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Beavers WN, Rose KL, Galligan JJ, Mitchener MM, Rouzer CA, Tallman KA, Lamberson CR, Wang X, Hill S, Ivanova PT, Alex Brown H, Zhang B, Porter NA, Marnett LJ. Protein Modification by Endogenously Generated Lipid Electrophiles: Mitochondria as the Source and Target. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2062-2069. [PMID: 28613820 PMCID: PMC6174696 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Determining the impact of lipid electrophile-mediated protein damage that occurs during oxidative stress requires a comprehensive analysis of electrophile targets adducted under pathophysiological conditions. Incorporation of ω-alkynyl linoleic acid into the phospholipids of macrophages prior to activation by Kdo2-lipid A, followed by protein extraction, click chemistry, and streptavidin affinity capture, enabled a systems-level survey of proteins adducted by lipid electrophiles generated endogenously during the inflammatory response. Results revealed a dramatic enrichment for membrane and mitochondrial proteins as targets for adduction. A marked decrease in adduction in the presence of MitoTEMPO demonstrated a primary role for mitochondrial superoxide in electrophile generation and indicated an important role for mitochondria as both a source and target of lipid electrophiles, a finding that has not been revealed by prior studies using exogenously provided electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N. Beavers
- Departments of Chemistry, AB. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kristie L. Rose
- Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Departments of Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - James J. Galligan
- Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Michelle M. Mitchener
- Departments of Chemistry, AB. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carol A. Rouzer
- Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- Departments of Chemistry, AB. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Connor R. Lamberson
- Departments of Chemistry, AB. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Salisha Hill
- Departments of Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Bing Zhang
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Departments of Chemistry, AB. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Departments of Chemistry, AB. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Tribble EK, Ivanova PT, Grabon A, Alb JG, Faenza I, Cocco L, Brown HA, Bankaitis VA. Quantitative profiling of the endonuclear glycerophospholipidome of murine embryonic fibroblasts. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1492-506. [PMID: 27256690 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A reliable method for purifying envelope-stripped nuclei from immortalized murine embryonic fibroblasts (iMEFs) was established. Quantitative profiling of the glycerophospholipids (GPLs) in envelope-free iMEF nuclei yields several conclusions. First, we find the endonuclear glycerophospholipidome differs from that of bulk membranes, and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and phosphatidylethanolamine species are the most abundant endonuclear GPLs by mass. By contrast, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) represents a minor species. We also find only a slight enrichment of saturated versus unsaturated GPL species in iMEF endonuclear fractions. Moreover, much lower values for GPL mass were measured in the iMEF nuclear matrix than those reported for envelope-stripped IMF-32 nuclei. The collective results indicate that the nuclear matrix in these cells is a GPL-poor environment where GPL occupies only approximately 0.1% of the total nuclear matrix volume. This value suggests GPL accommodation in this compartment can be satisfied by binding to resident proteins. Finally, we find no significant role for the PtdIns/PtdCho-transfer protein, PITPα, in shuttling PtdIns into the iMEF nuclear matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Tribble
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN
| | - Aby Grabon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX
| | - James G Alb
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Irene Faenza
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - H Alex Brown
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN
| | - Vytas A Bankaitis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX
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3
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Ivanova PT, Myers DS, Milne SB, McClaren JL, Thomas PG, Brown HA. Lipid composition of viral envelope of three strains of influenza virus - not all viruses are created equal. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:399-452. [PMID: 26448476 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While differences in the rate of virus fusion and budding from the host cell membrane have been correlated with pathogenicity, no systematic study of the contribution of differences in viral envelope composition has previously been attempted. Using rigorous virus purification, marked differences between virions and host were observed. Over 125 phospholipid species have been quantitated for three strains of influenza (HKx31- H3N2, PR8- H1N1, and VN1203- H5N1) grown in eggs. The glycerophospholipid composition of purified virions differs from that of the host or that of typical mammalian cells. Phosphatidylcholine is the major component in most mammalian cell membranes, while in purified virions phosphatidylethanolamine dominates. Due to its effects on membrane curvature, it is likely that the variations in its content are important to viral processing during infection. This integrated method of virion isolation with systematic analysis of glycerophospholipids provides a tool for the assessment of species specific biomarkers of viral pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - David S. Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Stephen B. Milne
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Jennifer L. McClaren
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, The Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
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Mathews TP, Hill S, Rose KL, Ivanova PT, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Human phospholipase D activity transiently regulates pyrimidine biosynthesis in malignant gliomas. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1258-68. [PMID: 25646564 DOI: 10.1021/cb500772c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells reorganize their metabolic pathways to fuel demanding rates of proliferation. Oftentimes, these metabolic phenotypes lie downstream of prominent oncogenes. The lipid signaling molecule phosphatidic acid (PtdOH), which is produced by the hydrolytic enzyme phospholipase D (PLD), has been identified as a critical regulatory molecule for oncogenic signaling in many cancers. In an effort to identify novel regulatory mechanisms for PtdOH, we screened various cancer cell lines, assessing whether treatment of cancer models with PLD inhibitors altered production of intracellular metabolites. Preliminary findings lead us to focus on how deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) are altered upon PLD inhibitor treatment in gliomas. Using a combination of proteomics and small molecule intracellular metabolomics, we show herein that PtdOH acutely regulates the production of these pyrimidine metabolites through activation of CAD via mTOR signaling pathways independently of Akt. These changes are responsible for decreases in dNTP production after PLD inhibitor treatment. Our data identify a novel regulatory role for PLD activity in specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology
and The Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, ‡The Vanderbilt Center
for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, §Department of Chemistry, ∥The Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, ⊥The Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and #Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Salisha Hill
- Department of Pharmacology
and The Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, ‡The Vanderbilt Center
for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, §Department of Chemistry, ∥The Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, ⊥The Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and #Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kristie L. Rose
- Department of Pharmacology
and The Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, ‡The Vanderbilt Center
for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, §Department of Chemistry, ∥The Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, ⊥The Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and #Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology
and The Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, ‡The Vanderbilt Center
for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, §Department of Chemistry, ∥The Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, ⊥The Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and #Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology
and The Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, ‡The Vanderbilt Center
for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, §Department of Chemistry, ∥The Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, ⊥The Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and #Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology
and The Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, ‡The Vanderbilt Center
for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, §Department of Chemistry, ∥The Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, ⊥The Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and #Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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5
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Gorden DL, Myers DS, Ivanova PT, Fahy E, Maurya MR, Gupta S, Min J, Spann NJ, McDonald JG, Kelly SL, Duan J, Sullards MC, Leiker TJ, Barkley RM, Quehenberger O, Armando AM, Milne SB, Mathews TP, Armstrong MD, Li C, Melvin WV, Clements RH, Washington MK, Mendonsa AM, Witztum JL, Guan Z, Glass CK, Murphy RC, Dennis EA, Merrill AH, Russell DW, Subramaniam S, Brown HA. Biomarkers of NAFLD progression: a lipidomics approach to an epidemic. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:722-736. [PMID: 25598080 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p056002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and cirrhosis. Recognition and timely diagnosis of these different stages, particularly NASH, is important for both potential reversibility and limitation of complications. Liver biopsy remains the clinical standard for definitive diagnosis. Diagnostic tools minimizing the need for invasive procedures or that add information to histologic data are important in novel management strategies for the growing epidemic of NAFLD. We describe an "omics" approach to detecting a reproducible signature of lipid metabolites, aqueous intracellular metabolites, SNPs, and mRNA transcripts in a double-blinded study of patients with different stages of NAFLD that involves profiling liver biopsies, plasma, and urine samples. Using linear discriminant analysis, a panel of 20 plasma metabolites that includes glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and various aqueous small molecular weight components involved in cellular metabolic pathways, can be used to differentiate between NASH and steatosis. This identification of differential biomolecular signatures has the potential to improve clinical diagnosis and facilitate therapeutic intervention of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lee Gorden
- Departments of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - David S Myers
- Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Eoin Fahy
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mano R Maurya
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shakti Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jun Min
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Samuel L Kelly
- Schools of Biology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jingjing Duan
- Schools of Biology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - M Cameron Sullards
- Schools of Biology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Thomas J Leiker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Robert M Barkley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- Departments of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Aaron M Armando
- Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen B Milne
- Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Thomas P Mathews
- Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Chijun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Willie V Melvin
- Departments of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ronald H Clements
- Departments of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - M Kay Washington
- Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Joseph L Witztum
- Departments of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alfred H Merrill
- Schools of Biology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - David W Russell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
| | - H Alex Brown
- Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Biochemistry, and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
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Warrier M, Shih DM, Burrows AC, Ferguson D, Gromovsky AD, Brown AL, Marshall S, McDaniel A, Schugar RC, Wang Z, Sacks J, Rong X, Vallim TDA, Chou J, Ivanova PT, Myers DS, Brown HA, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Liu X, Parini P, Tontonoz P, Lusis AJ, Hazen SL, Temel RE, Brown JM. The TMAO-Generating Enzyme Flavin Monooxygenase 3 Is a Central Regulator of Cholesterol Balance. Cell Rep 2015; 10:326-338. [PMID: 25600868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of the gut microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) have recently been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Here, we performed transcriptional profiling in mouse models of altered reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and serendipitously identified the TMAO-generating enzyme flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) as a powerful modifier of cholesterol metabolism and RCT. Knockdown of FMO3 in cholesterol-fed mice alters biliary lipid secretion, blunts intestinal cholesterol absorption, and limits the production of hepatic oxysterols and cholesteryl esters. Furthermore, FMO3 knockdown stimulates basal and liver X receptor (LXR)-stimulated macrophage RCT, thereby improving cholesterol balance. Conversely, FMO3 knockdown exacerbates hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation in part by decreasing hepatic oxysterol levels and subsequent LXR activation. FMO3 is thus identified as a central integrator of hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol metabolism, inflammation, and ER stress. These studies suggest that the gut microbiota-driven TMA/FMO3/TMAO pathway is a key regulator of lipid metabolism and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manya Warrier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Diana M Shih
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amy C Burrows
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anthony D Gromovsky
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Allison McDaniel
- Departments of Pathology and Biostatistics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Rebecca C Schugar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jessica Sacks
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xin Rong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Jeff Chou
- Departments of Pathology and Biostatistics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David S Myers
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - H Alex Brown
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Rosanne M Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Mark J Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Paolo Parini
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aldon J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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7
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Faust JE, Manisundaram A, Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Summerville JB, Brown HA, Wangler M, Stern M, McNew JA. Peroxisomes are required for lipid metabolism and muscle function in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100213. [PMID: 24945818 PMCID: PMC4063865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles that perform lipid and reactive oxygen species metabolism. Defects in peroxisome biogenesis cause peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs). The most severe PBD, Zellweger syndrome, is characterized in part by neuronal dysfunction, craniofacial malformations, and low muscle tone (hypotonia). These devastating diseases lack effective therapies and the development of animal models may reveal new drug targets. We have generated Drosophila mutants with impaired peroxisome biogenesis by disrupting the early peroxin gene pex3, which participates in budding of pre-peroxisomes from the ER and peroxisomal membrane protein localization. pex3 deletion mutants lack detectible peroxisomes and die before or during pupariation. At earlier stages of development, larvae lacking Pex3 display reduced size and impaired lipid metabolism. Selective loss of peroxisomes in muscles impairs muscle function and results in flightless animals. Although, hypotonia in PBD patients is thought to be a secondary effect of neuronal dysfunction, our results suggest that peroxisome loss directly affects muscle physiology, possibly by disrupting energy metabolism. Understanding the role of peroxisomes in Drosophila physiology, specifically in muscle cells may reveal novel aspects of PBD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Faust
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arvind Manisundaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Milne
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James B. Summerville
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Stern
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James A. McNew
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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8
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Leamy AK, Egnatchik RA, Shiota M, Ivanova PT, Myers DS, Brown HA, Young JD. Enhanced synthesis of saturated phospholipids is associated with ER stress and lipotoxicity in palmitate treated hepatic cells. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1478-88. [PMID: 24859739 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m050237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of saturated FAs (SFAs) are acutely toxic to a variety of cell types, including hepatocytes, and have been associated with diseases such as type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. SFA accumulation has been previously shown to degrade endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function leading to other manifestations of the lipoapoptotic cascade. We hypothesized that dysfunctional phospholipid (PL) metabolism is an initiating factor in this ER stress response. Treatment of either primary hepatocytes or H4IIEC3 cells with the SFA palmitate resulted in dramatic dilation of the ER membrane, coinciding with other markers of organelle dysfunction. This was accompanied by increased de novo glycerolipid synthesis, significant elevation of dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol, and total PL content in H4IIEC3 cells. Supplementation with oleate (OA) reversed these markers of palmitate (PA)-induced lipotoxicity. OA/PA cotreatment modulated the distribution of PA between lipid classes, increasing the flux toward triacylglycerols while reducing its incorporation into PLs. Similar trends were demonstrated in both primary hepatocytes and the H4IIEC3 hepatoma cell line. Overall, these findings suggest that modifying the FA composition of structural PLs can protect hepatocytes from PA-induced ER stress and associated lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Leamy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604
| | - Robert A Egnatchik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604
| | - Masakazu Shiota
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604
| | - David S Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604 Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604 Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604
| | - Jamey D Young
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604 Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604
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9
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Ren J, Pei-Chen Lin C, Pathak MC, Temple BRS, Nile AH, Mousley CJ, Duncan MC, Eckert DM, Leiker TJ, Ivanova PT, Myers DS, Murphy RC, Brown HA, Verdaasdonk J, Bloom KS, Ortlund EA, Neiman AM, Bankaitis VA. A phosphatidylinositol transfer protein integrates phosphoinositide signaling with lipid droplet metabolism to regulate a developmental program of nutrient stress-induced membrane biogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:712-27. [PMID: 24403601 PMCID: PMC3937096 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-11-0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD) utilization is an important cellular activity that regulates energy balance and release of lipid second messengers. Because fatty acids exhibit both beneficial and toxic properties, their release from LDs must be controlled. Here we demonstrate that yeast Sfh3, an unusual Sec14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, is an LD-associated protein that inhibits lipid mobilization from these particles. We further document a complex biochemical diversification of LDs during sporulation in which Sfh3 and select other LD proteins redistribute into discrete LD subpopulations. The data show that Sfh3 modulates the efficiency with which a neutral lipid hydrolase-rich LD subclass is consumed during biogenesis of specialized membrane envelopes that package replicated haploid meiotic genomes. These results present novel insights into the interface between phosphoinositide signaling and developmental regulation of LD metabolism and unveil meiosis-specific aspects of Sfh3 (and phosphoinositide) biology that are invisible to contemporary haploid-centric cell biological, proteomic, and functional genomics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Ren
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7090
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-1114
| | - Coney Pei-Chen Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215
| | - Manish C. Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322-4250
| | - Brenda R. S. Temple
- R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7260
| | - Aaron H. Nile
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-1114
| | - Carl J. Mousley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-1114
| | - Mara C. Duncan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280
| | - Debra M. Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5650
| | - Thomas J. Leiker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80045-0511
| | - Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6600
| | - David S. Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6600
| | - Robert C. Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80045-0511
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6600
| | - Jolien Verdaasdonk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280
| | - Kerry S. Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322-4250
| | - Aaron M. Neiman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215
| | - Vytas A. Bankaitis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-1114
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10
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Scott SA, Mathews TP, Ivanova PT, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Chemical modulation of glycerolipid signaling and metabolic pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1060-84. [PMID: 24440821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, glycerolipids captured the attention of biochemical researchers as novel cellular signaling entities. We now recognize that these biomolecules occupy signaling nodes critical to a number of physiological and pathological processes. Thus, glycerolipid-metabolizing enzymes present attractive targets for new therapies. A number of fields-ranging from neuroscience and cancer to diabetes and obesity-have elucidated the signaling properties of glycerolipids. The biochemical literature teems with newly emerging small molecule inhibitors capable of manipulating glycerolipid metabolism and signaling. This ever-expanding pool of chemical modulators appears daunting to those interested in exploiting glycerolipid-signaling pathways in their model system of choice. This review distills the current body of literature surrounding glycerolipid metabolism into a more approachable format, facilitating the application of small molecule inhibitors to novel systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Tools to study lipid functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas P Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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11
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Shulga YV, Loukov D, Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Myers DS, Hatch GM, Umeh G, Jalan D, Fullerton MD, Steinberg GR, Topham MK, Brown HA, Epand RM. Diacylglycerol kinase delta promotes lipogenesis. Biochemistry 2013; 52:7766-76. [PMID: 24090246 DOI: 10.1021/bi401178y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the relationship between diacylglycerol kinase delta (DGKδ) and lipogenesis. There is a marked increase in the expression of DGKδ during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells to adipocytes, as well as in the synthesis of neutral and polar lipids. When 3T3-L1 undifferentiated fibroblasts are transfected to express DGKδ, there is increased triglyceride synthesis without differentiation to adipocytes. Hence, expression of DGKδ promotes lipogenesis. Lipid synthesis is decreased in DGKδ knockout mouse embryo fibroblasts, especially for lipids with shorter acyl chains and limited unsaturation. This reduction occurs for both neutral and polar lipids. These findings suggest reduced de novo lipid synthesis. This is confirmed by measuring the incorporation of glycerol into polar and neutral lipids, which is higher in the wild type cells than in the DGKδ knockouts. In comparison, there was no change in lipid synthesis in DGKε knockout mouse embryo fibroblasts. We also demonstrate that the DGKδ knockout cells had a lower expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase as well as a lower degree of activation by phosphorylation of ATP citrate lyase. These three enzymes are involved in the synthesis of long chain fatty acids. Our results demonstrate that DGKδ markedly increases lipid synthesis, at least in part as a result of promoting the de novo synthesis of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V Shulga
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and †Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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12
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Thomas G, Betters JL, Lord CC, Brown AL, Marshall S, Ferguson D, Sawyer J, Davis MA, Melchior JT, Blume LC, Howlett AC, Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Myers DS, Mrak I, Leber V, Heier C, Taschler U, Blankman JL, Cravatt BF, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Zimmermann R, Brown HA, Brown JM. The serine hydrolase ABHD6 Is a critical regulator of the metabolic syndrome. Cell Rep 2013; 5:508-20. [PMID: 24095738 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine hydrolase α/β hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6) has recently been implicated as a key lipase for the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) in the brain. However, the biochemical and physiological function for ABHD6 outside of the central nervous system has not been established. To address this, we utilized targeted antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to selectively knock down ABHD6 in peripheral tissues in order to identify in vivo substrates and understand ABHD6's role in energy metabolism. Here, we show that selective knockdown of ABHD6 in metabolic tissues protects mice from high-fat-diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, and systemic insulin resistance. Using combined in vivo lipidomic identification and in vitro enzymology approaches, we show that ABHD6 can hydrolyze several lipid substrates, positioning ABHD6 at the interface of glycerophospholipid metabolism and lipid signal transduction. Collectively, these data suggest that ABHD6 inhibitors may serve as therapeutics for obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwynneth Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jenna L Betters
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Caleb C Lord
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,New Affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,New Affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,New Affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
| | - Janet Sawyer
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Matthew A Davis
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - John T Melchior
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Lawrence C Blume
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Allyn C Howlett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Stephen B Milne
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David S Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Irina Mrak
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vera Leber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Heier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jacqueline L Blankman
- Deparment of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Deparment of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010 USA
| | - Rosanne M Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010 USA
| | - Mark J Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010 USA
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,New Affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
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13
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Abstract
Metabolomics is a rapidly growing field of research used in the identification and quantification of the small molecule metabolites within an organism, thereby providing insights into cell metabolism and bioenergetics as well as processes important in clinical medicine, such as disposition of pharmaceutical compounds. It offers comprehensive information about thousands of low-molecular mass compounds (<1500 Da) that represent a wide range of pathways and intermediary metabolism. Because of its vast expansion in the past two decades, mass spectrometry has become an indispensable tool in "omic" analyses. The use of different ionization techniques such as the more traditional electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption, as well as recently popular desorption electrospray ionization, has allowed the analysis of a wide range of biomolecules (e.g., peptides, proteins, lipids, and sugars), and their imaging and analysis in the original sample environment in a workup free fashion. An overview of the current state of the methodology is given, as well as examples of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Milne
- Departments of Pharmacology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, The Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
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14
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Li JZ, Huang Y, Karaman R, Ivanova PT, Brown HA, Roddy T, Castro-Perez J, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. Chronic overexpression of PNPLA3I148M in mouse liver causes hepatic steatosis. J Clin Invest 2013; 122:4130-44. [PMID: 23023705 DOI: 10.1172/jci65179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetic variant in PNPLA3 (PNPLA3(I148M)), a triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolase, is a major risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the mechanism underlying this association is not known. To develop an animal model of PNPLA3-induced fatty liver disease, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress similar amounts of wild-type PNPLA3 (PNPLA3(WT)) or mutant PNPLA3 (PNPLA3(I148M)) either in liver or adipose tissue. Overexpression of the transgenes in adipose tissue did not affect liver fat content. Expression of PNPLA3(I148M), but not PNPLA3(WT), in liver recapitulated the fatty liver phenotype as well as other metabolic features associated with this allele in humans. Metabolic studies provided evidence for 3 distinct alterations in hepatic TAG metabolism in PNPLA3(I148M) transgenic mice: increased formation of fatty acids and TAG, impaired hydrolysis of TAG, and relative depletion of TAG long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. These findings suggest that PNPLA3 plays a role in remodeling TAG in lipid droplets, as they accumulate in response to food intake, and that the increase in hepatic TAG levels associated with the I148M substitution results from multiple changes in hepatic TAG metabolism. The development of an animal model that recapitulates the metabolic phenotype of the allele in humans provides a new platform in which to elucidate the role of PNLPA3(I148M) in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Zhong Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9046, USA, USA
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15
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Meszaros P, Klappe K, van Dam A, Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Myers DS, Brown HA, Permentier H, Hoekstra D, Kok JW. Long term myriocin treatment increases MRP1 transport activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012. [PMID: 23178537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of myriocin treatment, which extensively depletes sphingolipids from cells, on multidrug resistance-related protein 1 (MRP1) efflux activity in MRP1 expressing cells and isolated plasma membrane vesicles. Our data reveal that both short term (3 days) and long term (7 days) treatment effectively reduce the cellular sphingolipid content to the same level. Intriguingly, a two-fold increase in MRP1-mediated efflux activity was observed following long term treatment, while short term treatment had no impact. Very similar data were obtained with plasma membrane vesicles isolated from myriocin-treated cells. Exploiting the cell-free vesicle system, Michaelis-Menten analysis revealed that the intrinsic MRP1 activity remained unaltered; however, the fraction of active transporter molecules increased. We demonstrate that the latter effect is due to an enhanced recruitment of MRP1 into lipid raft fractions, thereby promoting MRP1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Meszaros
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Kumari M, Schoiswohl G, Chitraju C, Paar M, Cornaciu I, Rangrez AY, Wongsiriroj N, Nagy HM, Ivanova PT, Scott SA, Knittelfelder O, Rechberger GN, Birner-Gruenberger R, Eder S, Brown HA, Haemmerle G, Oberer M, Lass A, Kershaw EE, Zimmermann R, Zechner R. Adiponutrin functions as a nutritionally regulated lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase. Cell Metab 2012; 15:691-702. [PMID: 22560221 PMCID: PMC3361708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies in humans link a nonsynonymous genetic polymorphism (I148M) in adiponutrin (ADPN) to various forms of fatty liver disease and liver cirrhosis. Despite its high clinical relevance, the molecular function of ADPN and the mechanism by which I148M variant affects hepatic metabolism are unclear. Here we show that ADPN promotes cellular lipid synthesis by converting lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid. The ADPN-catalyzed LPA acyltransferase (LPAAT) reaction is specific for LPA and long-chain acyl-CoAs. Wild-type mice receiving a high-sucrose diet exhibit substantial upregulation of Adpn in the liver and a concomitant increase in LPAAT activity. In Adpn-deficient mice, this diet-induced increase in hepatic LPAAT activity is reduced. Notably, the I148M variant of human ADPN exhibits increased LPAAT activity leading to increased cellular lipid accumulation. This gain of function provides a plausible biochemical mechanism for the development of liver steatosis in subjects carrying the I148M variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Kumari
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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17
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Lord CC, Betters JL, Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Myers DS, Madenspacher J, Thomas G, Chung S, Liu M, Davis MA, Lee RG, Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Parks JS, Brasaemle DL, Fessler MB, Brown HA, Brown JM. CGI-58/ABHD5-derived signaling lipids regulate systemic inflammation and insulin action. Diabetes 2012; 61:355-63. [PMID: 22228714 PMCID: PMC3266405 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58) in humans cause Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disease in which excess triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulates in multiple tissues. CGI-58 recently has been ascribed two distinct biochemical activities, including coactivation of adipose triglyceride lipase and acylation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). It is noteworthy that both the substrate (LPA) and the product (phosphatidic acid) of the LPA acyltransferase reaction are well-known signaling lipids. Therefore, we hypothesized that CGI-58 is involved in generating lipid mediators that regulate TAG metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Here, we show that CGI-58 is required for the generation of signaling lipids in response to inflammatory stimuli and that lipid second messengers generated by CGI-58 play a critical role in maintaining the balance between inflammation and insulin action. Furthermore, we show that CGI-58 is necessary for maximal TH1 cytokine signaling in the liver. This novel role for CGI-58 in cytokine signaling may explain why diminished CGI-58 expression causes severe hepatic lipid accumulation yet paradoxically improves hepatic insulin action. Collectively, these findings establish that CGI-58 provides a novel source of signaling lipids. These findings contribute insight into the basic mechanisms linking TH1 cytokine signaling to nutrient metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb C. Lord
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jenna L. Betters
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stephen B. Milne
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David S. Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer Madenspacher
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Gwynneth Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Soonkyu Chung
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mingxia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Matthew A. Davis
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Richard G. Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - Rosanne M. Crooke
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - Mark J. Graham
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California
| | - John S. Parks
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Dawn L. Brasaemle
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Michael B. Fessler
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Corresponding author: J. Mark Brown,
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18
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Gorden DL, Ivanova PT, Myers DS, McIntyre JO, VanSaun MN, Wright JK, Matrisian LM, Brown HA. Increased diacylglycerols characterize hepatic lipid changes in progression of human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; comparison to a murine model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22775. [PMID: 21857953 PMCID: PMC3153459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and progression to cirrhosis. While differences in liver lipids between disease states have been reported, precise composition of phospholipids and diacylglycerols (DAG) at a lipid species level has not been previously described. The goal of this study was to characterize changes in lipid species through progression of human NAFLD using advanced lipidomic technology and compare this with a murine model of early and advanced NAFLD. Methods Utilizing mass spectrometry lipidomics, over 250 phospholipid and diacylglycerol species (DAGs) were identified in normal and diseased human and murine liver extracts. Results Significant differences between phospholipid composition of normal and diseased livers were demonstrated, notably among DAG species, consistent with previous reports that DAG transferases are involved in the progression of NAFLD and liver fibrosis. In addition, a novel phospholipid species (ether linked phosphatidylinositol) was identified in human cirrhotic liver extracts. Conclusions Using parallel lipidomics analysis of murine and human liver tissues it was determined that mice maintained on a high-fat diet provide a reproducible model of NAFLD in regards to specificity of lipid species in the liver. These studies demonstrated that novel lipid species may serve as markers of advanced liver disease and importantly, marked increases in DAG species are a hallmark of NAFLD. Elevated DAGs may contribute to altered triglyceride, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) levels characteristic of the disease and specific DAG species might be important lipid signaling molecules in the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lee Gorden
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.
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19
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Myers DS, Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Brown HA. Quantitative analysis of glycerophospholipids by LC-MS: acquisition, data handling, and interpretation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:748-57. [PMID: 21683157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As technology expands what it is possible to accurately measure, so too the challenges faced by modern mass spectrometry applications expand. A high level of accuracy in lipid quantitation across thousands of chemical species simultaneously is demanded. While relative changes in lipid amounts with varying conditions may provide initial insights or point to novel targets, there are many questions that require determination of lipid analyte absolute quantitation. Glycerophospholipids present a significant challenge in this regard, given the headgroup diversity, large number of possible acyl chain combinations, and vast range of ionization efficiency of species. Lipidomic output is being used more often not just for profiling of the masses of species, but also for highly-targeted flux-based measurements which put additional burdens on the quantitation pipeline. These first two challenges bring into sharp focus the need for a robust lipidomics workflow including deisotoping, differentiation from background noise, use of multiple internal standards per lipid class, and the use of a scriptable environment in order to create maximum user flexibility and maintain metadata on the parameters of the data analysis as it occurs. As lipidomics technology develops and delivers more output on a larger number of analytes, so must the sophistication of statistical post-processing also continue to advance. High-dimensional data analysis methods involving clustering, lipid pathway analysis, and false discovery rate limitation are becoming standard practices in a maturing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Shulga YV, Myers DS, Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Brown HA, Topham MK, Epand RM. Molecular species of phosphatidylinositol-cycle intermediates in the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. Biochemistry 2010; 49:312-7. [PMID: 20000336 PMCID: PMC2805767 DOI: 10.1021/bi901551e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover is a process requiring both the plasma and ER membranes. We have determined the distribution of phosphatidic acid (PA) and PI and their acyl chain compositions in these two subcellular membranes using mass spectrometry. We assessed the role of PI cycling in determining the molecular species and quantity of these lipids by comparing the compositions of the two membranes isolated from embryonic fibroblasts obtained from diacylglycerol kinase epsilon (DGKepsilon) knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. In the KO cells, the conversion of arachidonoyl-rich DAG to PA is blocked by the absence of DGKepsilon, resulting in a reduction in the rate of PI cycling. The acyl chain composition is very similar for PI and PA in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) versus plasma membrane (PM) and for WT versus KO. However, the acyl chain profile for PI is very different from that for PA. This indicates that DGKepsilon is not facilitating the direct transfer of a specific species of PA between the PM and the ER. Approximately 20% of the PA in the ER membrane has one short acyl chain of 14 or fewer carbons. These species of PA are not converted into PI but may play a role in stabilizing regions of high positive curvature in the ER. There are also PI species in both the ER and PM for which there is no detectable PA precursor, indicating that these species of PI are unlikely to arise via the PI cycle. We find that in the PM of KO cells the levels of PI and of PA are decreased approximately 3-fold in comparison with those in either the PM of WT cells or the ER of KO cells. The PI cycle is slowed in the KO cells; hence, the lipid intermediates of the PI cycle can no longer be interconverted and are depleted from the PI cycle by conversion to other species. There is less of an effect of the depletion in the ER where de novo synthesis of PA occurs in comparison with the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V. Shulga
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - David S. Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Stephen B. Milne
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Matthew K. Topham
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Richard M. Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Brown HA. Identification of atypical ether-linked glycerophospholipid species in macrophages by mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:1581-90. [PMID: 19965583 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d003715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A large scale profiling and analysis of glycerophospholipid species in macrophages has facilitated the identification of several rare and atypical glycerophospholipid species. By using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and comparison of the elution and fragmentation properties of the rare lipids to synthetic standards, we were able to identify an array of ether-linked phosphatidylinositols (PIs), phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylserines (PSs), very long chain phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and phosphatidylcholines (PCs) as well as phosphatidylthreonines (PTs) and a wide collection of odd carbon fatty acid-containing phospholipids in macrophages. A comprehensive qualitative analysis of glycerophospholipids from different macrophage cells was conducted. During the phospholipid profiling of the macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells, we identified dozens of rare or previously uncharacterized phospholipids, including ether-linked PIs, PSs, and glycerophosphatidic acids, PTs, and PCs and PTs containing very long polyunsaturated fatty acids. Additionally, large numbers of phospholipids containing at least one odd carbon fatty acid were identified. Using the same methodology, we also identified many of the same species of glycerophospholipids in resident peritoneal macrophages, foam cells, and murine bone marrow derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Lung M, Shulga YV, Ivanova PT, Myers DS, Milne SB, Brown HA, Topham MK, Epand RM. Diacylglycerol kinase epsilon is selective for both acyl chains of phosphatidic acid or diacylglycerol. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:31062-73. [PMID: 19744926 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.050617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol (PI) cycle mediates many cellular events by controlling the metabolism of many lipid second messengers. Diacylglycerol kinase epsilon (DGK epsilon) has an important role in this cycle. DGK epsilon is the only DGK isoform to show inhibition by its product phosphatidic acid (PA) as well as substrate specificity for sn-2 arachidonoyl-diacylglycerol (DAG). Here, we show that this inhibition and substrate specificity are both determined by selectivity for a combination of the sn-1 and sn-2 acyl chains of PA or DAG, respectively, preferring the most prevalent acyl chain composition of lipids involved specifically in the PI cycle, 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl. Although the difference in rate for closely related lipid species is small, there is a significant enrichment of 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl PI because of the cyclical nature of PI turnover. We also show that the inhibition of DGK epsilon by PA is competitive and that the deletion of the hydrophobic segment and cationic cluster of DGK epsilon does not affect its selectivity for the acyl chains of PA or DAG. Thus, this active site not only recognizes the lipid headgroup but also a combination of the two acyl chains in PA or DAG. We propose a mechanism of DGK epsilon regulation where its dual acyl chain selectivity is used to negatively regulate its enzymatic activity in a manner that ensures DGK epsilon remains committed to the PI turnover cycle. This novel mechanism of enzyme regulation within a signaling pathway could serve as a template for the regulation of enzymes in other pathways in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Myers DS, Brown HA. Lipidomics: a mass spectrometry based systems level analysis of cellular lipids. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:526-31. [PMID: 19744877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipidomics is a logical outcome of the history and traditions of lipid biochemistry and advances in mass spectrometry are at the heart of a renaissance in understanding the roles of lipids in cellular functions. Our desire to understand the complexity of lipids in biology has led to new techniques that allow us to identify over 1000 phospholipids in mammalian cell types and tissues. Improvements in chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry have positioned us to determine not only the lipid composition (i.e. parts list) of cells and tissues, but also address questions regarding lipid substrates and products that previously overwhelmed traditional analytical technologies. In the decade since lipidomics was conceived much of the efforts have been on new methodologies, development of computer programs to decipher the gigabytes of raw data, and struggling with the highly variable nature of biological systems where absolute quantities of a given metabolite may be less important than its relative change in concentration. It is clear that the technology is now sufficiently developed to address fundamental questions about the roles of lipids in cellular signaling and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
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Rappley I, Myers DS, Milne SB, Ivanova PT, Lavoie MJ, Brown HA, Selkoe DJ. Lipidomic profiling in mouse brain reveals differences between ages and genders, with smaller changes associated with alpha-synuclein genotype. J Neurochem 2009; 111:15-25. [PMID: 19627450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in lipidomics technology have facilitated the precise detection, identification and profiling of lipid species within tissues. Mass spectrometry allows for identification of lipids as a function of the total number of carbons and double bonds in their acyl chains. Such detailed descriptions of lipid composition can provide a basis for further investigation of cell signaling and metabolic pathways, both physiological and pathological. Here, we applied phospholipid profiling to mouse models relevant to Parkinson's disease, using mice that were transgenic for human alpha-synuclein (alphaSyn) or deleted of endogenous alphaSyn. Proposed functions of alphaSyn include phospholipid binding, regulation of membrane composition, and regulation of vesicular pools. We investigated whether alphaSyn gene dosage interacts with differences in phospholipid composition across brain regions or with age-related changes in brain phospholipid composition. The most dramatic phospholipid changes were observed in alphaSyn wild-type animals as a function of age and gender. alphaSyn genotype-specific changes were also observed in aged, but not young, mice. Our results provide a detailed and systematic characterization of brain phospholipid composition in mice and identify age-related changes relevant both to Parkinson's disease and to normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Rappley
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Milne SB, Ivanova PT, Armstrong MD, Myers DS, Lubarda J, Shulga YV, Topham MK, Brown HA, Epand RM. Dramatic differences in the roles in lipid metabolism of two isoforms of diacylglycerol kinase. Biochemistry 2008; 47:9372-9. [PMID: 18702510 DOI: 10.1021/bi800492c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipid species changes for SV40-transformed fibroblasts from wild-type or from diacylglycerol kinase-epsilon (DGKepsilon) or diacylglycerol kinase-alpha (DGKalpha) knockout mice were determined for glycerophospholipids, polyphosphatidylinositides (GPInsP n ) and diacylglycerol (DAG) using direct infusion mass spectrometry. Dramatic differences in arachidonate (20:4 fatty acid)-containing lipids were observed for multiple classes of glycerophospholipids and polyphosphatidylinositides between wild-type and DGKepsilon knockout cells. However, no difference was observed in either the amount or the acyl chain composition of DAG between DGKepsilon knockout and wild-type cells, suggesting that DGKepsilon catalyzed the phosphorylation of a minor fraction of the DAG in these cells. The differences in arachidonate content between the two cell lines were greatest for the GPInsP n lipids and lowest for DAG. These findings indicate that DGKepsilon plays a significant role in determining the enrichment of GPInsP n with 20:4 and that there is a pathway for the selective translocation of arachidonoyl phosphatidic acid from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, no substantial difference was observed in the acyl chain composition of any class of glycerophospholipid or diacylglycerol between lipid extracts from fibroblasts from wild-type mice or from DGKalpha knockout mice. However, the cells from the DGKalpha knockout mice had a higher concentration of DAG, consistent with the lack of downregulation of the major fraction of DAG by DGKalpha, in contrast with DGKepsilon that is primarily responsible for enrichment of GPInsP n with arachidonoyl acyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Milne
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Byrne MO, Xiang Y, Brown HA. Glycerophospholipid identification and quantitation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Methods Enzymol 2008; 432:21-57. [PMID: 17954212 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(07)32002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids are the structural building blocks of the cellular membrane. In addition to creating a protective barrier around the cell, lipids are precursors of intracellular signaling molecules that modulate membrane trafficking and are involved in transmembrane signal transduction. Phospholipids are also increasingly recognized as important participants in the regulation and control of cellular function and disease. Analysis and characterization of lipid species by mass spectrometry (MS) have evolved and advanced with improvements in instrumentation and technology. Key advances, including the development of "soft" ionization techniques for MS such as electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), have facilitated the analysis of complex lipid mixtures by overcoming the earlier limitations. ESI-MS has become the technique of choice for the analysis of multi-component mixtures of lipids from biological samples due to its exceptional sensitivity and capacity for high throughput. This chapter covers qualitative and quantitative MS methods used for the elucidation of glycerophospholipid identity and quantity in cell or tissue extracts. Sections are included on the extraction, MS analysis, and data analysis of glycerophospholipids and polyphosphoinositides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina T Ivanova
- Departments of Pharmacology and Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Rouzer CA, Ivanova PT, Byrne MO, Brown HA, Marnett LJ. Lipid profiling reveals glycerophospholipid remodeling in zymosan-stimulated macrophages. Biochemistry 2007; 46:6026-42. [PMID: 17458939 DOI: 10.1021/bi0621617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive lipid profiling by mass spectrometry provides comparative data on the relative distribution of individual glycerophospholipids within each of the major classes. Application of this method to the analysis of glycerophospholipid remodeling in murine primary resident peritoneal macrophages (RPMs) during zymosan phagocytosis reveals significant decreases in the levels of every major arachidonic acid (20:4)-containing species of phosphatidylcholine (GPCho) and in selected 20:4-containing phosphatidylinositol (GPIns) and phosphatidylglycerol (GPGro) species. No net changes in 20:4-containing phosphatidylethanolamine (GPEtn) species were detected. Pretreatment of RPMs with LPS resulted in subtle changes in the magnitude and kinetics of the response but had no effect on the overall pattern of zymosan-induced glycerophospholipid remodeling. Inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis with indomethacin reduced the magnitude of the changes in 20:4-containing diacyl but not alkyl acyl species. Blockade of 20:4 reacylation with thimerosal had no effect on the magnitude of the zymosan-induced changes in GPCho, GPIns, or GPGro species but revealed decreases in the level of alkyl acyl GEtn species. RAW264.7 cells contain much lower levels of phospholipid 20:4 than do RPMs and synthesize PGs poorly in response to zymosan. Pretreatment with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, lipopolysaccharide, and interferon-gamma substantially increased the extent of 20:4 mobilization and PG synthesis in these cells. However, under conditions of maximal zymosan-dependent PG synthesis, the only glycerophospholipid that exhibited a significant change was a 20:4-containing plasmenyl GPEtn. These results suggest that GPCho is the major ultimate source of 20:4 that is mobilized in zymosan-stimulated RPMs but that 20:4 mobilization may involve the intermediate turnover of alkyl acyl GPEtn species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Rouzer
- Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA.
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Rouzer CA, Ivanova PT, Byrne MO, Milne SB, Marnett LJ, Brown HA. Lipid profiling reveals arachidonate deficiency in RAW264.7 cells: Structural and functional implications. Biochemistry 2007; 45:14795-808. [PMID: 17144673 PMCID: PMC2443946 DOI: 10.1021/bi061723j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids containing arachidonic acid (20:4) serve as the precursors for an array of biologically active lipid mediators, most of which are produced by macrophages. We have applied mass spectrometry-based lipid profiling technology to evaluate the glycerophospholipid structure and composition of two macrophage populations, resident peritoneal macrophages and RAW264.7 cells, with regard to their potential for 20:4-based lipid mediator biosynthesis. Fatty acid analysis indicated that RAW264.7 cells were deficient in 20:4 (10 +/- 1 mol %) compared to peritoneal macrophages (26 +/- 1 mol %). Mass spectrometry of total glycerophospholipids demonstrated a marked difference in the distribution of lipid species, including reduced levels of 20:4-containing lipids, in RAW264.7 cells compared to peritoneal macrophages. Enrichment of RAW264.7 cells with 20:4 increased the fatty acid to 20 +/- 1 mol %. However, the distribution of the incorporated 20:4 remained different from that of peritoneal macrophages. RAW264.7 cells pretreated with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor followed by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma mobilized similar quantities of 20:4 and produced similar amounts of prostaglandins as peritoneal macrophages treated with LPS alone. LPS treatment resulted in detectable changes in specific 20:4-containing glycerophospholipids in peritoneal cells, but not in RAW264.7 cells. 20:4-enriched RAW264.7 cells lost 88% of the incorporated fatty acid during the LPS incubation without additional prostaglandin synthesis. These results illustrate that large differences in glycerophospholipid composition may exist, even in closely related cell populations, and demonstrate the importance of interpreting the potential for lipid-mediator biosynthesis in the context of overall glycerophospholipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A. Rouzer
- Department of Biochemistry, the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, the Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Center for Pharmacology and Drug Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146 USA
| | - Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, the Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Center for Pharmacology and Drug Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146 USA
| | - Mark O. Byrne
- Department of Pharmacology, the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, the Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Center for Pharmacology and Drug Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146 USA
| | - Stephen B. Milne
- Department of Pharmacology, the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, the Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Center for Pharmacology and Drug Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146 USA
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Department of Biochemistry, the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, the Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Center for Pharmacology and Drug Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146 USA
- Department of Chemistry, the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, the Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Center for Pharmacology and Drug Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146 USA
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, the Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Center for Pharmacology and Drug Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146 USA
- Department of Chemistry, the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, the Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Center for Pharmacology and Drug Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146 USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: (615) 936-3888. Fax: (615) 936-6833.
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Abstract
The development of a new mass spectrometric lipid profiling methodology permits the identification of cellular phosphatidylinositol monophosphate/phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate/phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate (PIP/PIP2/PIP3) species that includes the fatty acyl composition. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, we were able to resolve and identify 28 PIP and PIP2 compounds as well as 8 PIP3 compounds from RAW 264.7 or primary murine macrophage cell extracts. Analysis of PIP profiles after agonist stimulation of cells revealed the generation of differential PIP3 species and permitted us to propose a novel means for regulation and specificity in signaling through PIP3. This is the first reported identification of intact, cellular PIP3 by mass spectral analysis. The ability to analyze the fatty acyl chain composition of signaling lipids initiates new venues for investigation of the processes by which specific polyphosphoinositide species mediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Milne
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Abstract
Phospholipids are the structural building blocks of the membrane bilayer, which retains and regulates intra-cellular content. In addition to creating a protective barrier around the cell, lipids modulate membrane trafficking and are themselves precursors of important intracellular signaling molecules. Identification and quantification of these molecular species is essential for a more complete understanding of cell signaling pathways, and more reliable and sensitive methods are needed for determining membrane phospholipid content. Recent improvements in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry have made possible the direct identification of more than 400 phospholipid species from biological extracts of a single cell type. Changes in the cellular concentration of diverse lipids can be determined by analysis of the mass spectra by statistical algorithms. In the future, lipid arrays will be integrated with other high-throughput profiling technologies, and computational lipidomics will expand our understanding of the molecular basis of cellular processes and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Forrester JS, Milne SB, Ivanova PT, Brown HA. Computational Lipidomics: A Multiplexed Analysis of Dynamic Changes in Membrane Lipid Composition during Signal Transduction. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 65:813-21. [PMID: 15044609 DOI: 10.1124/mol.65.4.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent successes in defining the roles of lipids in cell signaling have stimulated greater interest in these versatile biomolecules. Until recently, analysis of these molecules at the species level has required labor-intensive techniques. The development of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has made possible the detection and identification of thermally labile biological molecules, such as phospholipids. The "soft" ionization does not cause extensive fragmentation, is highly sensitive, accurate, and reproducible. Thus, this method is well suited for analyzing a broad range of phospholipids without elaborate chromatographic separation. Evaluating the vast amounts of data resulting from these measurements is a rate-limiting step in the assessment of phospholipid composition, requiring the development and application of computational algorithms for mass spectrometry data. Here we describe computational lipidomics, a novel analytical technique, coupling mass spectrometry with statistical algorithms to facilitate the comprehensive analysis of hundreds of lipid species from cellular extracts. As a result, lipid arrays are generated to indicate qualitative changes that occur in lipid composition between experimental or disease states, similar to proteomic and genomic analyses. This review presents a methodological strategy for using ESI-MS combined with a high-power computational analysis to profile time-dependent changes in cellular phospholipids after the addition of an agonist or to evaluate changes promoted by pathophysiological processes. As an illustration, we describe the methods and approaches used to generate lipid arrays for The Alliance for Cellular Signaling (AfCS). These arrays are contributing to a more complete understanding of the participants of cellular signaling pathways after activation of cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Forrester
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Instituteof Chemichal Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6600, USA
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Gitsov I, Wooley KL, Hawker CJ, Ivanova PT, Frechet JMJ. Synthesis and properties of novel linear-dendritic block copolymers. Reactivity of dendritic macromolecules toward linear polymers. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma00073a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ivanova PT, Cerda BA, Horn DM, Cohen JS, McLafferty FW, Brown HA. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of changes in phospholipids in RBL-2H3 mastocytoma cells during degranulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:7152-7. [PMID: 11416200 PMCID: PMC34638 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.131195098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes contain an extraordinary diversity of lipids. Phospholipids function as major structural elements of cellular membranes, and analysis of changes in the highly heterogeneous mixtures of lipids found in eukaryotic cells is central to understanding the complex functions in which lipids participate. Phospholipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids often follows cell surface receptor activation. Recently, we demonstrated that granule fusion is initiated by addition of exogenous, nonmammalian phospholipases to permeabilized mast cells. To pursue this finding, we use positive and negative mode Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) to measure changes in the glycerophospholipid composition of total lipid extracts of intact and permeabilized RBL-2H3 (mucosal mast cell line) cells. The low energy of the electrospray ionization results in efficient production of molecular ions of phospholipids uncomplicated by further fragmentation, and changes were observed that eluded conventional detection methods. From these analyses we have spectrally resolved more than 130 glycerophospholipids and determined changes initiated by introduction of exogenous phospholipase C, phospholipase D, or phospholipase A2. These exogenous phospholipases have a preference for phosphatidylcholine with long polyunsaturated alkyl chains as substrates and, when added to permeabilized mast cells, produce multiple species of mono- and polyunsaturated diacylglycerols, phosphatidic acids, and lysophosphatidylcholines, respectively. The patterns of changes of these lipids provide an extraordinarily rich source of data for evaluating the effects of specific lipid species generated during cellular processes, such as exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Ivanova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
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Aneja SG, Ivanova PT, Aneja R. Synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate and analogues: probes and modulators of the mammalian PI-PLCS. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1061-4. [PMID: 9871708 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An approach to synthesis of 2-modified phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphates, which are substrate analogues useful as probes and modulators of the PI-PLC enzyme family, is described and illustrated for the dibutyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro analogue, a probe designed for delineating substrate and PI-PLC interactions by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Aneja
- Functional Lipids Division, Nutrimed Biotech, Langmuir Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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