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Rosenberg J, McDonough Ryan P, Brown C, Schaffer R, O’Brien C, Ganjavi F, Sharifi M. Exploring the determinants of successful implementation of a preventive mental health and wellness intervention for Afghan refugee families: a qualitative analysis. Health Educ Res 2024; 39:119-130. [PMID: 37534755 PMCID: PMC10952411 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Many refugee children experience trauma in early childhood. Effective, tailored interventions are needed to improve refugee children's access to preventive mental health. We interviewed refugee-serving stakeholders and parents participating in an evidence-based preventive mental health and wellness intervention adapted for Afghan refugee children and families who may have experienced trauma. Interview guide development was informed by two implementation science frameworks: the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and the Model for Adaptation Design and Impact. A three-person team coded transcripts via rapid qualitative analysis, and the study team reached consensus on themes. Six refugee-serving facilitators and five refugee parents discussed key determinants of successful implementation. Themes included: (i) modeling cultural humility to promote communication about emotions; (ii) needed linguistic support and referral networks to avoid miscommunications and missed communications; (iii) bridging connections between children, families and schools; (iv) different takeaways, or differing goals and expectations between facilitators and participants; and (v) timely, specific cultural considerations to overcome participation barriers. Overall, we found key determinants of successful implementation of a preventive mental health and wellness intervention for refugee children and families included adaptations to enhance cultural humility and sensitivity to cultural context while strengthening communication among facilitators, children and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rosenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Patricia McDonough Ryan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1 University Pl, Stamford, CT 06901, USA
| | - Camille Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Rachel Schaffer
- Health Coordination, Elena’s Light, 58 Foundain St Apt J2, New Haven, CT 06515, USA
| | - Caroline O’Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Building EP-04 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Fereshteh Ganjavi
- Founder and Director, Elena’s Light, 58 Foundain St Apt J2, New Haven, CT 06515, USA
| | - Mona Sharifi
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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2
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Rosenberg J, McDonough Ryan P, O'Brien C, Ganjavi F, Sharifi M. Pilot Wellness Program With Adapted Social-Emotional Learning and COVID-19 Curriculum for Refugee Youth. Health Educ Behav 2021; 49:17-25. [PMID: 34628978 DOI: 10.1177/10901981211048830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Refugee children are less likely than their non-refugee peers to receive timely diagnoses and treatment for mental and/or behavioral health problems, despite facing multiple risk factors including potential exposure to trauma during premigration, migration, and postmigration experiences. Social-Emotional Learning offers preventive mental health education for children through well-established, evidenced-based curricula. Although there are clear benefits of Social-Emotional Learning curricula, which can help children achieve long-term success emotionally and academically, Social-Emotional Learning curricula are not easily accessible for refugee children, often because of language and socioeconomic barriers. In this pilot study, we evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of an adapted Social-Emotional Learning program that included culturally specific, multilingual, trauma-informed wellness, and physical education during the COVID-19 pandemic: EMPOWER (Emotions Program Outside the Clinic With Wellness Education for Refugees). We used the Intervention Mapping framework which guided the (1) planning, (2) program development, and (3) mixed-method evaluation of the feasibility and acceptability of the EMPOWER pilot. We found that this adaptation was well-received by Afghan refugee families and that COVID-19 safety measures were well-understood after participation. Challenges emerged around videoconferencing connectivity and around finding a common language for discussing emotions. Future iterations of the program and evaluations will require continued partnerships with community members and organizations. As we continue and expand EMPOWER, we aim to evaluate short-term improvement in Social-Emotional Learning competence as well as long-term mental and behavioral health outcomes for children and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mona Sharifi
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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Patterson E, Ryan PM, Wiley N, Carafa I, Sherwin E, Moloney G, Franciosi E, Mandal R, Wishart DS, Tuohy K, Ross RP, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Stanton C. Gamma-aminobutyric acid-producing lactobacilli positively affect metabolism and depressive-like behaviour in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16323. [PMID: 31704943 PMCID: PMC6841999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic and neuroactive metabolite production represents one of the mechanisms through which the gut microbiota can impact health. One such metabolite, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), can modulate glucose homeostasis and alter behavioural patterns in the host. We previously demonstrated that oral administration of GABA-producing Lactobacillus brevis DPC6108 has the potential to increase levels of circulating insulin in healthy rats. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of endogenous microbial GABA production in improving metabolic and behavioural outcomes in a mouse model of metabolic dysfunction. Diet-induced obese and metabolically dysfunctional mice received one of two GABA-producing strains, L. brevis DPC6108 or L. brevis DSM32386, daily for 12 weeks. After 8 and 10 weeks of intervention, the behavioural and metabolic profiles of the mice were respectively assessed. Intervention with both L. brevis strains attenuated several abnormalities associated with metabolic dysfunction, causing a reduction in the accumulation of mesenteric adipose tissue, increased insulin secretion following glucose challenge, improved plasma cholesterol clearance and reduced despair-like behaviour and basal corticosterone production during the forced swim test. Taken together, this exploratory dataset indicates that intervention with GABA-producing lactobacilli has the potential to improve metabolic and depressive- like behavioural abnormalities associated with metabolic syndrome in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Patterson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - P M Ryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - N Wiley
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - I Carafa
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - E Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - G Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - E Franciosi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - R Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - D S Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - K Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - R P Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - T G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
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Alberoni D, Baffoni L, Gaggìa F, Ryan PM, Murphy K, Ross PR, Stanton C, Di Gioia D. Impact of beneficial bacteria supplementation on the gut microbiota, colony development and productivity of Apis mellifera L. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:269-278. [PMID: 29380644 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Honey bees are important pollinators of several crops and ecosystems, having a great ecological and economic value. In Europe, the restricted use of chemicals and therapeutic agents in the beekeeping sector has stimulated the search for natural alternatives with a special focus on gut symbionts. The modulation of the gut microbiota has been recognised as a practical and successful approach in the entomological field for the management of insect-related problems. To date, only a few studies have investigated the effect of bacterial supplementation on the health status of colonies, colony productivity and gut symbionts. To this purpose, a preparation of sugar syrup containing bifidobacteria and lactobacilli isolated from bee gut was sprayed on the frames of an apiary located in open field once a week for four weeks. Treated and control hives were monitored for two months for brood extension, honey and pollen harvest. The presence of beneficial gut microorganisms within bee gut was investigated with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and next generation sequencing. The administered bacteria led to a significant increase of brood population (46.2%), pollen (53.4%) and harvestable honey in honey supers (59.21%). Analysis of the gut microbiota on the new generation of bees in treated hives showed an increase in relative abundance of Acetobacteraceae and Bifidobacterium spp., which are known to be involved in bee nutrition and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Alberoni
- 1 Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - L Baffoni
- 1 Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Gaggìa
- 1 Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - P M Ryan
- 2 Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.,3 APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - K Murphy
- 2 Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.,3 APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - P R Ross
- 2 Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.,3 APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - C Stanton
- 2 Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.,3 APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - D Di Gioia
- 1 Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Lau C, Wilgen JB, Caughman JB, Hanson GR, Hosea J, Perkins R, Ryan PM, Taylor G. Using X-mode L, R and O-mode reflectometry cutoffs to measure scrape-off-layer density profiles for upgraded ORNL reflectometer on NSTX-U. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11D815. [PMID: 25430228 DOI: 10.1063/1.4889739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The pre-existing ORNL scrape-off-layer (SOL) reflectometer that operated with the X-mode R-cutoff at 6-27 GHz to measure SOL density profiles on NSTX is being upgraded to be functional at the increased magnetic fields on NSTX-U spherical tokamak. Rather than increasing the operating frequencies to measure the higher X-mode R-cutoff frequencies on NSTX-U, it will be shown that the combined use of the X-mode R, L and O-mode cutoffs at 6-27 GHz can obtain the desired SOL density profiles. The potential capabilities and obstacles of this technique to measure SOL density profiles and possibly SOL magnetic field profiles on NSTX-U will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lau
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J B Wilgen
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J B Caughman
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - G R Hanson
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J Hosea
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - R Perkins
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - P M Ryan
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - G Taylor
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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6
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Perkins RJ, Hosea JC, Kramer GJ, Ahn JW, Bell RE, Diallo A, Gerhardt S, Gray TK, Green DL, Jaeger EF, Jaworski MA, LeBlanc BP, McLean A, Maingi R, Phillips CK, Roquemore L, Ryan PM, Sabbagh S, Taylor G, Wilson JR. High-harmonic fast-wave power flow along magnetic field lines in the scrape-off layer of NSTX. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:045001. [PMID: 23006093 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A significant fraction of high-harmonic fast-wave (HHFW) power applied to NSTX can be lost to the scrape-off layer (SOL) and deposited in bright and hot spirals on the divertor rather than in the core plasma. We show that the HHFW power flows to these spirals along magnetic field lines passing through the SOL in front of the antenna, implying that the HHFW power couples across the entire width of the SOL rather than mostly at the antenna face. This result will help guide future efforts to understand and minimize these edge losses in order to maximize fast-wave heating and current drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Perkins
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
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7
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Green DL, Berry LA, Chen G, Ryan PM, Canik JM, Jaeger EF. Predicting high harmonic ion cyclotron heating efficiency in Tokamak plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:145001. [PMID: 22107201 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.145001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Observations of improved radio frequency (rf) heating efficiency in ITER relevant high-confinement (H-)mode plasmas on the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment are investigated by whole-device linear simulation. The steady-state rf electric field is calculated for various antenna spectra and the results examined for characteristics that correlate with observations of improved or reduced rf heating efficiency. We find that launching toroidal wave numbers that give fast-wave propagation in the scrape-off plasma excites large amplitude (∼kV m(-1)) coaxial standing modes between the confined plasma density pedestal and conducting vessel wall. Qualitative comparison with measurements of the stored plasma energy suggests that these modes are a probable cause of degraded heating efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Green
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Post Office Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6169, USA.
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8
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Ryan PM, Verhulst AS, Cott D, Romo-Negreira A, Hantschel T, Boland JJ. Optimization of multi-walled carbon nanotube-metal contacts by electrical stressing. Nanotechnology 2010; 21:045705. [PMID: 20009205 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/4/045705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental data on the contact resistances of three different metal probes, tungsten, palladium and indium, with chemical vapour deposited (CVD) multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). We demonstrate that there is an irreversible modification of the contacts following electrical stressing whereby the circuit resistance converges towards its optimal value prior to current-induced tube failure. Once the probe-MWCNT contact is broken, subsequent recontact experiments reveal that the circuit resistance returns to its initial high level, demonstrating that the modification occurs at the probe contact location and not elsewhere in the circuit. Contact studies with the different metals reveal that Pd metal provides the lowest resistance contact to the MWCNT in our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Ryan
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland.
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9
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Ryan PM, Teague LC, Naydenov B, Borland D, Boland JJ. Emergence and visualization of an interface state during contact formation with a single molecule. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:096801. [PMID: 18851635 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.096801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Contact formation dynamics and electronic perturbations arising from the interaction of a metallic probe and a single molecule (1,3 cyclohexadiene) bound on the Si (100) surface are examined using a series of plane wave, density functional theory calculations. The approach of the probe induces a relaxation of the molecule that ultimately leads to the formation of an interface state due to a specific interaction between the probe apex atom and the C=C bond of the molecule. The calculated interface state is located 0.2 eV above the Fermi energy, in agreement with low temperature scanning tunneling spectroscopy local density of states data (0.35 eV), and is responsible for the contrast observed in low bias empty-state STM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Ryan
- School of Chemistry and Center for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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10
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Mazzucato E, Smith DR, Bell RE, Kaye SM, Hosea JC, LeBlanc BP, Wilson JR, Ryan PM, Domier CW, Luhmann NC, Yuh H, Lee W, Park H. Short-scale turbulent fluctuations driven by the electron-temperature gradient in the national spherical torus experiment. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:075001. [PMID: 18764544 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.075001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Measurements with coherent scattering of electromagnetic waves in plasmas of the National Spherical Torus Experiment indicate the existence of turbulent fluctuations in the range of wave numbers k perpendicular rho(e)=0.1-0.4, corresponding to a turbulence scale length nearly equal to the collisionless skin depth. Experimental observations and agreement with numerical results from a linear gyrokinetic stability code support the conjecture that the observed turbulence is driven by the electron-temperature gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mazzucato
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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11
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Ris MD, Ryan PM, Lamba M, Brenemen J, Cecil K, Succop P, Ball W. An improved methodology for modeling neurobehavioral late-effects of radiotherapy in pediatric brain tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005; 44:487-93. [PMID: 15586355 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technical advances in radiation oncology provide new opportunities to study neurobehavioral outcomes of radiation therapy (RT) in children treated for brain tumors. METHODS In this study, we describe an approach to modeling late-effects using integral biologically effective dose (IBED) combined with improved measurement of critical neuropsychological functions. RESULTS IBED was found to provide more differentiated information about dose distribution than prescribed dose in five subjects treated for brain tumors. Furthermore, IBED was more closely related than was prescribed dose to specific changes in Attention 2-3 years post-RT. CONCLUSIONS Results support the feasibility of this methodology as well as promising preliminary evidence of the relationship of IBED to the construct of Attention. Improved modeling could lead to more refined radiation therapy protocols that preserve critical neuropsychological functions and also provide new insights into the treatment of neurobehavioral sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Douglas Ris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio 45229, USA.
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12
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Ryan PM, Kelly JP, Chambers PL, Leonard BE. The toxicity profile of a single dose of paroxetine: an alternative approach to acute toxicity testing in the rat. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001; 88:59-66. [PMID: 11169163 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2001.d01-84.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study we have examined the effect of a single administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, paroxetine (120-300 mg kg(-1), orally) in a recently developed rodent model of acute toxicity testing. Reduced body-weight, food consumption, water consumption and body temperature were observed in all paroxetine-treated groups, which were reversible within 7 days. Five days after administration, a dose-dependent increase in red blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit was observed with the 3 higher dose levels of paroxetine, which was significant in the 240 and 300 mg kg(-1) treatment groups (P < 0.05). Hyperactivity was apparent in the first 24 hr following treatment, as was evidence of the serotonin syndrome. When the animals were sacrificed (11 days after drug administration), an increase in liver weight was observed in the highest dose. These results are in agreement with those previously observed with paroxetine at the preclinical and clinical levels. They demonstrate that this rodent model, because of its multi-parameter nature, is a useful method for examining the consequences of a single high dose of an antidepressant drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Ryan
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland, Galway
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13
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Berch DB, Foley EJ, Hill RJ, Ryan PM. Extracting parity and magnitude from Arabic numerals: developmental changes in number processing and mental representation. J Exp Child Psychol 1999; 74:286-308. [PMID: 10552920 DOI: 10.1006/jecp.1999.2518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Children from Grades 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 (7.8, 9.2, 9.8, 11.7, and 13. 6 years old, respectively) made speeded, bimanual parity (odd/even) judgments of the Arabic numerals 0-9. Analysis of response times indicated that from fourth grade on, parity information is retrieved directly from memory rather than being extracted by means of a mental calculation strategy. As early as Grade 3, children exhibited the SNARC (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes) effect, where small numbers were responded to faster with the left hand than with the right hand, while the converse held true for large numbers. This finding, previously demonstrated only in adults, confirms that (a) children represent magnitude information in the form of a left-to-right oriented mental number line, and (b) this information is accessed obligatorily even when irrelevant. Finally, although the SNARC effect remained strong at Grade 4, it was attenuated at Grades 6 and 8 by a linguistic effect based on associations between the unmarked adjectives "even" and "right" and between the marked adjectives "odd" and "left."
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Berch
- U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Washington, DC 20208, USA.
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Abstract
Oxotremorine is a muscarinic receptor agonist that induces a variety of physiological and behavioural effects including hypothermia in mice. These effects are antagonized dose-dependently by classical anticholinergic compounds such as atropine. Although the oxotremorine-induced hypothermic response has been demonstrated in mice, few studies of the effects of this muscarinic agonist have been made in the rat. The following studies were made in male Sprague Dawley rats: 1. an investigation of the dose-response relationship between oxotremorine and hypothermia; 2. an examination of the effect of housing on the oxotremorine-induced hypothermic response, and 3, an investigation of the acute administration of various doses of atropine sulphate on the hypothermia caused by oxotremorine. The results indicate that the dose-response relationship between oxotremorine and the antagonism of hypothermia is similar in rat as it is in mice. The results also showed that this effect did not occur in group-housed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Ryan
- Department of Pharmacology, University College, Galway, Ireland
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15
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Ryan PM. Epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Hosp Pharm 1991; 48:1271-80. [PMID: 1677528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of schizophrenia are reviewed. In the United States, at least 1 in every 100 persons is afflicted with schizophrenia. The theory that schizophrenia is a biochemical disorder has gained wide acceptance, although none of the etiological theories are conclusive. Criteria contained in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, are most commonly used to diagnose schizophrenia. Accuracy in diagnosing schizophrenia is critical because the treatments and prognoses for different types of psychoses can vary considerably. Treatment primarily involves the use of antipsychotic drugs, which are thought to act by blocking central dopamine receptors. The classical antipsychotics are the phenothiazines; of these, the prototype is chlorpromazine. Other classes of antipsychotics are the thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dihydroindolones, dibenzoxazepines, diphenylbutylpiperidines, and dibenzodiazepines. Selecting an appropriate agent involves consideration of adverse effects, dosage forms, and the agent's ability to relieve target symptoms. Adverse effects of these agents include sedation, extrapyramidal effects, and anticholinergic effects. Tardive dyskinesia is a serious, irreversible condition associated with long-term antipsychotic therapy. Clozapine, a newer atypical antipsychotic, has been shown to be more effective than chlorpromazine and haloperidol and seems to cause few neurological adverse effects. Treatment of schizophrenia has not changed much since the advent of antipsychotic drug use nearly 30 years ago. Newer atypical antipsychotics show promise in improving target symptoms while causing fewer adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Ryan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Chandler Medical Center, Lexington 40504-0084
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Maquat LE, Chilcote R, Ryan PM. Human triosephosphate isomerase cDNA and protein structure. Studies of triosephosphate isomerase deficiency in man. J Biol Chem 1985; 260:3748-53. [PMID: 2579079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nine cDNA clones of human adult liver triosephosphate (TP) isomerase have been isolated and characterized. All nine appear to be derived from a single mRNA species. DNA sequencing of one clone, designated pHTPI-5a, defined the last two nucleotides of the methionine initiation codon, the entire 744-nucleotide coding region of the mature polypeptide, and the entire 448-nucleotide 3' untranslated region. The frequency of TP isomerase clones in the cDNA library suggests that TP isomerase mRNA is present in adult liver at approximately 25 copies/cell. A single, low abundance TP isomerase mRNA species was detected in RNA isolated from normal human fibroblast cell lines. Analysis of TP isomerase mRNA levels in cultured fibroblasts of individuals that are homozygous for TP isomerase deficiency revealed normal levels in one and approximately 40% of normal levels in another. From this small patient sampling, it can be concluded that the genetic basis for TP isomerase deficiency is heterogeneous.
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Ryan PM, Whealton JH, Davis RC, Stirling WL, Tsai CC. A neutral beam sciopticon. Rev Sci Instrum 1979; 50:1160-1161. [PMID: 18699693 DOI: 10.1063/1.1136015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A sciopticon based on the pinhole-camera effect is being used to determine individual beamlet contributions to the quality of neutral beams extracted from multiaperture ion sources. The technique outlined in this note can be used to study the effects on beam optics of nonhomogeneous source plasma density or acceleration gap nonuniformities, grid nonparallelism or aperture misplacement, and space-charge blowup or scattering in the neutralizer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Ryan
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennesse 37830, USA
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Stirling WL, Tsai CC, Haselton HH, Schechter DE, Whealton JH, Dagenhart WK, Davis RC, Gardner WL, Kim J, Menon MM, Ryan PM. Properties of an intense 40-kV neutral beam injector. Rev Sci Instrum 1979; 50:523. [PMID: 18699544 DOI: 10.1063/1.1135901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The properties of an intense neutral beam injector, the modified duoPIGatron ion source, are discussed and compared with other injectors. For this source (a) beam composition for hydrogen is approximately (85+/-5) % monatomic, (b) nucleon gas efficiency is 50%, (c) the electrical efficiency of ion generation is 1.1 A/kW, and (d) up to 52% of the input power is delivered in the ion and neutral beam to a target subtending a half angle of 1.8 degrees x1.4 degrees .
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Stirling
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
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Stirling WL, Ryan PM, Tsai CC, Leung KN. Magnetic multipole line-cusp plasma generator for neutral beam injectors. Rev Sci Instrum 1979; 50:102. [PMID: 18699347 DOI: 10.1063/1.1135651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic multipole line-cusp device developed by MacKenzie and associates has been adapted for use as a neutral beam ion source. It has produced high-density, large volume, quiescent, uniform hydrogen plasmas, which makes it a potential candidate for use as a plasma generator for neutral beam injectors. The device is a water-cooled cylindrical copper discharge chamber (25 cm in diameter by 36 cm long) with one end enclosed by a set of extraction grids with a 15-cm-diam multi-aperture pattern. The chamber wall serves as an anode and is surrounded by an external system of rare-earth cobalt magnets arranged in a line-cusp geometry of 12 cusps; plasma is produced by electron emission from a hot cathode assembly. This source has achieved extracted beam currents of 12 A at 18.5 kV, radial plasma density uniformities of +/-5% over a 15-cm diameter, noise levels of less than +/-0.5%, and arc efficiencies (beam current/arc power) of 0.6 A/kW.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Stirling
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
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Symington RB, Marks SM, Ryan PM. Secretory cells of the human hypothalamus. S Afr Med J 1972; 46:1484-7. [PMID: 4118060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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McHenry MM, Smeloff EA, Fong WY, Miller GE, Ryan PM. Critical obstruction of prosthetic heart valves due to lipid absorption by Silastic. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1970; 59:413-25. [PMID: 5415086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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