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Lavezzi SM, Rocchetti M, Bettica P, Petrini S, De Nicolao G. Assessing drug effect from distributional data: A population approach with application to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy treatment. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2019; 178:329-342. [PMID: 31416560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) treatment, muscle fiber size can be considered as an indicator of muscle health and function. In particular, the statistical distribution of fibers cross-sectional areas (CSAs) has been used as quantitative efficacy endpoint. For each patient, assessment of treatment effect relies on the comparison of pre- and post-treatment biopsies. Since biopsies provide "distributional data", i.e. empirical distributions of fibers CSA, the comparison must be carried out between the empirical pre- and post-treatment distributions. METHODS Here, distributional fiber CSA data are analyzed by means of a hierarchical statistical model based on the population approach, considering both the single patient and the population level. RESULTS The proposed method was used to assess the histological clinical effects of Givinostat, a compound under study for DMD treatment. At the single patient level, a two-component Gaussian mixture adequately represents pre- and post-treatment distributions of log-transformed CSAs; drug effect is described via a dose-dependent multiplicative increase of muscle fiber size. The single patient model was also validated via muscle composition data. At the patient population level, typical model parameters and inter-patient variabilities were obtained. CONCLUSIONS The proposed methodological approach completely characterizes fiber CSA distributions and quantifies drug effect on muscle fiber size, both at the single patient and at the patient population level. This approach might be applied also in other contexts, where outcomes measured in terms of distributional data are to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lavezzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Ferrata 5, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - M Rocchetti
- Independent Consultant, via Marcantonio Colonna 43, Milan 20149, Italy
| | - P Bettica
- Italfarmaco S.p.A., via dei Lavoratori 54, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan 20092, Italy
| | - S Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility Research Center, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Viale San Paolo 15, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - G De Nicolao
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Ferrata 5, Pavia 27100, Italy
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Consalvi S, Mozzetta C, Bettica P, Mascagni P, Monzani V, Germani M, Del Bene F, Puri P, Saccone V. T.P.2 Givinostat improves histological and functional parameters in mdx mice dose and concentration dependently. Neuromuscul Disord 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.06.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Santen G, van Zwet E, Bettica P, Gomeni RA, Danhof M, Della Pasqua O. From trial and error to trial simulation III: a framework for interim analysis in efficacy trials with antidepressant drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 89:602-7. [PMID: 21368749 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials with antidepressant drugs often fail to detect drug effect, even with drugs that are known to be efficacious. In a previous publication, we showed that a model-based approach is required to address some of the existing challenges in the design of clinical trial protocols. Here, we illustrate how the implementation of an interim analysis (IA) may help to identify studies that are headed for failure, early in the trial before completion of treatment. In contrast to traditional IA procedures, an adaptive Bayesian approach is proposed to optimize the timing of analysis and decision criteria for futility and efficacy, taking into account enrollment rate and treatment response at intermediate visits in the trial. Validation procedures involving re-enrollment of patients confirmed the performance of the method. Our findings reveal that optimization of the timing and decision criteria at the interim stage is critical for the accuracy of the conclusions about treatment efficacy or futility.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Santen
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Hunter DJ, Hart D, Snieder H, Bettica P, Swaminathan R, Spector TD. Evidence of altered bone turnover, vitamin D and calcium regulation with knee osteoarthritis in female twins. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 42:1311-6. [PMID: 12867590 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keg373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disorder of the whole synovial joint organ. There is growing evidence of the importance of bone turnover in OA, and human studies have demonstrated that the subchondral bone is metabolically active in OA. The aim of this study was to assess the relationships of radiographic knee OA with altered bone turnover and calcium regulation. METHODS We performed a matched and unmatched case-control study using twins assessed for OA. The subjects were 1644 female Caucasian twin pairs (266 monozygotic and 556 dizygotic) aged 24-79 yr from the St Thomas' UK Adult Twin Registry. Assays for measures of bone turnover [bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD)] and calcium regulation [serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, serum calcium, serum magnesium and serum phosphate] were performed. The radiological features of knee OA were graded on a four-point scale (0-3) for osteophytes and a five-point scale (0-4) for Kellgren and Lawrence classification. Adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI) and relatedness was made. Conditional logistic regression analysis was also used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for having radiological features of knee OA per standardized unit difference of serum variable between twins. RESULTS Of the 1644 women studied, 474 (28.8%) had radiological evidence of knee osteophytes. There was evidence of increased bone turnover, increased PTH levels and decreased vitamin D levels in this group compared with those without osteophytes. No association was seen with joint space loss. After adjusting for age, BMI and relatedness, all of the differences disappeared except for a significant increase 10% in urinary DPD (P = 0.04). Discordant twin pair analysis (performed on a subgroup of 229 pairs) confirmed modest increases in bone resorption indicated by urinary DPD (OR 1.67, 95% CI 0.88-3.16) and a significant decrease in serum magnesium (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.46-0.92) in the co-twins with OA. CONCLUSION Bone resorption is increased in women with knee OA, consistent with metabolically active subchondral bone. However, bone formation, vitamin D and calcium regulation were not different after adjusting for age and BMI. The results suggest that bone resorption is increased in the presence of OA. Although we cannot clearly differentiate a cause or effect relationship, these results suggest that this is related to disease mechanisms and point to potential diagnostic or therapeutic avenues for bone resorption in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hunter
- Rheumatology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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5
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Vignon E, Garnero P, Delmas P, Avouac B, Bettica P, Boers M, Ehrich E, MacKillop N, Rovati L, Serni U, Spector T, Reginster JY. Recommendations for the registration of drugs used in the treatment of osteoarthritis: an update on biochemical markers. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001; 9:289-93. [PMID: 11403034 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2000.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Vignon
- Department of Rheumatology, Claude Bernard University, CHLS, Pierre Benité, France.
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Varenna M, Zucchi F, Ghiringhelli D, Binelli L, Bevilacqua M, Bettica P, Sinigaglia L. Intravenous clodronate in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. J Rheumatol 2000; 27:1477-83. [PMID: 10852274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of intravenous (i.v.) clodronate in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS) and to assess the urinary excretion of type I collagen crosslinked N-telopeptide (NTx) before and after the treatment. METHODS Thirty-two patients with RSDS were randomized to receive either i.v. clodronate 300 mg daily for 10 consecutive days or placebo. Forty days later, the placebo treated patients received the clodronate treatment. Outcome measures included as a primary endpoint the visual analog scale of pain (VAS, range 0-100); secondary endpoints were a clinical global assessment (CGA, range 0-3) and an efficacy verbal score (EVS, range 0-3). Clinical and biochemical assessments were performed before the treatment, 40 (T40), 90 (T90), and 180 (T180) days later. RESULTS At T40 the 15 patients randomized to clodronate treatment showed significant decreases of VAS and CGA (p = 0.002, p = 0.001, respectively). Compared with the placebo group (17 patients), significant differences were found in all clinical variables (VAS: p = 0.001; CGA: p = 0.001; EVS: p<0.0001). A further clinical improvement was observed throughout the study. Pooling the results of all 32 patients after clodronate treatment, at T180 the overall percentage decrease of VAS was 93.2+/-15.6%, with 30 patients significantly improved or asymptomatic. Significant inverse correlations between baseline NTx values and decreases of VAS were found at T90 (p = 0.03) and T180 (p = 0.01). No adverse events related to treatment occurred. CONCLUSION A 10 day i.v. clodronate course is better than placebo and effective in the treatment of RSDS. NTx seems to be a predictive factor for clodronate efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Varenna
- Department of Rheumatology, Istituto Ortopedico Gaetano Pini, Milano, Italy.
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Ardizzone S, Bollani S, Bettica P, Bevilacqua M, Molteni P, Bianchi Porro G. Altered bone metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease: there is a difference between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. J Intern Med 2000; 247:63-70. [PMID: 10672132 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2000.00582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to assess bone metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and to evaluate potential differences between Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) with respect to the mechanisms underlying bone loss in this group of diseases. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a cross-sectional study which started in 1992. Patients were randomly selected for invitation to participate and were examined during the years 1992-95 in one research clinic in Milan. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fifty-one patients suffering from CD (30 women and 21 men, mean age 38.7 +/- 13.2 years) and 40 with UC (15 women and 25 men, mean age 34.4. +/- 12.5 years) entered the study. Thirty healthy subjects were selected as sex- and age-matched controls (C). Spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (expressed as T score), calciotropic hormones (parathyroid hormone, PTH; 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 25(OH)D3; 1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 1, 25(OH)D3) and biochemical markers of bone turnover (ostecalcin, OC; total alkaline phosphatase, ALP; type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide, ICTP) were evaluated. RESULTS Spine and femur T scores were similar in the two groups (spine: CD = -1.49 +/- 1.46; UC = -1. 67 +/- 1.13; femur: CD = -1.80 +/- 1.36; UC = -1.60 +/- 1.03). Based upon the WHO guidelines, only 8% of CD patients and 15% of UC patients had a normal bone mineral density (BMD), 55% (CD) and 67% (UC) were osteopenic, and 37% (CD) and 18% (UC) were osteoporotic. The distribution amongst the three different diagnostic groups was not significantly different between CD and UC groups (P = 0.11). PTH and 25(OH)D3 concentrations were not significantly different between CD and UC patients and controls, whilst 1,25(OH)D3 concentrations were significantly lower in both CD and UC patients compared with controls (P < 0.05). Bone turnover was increased in UC but not in CD patients, as shown by significantly increased concentrations in UC patients of both OC (CD = 7.77 +/- 5.06, UC = 10.03 +/- 6.24, C = 6. 58 +/- 2.87, P < 0.05 vs. C) and ICTP (CD = 5.74 +/- 3.94, UC = 10.2 +/- 8.47, C = 3.48 +/- 0.95, P < 0.05 vs. CD and C). In a stepwise regression that included age, sex, disease duration and cumulative prednisolone dose as independent variables, the femur T score was significantly inversely related to disease duration (r2 = 0.125, F = 6.06) in CD patients. In UC patients, the spine T score was inversely related to age (r2 = 0.107, F = 5.49) and significantly related to sex (more negative in males: r2 = 0.3, F = 16.1); the femur T score was significantly related to sex (more negative in males) and inversely related to the cumulative prednisolone dose (r2 = 0.283, F = 7.3). CONCLUSIONS These data show that IBD patients have a diffuse osteopenia, the degree of which is not different in CD and UC; however, bone turnover is significantly higher in UC. Finally, osteopenia is related to disease duration in CD, whilst it is related to the male sex and glucocorticoid treatment in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ardizzone
- Gastrointestinal Unit, 'L. Sacco' University-Hospital, Milan, Italy
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8
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Bettica P, Bevilacqua M, Vago T, Norbiato G. High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among free-living postmenopausal women referred to an osteoporosis outpatient clinic in northern Italy for initial screening. Osteoporos Int 1999; 9:226-9. [PMID: 10450411 DOI: 10.1007/s001980050141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To establish the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among free-living postmenopausal women referred to an osteoporosis outpatient clinic in Northern Italy, we evaluated 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in 570 postmenopausal women who had been consecutively referred to our clinic in the 12 months beginning October 1995. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum calcium (Ca), creatinine (Cr) and osteocalcin (OC), urinary calcium (Ca24h) and creatinine (Cr24h), and the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine (LBMD) and femur (FBMD) were also measured. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentrations were measured in 23 women. All women had normal electrolyte serum concentrations and kidney function. Mean +/- SD 25(OH)D concentration was 18.3 +/- 8.3 ng/ml. A significant (p < 0.001) seasonal variation was seen for both 25(OH)D and PTH. Women were divided into two groups based on their vitamin D status: low vitamin D status (25(OH)D < 12 ng/ml, n = 161, 28%) and normal vitamin D status (25(OH)D > or = 12 ng/ml, n = 409, 72%). Hypovitaminosis D was found in 38.5% of all the women in the time period December-May and in 12.5% in the other half-year; among women > 70 years old 51% had hypovitaminosis D in the time period December-May and 17% in the other half-year. PTH was significantly (p < 0.05) increased, and Ca24h, OC and FBMD significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in women with hypovitaminosis D. 1,25(OH)2D positively correlated with 25(OH)D (p < 0.0001), but did not correlate with PTH, age or creatinine clearance. In conclusion, hypovitaminosis D is an important, underestimated problem in Italian free-living postmenopausal women referred to an outpatient osteoporosis clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bettica
- Department of Endocrinology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Bettica P, Bevilacqua M, Vago T, Masino M, Cucinotta E, Norbiato G. Short-term variations in bone remodeling biochemical markers: cyclical etidronate and alendronate effects compared. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:3034-9. [PMID: 9284739 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.82.9.4193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone-remodeling markers have been proposed to monitor antiosteoporotic therapy, as substantial changes in these markers usually occur in a relatively short time interval. In this study we have evaluated the short term effects of two bisphosphonates on bone-remodeling markers with the aim of 1) defining the shortest reliable time interval after which markers should be measured, and 2) comparing the effects of different bisphophonates. To do so, 74 postmenopausal women with a lumbar spine t score of at least -1 were randomly allocated to 4 different treatments: calcium carbonate (500 mg/day; n = 18), 5 mg/day alendronate (A5; n = 18), 10 mg/day alendronate (A10; n = 20), and cyclical etidronate (CE; n = 18). Serum and 24-h urine samples were collected at baseline and 14, 28, 56, and 84 days after the beginning of therapy. Type I collagen N-terminal (NTx) and C-terminal (CTx) telopeptides and total deoxypyridinoline (tDPD) were measured in urine and normalized for urinary creatinine excretion. Osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase in serum were measured. Alendronate (at both doses) and CE significantly decreased bone-remodeling markers, whereas calcium carbonate did not. Bone resorption markers reduction reached a plateau 14 (A10) or 28 (A5 and CE) days after the beginning of treatment, whereas osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase were significantly reduced at 56 (A10) and 84 (CE) days. The global effects of alendronate and CE on NTx and CTx (calculated as the area under the curve) were significantly different from those of calcium (P < 0.05), but were not significantly different from each other. The percent change from baseline obtained with tDPD, NTx, or CTx during bisphosphonate treatment were significantly different (P < 0.05), but this difference disappeared when the variability in the calcium carbonate group was taken into account. In conclusion, this study shows that 1) etidronate and alendronate induce a significant and rapid reduction in bone-remodeling markers; 2) the changes in NTx, CTx, and tDPD urinary excretions reach a plateau after 2-4 wk of treatment; and 3) short term treatments with CE or alendronate induce similar changes in the urinary excretion of NTx and CTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bettica
- Department of Endocrinology, University-Hospital L. Sacco, Milan, Italy
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Moro L, Bettica P, Romanello M, Suarez KN. 17 beta-Estradiol and tamoxifen prevent the over-glycosylation of rat trabecular bone collagen induced by ovariectomy. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1997; 35:29-33. [PMID: 9156563 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1997.35.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that ovariectomy in the rat causes over-glycosylation of collagen which is restricted to trabecular bone. In order to obtain further evidence, we studied whether estrogen or tamoxifen treatment prevented over-glycosylation of trabecular bone collagen. Forty one-hundred-day-old female rats were subjected to ovariectomy (n = 30) or sham-operation (n = 10). Starting the day of the operation, sham-operated rats were treated with vehicle, while ovariectomized rats were divided into three groups and treated with vehicle (n = 10), estrogen (n = 10) or tamoxifen (n = 10). Five rats from each group were sacrificed at 115 and 145 days of age. Femurs and tibiae were separated into cortical and trabecular bone, demineralized, hydrolyzed and analyzed by HPLC for hydroxylysine glycoside and hydroxyproline content. Hydroxylysine glycoside content was expressed as a molar ratio with hydroxyproline. The results can be summarized as follows: 1) cortical bone collagen glycosylation did not vary among the different groups; 2) over-glycosylation of trabecular bone collagen observed in the ovariectomized rats was prevented by the administration of either 17 beta-estradiol or tamoxifen. These data demonstrated that estrogens affect glycosylation of trabecular bone collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moro
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy
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Bettica P, Masino M, Cucinotta E, Vago T, Norbiato G, Moro L, Suarez KN, Romanello M, Bevilacqua M. Comparison of the clinical performance of the immunoenzymometric assays for N-terminal and C-terminal type I collagen telopeptides and the HPLC assay for pyridinium cross-links. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1997; 35:63-8. [PMID: 9156570 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1997.35.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the clinical performances of the immunoenzymometric assays for type I collagen N-terminal and C-terminal telopeptides and the HPLC assay for total deoxypyridinoline, in distinguishing between subjects with a moderately increased bone resorption rate (women in postmenopause) and subjects with normal bone resorption rate (women in premenopause). The postmenopausal group consisted of 61 women who had been in menopause for no more than 10 years, while the premenopausal group consisted of 52 healthy women with normal menstrual cycles. The biochemical markers were measured in a 24 hour urine sample and the results expressed as the molar ratio with urinary creatinine. The clinical performances were estimated by calculating the accuracy (as the area under a Receiver Operated Characteristic (ROC) curve: mean +/- SEM) and the discriminating power (as score) of each assay in distinguishing postmenopausal subjects from premenopausal subjects. Type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide, type I collagen N-terminal telopeptide and total deoxypyridinoline were significantly higher in the postmenopausal than in the premenopausal group (p < 0.01). Accuracies of these three markers ranged from 66.8 +/- 5.1% to 76.8 +/- 4.3%, while Z scores ranged from 3.54 to 5.67. Type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide, type I collagen N-terminal telopeptide and total deoxypyridinoline were not significantly different in their accuracy or discriminating power. All markers were highly correlated with coefficients of correlation ranging from 0.61 to 0.77. In summary, this study shows that 1) the immunoenzymometric assays for type I collagen N-terminal telopeptide and type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide show a high accuracy and discriminating power in distinguishing subjects with different bone resorption rate; 2) the results obtained with these immunoenzymometric assays are comparable to those obtained with the HPLC assay for total deoxypyridinoline. In conclusion our data support the use of the immunoenzymometric assays for type I collagen N-terminal telopeptide and type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide for estimating bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bettica
- Servizio di Endocrinologia, Ospedale L. Sacco, Milano, Italy
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Bellibaş SE, Guidobono F, Bettica P, Netti C, Pecile A. Effects of pyridoxine neurotoxicity on a distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites. Pol J Pharmacol 1997; 49:37-42. [PMID: 9431550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of changes in binding sites for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in response to sensorial denervation was studied in rats after pyridoxine-induced neurotoxicity. Changes in CGRP binding sites were evaluated by an in vitro autoradiographic technique using [125I]-Tyr-rat-CGRP as a ligand. A bidirectional binding response was obtained: an increased binding, in comparison with the respective control, was observed in spinal cord and cerebellar regions whereas a decreased binding was noted in cerebrum. CGRP binding in selective areas comparising the pathways that are responsible for transmitting sensory impulses have shown significant changes. These results suggest that CGRP plays a modulatory role in the central nervous system. This study has also proposed and evaluated pyridoxine toxicity as a model for studying sensory denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Bellibaş
- Adnan Menderes University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Aydin, Turkey
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Abstract
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study shows that 20-week fluvastatin treatment induces beneficial changes in the lipid panel and a shift in the fibrinolytic pathway toward activation through a decrease in tissue plasminogen activator antigen. Fluvastatin treatment causes no variation in lipoprotein(a) circulating levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bevilacqua
- Department of Endocrinology, Ospedale L. Sacco, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
In vitro studies of parathyroid hormone (PTH) structure and function have suggested that the anabolic effect of PTH on bone requires the presence of amino acid residues 28-34 (domains for protein kinase C activation and mitogenic activity), but not amino acid residues 1-7 (adenylate cyclase activation domain). We have tested this hypothesis with in vivo studies of human PTH (hPTH) analogs. Serum biomarkers and selected histomorphometric parameters of bone formation and resorption were assessed in adult, female, Sprague-Dawley rats following 19 daily injections of vehicle, 10 micrograms/kg body weight (bw) of hPTH(1-38), or a dose range of 10, 40, and 100 micrograms/100 g bw of hPTH(2-38) or hPTH(3-38). Treatment with hPTH(1-38) increased serum osteocalcin, the percentage of osteoblast surface, percentage of osteoid surface, percentage of bone volume, trabecular thickness, and bone formation rate, while it decreased the percentage of osteoclast surface. The hPTH(2-38) fragment exhibited 10%-25% of the in vivo anabolic activity of hPTH(1-38), while it had no effect on the percentage of osteoclast surface. The hPTH(3-38) fragment exhibited no biological activity on bone. In contrast, serum INS-PTH (intact-N-terminal specific PTH) levels were similarly and significantly increased above control in rats treated with hPTH(1-38), hPTH(2-38), or hPTH(3-38) at the same dose. This preliminary finding suggests that the differential activity of these peptides on bone is not due to differences in the circulating level of immunoreactive PTH (intact and amino-terminal fragments of PTH from endogenous and exogenous sources) several hours after PTH injection. However, we can draw no conclusion regarding the relative clearance rates of these peptides. Last, because hPTH(3-38) was without any detectable biological activity on rat bone in vivo, its mitogenic activity was confirmed in two osteoblast-like cell lines. In summary, the anabolic effect of hPTH(1-38) on bone in vivo was (1) diminished by removal of amino acid residue 1, and (2) abolished by the removal of amino acid residues 1 and 2. Although these findings suggest that the therapeutic benefits of exogenous PTH administration may depend upon activation of not only protein kinase C, but also adenylate cyclase, they do not rule out a differential PTH response due to other causes, e.g., metabolic inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hilliker
- Jerry L. Pettis Veterans' Administration Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Bettica P, Taylor AK, Talbot J, Moro L, Talamini R, Baylink DJ. Clinical performances of galactosyl hydroxylysine, pyridinoline, and deoxypyridinoline in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:542-6. [PMID: 8636265 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.81.2.8636265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that galactosyl hydroxylysine (GHYL), pyridinoline (PYD), and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) have a better accuracy and discriminate power than hydroxyproline in distinguishing postmenopausal osteoporotic women from premenopausal controls. In this study, we evaluated the clinical performances of GHYL, PYD, and DPD, alone or in combination, in distinguishing postmenopausal osteoporotic women (OPBD, n = 26) from age-matched controls (CBD, n = 19). The diagnosis of osteoporosis was based upon the bone density (BD) of the lumbar spine measured by quantitative computed tomography (CBD: BD > 108 mg/cm3; OPBD: BD < 70 mg/cm3). Urinary excretion of GHYL, PYD, and DPD were measured by HPLC, and all data were expressed as the molar ratio with the creatinine excretion (GHYL/CR, PYD/CR, and DPD/CR). The clinical performances were tested by: Z score analysis (Z), Receiver Operated Characteristic curve analysis (%Acc) and logistic-regression analysis of the posterior probabilities for prediction from a logistic model (LOGIST). GHYL/CR, PYD/CR, and DPD/CR were significantly increased in OPBD compared with CBD. The clinical performances were similar for the three assays, with slightly better performances for GHYL/CR (GHYL/CR: Z = 3.14, %Acc = 70 +/- 8, LOGIST P = 0.01; PYD/CR: Z = 2.19, %Acc = 67 +/- 8, LOGIST P = 0.051; DPD/CR: Z = 2.13, %Acc = 65 +/- 8, LOGIST P = 0.06). None of the possible combinations of the three assays yielded better clinical performances than GHYL/CR alone. In conclusion, this study further confirms the validity of GHYL, PYD, and DPD as markers of bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bettica
- Department of Mineral Metabolism, Jerry L. Pettis Veterans Administration Hospital, Loma Linda, California 92357, USA
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16
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Abstract
This study sought to evaluate whether the architecture of the matrix of cortical and trabecular bone is exactly the same. For this purpose we analyzed the extent of some posttranslational modifications of type I collagen, which is the major component of bone matrix. Ten female and 10 male 100-day-old rats were sacrificed and the content of hydroxylysine, glycosylated hydroxylysine, and pyridinium cross-links of collagen from cortical and trabecular bone was determined. The amount of each compound was expressed as a molar ratio with hydroxyproline. The collagen posttranslational modification pattern appears to be the same in both sexes but with a higher extent of differences in females compared with males. Comparing cortical and trabecular bone, the former contains a higher amount of hydroxylysine residues whereas in the latter, glycosylation of hydroxylysine is higher and pyridinium cross-link concentration is lower. Moreover, an inverse linear relationship between glycosylated hydroxylysine and pyridinium cross-links concentration was established, both for female (r = -0.455, P = 0.04) and male rats (r = -0.426; P = 0.06). This paper discusses what these findings may mean in functional terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Suarez
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy
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17
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Romanello M, Noris Suarez K, Bettica P, Moro L. Detection of pyridinium cross-links in human bile. Calcif Tissue Int 1995; 57:415-8. [PMID: 8581871 DOI: 10.1007/bf00301942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether pyridinium cross-links, which are positively charged, besides renal clearance are also cleared by the liver into bile. In 13 human bile samples tested, we were able to detect both pyridinoline (PYD) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) in small amounts which were estimated to be about 1-2% of the amount usually found in urine. To further evaluate the amount of pyridinium cross-links excreted through bile, we studied the stability of these compounds at the alkaline pH of bile. No effect on their stability was detected over a 6-hour incubation. The origin of these molecules in bile and the significance of this finding in the use of PYD and DPD as bone resorption markers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Romanello
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy
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18
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Bettica P, Moro L. Biochemical markers of bone metabolism in the assessment of osteoporosis. J Int Fed Clin Chem 1995; 7:16-22. [PMID: 10155716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Several biochemical markers are available for the study of bone metabolism. The characteristics of these markers are reviewed and their potential application in osteoporosis is examined. It is concluded that biochemical markers are potentially useful in identifying those at risk of developing osteoporosis, selecting appropriate treatment, monitoring therapy, and studying the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bettica
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Chimica delle, Macromolecole, Universita' degli Studi di Trieste, Italy
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19
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LoCascio V, Braga V, Bertoldo F, Bettica P, Pasini AF, Stefani L, Moro L. Effect of bisphosphonate therapy and parathyroidectomy on the urinary excretion of galactosylhydroxylysine in primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994; 41:47-51. [PMID: 8050131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb03783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with mild or asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism a reliable index of bone resorption might be useful for appropriate management. Hydroxyproline is the most commonly used marker of bone resorption but its low specificity and sensitivity are known. Galactosylhydroxylysine, an amino acid mainly represented in bone collagen, has been proposed as a more suitable index of bone resorption. In this study we evaluated the sensitivity of galactosylhydroxylysine and hydroxyproline assays in following the changes of their urinary levels in 12 patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism before and after treatment with bisphosphonate and surgery. METHODS Serum and fasting urine specimens were obtained from 12 women with mild primary hyperparathyroidism before and after bisphosphonate treatment (2.5 mg daily for 5 days, intravenously) and after a further 25 days; in 7 patients biochemical tests were also performed 1 and 6 days after parathyroidectomy. Galactosylhydroxylysine was assayed by an HPLC method and hydroxyproline by a RIA commercial kit. RESULTS Baseline galactosylhydroxylysine urinary levels were far above the normal range in all the patients whilst in 8 of them baseline hydroxyproline levels were normal. Bisphosphonate treatment significantly decreased bone turnover as shown by a significant fall in serum calcium (from 2.9 to 2.6 mmol/l; P < 0.001) and in galactosylhydroxylysine and hydroxyproline (-55 and -31% respectively). Twenty-five days after the end of treatment, resorption increased again and serum calcium and galactosylhydroxylysine, but not hydroxyproline, rose significantly towards basal levels. One day after parathyroidectomy serum calcium, galactosylhydroxylysine and PTH showed reduction below normal ranges. PTH and galactosylhydroxylysine returned to normal values at day 6 after parathyroidectomy. No changes in hydroxyproline levels were seen. Galactosylhydroxylysine, but not hydroxyproline, correlated significantly with serum calcium and PTH. CONCLUSION Galactosylhydroxylysine appears to be a sensitive index of bone resorption, useful in the clinical assessment of bone involvement and in the management of patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V LoCascio
- Instituti di Semeiotica e Nefrologia Medica, Università di Verona, Italy
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20
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Nicolas V, Prewett A, Bettica P, Mohan S, Finkelman RD, Baylink DJ, Farley JR. Age-related decreases in insulin-like growth factor-I and transforming growth factor-beta in femoral cortical bone from both men and women: implications for bone loss with aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78:1011-6. [PMID: 8175953 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.78.5.8175953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We determined the skeletal content of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) in human bone as a function of age, using 66 samples of femoral cortical bone obtained from 46 men and 20 women between the ages of 20-64 yr. We found a linear decline in the skeletal content of IGF-I (nanograms per mg protein) with donor age (r = -0.43; P < 0.001) in the total population. The skeletal content of TGF beta also decreased with age (i.e. 1/TGF beta vs. age; r = 0.28; P < 0.02) for the total population. We did not observe any difference in the skeletal growth factor content between male and female donors. IGF-I content, when analyzed by decade divisions of age, showed a reduction between the 20- to 29-yr-old and the 50- to 59-yr-old subjects (P < 0.02). The loss rate of IGF-I was 1.56 ng/mg protein.yr, corresponding to a net loss of 60% of skeletal IGF-I between the ages of 20-60 yr. The loss rate of TGF beta was 0.03 ng/mg protein.yr, corresponding to a net loss of 25% of the skeletal TGF beta between the ages of 20-60 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nicolas
- Jerry L. Pettis Veterans Hospital, Loma Linda, California 92374
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21
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Resch H, Libanati C, Talbot J, Tabuenca M, Farley S, Bettica P, Tritthart W, Baylink D. Pharmacokinetic profile of a new fluoride preparation: sustained-release monofluorophosphate. Calcif Tissue Int 1994; 54:7-11. [PMID: 8118758 DOI: 10.1007/bf00316281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic profiles of a sustained-release monofluorophosphate (MFP-SR) preparation (76 mg) and of plain MFP (76 mg) were compared in six osteoporotic females. These studies were performed in a randomized, crossover, double-blind design to select a preparation that would result in therapeutic serum levels while avoiding high serum peak values. Following a single dose of 76 mg MFP-SR, the serum fluoride levels remained within the accepted therapeutic range (5-10 microM/liter) for 24 hours. In contrast, following a single dose of 76 mg plain MFP, serum fluoride levels exhibited a wide circadian fluctuation and serum levels approximately threefold higher than those of the MFP-SR preparation (9.5 +/- 1.6 vs 3.5 +/- 0.8 microM/liter, P < 0.005). Compared with plain MFP, the sustained-release MFP had a significantly lower peak concentration (Cmax MFP-SR: 10.6 +/- 3 vs CmaxMFP: 18.9 +/- 5 microM/liter, P < 0.005) and a significantly longer absorption lag time (TmaxMFP-SR 7.3 +/- 1.6 vs TmaxMFP: 3.0 +/- 0.6 h, P < 0.05). Twenty-four-hour urinary fluoride excretion after ingestion of plain or SR fluoride was significantly increased from pretreatment values documenting absorption with either MFP formulation. Our results show that the use of sustained-release MFP preparation that we tested prevents the development of high peak levels associated with the use of plain MFP preparations. Furthermore, a single dose of MFP-SR resulted in serum fluoride levels within the accepted range of 5-10 microM/liter for 24 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Resch
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, California 92357
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22
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Linkhart SG, Linkhart TA, Taylor AK, Wergedal JE, Bettica P, Baylink DJ. Synthetic peptide-based immunoassay for amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen: application for evaluation of bone formation. Clin Chem 1993; 39:2254-8. [PMID: 8222218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Serum biochemical markers are powerful tools for the evaluation of bone turnover. In this study, we developed a radioimmunoassay, using a synthetic peptide for the N-terminal fragment of human type I [alpha 1(I)] procollagen (N-PCP). A 14-amino acid peptide was synthesized from the amino terminus and used to generate antibodies in rabbits. The synthetic peptide was used as standard and tracer in the assay. Both native type I amino procollagen (PINP), which was purified from skin fibroblasts, and human serum displaced tracer binding in parallel with the synthetic peptide. The range for measurement of N-PCP in serum was 0.7 to 30 micrograms/L (0.21-9.18 nmol/L). In a sample of 17 normal adults and 13 children (ages 9-16 years) there was a strong correlation between serum N-PCP determined by this assay and both skeletal alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme and osteocalcin, markers of bone formation. Serum concentrations of N-PCP in a group of normal children were eightfold higher than concentrations in normal adults, with no overlap between the two groups. N-PCP also correlated with C-terminal type I procollagen determined with a commercially available kit (r = 0.92).
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Linkhart
- Mineral Metabolism Laboratory, J.L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357
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23
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Abstract
Galactosyl hydroxylysine and deoxypyridinoline are at present the most promising markers of bone resorption. Various studies have indeed shown that these two markers discriminate with high accuracy subjects with different rates of bone turnover and that their accuracies and discriminate power are very similar. The aim of this paper is to compare the practicality and the reproducibility of the HPLC galactosyl hydroxylysine and deoxypyridinoline assays. In summary, this review shows that the galactosyl hydroxylysine and deoxypyridinoline HPLC assays differ mainly in the need, in using deoxypyridinoline, for an acid hydrolysis and a preextraction of the urine samples. This implies two major problems for deoxypyridinoline: 1) more time is required due to the cumbersome preanalytical procedures; and 2) a lower reproducibility. Our data, in fact, show that both the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variation of the deoxypyridinoline assay are almost 100% higher than those of the galactosyl hydroxylysine assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bettica
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy
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24
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Resch H, Libanati C, Farley S, Bettica P, Schulz E, Baylink DJ. Evidence that fluoride therapy increases trabecular bone density in a peripheral skeletal site. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76:1622-4. [PMID: 8501171 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.76.6.8501171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We measured the spinal bone density (SBD) and femoral condyle bone density (FCD) in normal and osteoporotic females (n = 219) both before and during fluoride therapy. SBD and FCD in untreated osteoporotics were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those in the age-matched controls. SBD and FCD were correlated in the untreated (r = 0.62; P < 0.0001) as well as in the fluoride-treated osteoporotics (r = 0.42; P < 0.0001). SBD and FCD were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in response to fluoride therapy. The average rates of increase in FCD and SBD were similar (1.3 +/- 1.3 vs. 1.24 +/- 1.4 mg/cc.month). We conclude that the osteogenic action of fluoride is not limited to the axial skeleton. An increase in trabecular bone density also occurs at peripheral weight-bearing sites such as the femoral condyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Resch
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, California
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25
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Michalsky M, Norris-Suarez K, Bettica P, Pecile A, Moro L. Rat cortical and trabecular bone collagen glycosylation are differently influenced by ovariectomy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 192:1281-8. [PMID: 8507198 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to evaluate whether estrogen depletion influences the hydroxylysine glycosydes content of rat bone collagen. For this reason thirty 100 day old female rats were divided in 6 groups of 5 rats each. Three groups were ovariectomized and 3 groups were sham-operated. The animals were sacrificed at 115, 130 and 145 days of age (i.e., 15, 30 and 45 days after surgery). Cortical and trabecular bone was prepared from tibiae and femurs. Hydroxylysine glycosydes content was measured by HPLC. Ovariectomy is followed, in the rat, by an increased hydroxylysine glycosylation in trabecular bone but by a constant or slightly decreased hydroxylysine glycosylation in the cortical bone. In view of the different effects of estrogens on the two bone compartments previously reported, a possible functional explanation of these findings is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michalsky
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Universita degli Studi, Trieste, Italy
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26
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Bettica P, Moro L, Robins SP, Taylor AK, Talbot J, Singer FR, Baylink DJ. Bone-Resorption Markers Galactosyl Hydroxylysine, Pyridinium Crosslinks, and Hydroxyproline Compared. Clin Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/38.11.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We compared the clinical performances of four bone-resorption (BR) assays (hydroxyproline, HYP; galactosyl hydroxylysine, GHYL; deoxypyridinoline, DPD; and pyridinoline, PYD) in subjects with different BR rates: normal (adult men and premenopausal women), mildly increased (postmenopausal osteoporotic women), high (Paget disease patients), and very high (children). The discrimination power (Z score) and the accuracy (estimated by receiver-operating characteristic analysis) for GHYL, DPD, and PYD were compared with those for HYP. Discrimination power and accuracy were similar for high- and very-high-BR groups for all four assays. However in the mildly increased-BR group, DPD, GHYL, and PYD showed a higher discrimination power and accuracy than did HYP. The clinical performances of HYP, DPD, GHYL, and PYD are comparable for large changes in BR. For modest changes, DPD, GHYL, and PYD are more accurate and have a higher discrimination power than does HYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bettica
- Jerry L. Pettis VA Hospital, Loma Linda, CA
| | - L Moro
- Jerry L. Pettis VA Hospital, Loma Linda, CA
| | - S P Robins
- Jerry L. Pettis VA Hospital, Loma Linda, CA
| | - A K Taylor
- Jerry L. Pettis VA Hospital, Loma Linda, CA
| | - J Talbot
- Jerry L. Pettis VA Hospital, Loma Linda, CA
| | - F R Singer
- Jerry L. Pettis VA Hospital, Loma Linda, CA
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27
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Bettica P, Moro L, Robins SP, Taylor AK, Talbot J, Singer FR, Baylink DJ. Bone-resorption markers galactosyl hydroxylysine, pyridinium crosslinks, and hydroxyproline compared. Clin Chem 1992; 38:2313-8. [PMID: 1424129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We compared the clinical performances of four bone-resorption (BR) assays (hydroxyproline, HYP; galactosyl hydroxylysine, GHYL; deoxypyridinoline, DPD; and pyridinoline, PYD) in subjects with different BR rates: normal (adult men and premenopausal women), mildly increased (postmenopausal osteoporotic women), high (Paget disease patients), and very high (children). The discrimination power (Z score) and the accuracy (estimated by receiver-operating characteristic analysis) for GHYL, DPD, and PYD were compared with those for HYP. Discrimination power and accuracy were similar for high- and very-high-BR groups for all four assays. However in the mildly increased-BR group, DPD, GHYL, and PYD showed a higher discrimination power and accuracy than did HYP. The clinical performances of HYP, DPD, GHYL, and PYD are comparable for large changes in BR. For modest changes, DPD, GHYL, and PYD are more accurate and have a higher discrimination power than does HYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bettica
- Jerry L. Pettis VA Hospital, Loma Linda, CA
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28
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Reina G, Moro L, Rubinacci A, Bettica P, Villani P, Rovis L, Moro GL, de Bernard B, Pecile A. A new mathematical model to study bone turnover in growing rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 185:47-53. [PMID: 1599486 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A new mathematical model for the study of bone turnover in growing rats was developed. The model predicts a linear relationship between bone mineral content (BMC) and biochemical markers (BMK) of bone turnover assuming that rats are growing, bone turnover is profoundly affected by skeletal maturation, and resorption and formation are physiologically balanced. The model validation was performed by measuring galactosyl-hydroxylysine (GHYL) and hydroxyproline (HYP) in urines. This mathematical evidence supports our proposed use of the specific bone resorption marker GHYL to predict bone mineral content. Further studies on bone turnover will be possible by the application of the same approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Reina
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, University of Milano, Italy
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29
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Abstract
This study examined the possible peripheral activity of eel calcitonin in the modulation of the response to noxious pressure on inflamed paws in rats (Randall and Selitto test). The intraplantar injection of eel calcitonin (20-200 ng/rat) but not the subcutaneous administration (200 ng and 2 micrograms/rat, s.c.), was able to significantly inhibit hyperalgesia induced by intraplantar injection of carrageenin. The development of oedema on the other hand was not inhibited. The intraplantar administration of eel calcitonin (200 ng/rat) in a non-inflamed paw did not modify paw pressure thresholds. Eel calcitonin (200 ng/rat, intraplantar, i.pl.) was also able to elicit an antinociceptive effect on formalin-induced hyperalgesia, both when the peptide was injected before or after (60 min) formalin. This effect, at difference with morphine (80 micrograms/rat, i.pl.), was not blocked by naloxone (10 micrograms/rat, i.pl.). These results demonstrate the local antinociceptive effect of eel calcitonin in inflammatory pain and might indicate a new way of using calcitonin in the control of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guidobono
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Milan, Italy
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30
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Abstract
To determine whether or not the CNS inhibitory activity of eel calcitonin (eCT) on adenylyl cyclase is the endocellular mechanism underlying the antinociceptive effect of the peptide, as shown for morphine analgesia, we administered Bordetella pertussis toxin (PTX) by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection (0.5 microgram/rat) to block the receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. In PTX-treated rats there was no change in eCT (2.5 micrograms/rat, ICV)-induced antinociceptive activity (hot-plate test) nor in eCT (100 ng/rat, ICV) inhibition of gastric acid secretion (Shay test) whereas morphine (5 micrograms/rat, ICV) analgesia was significantly reduced. In vitro studies showed no reduction of eCT binding in the CNS of rats treated with PTX in vivo. Moreover, PTX treatment did not change the inhibitory effect of eCT on adenylyl cyclase in isolated membranes from rat striatum in contrast with opiates (DAME and morphine) whose effects were lost. As PTX is known to inactivate the guanidine binding inhibitory protein Gi, these data suggest that a G protein, distinct from the Gi protein involved in the coupling of opiate receptors into a functional response, could be responsible for regulating the intracellular pathways resulting in eCT-induced antinociceptive effect and inhibition of gastric acid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guidobono
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, University of Milan, Italy
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31
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Guidobono F, Netti C, Pagani F, Bettica P, Sibilia V, Pecile A, Zanelli J. Effect of unmodified eel calcitonin on gastric acid secretion and gastric ulcers in the rat. Farmaco 1991; 46:555-63. [PMID: 1681813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A new peptide, eel calcitonin (eCT), synthesized to the sequence of calcitonin (CT) extracted from the ultimo branchial bodies of eels, is now on the market in some countries for clinical use in the treatment of Paget's disease of bone and in the prophylaxis or treatment of certain osteoporoses. We have now studied the effect of eCT on the inhibition of gastric acid secretion and protection against experimentally induced gastric ulcers in rats as other CTs have previously been shown to have such effects. EelCT shows a dose dependent inhibition of gastric acid secretion, both volume and concentration of acid - dose range 100-900 ng/Kg injected subcutaneously. Central administration is also effective at a dose of 100 ng/rat. There is no published evidence for a direct effect of CTs in the stomach and there is considerable speculation on possible mediating pathways. Somatostatin may be involved in the inhibitory effect of eCT on gastric acid secretion because when administered both centrally or peripherally eCT is ineffective in rats depleted of somatostatin by pretreatment with cysteamine. However, other mechanisms must also be involved as eCT has no preventive effect against gastric ulcers induced by ethanol but has a high index of protection against ulcers induced by cold restraint stress or indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guidobono
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Istituto di Milano, Italia
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bettica
- Dept. of Pharmacol., University of Milan, Italy
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33
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Guidobono F, Netti C, Bettica P, Sibilia V, Pagani F, Cazzamalli E, Pecile A. Effects of age on binding sites for calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat central nervous system. Neurosci Lett 1989; 102:20-6. [PMID: 2550853 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The binding site distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was studied in the central nervous system of aged rats (22 months old) and compared with that of young rats (2 months). The regional distribution of [125I]Tyr-rat CGRP binding in coronal sections of young and old rat CNS was examined by an in vitro autoradiographic technique. The results, showed that in aged rats there was a marked reduction in CGRP binding, without any change in binding affinity, in the hippocampus, the nucleus rhomboideus, the nucleus arcuatus, the colliculus superior, the substantia grisea centralis and the spinal cord. In the cortical areas, the amygdala, the caudatus putamen and the accumbens binding was not modified. In the cortex cerebellaris CGRP binding was strikingly greater in the aged rats. The increase in binding might be a consequence of an adaptive process due to a decline of the peptide synthesis with age and is suggestive of a role for CGRP in the cerebellum functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guidobono
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, University of Milan, Italy
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Guidobono F, Netti C, Pagani F, Bettica P, Villa I, Pecile A. Evidence for different classes of calcitonin binding sites in rat CNS: an autoradiographic study with carbo-calcitonin. Neurosci Lett 1987; 79:91-6. [PMID: 2823193 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of binding sites in the rat CNS for a synthetic analogue of eel calcitonin, [Asu1-7]eel calcitonin (carboCT) was investigated. This distribution was compared to that for the natural peptide to see whether a modified molecule would also reveal different classes of binding sites for CT. The regional distribution of 125I-carboCT binding in coronal sections of rat CNS was examined by an in vitro autoradiographic technique. Non-specific binding was assessed after addition of excess cold carboCT or eel CT and the results showed that carboCT binding is specific and that it is displaced equally by cold carboCT and by eel CT. There was dense labelling in the nucleus accumbens, in the tractus striohypothalamicus, in the anterior and posterior part of the hypothalamus except for the nucleus ventromedialis, in the amygdala, in the pars medialis of the reticular formation, in the nucleus ruber, in the periventricular gray and in the raphe magnus. Grains were less dense in the hypothalamus lateralis, in the substantia nigra and in the nucleus interpeduncularis. In contrast to eel CT, carboCT did not bind in the spinal cord, nor did carboCT prevent eel CT binding in this area, whereas it was able to prevent it in the brain. These results are consistent with the existence of different classes of binding sites for CT in rat brain and in spinal cord, and indicate that the substitution of the S-S bond with a C-C bond in the eel CT molecule makes the peptide more selective for one class of binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guidobono
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, University of Milan, Italy
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