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Smith GS, Archibald P, Thorpe RJ. Race and obesity disparities among adults living in gentrifying neighborhoods. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:93-99. [PMID: 35083727 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of research seeking to understand race disparities in obesity among individuals living in a gentrifying neighborhood. American Community Survey data were used to identify gentrifying neighborhoods. In a cross-sectional analysis, these data were then linked to the 2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, yielding an analytic sample of 887 Black and White adults. Obesity was based on body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2. After controlling for potential confounders, Black adults living in gentrifying neighborhoods had a higher prevalence of obesity (PR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.88) than White adults living in gentrifying neighborhoods. Gentrification may have no impact on reducing Black-White obesity disparities in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Smith
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - P Archibald
- Department of Social Work, College of Staten Island-City University of New York School of Health Science, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - R J Thorpe
- Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program for Research On Men's Health, Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Patel H, Rafiq Q, Archibald P. Gene Editing/Gene Therapies: DEVELOPING A NOVEL FEEDING STRATEGY FOR ENHANCED LENTIVIRAL VECTOR PRODUCTION. Cytotherapy 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1465-3249(22)00378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Chen YH, Pallant C, Sampson CJ, Boiti A, Johnson S, Brazauskas P, Hardwicke P, Marongiu M, Marinova VM, Carmo M, Sweeney NP, Richard A, Shillings A, Archibald P, Puschmann E, Mouzon B, Grose D, Mendez-Tavio M, Chen MX, Warr SRC, Senussi T, Carter PS, Baker S, Jung C, Brugman MH, Howe SJ, Vink CA. Rapid Lentiviral Vector Producer Cell Line Generation Using a Single DNA Construct. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 19:47-57. [PMID: 32995359 PMCID: PMC7501408 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stable suspension producer cell lines for the production of vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein (VSVg)-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors represent an attractive alternative to current widely used production methods based on transient transfection of adherent 293T cells with multiple plasmids. We report here a method to rapidly generate such producer cell lines from 293T cells by stable transfection of a single DNA construct encoding all lentiviral vector components. The resulting suspension cell lines yield titers as high as can be achieved with transient transfection, can be readily scaled up in single-use stirred-tank bioreactors, and are genetically and functionally stable in extended cell culture. By removing the requirement for efficient transient transfection during upstream processing of lentiviral vectors and switching to an inherently scalable suspension cell culture format, we believe that this approach will result in significantly higher batch yields than are possible with current manufacturing processes and enable better patient access to medicines based on lentiviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hua Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Celeste Pallant
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | - Alessia Boiti
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sabine Johnson
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Pijus Brazauskas
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Philip Hardwicke
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Michela Marongiu
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Vanesa M Marinova
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Marlene Carmo
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nathan P Sweeney
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Ashkenaz Richard
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Anthony Shillings
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Peter Archibald
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Eva Puschmann
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Bernadette Mouzon
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David Grose
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Miriam Mendez-Tavio
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Mao Xiang Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Stephen R C Warr
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Tarik Senussi
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Paul S Carter
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sean Baker
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Cindy Jung
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Martijn H Brugman
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Steven J Howe
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Conrad A Vink
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
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Williams DJ, Archer R, Archibald P, Bantounas I, Baptista R, Barker R, Barry J, Bietrix F, Blair N, Braybrook J, Campbell J, Canham M, Chandra A, Foldes G, Gilmanshin R, Girard M, Gorjup E, Hewitt Z, Hourd P, Hyllner J, Jesson H, Kee J, Kerby J, Kotsopoulou N, Kowalski S, Leidel C, Marshall D, Masi L, McCall M, McCann C, Medcalf N, Moore H, Ozawa H, Pan D, Parmar M, Plant AL, Reinwald Y, Sebastian S, Stacey G, Thomas RJ, Thomas D, Thurman-Newell J, Turner M, Vitillo L, Wall I, Wilson A, Wolfrum J, Yang Y, Zimmerman H. Comparability: manufacturing, characterization and controls, report of a UK Regenerative Medicine Platform Pluripotent Stem Cell Platform Workshop, Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 14-15 September 2015. Regen Med 2016; 11:483-92. [PMID: 27404768 PMCID: PMC5422032 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper summarizes the proceedings of a workshop held at Trinity Hall, Cambridge to discuss comparability and includes additional information and references to related information added subsequently to the workshop. Comparability is the need to demonstrate equivalence of product after a process change; a recent publication states that this ‘may be difficult for cell-based medicinal products’. Therefore a well-managed change process is required which needs access to good science and regulatory advice and developers are encouraged to seek help early. The workshop shared current thinking and best practice and allowed the definition of key research questions. The intent of this report is to summarize the key issues and the consensus reached on each of these by the expert delegates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Williams
- Loughborough University, Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | | | - Peter Archibald
- Loughborough University, Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Ioannis Bantounas
- University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ricardo Baptista
- Cell & Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Roger Barker
- University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Jacqueline Barry
- Cell & Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Florence Bietrix
- European Infrastructure for Translational Medicine, EATRIS Headquarters, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Blair
- University of Cambridge, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine West Forvie Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | | | | | - Maurice Canham
- University of Edinburgh, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Amit Chandra
- Loughborough University, Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Gabor Foldes
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, ICTEM building, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rudy Gilmanshin
- FloDesign Sonics Inc., 380 Main St, Wilbraham, MA 01095, USA
| | - Mathilde Girard
- I-Stem, CECS/I-STEM, 2, Rue Henri Desbruères, 91100 Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Erwin Gorjup
- Fraunhofer IBMT, Außenstelle Cambridge/Babraham, Meditrina Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Zöe Hewitt
- University of Sheffield, Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Paul Hourd
- Loughborough University, Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Johan Hyllner
- Cell & Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Helen Jesson
- Loughborough University, Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Jasmin Kee
- Reneuron, Pencoed Business Park, Pencoed, Bridgend CF35 5HY, UK
| | - Julie Kerby
- Neusentis (Pfizer Ltd.), The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Nina Kotsopoulou
- Autolus Limited, Forest House, 58 Wood Lane, White City, London, W12 7RP, UK
| | | | - Chris Leidel
- FloDesign Sonics Inc., 380 Main St, Wilbraham, MA 01095, USA
| | - Damian Marshall
- Cell & Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Louis Masi
- FloDesign Sonics Inc., 380 Main St, Wilbraham, MA 01095, USA
| | - Mark McCall
- Loughborough University, Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Conor McCann
- University College London, Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Nicholas Medcalf
- Loughborough University, Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Harry Moore
- University of Sheffield, Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Hiroki Ozawa
- University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - David Pan
- Medical Research Council, 2nd Floor David Phillips Building, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, SN2 1FL, UK
| | - Malin Parmar
- Lund University, Developmental & Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Centre, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne L Plant
- NIST, Material Measurement Laboratory, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Yvonne Reinwald
- Keele University, Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University Thronburrow Drive, Hartshill Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Sujith Sebastian
- Loughborough University, Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Glyn Stacey
- National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Robert J Thomas
- Loughborough University, Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Dave Thomas
- TAP Biosystems, Sartorius Stedim, York Way, Royston, Hertfordshire, SG8 5WY UK
| | - Jamie Thurman-Newell
- Loughborough University, Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Marc Turner
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Services, SNBTS HeadQuarters, 21 Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, EH17 7QT, UK
| | - Loriana Vitillo
- University of Cambridge, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine West Forvie Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Ivan Wall
- University College London, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Alison Wilson
- CellData Services, 3 Burgate Court, York, YO43 4TZ, UK
| | - Jacqueline Wolfrum
- MIT Center for Biomedical Innovation, Building E19-604, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Keele University, Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University Thronburrow Drive, Hartshill Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Heiko Zimmerman
- Fraunhofer IBMT, Fraunhofer-Institut für Biomedizinische Technik IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
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5
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Bubela T, McCabe C, Archibald P, Atkins H, Bradshaw SE, Kefalas P, Mujoomdar M, Packer C, Piret J, Raxworthy M, Soares M, Viswanathan S. Bringing regenerative medicines to the clinic: the future for regulation and reimbursement. Regen Med 2015; 10:897-911. [PMID: 26565607 DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant investments in regenerative medicine necessitate discussion to align evidentiary requirements and decision-making considerations from regulatory, health system payer and developer perspectives. Only with coordinated efforts will the potential of regenerative medicine be realized. We report on discussions from two workshops sponsored by NICE, University of Alberta, Cell Therapy Catapult and Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine. We discuss methods to support the assessment of value for regenerative medicine products and services and the synergies that exist between market authorization and reimbursement regulations and practices. We discuss the convergence in novel adaptive licensing practices that may promote the development and adoption of novel therapeutics that meet the needs of healthcare payers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Bubela
- School of Public Health, 3-279 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405-87 Avenue, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Christopher McCabe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, 736 University Terrace, 8303 112 Street, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T4, Canada
| | - Peter Archibald
- Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Regenerative Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3GR, UK
| | - Harold Atkins
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Box 926, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | | | - Panos Kefalas
- Catapult Cell Therapy, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Claire Packer
- The NIHR Horizon Scanning Centre, School of Health & Population Sciences, Public Health building, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - James Piret
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mike Raxworthy
- Neotherix Ltd, Research Centre, York Science Park, York, YO10 5DF, UK
| | - Marta Soares
- Centre for Health Economics, Alcuin 'A' Block, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sowmya Viswanathan
- Philip S Orsino Cell Therapy Facility, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-303, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
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6
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French A, Bravery C, Smith J, Chandra A, Archibald P, Gold JD, Artzi N, Kim HW, Barker RW, Meissner A, Wu JC, Knowles JC, Williams D, García-Cardeña G, Sipp D, Oh S, Loring JF, Rao MS, Reeve B, Wall I, Carr AJ, Bure K, Stacey G, Karp JM, Snyder EY, Brindley DA. Enabling consistency in pluripotent stem cell-derived products for research and development and clinical applications through material standards. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:217-23. [PMID: 25650438 PMCID: PMC4339854 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for physical standards (reference materials) to ensure both reproducibility and consistency in the production of somatic cell types from human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) sources. We have outlined the need for reference materials (RMs) in relation to the unique properties and concerns surrounding hPSC-derived products and suggest in-house approaches to RM generation relevant to basic research, drug screening, and therapeutic applications. hPSCs have an unparalleled potential as a source of somatic cells for drug screening, disease modeling, and therapeutic application. Undefined variation and product variability after differentiation to the lineage or cell type of interest impede efficient translation and can obscure the evaluation of clinical safety and efficacy. Moreover, in the absence of a consistent population, data generated from in vitro studies could be unreliable and irreproducible. Efforts to devise approaches and tools that facilitate improved consistency of hPSC-derived products, both as development tools and therapeutic products, will aid translation. Standards exist in both written and physical form; however, because many unknown factors persist in the field, premature written standards could inhibit rather than promote innovation and translation. We focused on the derivation of physical standard RMs. We outline the need for RMs and assess the approaches to in-house RM generation for hPSC-derived products, a critical tool for the analysis and control of product variation that can be applied by researchers and developers. We then explore potential routes for the generation of RMs, including both cellular and noncellular materials and novel methods that might provide valuable tools to measure and account for variation. Multiparametric techniques to identify "signatures" for therapeutically relevant cell types, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes that can be derived from hPSCs, would be of significant utility, although physical RMs will be required for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna French
- Oxford-UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation and
| | | | - James Smith
- Oxford-UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation and
| | - Amit Chandra
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Archibald
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | | | - Natalie Artzi
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry
| | - Richard W Barker
- Oxford-UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation and
| | - Alexander Meissner
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonathan C Knowles
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, and Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute
| | - David Williams
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Guillermo García-Cardeña
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, and Program in Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Doug Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Steve Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Jeanne F Loring
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mahendra S Rao
- NIH Center for Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brock Reeve
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ivan Wall
- Oxford-UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation and Department of Nanobiomedical Science BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Biochemical Engineering, and Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Nanobiomedical Science and WCU Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew J Carr
- Oxford-UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation and Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, and
| | - Kim Bure
- TAP Biosystems, Royston, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Stacey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of the MHRA, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Regenerative Therapeutics and Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Evan Y Snyder
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - David A Brindley
- Oxford-UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Centre for Behavioural Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Stanford-UCSF FDA Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (CERSI), San Francisco, California, USA
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