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Kugarajah V, Nisha KN, Jayakumar R, Sahabudeen S, Ramakrishnan P, Mohamed SB. Significance of microbial genome in environmental remediation. Microbiol Res 2023; 271:127360. [PMID: 36931127 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants seriously threaten the ecosystem and health of various life forms, particularly with the rapid industrialization and emerging population. Conventionally physical and chemical strategies are being opted for the removal of these pollutants. Bioremediation, through several advancements, has been a boon to combat the existing threat faced today. Microbes with enzymes degrade various pollutants and utilize them as a carbon and energy source. With the existing demand and through several research explorations, Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs) have paved to be a successful approach to abate pollution through bioremediation. The genome of the microbe determines its biodegradative nature. Thus, methods including pure culture techniques and metagenomics are used for analyzing the genome of microbes, which provides information about catabolic genes. The information obtained along with the aid of biotechnology helps to construct GEMs that are cost-effective and safer thereby exhibiting higher degradation of pollutants. The present review focuses on the role of microbes in the degradation of environmental pollutants, role of evolution in habitat and adaptation of microbes, microbial degenerative genes, their pathways, and the efficacy of recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology for creating GEMs for bioremediation. The present review also provides a gist of existing GEMs for bioremediation and their limitations, thereby providing a future scope of implementation of these GEMs for a sustainable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidhegi Kugarajah
- Department of Nanobiomaterials, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602015, India
| | | | - R Jayakumar
- Department of Nanobiomaterials, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602015, India
| | - S Sahabudeen
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kanchipuram Dist, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India; Medical Team, Doctoral Institute for Evidence Based Policy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P Ramakrishnan
- Department of Nanobiomaterials, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602015, India.
| | - S B Mohamed
- Department of Materials Science, School of Technology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ferreri AJ, Tarantino V, Cabras G, Ferrara F, Zinzani PL, Arcaini L, Castellino A, Tucci A, Cocito F, Davies A, Salvador Chalup MM, Cwynarski K, Nogueira FL, Petrucci L, Muzi C, Onofrillo D, Ferrario A, Ramakrishnan P, Scalzulli PR, Tani M, Tisi MC, Papageorgiou SG, Calimeri T, Angelillo P, Foppoli M, Dimou M, Ponzoni M, Iannitto E, Vassilakopoulos TP. PROGNOSTIC FACTORS, MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME OF AN INTERNATIONAL SERIES OF 41 PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY MEDIASTINAL LARGE B‐CELL LYMPHOMA (PMLBCL) AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) INVOLVEMENT. Hematol Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.66_2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J.M. Ferreri
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Lymphoma Unit Dept. of Onco‐Hematology Milano Italy
| | - V. Tarantino
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine Modena Italy
| | - G. Cabras
- Ospedale Oncologico Struttura Complessa di Ematologia e CTMO Cagliari Italy
| | - F. Ferrara
- AORN Cardarelli Hospital Division of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Program Naples Italy
| | - P. L. Zinzani
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero‐Universitaria di Bologna Istituto di Ematologia “Seràgnoli Bologna Italy
| | - L. Arcaini
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo & Department of Molecular Medicine University of Pavia Division of Hematology Pavia Italy
| | | | - A. Tucci
- ASST Spedali Civili Hematology Department Brescia Italy
| | - F. Cocito
- ASST‐Monza UC di Ematologia Monza Italy
| | - A. Davies
- CRUK Centre University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicines Centre Southampton UK
| | - M. M.B Salvador Chalup
- Hematológica Oncoclínicas, Hematological Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - K. Cwynarski
- University College London Hospitals Department of Haematology London UK
| | - F. L. Nogueira
- Gurpo Oncoclínicas Clínica Hematologica Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - L. Petrucci
- University Sapienza Hematology Department of Translation and Precision Medicine Rome Italy
| | - C. Muzi
- ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda Division of Haematology Milan Italy
| | - D. Onofrillo
- Spirito Santo Hospital Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit Department of Hematology Pescara Italy
| | | | - P. Ramakrishnan
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center UT Southwestern Medical Center Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy Dallas Texas USA
| | - P. R. Scalzulli
- Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Division of Hematology San Giovanni Rotondo Italy
| | - M. Tani
- Santa Maria delle Croci Hospital Hematology Unit Ravenna Italy
| | - M. C. Tisi
- San Bortolo Hospital Cell Therapy and Hematology Vicenza Italy
| | - S. G. Papageorgiou
- University General Hospital "Attikon" National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Second Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutic Hematology Unit Athens Greece
| | - T. Calimeri
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Lymphoma Unit Dept. of Onco‐Hematology Milano Italy
| | - P. Angelillo
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Lymphoma Unit Dept. of Onco‐Hematology Milano Italy
| | - M. Foppoli
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Lymphoma Unit Dept. of Onco‐Hematology Milano Italy
| | - M. Dimou
- General Hospital National and Kapodistrian University of Athens First Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic Haematology Clinical Trial Unit Athens Greece
| | - M. Ponzoni
- Università Vita‐salute San Raffaele Milano, Italy Pathology Unit Milan Italy
| | - E. Iannitto
- Casa di Cura "La Maddalena" Hematology and BMT Department of Oncology Palermo Italy
| | - T. P. Vassilakopoulos
- Laikon General Hospital National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Athens Greece
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Nambi S, Gupta K, Bhattacharyya M, Ramakrishnan P, Ravikumar V, Siddiqui N, Thomas AT, Visweswariah SS. Correction: Cyclic AMP-dependent protein lysine acylation in mycobacteria regulates fatty acid and propionate metabolism. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11046. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.aac119.009859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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de Jesus T, Ramakrishnan P. LB982 Novel mechanism of self inhibition by NF-κB c-Rel. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Ramakrishnan
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202; and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27706
| | - G. E. Mitchell
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202; and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27706
| | - C. R. Gould
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202; and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27706
| | - S. A. Wender
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Ramakrishnan
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202 and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27706
| | - G. E. Mitchell
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202 and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27706
| | - C. R. Gould
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202 and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27706
| | - S. A. Wender
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | | | - R. C. Little
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
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Zaidat OO, Castonguay A, Haussen D, English J, Farid H, Veznedaroglu E, Binning M, Puri AS, Hou SY, Janardhan V, Vora N, Budzik RF, Alshekhlee A, Abraham MG, Edgell R, Taqi A, Lin E, Khoury R, Mokin M, Majjhoo AQ, Kabbani MR, Froehler MT, Finch I, Prabhakaran S, Novakovic R, Nguyen T, Mehta S, Quadri SA, Ramakrishnan P, Nogueira RG. Abstract WMP8: Results of Trevo Acute Ischemic Stroke Thrombectomy Registry: Predictors of Clinical Outcome. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/str.47.suppl_1.wmp8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose:
Recent randomized clinical trial (RCTs) demonstrated efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy using stent-retrievers in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. The main purpose of TRevo ACute Ischemic StroKe (TRACK) stent-retriever thrombectomy multicenter registry is to demonstrate safety and efficacy in real life clinical practice.
Methods:
The investigator-initiated TRACK multicenter registry recruited 24 sites in north America to submit demographic, clinical, site-adjudicated angiographic, and outcome data on consecutive AIS patients treated with Trevo stent-retriever device as the first treatment option. Standard clinical safety (symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), and mortality) and efficacy (revascularization and disability) outcomes and predictors of clinical outcome were analyzed.
Results:
624 patients were enrolled in the TRACK registry. Median age was 68 years (range 16-94, 118 (18.1%) >80), male gender was 51.4%, and 67.7% were white. The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Severity Scale (NIHSS) was 17 (IQR 13-22). Transfer cases were 50.6% with IV-rtPA use in 318 cases (51.3%). Median onset to groin puncture (OTG) time was 283 min (IQR 198.5-443), and groin puncture to revascularization was 66 min (IQR 37.5-103). Anterior circulation occlusion was 86.2% (MCA/M2 in 55.2% followed by ICA in 15.9% and M2 in 12.7%). Use of GA was in 389 cases (62.3%), number of passes were ≤ 3 in 92% of the cases (1: 45.2%, 2:28%, and 3:18.7%), 291 (46.7%) had BGC use. Rescue use was seen in 21.7%. Revascularization of ≥ TIMI 2 was 81.8% and ≥ TICI 2b was 70%. The primary outcome of mRS of ≥ 2 was 48.3% in the full cohort, and 50.6% in TREVO-2 like group. sICH and mortality were 7.2%, and 20.1% in the full cohort vs 6.9% and 17.5% in the TREVO-2 like group, respectively. The independent predictors of clinical outcome were lower baseline NIHSS, younger age, use of BGC, successful recanalization, and no general anesthesia (GA).
Conclusions:
The real life clinical practice Trevo registry demonstrated good clinical outcome and high rate of recanalization. Younger age, lower baseline NIHSS, use of balloon guide catheter, successful recanalization, and avoiding endotrachaeal GA independent predictors of good clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - N Vora
- Riverside Radiology, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | | | | | | | - E Lin
- St Vincent Mercy Hosp, Toledo, OH
| | | | - M Mokin
- Univ of S Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | | | - I Finch
- John Muir Med Cntr, Walnut Creek, CA
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Zaidat O, Castonguay A, Nogueira R, Ramakrishnan P, Haussen D, Lima A, English J, Farid H, Veznedaroglu E, Binning M, Puri A, Hou S, Janardhan V, Vora N, Budzik R, Alshekhlee A, Abraham M, Edgell R, Taqi M, Lin E, Khoury R, Mokin M, Majjhoo A, Kabbani M, Froehler M, Finch I, Prabhakaran S, Novakovic R, Nguyen T, Wesley J. O-008 final revascularization and clinical outcome results from the multicenter trevo stent-retriever acute stroke (track) post-marketing registry. J Neurointerv Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2015-011917.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Castonguay A, Zaidat O, Nogueira R, Ramakrishnan P, Haussen D, Lima A, English J, Farid H, Veznedaroglu E, Binning M, Puri A, Hou S, Janardhan V, Vora N, Budzik R, Alshekhlee A, Abraham M, Edgell R, Taqi M, Lin E, Khoury R, Mokin M, Majjhoo A, Kabbani M, Froehler M, Finch I, Prabhakaran S, Novakovic R, Nguyen T. E-055 analysis of a mr clean-like group in the multicenter track registry. J Neurointerv Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2015-011917.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ramakrishnan P, Karimah A, Kuntaman K, Shukla A, Ansari BKM, Rao PH, Ahmed M, Tribulato A, Agarwal AK, Koenig HG, Murthy P. Religious/spiritual characteristics of indian and indonesian physicians and their acceptance of spirituality in health care: a cross-cultural comparison. J Relig Health 2015; 54:649-663. [PMID: 24944165 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-014-9906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Religious/spiritual (r/s) characteristics of physicians influence their attitude toward integrative medicine and spiritual care. Indonesia physicians collaborate with traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine (TCAM) professionals within modern healthcare system, while Indian physicians are not reported to do so. The aim of the study was to understand the r/s characteristics and their influence on Indian and Indonesian physicians' acceptance of TCAM/spirituality in modern healthcare system. An exploratory, pilot, cross-cultural, cross-sectional study, using Religion and Spirituality in Medicine, and Physician Perspectives (RSMPP) survey questionnaire, compared r/s characteristics and perspectives on integrative medicine of 169 physicians from two allopathic, Sweekar-Osmania University (Sweekar-OU), India, University of Airlanga (UNAIR), Indonesia, and a TCAM/Central Research Institute of Unani Medicine (CRIUM) institute from India. More physicians from UNAIR and CRIUM (89.1 %) described themselves as "very"/"moderately" religious, compared to 63.5 % Sweekar-OU (p = 0.0000). Greater number of (84.6 %) UNAIR physicians described themselves as "very" spiritual and also significantly high (p < 0.05) in intrinsic religiosity as compared to Sweekar-OU and TCAM physicians; 38.6 % of UNAIR and 32.6 % of CRIUM participants reported life-changing spiritual experiences in clinical settings as against 19.7 % of Sweekar-OU; 92.3 % of UNAIR, compared to CRIUM (78.3 %) and Sweekar-OU (62 %), felt comfortable attending to patients' spiritual needs, (p = 0.0001). Clinical comfort and not r/s characteristics of participants was the significant (p = 0.05) variable in full regression models, predictive of primary outcome criteria; "TCAM or r/s healing as complementary to allopathic treatment." In conclusion, mainstreaming TCAM into healthcare system may be an initial step toward both integrative medicine and also improving r/s care interventions by allopathic physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramakrishnan
- Center for Development of Spirituality as Medical Subject, AdhiBhat Foundation India, R-80 Greater, Kailaish, New Delhi, India,
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Ramakrishnan P, Rane A, Dias A, Bhat J, Shukla A, Lakshmi S, Ansari BK, Ramaswamy RS, Reddy RA, Tribulato A, Agarwal AK, SatyaPrasad N, Mushtaq A, Rao PH, Murthy P, Koenig HG. Indian health care professionals' attitude towards spiritual healing and its role in alleviating stigma of psychiatric services. J Relig Health 2014; 53:1800-1814. [PMID: 24430129 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-014-9822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Persons with mental illnesses in India and rest of developing world continue to consult religious/spiritual (R/S) healers or traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) professionals prior to seeking psychiatric services that are devoid of spiritual components of care. We aim to understand TCAM and allopathic professionals' perspectives on patients' R/S needs within mental health services, cross-sectional study was conducted at five TCAM and two allopathic tertiary care hospitals in three different Indian states; 393 participants completed RSMPP, a self-administered, semi-structured survey questionnaire. Perspectives of TCAM and allopathic health professionals on role of spirituality in mental health care were compared. Substantial percentage, 43.7 % TCAM and 41.3 % allopathic, of participants believe that their patients approach R/S or TCAM practitioners for severe mental illness; 91.2 % of TCAM and 69.7 % of allopaths were satisfied with R/S healers (p = 0.0019). Furthermore, 91.1 % TCAM and 73.1 % allopaths (p = 0.000) believe that mental health stigma can be minimized by integrating with spiritual care services. Overall, 87 % of TCAM and 73 % of allopaths agreed to primary criterion variable: 'spiritual healing is beneficial and complementary to psychiatric care.' A quarter of allopaths (24.4 %) and 38 % of TCAM physicians reportedly cross-refer their grieving patients to religious/TCAM healer and psychiatrist/psychologist, respectively; on logistic regression, significant (p < 0.05) predictors were clinical interactions/references to r/s healers. Providing spiritual care within the setup of psychiatric institution will not only complement psychiatric care but also alleviate stigma against mental health services. Implications on developing spiritual care services like clinical chaplaincy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramakrishnan
- AdiBhat Foundation, R-90, Greater Kailash-I, New Delhi, 110048, India,
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Ramakrishnan P, Dias A, Rane A, Shukla A, Lakshmi S, Ansari BKM, Ramaswamy RS, Reddy AR, Tribulato A, Agarwal AK, Bhat J, SatyaPrasad N, Mushtaq A, Rao PH, Murthy P, Koenig HG. Perspectives of Indian traditional and allopathic professionals on religion/spirituality and its role in medicine: basis for developing an integrative medicine program. J Relig Health 2014; 53:1161-1175. [PMID: 23625126 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-013-9721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Allopathic medical professionals in developed nations have started to collaborate with traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine (TCAM) to enquire on the role of religion/spirituality (r/s) in patient care. There is scant evidence of such movement in the Indian medical community. We aim to understand the perspectives of Indian TCAM and allopathic professionals on the influence of r/s in health. Using RSMPP (Religion, Spirituality and Medicine, Physician Perspectives) questionnaire, a cross-sectional survey was conducted at seven (five TCAM and two allopathic) pre-selected tertiary care medical institutes in India. Findings of TCAM and allopathic groups were compared. Majority in both groups (75% of TCAM and 84.6% of allopathic practitioners) believed that patients' spiritual focus increases with illness. Up to 58% of TCAM and allopathic respondents report patients receiving support from their religious communities; 87% of TCAM and 73% of allopaths believed spiritual healing to be beneficial and complementary to allopathic medical care. Only 11% of allopaths, as against 40% of TCAM, had reportedly received 'formal' training in r/s. Both TCAM (81.8%) and allopathic (63.7%) professionals agree that spirituality as an academic subject merits inclusion in health education programs (p = 0.0003). Inclusion of spirituality in the health care system is a need for Indian medical professionals as well as their patients, and it could form the basis for integrating TCAM and allopathic medical systems in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramakrishnan
- AdiBhat Foundation, R-90, Greater Kailash-I, New Delhi, 110048, India,
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Kundu A, Ramakrishnan P, Rajendran A, Dharwar NV, Anbarasu A. Analysis of non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms and population variability of PLD2 gene associated with hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:227-41. [PMID: 23649737 DOI: 10.1504/ijbra.2013.053604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the non-synonymous Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (nsSNPs) of PLD2 gene and its variations in different populations to understand its role in hypertension. Out of 350 SNPs, six are found to be non-synonymous, of which two showed significant damaging effect and SNP variability with large differences among the Minor Allele Frequency (MAF) observed in various populations. The amino acid change found for rs2286672 is from arginine to cysteine, i.e., from largest amino acid containing guanidino group to a small amino acid containing sulfhydryl group, and for rs3764897, it is from glycine to serine, i.e., from a hydrophobic amino acid to a hydrophilic amino acid. Hence, owing to the complete change in side chains and polarity of the amino acid residues brought about by these SNPs, the structure of the protein might be altered and hence the function might be affected, leading to dysregulation of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Kundu
- Bioinformatics Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Wee LE, Koh GCH, Auyong LS, Cheong A, Myo TT, Lin J, Lim E, Tan S, Sundaramurthy S, Koh CW, Ramakrishnan P, Aariyapillai-Rajagopal R, Vaidynathan-Selvamuthu H, Ma-Ma K. Screening for cardiovascular disease risk factors at baseline and post intervention among adults with intellectual disabilities in an urbanised Asian society. J Intellect Disabil Res 2014; 58:255-268. [PMID: 23279280 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) face significant barriers to screening participation. We determined predictors for regular cardiovascular health screening at baseline among adults with ID in Singapore, and evaluated the effectiveness of a 3-month screening intervention. METHODS The study population involved all adults with ID aged ≥40 years receiving services from the Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore (MINDS), the largest such provider in Singapore. Over 3 months in 2011, adult clients not screened regularly at baseline for hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia were offered free and convenient blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and lipid testing; data on other cardiovascular disease risk factors were also collected. Chi-square and logistic regression identified predictors of regular screening at baseline. RESULTS Participation was 95.0% (227/239). At baseline, among adults with ID, 61.8% (118/191), 24.8% (52/210) and 18.2% (34/187) had gone for regular hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia screening respectively; post intervention, rates rose to 96.9%, 89.5% and 88.8% respectively. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors (22.5% with hypertension, 10.6% with diabetes, 34.8% with dyslipidaemia, 10.7% obese and 90.6% lacking regular exercise) was high compared against the general population. While receiving residential services was associated with regular hypertension screening, receiving non-residential services and being independently mobile were associated with regular participation in fasting blood tests (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Cardiovascular disease risk factors are common among adults with ID and clinicians should proactively screen such populations. Provision of free and convenient screening for cardiovascular disease risk improved screening participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Wee
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
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Raghu T, Malhotra SN, Ramakrishnan P. Corrosion behaviour of sintered austenitic stainless steel filters in sulphuric acid solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/000705988798270992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Williamson DM, Elferich J, Ramakrishnan P, Thomas G, Shinde U. The mechanism by which a propeptide-encoded pH sensor regulates spatiotemporal activation of furin. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19154-65. [PMID: 23653353 PMCID: PMC3696687 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.442681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The proprotein convertase furin requires the pH gradient of the secretory pathway to regulate its multistep, compartment-specific autocatalytic activation. Although His-69 within the furin prodomain serves as the pH sensor that detects transport of the propeptide-enzyme complex to the trans-Golgi network, where it promotes cleavage and release of the inhibitory propeptide, a mechanistic understanding of how His-69 protonation mediates furin activation remains unclear. Here we employ biophysical, biochemical, and computational approaches to elucidate the mechanism underlying the pH-dependent activation of furin. Structural analyses and binding experiments comparing the wild-type furin propeptide with a nonprotonatable His-69 → Leu mutant that blocks furin activation in vivo revealed protonation of His-69 reduces both the thermodynamic stability of the propeptide as well as its affinity for furin at pH 6.0. Structural modeling combined with mathematical modeling and molecular dynamic simulations suggested that His-69 does not directly contribute to the propeptide-enzyme interface but, rather, triggers movement of a loop region in the propeptide that modulates access to the cleavage site and, thus, allows for the tight pH regulation of furin activation. Our work establishes a mechanism by which His-69 functions as a pH sensor that regulates compartment-specific furin activation and provides insights into how other convertases and proteases may regulate their precise spatiotemporal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Williamson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland Oregon 97239 and
| | - Johannes Elferich
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland Oregon 97239 and
| | - Parvathy Ramakrishnan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland Oregon 97239 and
| | - Gary Thomas
- the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Ujwal Shinde
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland Oregon 97239 and
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Nambi S, Gupta K, Bhattacharyya M, Ramakrishnan P, Ravikumar V, Siddiqui N, Thomas AT, Visweswariah SS. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein lysine acylation in mycobacteria regulates fatty acid and propionate metabolism. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14114-14124. [PMID: 23553634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.463992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylation of lysine residues is a posttranslational modification that is used by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes to regulate a variety of biological processes. Here we identify multiple substrates for the cAMP-dependent protein lysine acetyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (KATmt). We demonstrate that a catalytically important lysine residue in a number of FadD (fatty acyl CoA synthetase) enzymes is acetylated by KATmt in a cAMP-dependent manner and that acetylation inhibits the activity of FadD enzymes. A sirtuin-like enzyme can deacetylate multiple FadDs, thus completing the regulatory cycle. Using a strain deleted for the KATmt ortholog in Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), we show for the first time that acetylation is dependent on intracellular cAMP levels. KATmt can utilize propionyl CoA as a substrate and, therefore, plays a critical role in alleviating propionyl CoA toxicity in mycobacteria by inactivating acyl CoA synthetase (ACS). The precision by which mycobacteria can regulate the metabolism of fatty acids in a cAMP-dependent manner appears to be unparalleled in other biological organisms and is ideally suited to adapt to the complex environment that pathogenic mycobacteria experience in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhalaxmi Nambi
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kallol Gupta
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Parvathy Ramakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vaishnavi Ravikumar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nida Siddiqui
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ann Terene Thomas
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sandhya S Visweswariah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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McDonald RS, Gupta S, Maclean M, Ramakrishnan P, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Meek RMD, Grant MH, Grant MH. 405 nm Light exposure of osteoblasts and inactivation of bacterial isolates from arthroplasty patients: potential for new disinfection applications? Eur Cell Mater 2013; 25:204-14. [PMID: 23471732 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v025a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection rates after arthroplasty surgery are between 1-4 %, rising significantly after revision procedures. To reduce the associated costs of treating these infections, and the patients' post-operative discomfort and trauma, a new preventative method is required. High intensity narrow spectrum (HINS) 405 nm light has bactericidal effects on a wide range of medically important bacteria, and it reduced bacterial bioburden when used as an environmental disinfection method in a Medical Burns Unit. To prove its safety for use for environmental disinfection in orthopaedic theatres during surgery, cultured osteoblasts were exposed to HINS-light of intensities up to 15 mW/cm2 for 1 h (54 J/cm2). Intensities of up to 5 mW/cm2 for 1 h had no effect on cell morphology, activity of alkaline phosphatase, synthesis of collagen or osteocalcin expression, demonstrating that under these conditions this dose is the maximum safe exposure for osteoblasts; after exposure to 15 mW/cm2 all parameters of osteoblast function were significantly decreased. Viability (measured by protein content and Crystal Violet staining) of the osteoblasts was not influenced by exposure to 5 mW/cm2 for at least 2 h. At 5 mW/cm2 HINS-light is an effective bactericide. It killed 98.1 % of Staphylococcus aureus and 83.2 % Staphylococcus epidermis populations seeded on agar surfaces, and is active against both laboratory strains and clinical isolates from infected hip and knee arthroplasties. HINS-light could have potential for development as a method of disinfection to reduce transmission of bacteria during arthroplasty, with wider applications in diverse surgical procedures involving implantation of a medical device.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S McDonald
- University of Strathclyde, Bioengineering Unit, Wolfson Centre, 06 Rottenrow, Glasgow, Strathclyde G4 0NW UK
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Ramakrishnan P, Kahn DA, Baltimore D. Erratum: Anti-apoptotic effect of hyperglycemia can allow survival of potentially autoreactive T cells. Cell Death Differ 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Abraham MK, Viswanath N, Ramakrishnan P, Bindu S, Kedari P, Naaz A, Rahman LOA, Nasir AA, Sharon M, Shivji R, Sasidharan P. Intravesical pressure: A new prognostic indicator in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2012; 16:129-31. [PMID: 22121309 PMCID: PMC3221153 DOI: 10.4103/0971-9261.86864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the usefulness of intravesical pressure as a prognostic indicator in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 25 cases, bladder pressure was measured intraoperatively during repair. RESULTS Cases were divided into three groups according to the intravesical pressure. Group 1: pressure <10 cm (n.9), Group 2: 10-15 cm (n.11) and Group 3: >15 cm (n.5). Number of ventilated days was tabulated against these groups. Median number of ventilated days for Group 1, with the lowest pressure, was 3 days, while that for Group 2 was 5 and for Group 3, with the highest pressure, was 10 days. This was significant, with a P-value of 0.016. CONCLUSION Measurement of intravesical pressure is a reliable prognostic indicator in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. It also helps in predicting postoperative ventilatory requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan K Abraham
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Neonatology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Abraham MK, Viswanath N, Bindu S, Kedari P, Ramakrishnan P, Naaz A, Mohan S. A simple and safe technique for trocar positioning in vesicoscopic ureteric reimplantation. Pediatr Surg Int 2011; 27:1223-6. [PMID: 21853299 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-011-2966-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anchoring of the urinary bladder to the anterior abdominal wall is essential to prevent perivesical gas leak and dislodgement of trocar. Existing techniques have the risk of going through the peritoneal cavity and injuring the bowel. Our aim was to find a safe technique to anchor the bladder wall to the abdominal wall. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nineteen cases were studied prospectively. A curved urethral dilator was introduced and made to point on the anterior abdominal wall. Abdominal wall was incised over the tip of the dilator till the bladder was seen which was then sutured to the anterior abdominal wall. The bladder was then incised and the trocars were railroaded on the dilator into the bladder. Cohen's reimplantation was then done. RESULTS Out of the 19 cases, conversion to open was done in two early cases. In one case, the trocar got pulled out, but was easily reintroduced. Mean operating time was 210 min. Mean follow up was 20.9 months. There was a resolution of reflux in 13, reduction in the grade of reflux in 1 and no failures. In five cases, post op MCU is awaited. CONCLUSION This technique of fixing the bladder to the anterior abdominal wall is safe and easy to perform. It is recommended while doing vesicoscopic reimplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan K Abraham
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India.
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Ramakrishnan P, Kahn DA, Baltimore D. Anti-apoptotic effect of hyperglycemia can allow survival of potentially autoreactive T cells. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:690-9. [PMID: 21164518 PMCID: PMC3131907 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymocyte development is a tightly controlled multi-step process involving selective elimination of self-reactive and non-functional T cells by apoptosis. This developmental process depends on signaling by Notch, IL-7 and active glucose metabolism. In this study, we explored the requirement of glucose for thymocyte survival and found that in addition to metabolic regulation, glucose leads to the expression of anti-apoptotic genes. Under hyperglycemic conditions, both mouse and human thymocytes demonstrate enhanced survival. We show that glucose-induced anti-apoptotic genes are dependent on NF-κB p65 because high glucose is unable to attenuate normal ongoing apoptosis of thymocytes isolated from p65 knockout mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in vivo hyperglycemia decreases apoptosis of thymocytes allowing for survival of potentially self-reactive thymocytes. These results imply that hyperglycemic conditions could contribute to the development of autoimmunity through dysregulated thymic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramakrishnan
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D A Kahn
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of OB/GYN, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, BOX 951740, 22-168 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA
| | - D Baltimore
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Abraham MK, Nasir ARA, Bindu S, Ramakrishnan P, Kedari PM, Unnithan GR, Damisetti KRP. Experience with laparoscopy-assisted retroperitoneal pyeloplasty in children. Pediatr Surg Int 2009; 25:601-5. [PMID: 19517124 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-009-2394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a laparoscopy-assisted retroperitoneal pyeloplasty (LARP) and results of initial experience. METHODS Port placement used by Farhat in retroperitoneal-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty was modified for better cosmetic results. Surgery was done using 2-cm incision for 5-mm camera port and two 3-mm working ports. Dissection was done anterior to the kidney. The ureteropelvic junction was brought out through the 2-cm trocar site and the pyeloplasty was performed extracorporeally. Between January 2004 and February 2008, a total of 39 kidneys in 38 children with mean age of 4.1 months underwent LARP. The operative time, hospital stay, functional outcome and follow-up renogram studies were reviewed. RESULTS The mean operative time was 147 min. 2-cm incision was extended in one patient with malrotated kidney. There was improvement in function in 37 (95%) with no failure. The mean split renal function, preoperative and at follow-up were 35.7 and 44.2%, respectively (P = 0.000). The mean glomerular filtration rate (ml/min), preoperative and at follow-up were 27.4 and 39.1%, respectively (P = 0.000). Mean follow-up period was 24 months. CONCLUSION LARP is safe in treating UPJ obstruction in infants. It is recommended especially in small babies where laparoscopic pyeloplasty is difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan K Abraham
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Lane, Elamakkara P.O., Kochi, India.
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Mukherjee AK, Reddy VS, Shah S, Jhingan AK, Ramakrishnan P, Prusty V, Singh NS. Quality of life as a key indicator of patient satisfaction and treatment compliance in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the IMPROVE study: a multicentre, open label, non-randomised, observational trial. J Indian Med Assoc 2009; 107:464-470. [PMID: 20112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a debilitating chronic illness having multiple impacts on physical and mental well-being of patients. When treating chronic conditions like diabetes, psychosocial aspects and quality of life (QoL) have to be considered; however, these receive less attention due to various reasons. Patients with diabetic complications have increased levels of depression and decreased QoL This necessitates evaluating QoL of patient which now is used as a primary or secondary end point in clinical trials eg, Diab-MedSat QoL questionnaire used in diabetes. At some point all diabetic patients may require insulin to control hyperglycaemia and disease progression. The traditional insulin syringe and needle delivery system has been the principal barrier in the treatment of diabetes as it was not well accepted among the patients due to various reasons. A success over this approach has been pen like devices like FlexPen and Novopen3 which are becoming more popular than the conventional syringe-and-needles as they have several advantages like, easy to carry, use, maintain and also reduces administrative errors ensuring accurate doses are delivered. The objective of IMPROVE study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of biphasic insulin aspart (NovoMix 30) in normal clinical practice conditions, in India. This is an open label, non-randomised, non-interventional, observational, safety and effectiveness study in approximately 17,995 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A cohort of Indian patients (n = 349) from all 4 geographical locations (North, West, East and South of India) were administered QoL instrument Diab-MedSat at baseline and 346 patients at final visit (n = 346) to assess their satisfaction with the treatment they received. The results were included in the final statistical analysis as additional outcome variables. The Diab-MedSat Novo Nordisk June 2004 English (UK) version is used. The Diab-MedSat has 21 items that need to be answered and it is scored as an overall score (all 21 items) as well as three subscale scores regarding burden (11 items), symptoms (5 items), efficacy (5 items). The complete analysis took into account all 21 items of Diab-MedSat questionnaire with their subscales. Analyses of the cohort showed higher patient satisfaction among the patients administered Diab-MedSat questionnaire from baseline (n = 349) to final visit (n = 346). The mean of overall score was 52.33 (baseline visit) versus 79.03 (final visit). The difference in the overall score and sub parameters like burden, symptoms and efficacy between the baseline and final visits were statistically significant (p-value < 0.001). The mean value of difference in overall score between the baseline visit and final visit was 26.73 +/- 20.83; while the difference for burden, symptoms and efficacy were respectively 27.86 +/- 20.81, 19.75 +/- 20.94 and 32.87 +/- 28.08. A fairly clear picture emerged that the use of biphasic insulin aspart resulted in improved QoL of the patients substantially. This is demonstrated in the results for all the parameters that were used like symptoms, efficacy and burden. The overall number of extremely satisfied patients had increased from 5.4% in the baseline visit to 91% in the final visit. This unambiguously proves that the satisfaction of patients on biphasic insulin aspart (NovoMix 30) is beyond question.
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Benekareddy M, Mehrotra P, Kulkarni VA, Ramakrishnan P, Dias BG, Vaidya VA. Antidepressant treatments regulate matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2/MMP-9) and tissue inhibitors of the metalloproteinases (TIMPS 1-4) in the adult rat hippocampus. Synapse 2008; 62:590-600. [PMID: 18509851 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants induce structural remodeling in the adult hippocampus, including changes in dendritic arbors, axonal sprouting, neurogenesis, and endothelial cell proliferation. Such forms of structural plasticity take place in the context of the extracellular matrix environment and are known to be regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in particular MMP-2/9, and their endogenous regulators, the tissue inhibitors of the metalloproteinases (TIMPs 1-4). Given the hippocampal structural remodeling associated with antidepressant treatments, we hypothesized that antidepressants may regulate the expression and activity of MMP-2/9 and TIMPs 1-4. The influence of distinct classes of antidepressants, namely, electroconvulsive seizure, fluoxetine, tranylcypromine, and desipramine, on the gene expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMPs 1-4 in the hippocampus was determined using radioactive in situ hybridization. In addition, zymography studies addressed the regulation of the gelatinase activity of MMP-2/9 following acute and chronic antidepressant administration. We observed that acute and chronic ECS differentially regulate the transcript levels of MMP-2/9 and TIMPs 1-4 and also increase gelatinase activity in the hippocampus. Acute and chronic pharmacological antidepressants on the other hand differentially alter the expression of the TIMPs without any observed effect on hippocampal MMP-2/9 expression or activity. These findings raise the possibility that extracellular matrix modifying enzymes and their endogenous regulators may serve as targets for antidepressant treatments and suggests the possibility that they may contribute to antidepressant-mediated structural plasticity in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Benekareddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumatic reduction has a higher success rate and lower incidence of complications compared to barium enema and hydrostatic reductions. What is deterrent to its common use is the cumbersome technique. Our aim is to develop a simple technique that can be used in any hospital with locally available facilities. METHODS An intercostal drainage bottle and an enema can were used to pass air into the rectum at a controlled pressure determined by the height of the enema can. Water running in from the enema can displaces the air in the intercostal drainage bottle into the rectum effecting the reduction of intussusception. RESULTS This system was tried in 12 patients. Successful air delivery was obtained in all cases. In two cases, the intussusception could not be reduced. Laparotomy revealed these to be ileoileal intussusceptions. CONCLUSION The technique described is easy to assemble, safe and effective. We recommend it for regular use in pneumatic reduction of intussusception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan K Abraham
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India.
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Abstract
Milk producers in Malaysia make extensive use of crossbred Sahiwal Friesian dairy cattle. These animals have, however, been found susceptible to lactation failure. A survey of cows in an experimental herd of F1 Sahiwal Friesian animals indicated that, in 30% of animals, milk yield decreased to negligible levels within the first 8 weeks post partum. Lactation failure was associated with a progressive increase in the amount of residual milk left in the udder after normal milking. By week 3 of lactation, residual milk volume was significantly greater than that in animals that, based on previous lactation history were not susceptible to lactation failure, and accounted for up to 30% of milk available at the morning milking. The cellular consequences of residual milk accumulation were evident in the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase and galactosyltransferase, key enzyme markers of cellular differentiation, which decreased in glands undergoing lactation failure and were lower than values measured in tissue of control cows. Mammary cell number, estimated by tissue DNA content, was also reduced in animals undergoing lactation failure. These indices of mammary development indicate that lactation failure is the result of premature involution in susceptible animals. Premature involution is a predictable consequence of progressive milk stasis in failing lactation, and attributable to an increase in autocrine feedback by inhibitory milk constituents. The progressive increase in residual milk is, on the other hand, unlikely to be attributable to impaired mammary development. Measurements of milk storage during milk accumulation showed no differences between control and lactation failure cows in the distribution of milk between alveolar and cisternal storage compartments. We conclude that lactation failure in Sahiwal Friesian cows is due to a failure of milk removal, and probably the result of an impaired milk ejection reflex rather than to the glands' milk storage characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murugaiyah
- Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Kuala Lumpur.
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Amarchand S, Rama Mohan T, Ramakrishnan P. A novel chemical solution technique for the preparation of nano size titanium powders from titanium dioxide. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2000. [DOI: 10.1163/156855200750172033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yang WP, Levesque PC, Little WA, Conder ML, Ramakrishnan P, Neubauer MG, Blanar MA. Functional expression of two KvLQT1-related potassium channels responsible for an inherited idiopathic epilepsy. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:19419-23. [PMID: 9677360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.31.19419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC), a class of idiopathic generalized epilepsy, is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder of newborns. BFNC has been linked to mutations in two putative K+ channel genes, KCNQ2 and KCNQ3. Amino acid sequence comparison reveals that both genes share strong homology to KvLQT1, the potassium channel encoded by KCNQ1, which is responsible for over 50% of inherited long QT syndrome. Here we describe the cloning, functional expression, and characterization of K+ channels encoded by KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 cDNAs. Individually, expression of KCNQ2 or KCNQ3 in Xenopus oocytes elicits voltage-gated, rapidly activating K+-selective currents similar to KCNQ1. However, unlike KCNQ1, KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 currents are not augmented by coexpression with the KCNQ1 beta subunit, KCNE1 (minK, IsK). Northern blot analyses reveal that KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 exhibit similar expression patterns in different regions within the brain. Interestingly, coexpression of KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 results in a substantial synergistic increase in current amplitude. Coexpression of KCNE1 with the two channels strongly suppressed current amplitude and slowed kinetics of activation. The pharmacological and biophysical properties of the K+ currents observed in the coinjected oocytes differ somewhat from those observed after injecting either KCNQ2 or KCNQ3 by itself. The functional interaction between KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 provides a framework for understanding how mutations in either channel can cause a form of idiopathic generalized epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA
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Joshi P, Patel R, Krishnan PS, Gadgeel V, Kaushik V, Ramakrishnan P. Powder metallurgical silver–metal oxide electrical contacts by an electroless coating process. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-8831(08)60507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Shanthi VP, Ramakrishnan P. Mechanism of the antioxidant effect of Bordetella pertussis extract. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1994; 31:398-402. [PMID: 7851940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to gain insight into the antioxidant effect of the cell extract from Bordetella pertussis (strain 18-323, phase I) pancreatic antioxidant enzymes, glutathione (GSH), lipid conjugated dienes, DNA strand breaks in islet cells and the in vitro ROM scavenging potential of the extract were studied in 18 hr-fasted mice after administration (i.v.) of the extract (1 mg/kg body wt) 1 hr before alloxan treatment. The antioxidant enzymes activities as well as the glutathione content, which were severely depleted in the alloxan group, were found to be significantly restored in the extract treated group at the end of 48 hr. Moreover, the extract arrested the two-fold increase in lipid conjugated dienes, the primary products of lipid peroxidation, and afforded significant protection against DNA strand breakage in islet cells of pancreas in alloxan diabetic mice. In addition, it caused a six-fold increase in serum insulin levels of normal mice in 15 min and also demonstrated an unique in vitro superoxide anion radical scavenging activity at a dose of 37.5 micrograms/ml in 10 min. B. pertussis extract thus appears to exert its antioxidant protection through stimulation of insulin release from pancreas and hitherto unobserved intrinsic superoxide anion radical scavenging ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Shanthi
- Department of Biochemistry, Haffkine Institute, Parel, Bombay
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Shyamala S, Sengupta SR, Ramakrishnan P. Bordetella pertussis extract induces increase in the activities of glycolytic enzymes in mouse liver. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1992; 29:445-7. [PMID: 1289237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypoglycemic effect of Bordetella pertussis (Challenge strain No.18323) purified cell extract (protein with traces of carbohydrates, 2 mg%) administered (0.1 mg/100 g body wt. i.v.) into mice on the activities of the key regulatory enzymes, viz. glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, glyceraldehyde phosphodehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and lactate dehydrogenase, of glycolytic pathway in liver has been studied at varying intervals after injection. The maximum hypoglycaemic effect was observed at the end of 12 hr, while activities of all the enzymes studied showed significant enhancement after 18 hr, thus suggesting increased glucose utilization towards the formation of pyruvate. Actinomycin D is found to inhibit stimulation of G-6-PD activity in B. pertussis treated animals, thereby indicating the role of B. pertussis in synthesis of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shyamala
- Department of Biochemistry, Haffkine Institute, Parel, Bombay
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Kala A, Mitra AG, Ramakrishnan P. Elevation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels in alloxan diabetic mice by Bordetella pertussis cell extract. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1988; 25:413-5. [PMID: 3243559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Kishore M, Baxi AJ, Ramakrishnan P. Purification of a protein with hypoglycaemic effect from Bordetella pertussis cell extracts. Indian J Med Res 1986; 83:139-47. [PMID: 2872158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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37
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Srivastava RC, Ramakrishnan P. Network thermodynamic modelling of an active transport system. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1985; 22:193-6. [PMID: 4077095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Gautham N, Ramakrishnan P, Seshadri TP, Viswamitra MA, Salisbury SA, Brown DM. Structure of a thionucleoside: 5'-deoxy-5',6-epithio-5,6-dihydro-2',3'-O-isopropylidene-3-methyluridine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1107/s0567740882009704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ramakrishnan P, Sheth UK. Serum flavin levels and urinary excretion of riboflavin and riboflavin tetrabutyrate--a comparative evaluation. Indian J Med Res 1977; 66:618-26. [PMID: 608729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Morrison P, Ramakrishnan P, Duffy LK, Genaux CT. A comparison of the tryptic peptides of hemoglobin from two cricetine genera: Peromyscus and Calomys. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(77)90031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ramakrishnan P, Barnabas J. Species similarity and variation in haemoglobins. Indian J Biochem 1967; 4:103-6. [PMID: 4233779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ramakrishnan P, Barnabas J. Comparative structural analysis of vertebrate haemoglobins. Indian J Biochem 1967; 4:106-10. [PMID: 4233780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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