-mediated significant strengthening of the antioxidant defense system and decreases in Cu-caused oxidative stress parameters.
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Khan MIR, Jahan B, AlAjmi MF, Rehman MT, Khan NA. Ethephon mitigates nickel stress by modulating antioxidant system, glyoxalase system and proline metabolism in Indian mustard. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2020; 26:1201-1213. [PMID: 32549683 PMCID: PMC7266911 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of ethylene (through application of ethephon) in the regulation of nickel (Ni) stress tolerance was investigated in this study. Ethephon at concentration of 200 µl l-1 was applied to mustard (Brassica juncea) plants grown without and with 200 mg kg-1 soil Ni to study the increased growth traits, biochemical attributes, photosynthetic efficiency, nutrients content, activities of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase, glyoxalase systems and enhanced the proline metabolism. In the absence of ethephon, Ni increased oxidative stress with a concomitant decrease in photosynthesis, growth and nutrients content. However, application of ethephon positively increased growth traits, photosynthetic parameters, nutrients content and also elevated the generation of antioxidants enzymes and glyoxalase systems, proline production to combat oxidative stress. Plants water relations and cellular homeostasis were maintained through increased photosynthetic efficiency and proline production. This signifies the role of ethylene in mediating Ni tolerance via regulating proline production and photosynthetic capacity. Ethephon can be used as an exogenous supplement on plants to confer Ni tolerance. The results can be exploited to develop tolerance in plants via gene editing technology encoding enzymes responsible for proline synthesis, antioxidant defence, glyoxalase systems and photosynthetic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Iqbal R. Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062 India
| | - Badar Jahan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Mohamed F. AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
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Jahan B, AlAjmi MF, Rehman MT, Khan NA. Treatment of nitric oxide supplemented with nitrogen and sulfur regulates photosynthetic performance and stomatal behavior in mustard under salt stress. Physiol Plant 2020; 168:490-510. [PMID: 31794052 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a hormone that connects numerous reactions in plant cells under normal and environmental stress conditions. The application of 100 µM NO as sodium nitroprusside (SNP; NO donor) applied individually or in combination with N or S in different combinations (i.e. 100 mg N or S kg-1 soil applied at the time of sowing [100 N + 100S]0d or with split, 50 mg N or S kg-1 soil at the time of sowing and similar dose at 20 d after sowing [50 N + 50S]0d + [50 N + 50S]20d ) was tested to alleviate salt stress in mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Application of 100 µM NO plus split application of N and S more significantly promoted stomatal behavior, photosynthetic and growth performance in the absence of salt stress and maximally alleviated effects of salt stress through increased N- and S-use efficiency, proline and antioxidant system. The combined application of N and S at the time of sowing was lesser effective in promoting photosynthesis and growth under salt or no salt stress conditions in presence or absence of NO. The study suggests that salt stress effects on the photosynthetic performance are mitigated more efficiently when NO was applied together with the split application of N and S given at two stages, and the photosynthetic activity was promoted under salt stress through increased N and S assimilation and antioxidant system. This strategy may be adopted in agricultural system for overcoming salt stress effects on performance of mustard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badar Jahan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Mohamed F AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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Asgher M, Verma S, Khan NA, Vyas D, Kumari P, Rashid S, Khan S, Qadir S, Ajmal Ali M, Ahmad P. Physiological, Biochemical and Reproductive Studies on Valeriana wallichii, a Critically Endangered Medicinal Plant of the Himalayan Region Grown under In-Situ and Ex-Situ Conditions. Plants 2020; 9:plants9020131. [PMID: 31973064 PMCID: PMC7076705 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Valeriana wallichii, a perennial herb belonging to family Valerianaceae, is an important medicinal herb of the Himalayan region. The incessant exploitation of nature for meeting the demands of the pharmaceutical industry has put unbearable pressure on its natural habitats. A study on its physiological, biochemical, growth and reproductive attributes was planned. Physiological study revealed that ex-situ (outside their natural habitat) populations faced severe stress as compared to in-situ (natural habitat) plants. The difference in the performance of these habitat plants was related to superoxide and H2O2 in the leaves. Photosynthetic attributes were increased in in-situ populations. Proline content and its biosynthetic enzymes ornithine aminotransferase, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase showed an increase in ex-situ plants; proline oxidase decreased. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, shikimic acid dehydrogenese, phenylalanine lyase, and flavonoids content showed an increment in ex-situ plants. Antioxidants enzyme superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and reduced glutathione showed an increment in ex-situ conditions. Growth and reproductive attributes were more in ex-situ plants. The observations made are suggestive that a comprehensive conservation programme involving in-situ as well as ex-situ strategies will be effective for the conservation and long term survival of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Asgher
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir 185234, India;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (P.A.); Tel.: +966-1-1467-5873 (P.A.)
| | - Susheel Verma
- Conservation and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir 185234, India; (S.V.); (P.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India;
| | - Dhiraj Vyas
- Biodiversity and Applied Botany Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India;
| | - Priyanka Kumari
- Conservation and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir 185234, India; (S.V.); (P.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Shaista Rashid
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir 185234, India;
| | - Sajid Khan
- Conservation and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir 185234, India; (S.V.); (P.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Shaista Qadir
- Department of Botany, Womens College, Maulana Azad Road, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190001, India;
| | - Mohammad Ajmal Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190001, India
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (P.A.); Tel.: +966-1-1467-5873 (P.A.)
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