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Kurzrock R, Gurski LA, Carlson RW, Ettinger DS, Horwitz SM, Kumar SK, Million L, von Mehren M, Benson AB. Level of evidence used in recommendations by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines beyond Food and Drug Administration approvals. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:1647-1652. [PMID: 31373348 PMCID: PMC6857604 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous analysis of 113 National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®) recommendations reported that NCCN frequently recommends beyond Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indications (44 off-label recommendations) and claimed that the evidence for these recommendations was weak. METHODS In order to determine the strength of the evidence, we carried out an in-depth re-analysis of the 44 off-label recommendations listed in the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®). RESULTS Of the 44 off-label recommendations, 14 were later approved by the FDA and/or are supported by randomized controlled trial (RCT) data. In addition, 13 recommendations were either very minor extrapolations from the FDA label (n = 8) or were actually on-label (n = 5). Of the 17 remaining extrapolations, 8 were for mechanism-based agents applied in rare cancers or subsets with few available treatment options (median response rate = 43%), 7 were based on non-RCT data showing significant efficacy (>50% response rates), and 2 were later removed from the NCCN Guidelines because newer therapies with better activity and/or safety became available. CONCLUSION Off-label drug use is a frequent component of care for patients with cancer in the United States. Our findings indicate that when the NCCN recommends beyond the FDA-approved indications, the strength of the evidence supporting such recommendations is robust, with a significant subset of these drugs later becoming FDA approved or supported by RCT. Recommendations without RCT data are often for mechanism-based drugs with high response rates in rare cancers or subsets without effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, USA.
| | - L A Gurski
- National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R W Carlson
- National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, USA; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, California, USA
| | - D S Ettinger
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - S M Horwitz
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - S K Kumar
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - L Million
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, California, USA
| | - M von Mehren
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - A B Benson
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
We view a treatment protocol as a hierarchical structure of therapeutic modules. The lowest level of this structure consists of individual therapeutic actions. Combinations of individual actions define higher level modules, which we call routines. Routines are designed to manage limited clinical problems, such as the routine for fluid loading to correct hypovolemia. Combinations of routines and additional actions, together with comments, questions, or precautions organized in a branching logic, in turn, define the treatment protocol for a given disorder.Adoption of this modular approach may facilitate the formulation of treatment protocols, since the physician is not required to prepare complex flow charts. This hierarchical approach also allows protocols to be updated and modified in a flexible manner. By use of such a standard format, individual components may be fitted together to create protocols for multiple disorders. The technique is suited for computer implementation. We believe that this hierarchical approach may facilitate standardization of patient care as well as aid in clinical teaching. A protocol for acute pancreatitis is used to illustrate this technique.
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Abstract
AbstractThe task of determining patients’ eligibility for clinical trials is knowledge and data intensive. In this paper, we present a model for the task of eligibility determination, and describe how a computer system can assist clinical researchers in performing that task. Qualitative and probabilistic approaches to computing and summarizing the eligibility status of potentially eligible patients are described. The two approaches are compared, and a synthesis that draws on the strengths of each approach is proposed. The result of applying these techniques to a database of HIV-positive patient cases suggests that computer programs such as the one described can increase the accrual rate of eligible patients into clinical trials. These methods may also be applied to the task of determining from electronic patient records whether practice guidelines apply in particular clinical situations.
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Rizo H, Walker RJ, Carlson RW, Horan MF, Mukhopadhyay S, Manthos V, Francis D, Jackson MG. Preservation of Earth-forming events in the tungsten isotopic composition of modern flood basalts. Science 2016; 352:809-12. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aad8563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Obholz KL, Blackwell KL, Glück S, Jahanzeb M, Miller KD, Robert NJ, Bowser AD, Mortimer J, Carlson RW. Abstract P1-12-01: Clinical impact of internet-based tools to help guide therapeutic decisions for metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs13-p1-12-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Clinical practice guidelines are an important resource to help guide management of patients with MBC. However, guidelines are sometimes difficult to apply to individual patients, particularly when there are 2 or more treatment options with similar levels of evidence. We sought to determine whether expert recommendations on MBC treatment, delivered via an interactive, online decision support tool, would change or confirm the treatment decisions of community practitioners. We further sought to analyze changes in practice patterns and expert recommendations over time by comparing data from the current tool (2013) with data from a similar tool developed previously (2012).
Methods: Both online decision support tools were developed based on input from a panel of 5 experts. Each expert provided treatment recommendations for more than 400 patient scenarios based on a simplified set of variables: disease phenotype (HR status, HER2 status), previous therapy, visceral crisis (yes/no), and rate of disease progression. Users of the tool are prompted to enter specific patient criteria, and are asked to state their intended management approach for that particular patient case. The tool then shows the recommendations of the 5 MBC experts for the specific patient case that the user entered. Finally, the user is prompted to indicate whether the experts’ recommendation confirmed or changed their intended management approach. An analysis of expert recommendations and user-selected treatments was performed to compare results of the 2013 and 2012 tools.
Results: The 2012 decision support tool was utilized by 697 individuals who entered more than 1000 patient case scenarios. Users indicated that the experts’ recommendations changed their intended management approach for 30% of the cases, confirmed their approach for 36%, and did not impact their intended approach for 34%. Utilization data for the 2013 tool are pending. Expert recommendations in the 2012 vs 2013 tools changed to reflect emerging developments in guidelines, evidence, and clinical practice. For example, in 2012 there was no expert consensus on use of everolimus + hormonal therapy for HR+, HER2- patient cases, whereas in 2013, everolimus-based therapy was recommended by the majority of experts (3 out of 5) for 12 different HR+, HER2- cases. There was no consensus among the experts on the use of pertuzumab + trastuzumab and a taxane for HER2+ MBC in 2012, whereas in 2013 at least 3 out of 5 experts recommended it for a total of 36 HER2+ cases. At least 3 of 5 experts recommended trastuzumab emtansine for 96 different HER2+ cases in 2013 vs 0 in 2012. In both 2012 and 2013, the greatest variability in expert treatment recommendations was observed for HR-, HER2- cases.
Conclusions: An online tool providing expert advice on specific MBC patient scenarios either confirmed or changed the clinical approach for a majority of community practitioners. Decision support tools may increase the number of clinicians who make optimal treatment decisions for patients with MBC, especially when new data, agent indications, and guideline updates must be incorporated. Detailed comparisons of expert and user responses from the 2012 and 2013 decision support tools will be presented.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P1-12-01.
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Affiliation(s)
- KL Obholz
- Clinical Care Options, LLC, Reston, VA; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC; University of Miami, Miami, FL; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN; Virginia Cancer Specialists, Fairfax, VA; National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Fort Washington, PA
| | - KL Blackwell
- Clinical Care Options, LLC, Reston, VA; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC; University of Miami, Miami, FL; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN; Virginia Cancer Specialists, Fairfax, VA; National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Fort Washington, PA
| | - S Glück
- Clinical Care Options, LLC, Reston, VA; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC; University of Miami, Miami, FL; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN; Virginia Cancer Specialists, Fairfax, VA; National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Fort Washington, PA
| | - M Jahanzeb
- Clinical Care Options, LLC, Reston, VA; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC; University of Miami, Miami, FL; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN; Virginia Cancer Specialists, Fairfax, VA; National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Fort Washington, PA
| | - KD Miller
- Clinical Care Options, LLC, Reston, VA; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC; University of Miami, Miami, FL; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN; Virginia Cancer Specialists, Fairfax, VA; National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Fort Washington, PA
| | - NJ Robert
- Clinical Care Options, LLC, Reston, VA; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC; University of Miami, Miami, FL; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN; Virginia Cancer Specialists, Fairfax, VA; National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Fort Washington, PA
| | - AD Bowser
- Clinical Care Options, LLC, Reston, VA; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC; University of Miami, Miami, FL; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN; Virginia Cancer Specialists, Fairfax, VA; National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Fort Washington, PA
| | - J Mortimer
- Clinical Care Options, LLC, Reston, VA; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC; University of Miami, Miami, FL; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN; Virginia Cancer Specialists, Fairfax, VA; National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Fort Washington, PA
| | - RW Carlson
- Clinical Care Options, LLC, Reston, VA; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC; University of Miami, Miami, FL; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN; Virginia Cancer Specialists, Fairfax, VA; National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Fort Washington, PA
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Kayagaki N, Wong MT, Stowe IB, Ramani SR, Gonzalez LC, Akashi-Takamura S, Miyake K, Zhang J, Lee WP, Muszynski A, Forsberg LS, Carlson RW, Dixit VM. Noncanonical Inflammasome Activation by Intracellular LPS Independent of TLR4. Science 2013; 341:1246-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1240248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 989] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lee LC, Carlson RW, Judge DL, Ogawa M. cross sections for production of the CO+(B²Σ+→X²Σ+) fluorescence by photoionization of CO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja079i034p05286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ravdin P, Martino S, Pegram MD, Robert NJ, Swain SM, Janssen D, Bowser A, Mortimer JA, Carlson RW. Utilization and clinical practice impact of an interactive tool for guiding choice of systemic adjuvant treatment (adj TX) for patients with early breast cancer (EBC). J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.6063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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O'Shaughnessy J, Schwartzberg LS, Danso MA, Rugo HS, Miller K, Yardley DA, Carlson RW, Finn RS, Charpentier E, Freese M, Gupta S, Blackwood-Chirchir A, Winer EP. A randomized phase III study of iniparib (BSI-201) in combination with gemcitabine/carboplatin (G/C) in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Serrato RV, Sassaki GL, Cruz LM, Carlson RW, Muszyński A, Monteiro RA, Pedrosa FO, Souza EM, Iacomini M. Chemical composition of lipopolysaccharides isolated from various endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Herbaspirillum. Can J Microbiol 2010; 56:342-7. [PMID: 20453901 DOI: 10.1139/w10-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria from the genus Herbaspirillum are endophytes responsible for nitrogen fixation in gramineous plants of economic importance such as maize, sugarcane, sorghum, rice, and wheat. Some species are known to produce plant growth substances. In contrast, Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans strains are known to be mild plant pathogens. The molecular communication between the plant and the microbes might involve lipopolysaccharides present in the outer membrane of these gram-negative bacteria. Phenol-water extraction was used to obtain lipopolysaccharides from 7 strains of Herbaspirillum seropedicae (SmR1, Z67, Z78, ZA95, and M2) and H. rubrisubalbicans (M1 and M4). The electrophoretic profiles and chemical composition of the lipopolysaccharides obtained in the phenol and aqueous extracts were shown herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Serrato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Koch PL, Heisinger J, Moss C, Carlson RW, Fogel ML, Behrensmeyer AK. Isotopic tracking of change in diet and habitat use in african elephants. Science 2010; 267:1340-3. [PMID: 17812610 DOI: 10.1126/science.267.5202.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The carbon, nitrogen, and strontium isotope compositions of elephants in Amboseli Park, Kenya, were measured to examine changes in diet and habitat use since the 1960s. Carbon isotope ratios, which reflect the photosynthetic pathway of food plants, record a shift in diet from trees and shrubs to grass. Strontium isotope ratios, which reflect the geologic age of bedrock, document the concentration of elephants within the park. The high isotopic variability produced by behavioral and ecological shifts, if it is representative of other East African elephant populations, may complicate the use of isotopes as indicators of the source region of ivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Schönbächler
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - R. W. Carlson
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - M. F. Horan
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - T. D. Mock
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - E. H. Hauri
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA
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Carlson RW, O'Neill A, Vidaurre T, Gomez HL, Badve S, Sledge G. Randomized phase II trial of gefitinib plus anastrozole or fulvestrant in postmenopausal, metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
1013 Background: Preclinical data documents interactions between the signal transduction pathways for ER and for EGFR, and these interactions may relate to endocrine resistance in ER+ breast cancer. Limited clinical data is available. Methods: This multi-institutional, single-stage, non-comparative, randomized phase II study tested the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib 250 mg daily PO plus endocrine therapy with either anastrozole 1 mg/day PO (AG Arm) versus fulvestrant 250 mg IM every 4-weeks (FG Arm). Eligible pts were postmenopausal women with ER+ and/or PgR+ measurable metastatic breast cancer with no prior endocrine therapy for metastatic disease, no prior adjuvant AI or fulvestrant, no more than two chemotherapy regimens for metastatic disease, ECOG status 0–2, no CNS metastasis, and adequate bone marrow, liver, and renal function. Primary endpoint was RECIST determined clinical benefit (CR+PR+SD for ≥6 mos) and secondary endpoints were toxicity and interaction of biomarkers with clinical benefit. Results: 148 pts were registered, and 142 pts are eligible and analyzable, 73 to AG and 69 to FG. Treatment groups were balanced for race, age, ECOG status, and sites of disease. Median follow-up is 35 mos. Median N of 4-week cycles of treatment is 6 (range 1–42) in both groups. Treatment was terminated for disease progression in 74% v 75%, toxicity 7% v 10%, death 1% v 3%, withdrawal 8% v 1%, and other 3% v 7% in the AG v FG arms, respectively. Clinical benefit rate (95% CI) is 42% (30%-53%) v 38% (28%-52%) for AG v FG, respectively. Response rates are CR 3% v 4%, PR 21% v 17%, SD for ≥6 mos 18% v 17% for AG v FG. Median PFS is 5.7 mos v 5.2 mos and median OS is 30.2 mos v 23.8 mos for AG v FG, respectively. Overall worst toxicity grade experienced for AG is G1 and 2 = 62%; G3 = 28%; G4 = 4%, G5 = 3%; for FG was G1 and 2 = 58%; G3 = 27%; G4 = 7%; G5 = 4%. G3 + G4 + G5 toxicities occurring in ≥5% of either treatment are diarrhea (5% v 13%), SGOT elevation (7% v 8%), and infection without neutropenia (1% v 6%) for AG v FG. Conclusions: Both anastrozle and fulvestrant are active endocrine agents in combination with gefitinib and both are generally well tolerated. Anastrozole plus gefitinib appears to be the better combination to take forward for phase III comparisons. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- R. W. Carlson
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Instituto de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; Indiana University Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - A. O'Neill
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Instituto de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; Indiana University Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - T. Vidaurre
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Instituto de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; Indiana University Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - H. L. Gomez
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Instituto de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; Indiana University Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - S. Badve
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Instituto de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; Indiana University Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - G. Sledge
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Instituto de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, Peru; Indiana University Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
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Wilson CF, Guerlet S, Irwin PGJ, Tsang CCC, Taylor FW, Carlson RW, Drossart P, Piccioni G. Evidence for anomalous cloud particles at the poles of Venus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Carlson RW, Schurman CM, Rivera E, Chung CT, Phan SC, Dice EK, Thomas E, Valero V. Goserelin plus anastrozole in the treatment of premenopausal hormone receptor positive, recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
1030 Background: Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are highly active in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive breast cancer. However, the AIs do not suppress ovarian estrogen synthesis and are not effective in premenopausal women. This phase II study was initiated to estimate the activity of anastrozole when given with ovarian suppression by goserelin in premenopausal women with ER and/or PgR positive metastatic breast cancer. Methods: Premenopausal women with measurable recurrent or metastatic, ER and/or PgR positive breast cancer; no prior AI or LH-RH agonist/antagonist; no adjuvant chemotherapy within 6 months; ECOG performance status of 0–2; adequate organ function; and who provided signed, informed consent were eligible. A 2 stage phase II design was utilized. Treatment was with goserelin 3.6 mg SQ q4wk and anastrozole 1 mg/day begun on day 22 of protocol treatment. Treatment was continued to disease progression. Results: 35 patients (pts) were enrolled. Three were excluded from analysis for the following: 1 postmenopausal, 1 consent withdrawal, 1 early oophorectomy. Of the remaining 32 pts, median age was 43 yrs (range 26–51 yrs), 18 (56%) had prior chemotherapy, and 9 (28%) had prior SERM. Pts were Asian/Middle Eastern 22%, Caucasian 62%, Black 13%, Hispanic 3%. Disease sites were lymph node 50%, breast 44%, bone 81%, lung 41%, liver 22%, pleural effusion 6% and soft tissue 6%. Receptor status was ER+/PgR+ 75%, ER+/PgR- 22% and ER-/PgR+ 3%. Response: Treatment resulted in complete response (CR) in 1(3%), partial response (PR) in 11(34%), stable disease 6+ mos (SD) in 11(34%), and clinical benefit (CR+PR+SD) 23 (72%). Median TTP was 8 mos (range 2 - 63+ mos); median OS was 26 mos (range 11 - 63+ mos). Estradiol levels were detectable in 30/31 pts at baseline (median 56 pg/ml, range <10 - 273 pg/ml). Mean estradiol levels (pg/ml) were 75 at baseline, 21 at 1 mos, 19 at 3 mos, and 15 at 6 mos. TOXICITY: One grade 3 weight loss. All other toxicities were grade 1–2. Conclusions: Ovarian suppression with goserelin in combination with anastrozole is well tolerated and highly active in the treatment of premenopausal, hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. Support provided by AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. W. Carlson
- Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA; MD Anderson Cancer Cntr, Houston, TX
| | - C. M. Schurman
- Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA; MD Anderson Cancer Cntr, Houston, TX
| | - E. Rivera
- Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA; MD Anderson Cancer Cntr, Houston, TX
| | - C. T. Chung
- Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA; MD Anderson Cancer Cntr, Houston, TX
| | - S. C. Phan
- Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA; MD Anderson Cancer Cntr, Houston, TX
| | - E. K. Dice
- Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA; MD Anderson Cancer Cntr, Houston, TX
| | - E. Thomas
- Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA; MD Anderson Cancer Cntr, Houston, TX
| | - V. Valero
- Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA; MD Anderson Cancer Cntr, Houston, TX
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Kamal AH, Loprinzi CL, Reynolds C, Dueck AC, Geiger XJ, Ingle JN, Carlson RW, Hobday TJ, Winer EP, Perez EA, Goetz MP. How well do standard prognostic criteria predict oncotype DX (ODX) scores? J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
576 Background: In node-negative, ER + breast cancer, gene expression profiling can identify level of risk and, in the case of ODX, may also identify pts with a higher chance of benefiting from adjuvant chemotherapy. Because the gene profile in ODX includes an assessment of ER, HER2, and proliferation, we hypothesized that clinicians using standardized criteria could discriminate risk (high versus low/intermediate) as specified by ODX. Methods: We identified Mayo Clinic patients with node-negative, ER + breast cancer, for whom ODX scores were available. Tumor slides were reviewed by an expert breast pathologist to confirm tumor size, histology, and tumor grade. Both ER and PR were quantitated; HER-2 was determined by IHC (FISH, if 2+). These clinical cases were presented to six academic oncologists, blinded to the ODX score, to predict ODX risk (low, intermediate, or high) and give their recommendation for chemotherapy (CTX) (yes/no). Afterwards, they were presented with the same cases with the actual ODX score, to give recommendations regarding CTX. Results: ODX scores in tumors from 31 patients were low in 18 pts, intermediate in 10 pts, and high in 3 pts. Concordance between predicted and actual ODX scores being low/intermediate vs high exceeded 87% for each oncologist. The most frequent discrepancies were actual low scores predicted as intermediate (31/80 discordant) and actual intermediate scores predicted as low (29/80 discordant). Overall agreement of predicted scores (high vs low/intermediate) among the oncologists was substantial (kappa=0.75, p<0.0001). CTX recommendations following provision of the ODX scores changed on average 18.2% (range 12.9%-25.8%) of the time, with slightly fewer changing for, versus against, a CTX recommendation. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the proper evaluation and interpretation of traditional prognostic criteria will identify most node negative, ER + patients at high risk of recurrence (as predicted by ODX) but poorly discriminate low versus intermediate risk. The provision of ODX data changed the recommendation for CTX in approximately 20% of cases. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. H. Kamal
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - C. L. Loprinzi
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - C. Reynolds
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - A. C. Dueck
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - X. J. Geiger
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - J. N. Ingle
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - R. W. Carlson
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - T. J. Hobday
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - E. P. Winer
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - E. A. Perez
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - M. P. Goetz
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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Kohrt HE, Olshen RA, Goodson WH, Rouse RV, Bailey L, Philben V, Dirbas FM, Stockdale FE, Carlson RW, Jeffrey SS. Predicting non-sentinel lymph node involvement in breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
531 Background: Current convention is to perform a completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for invasive breast cancer (BC) patients (pts) with positive sentinel lymph node(s) (+SLN), even though <50% will have non-sentinel lymph node metastasis (+NSLN). Our goal was to develop and compare predictive models of NSLN status among +SLN pts to identify for whom completion ALND may be omitted. Methods: We constructed 3 models by recursive partitioning with receiver-operating-characteristic curves (RP-ROC), boosted classification and regression trees (CART), and a multivariate logistic regression (MLR) informed by CART. Models were developed using a multi-institutional database of 1,040 BC pts who underwent SLN biopsy and completion ALND at academic or community hospitals as part of a prospective, consented study. Accuracies were compared to the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Breast Cancer Nomogram (Nomogram). Results: 976 BC pts had evaluable SLNs and 285 had +SLNs; 101(35.4%) +SLN pts had +NSLNs. Tumor size, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and SLN metastasis size were the best predictors of risk (multivariate P-values<0.001) of +NSLN. 39 of 156 +SLN pts (25%) with T1 tumors had +NSLNs vs. 62 of 129 (48%) with T2/T3 tumors. 73.7% with LVI vs 19.5% without LVI had +NSLNs. 4.7% of pts with isolated tumor cells, 42% with micrometastasis and 71% with macrometastasis in SLN had +NSLNs. MLR informed by CART identified 2 highly predictive variables, the LVI × size of SLN metastasis [OR 4.73(3.11–7.20, 95%CI), P<0.001] and tumor size × size of SLN metastasis [OR 1.18(1.10–1.26, 95%CI), P<0.001]. While RP-ROC and boosted CART stratified pts into low-risk (4.3%-9.9%), moderate-risk (33.3%-42.9%), and high-risk (62.2%-93%) groups, MLR predicted NSLN status with accuracy superior to RP-ROC, boosted CART, and the Nomogram: 83.3%, 76.7%, 67.7%, and 76.7%, respectively, after 10-fold cross validation. The Nomogram’s sensitivity was significantly inferior to those of RP-ROC, boosted CART, and MLR: 53.8%, 78.8%, 78.2%, and 78.0%, respectively. Conclusions: In pts with +SLNs, interactions between clinicopathologic characteristics are highly informative in predicting risk of +NSLN. However, neither our methods nor the Nomogram achieved sufficient accuracy to recommend a change in current clinical practice. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. E. Kohrt
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Alta Bates Comprehensive Cancer Center, Berkeley, CA; Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA
| | - R. A. Olshen
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Alta Bates Comprehensive Cancer Center, Berkeley, CA; Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA
| | - W. H. Goodson
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Alta Bates Comprehensive Cancer Center, Berkeley, CA; Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA
| | - R. V. Rouse
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Alta Bates Comprehensive Cancer Center, Berkeley, CA; Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA
| | - L. Bailey
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Alta Bates Comprehensive Cancer Center, Berkeley, CA; Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA
| | - V. Philben
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Alta Bates Comprehensive Cancer Center, Berkeley, CA; Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA
| | - F. M. Dirbas
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Alta Bates Comprehensive Cancer Center, Berkeley, CA; Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA
| | - F. E. Stockdale
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Alta Bates Comprehensive Cancer Center, Berkeley, CA; Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA
| | - R. W. Carlson
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Alta Bates Comprehensive Cancer Center, Berkeley, CA; Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA
| | - S. S. Jeffrey
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA; California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Alta Bates Comprehensive Cancer Center, Berkeley, CA; Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA
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Abstract
New high-precision samarium-neodymium isotopic data for chondritic meteorites show that their 142Nd/144Nd ratio is 20 parts per million lower than that of most terrestrial rocks. This difference indicates that most (70 to 95%) of Earth's mantle is compositionally similar to the incompatible element-depleted source of mid-ocean ridge basalts, possibly as a result of a global differentiation 4.53 billion years ago (Ga), within 30 million years of Earth's formation. The complementary enriched reservoir has never been sampled and is probably located at the base of the mantle. These data influence models of Earth's compositional structure and require revision of the timing of global differentiation on Earth's Moon and Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boyet
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Road, N.W., Washington, DC 20015, USA.
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21
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Thirion P, Michiels S, Pignon JP, Buyse M, Braud AC, Carlson RW, O'Connell M, Sargent P, Piedbois P. Modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: an updated meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:3766-75. [PMID: 15365073 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The modulation of fluorouracil (FU) by folinic acid (leucovorin [LV]) has been shown to be effective in terms of tumor response rate in patients with advanced colorectal cancer, but a meta-analysis of nine trials previously published by our group failed to demonstrate a statistically significant survival difference between FU and FU-LV. We present an update of the meta-analysis, with a longer follow-up and the inclusion of 10 newer trials. PATIENTS AND METHODS Analyses are based on individual data from 3,300 patients randomized in 19 trials on an intent-to-treat basis. Two trials had multiple comparisons, leading to a total of 21 pair-wise comparisons. FU doses were similar in both arms in 10 pair-wise comparisons, 15% to 33% higher in the FU-alone arm in six comparisons, and more than 66% higher in five comparisons. RESULTS Overall analysis showed a two-fold increase in tumor response rates (11% for FU-LV v 21% for FU-LV v 11% for FU [corrected] alone; odds ratio, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.63; P <.0001) and a small but statistically significant overall survival benefit for FU-LV over FU alone (median survival, 11.7 v 10.5 months, respectively; hazards ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.87 to 0.94; P =.004), which were primarily seen in the first year. We observed a significant interaction between treatment benefit and dose of FU, with tumor response and overall survival advantages of FU-LV over FU-alone being restricted to trials in which a similar dose of FU was prescribed in both arms. CONCLUSION This updated analysis demonstrates, on a large data set, that FU-LV improves both response rate and overall survival compared with FU alone and that this benefit is consistent across various prognostic factors.
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22
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Rappaport AT, Adamson DR, Shih L, Smith RG, Tenenbaum JM, Khoo B, Cho S, Wolff AC, Carlson RW, Whippen DA. Smart Search and Analysis of ASCO Abstracts: The 2003 ASCO Pilot Breast Cancer Information Exchange (BCIE) project. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.6066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Rappaport
- ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Medstory, Alexandria, VA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Stanford, Alexandria, VA
| | - D. R. Adamson
- ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Medstory, Alexandria, VA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Stanford, Alexandria, VA
| | - L. Shih
- ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Medstory, Alexandria, VA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Stanford, Alexandria, VA
| | - R. G. Smith
- ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Medstory, Alexandria, VA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Stanford, Alexandria, VA
| | - J. M. Tenenbaum
- ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Medstory, Alexandria, VA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Stanford, Alexandria, VA
| | - B. Khoo
- ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Medstory, Alexandria, VA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Stanford, Alexandria, VA
| | - S. Cho
- ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Medstory, Alexandria, VA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Stanford, Alexandria, VA
| | - A. C. Wolff
- ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Medstory, Alexandria, VA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Stanford, Alexandria, VA
| | - R. W. Carlson
- ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Medstory, Alexandria, VA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Stanford, Alexandria, VA
| | - D. A. Whippen
- ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Medstory, Alexandria, VA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Stanford, Alexandria, VA
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Lerouge I, Verreth C, Michiels J, Carlson RW, Datta A, Gao MY, Vanderleyden J. Three genes encoding for putative methyl- and acetyltransferases map adjacent to the wzm and wzt genes and are essential for O-antigen biosynthesis in Rhizobium etli CE3. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2003; 16:1085-1093. [PMID: 14651342 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.12.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of the structure of the O-antigen of Rhizobium etli CE3 predicts that the R. etli CE3 genome must contain genes encoding acetyl- and methyltransferases to confer the corresponding modifications to the O-antigen. We identified three open reading frames (ORFs) upstream of wzm, encoding the membrane component of the O-antigen transporter and located in the lps alpha-region of R. etli CE3. The ORFs encode two putative acetyltransferases with similarity to the CysE-LacA-LpxA-NodL family of acetyltransferases and one putative methyltransferase with sequence motifs common to a wide range of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases. Mutational analysis of the ORFs encoding the putative acetyltransferases and methyltransferase revealed that the acetyl and methyl decorations mediated by these specific enzymes are essential for O-antigen synthesis. Composition analysis and high performance anion exchange chromatography analysis of the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of the mutants show that all of these LPSs contain an intact core region and lack the O-antigen polysaccharide. The possible role of these transferases in the decoration of the O-antigen of R. etli is discussed.
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Wilson AH, Shirey SB, Carlson RW. Archaean ultra-depleted komatiites formed by hydrous melting of cratonic mantle. Nature 2003; 423:858-61. [PMID: 12815428 DOI: 10.1038/nature01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2002] [Accepted: 04/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Komatiites are ultramafic volcanic rocks containing more than 18 per cent MgO (ref. 1) that erupted mainly in the Archaean era (more than 2.5 gigayears ago). Although such compositions occur in later periods of Earth history (for example, the Cretaceous komatiites of Gorgona Island), the more recent examples tend to have lower MgO content than their Archaean equivalents. Komatiites are also characterized by their low incompatible-element content, which is most consistent with their generation by high degrees of partial melting (30-50 per cent). Current models for komatiite genesis include the melting of rock at great depth in plumes of hot, diapirically rising mantle or the melting of relatively shallow mantle rocks at less extreme, but still high, temperatures caused by fluxing with water. Here we report a suite of ultramafic lava flows from the Commondale greenstone belt, in the southern part of the Kaapvaal Craton, which represents a previously unrecognized type of komatiite with exceptionally high forsterite content of its igneous olivines, low TiO(2)/Al(2)O(3) ratio, high silica content, extreme depletion in rare-earth elements and low Re/Os ratio. We suggest a model for their formation in which a garnet-enriched residue left by earlier cratonic volcanism was melted by hydration from a subducting slab.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Wilson
- School of Geological and Computer Sciences, University of Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
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25
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Soulemanov A, Prithiviraj B, Carlson RW, Jeyaretnam B, Smith DL. Isolation and characterization of the major nod factor of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 532C. Microbiol Res 2002; 157:25-8. [PMID: 11911611 DOI: 10.1078/0944-5013-00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bradyrhizobium japonicum 532C nodulates soybean effectively under cool Canadian spring conditions and is used in Canadian commercial inoculants. The major lipo-chitooligosaccharide (LCO), bacteria-to-plant signal was characterized by HPLC, FAB-mass spectroscopy MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy and revealed to be LCO Nod Bj-V (C18:1, MeFuc). This LCO is produced by type I strains of B. japonicum and is therefore unlikely to account for this strains superior ability to nodulate soybean under Canadian conditions. We also found that use of yeast extract mannitol medium gave similar results to that of Bergerson minimal medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Soulemanov
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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26
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Lopes RMC, Kamp LW, Douté S, Smythe WD, Carlson RW, McEwen AS, Geissler PE, Kieffer SW, Leader FE, Davies AG, Barbinis E, Mehlman R, Segura M, Shirley J, Soderblom LA. Io in the near infrared: Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) results from the Galileo flybys in 1999 and 2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Carlson RW, Edge SB, Theriault RL. NCCN: Breast cancer. Cancer Control 2001; 8:54-61. [PMID: 11760559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2001 NCCN Breast Cancer Guidelines reflect the results of 5 generations of NCCN Breast Cancer Guidelines. Evidence-based guidelines, such as the NNCN Breast Cancer Guidelines, are possible only because of the availability of high-level evidence at multiple decision points in treatment. The continued performance of high quality clinical trials is central to our ability to further improve the treatment of breast cancer. The panel believes that participation in high quality clinical trials is the preferred treatment at all points in breast cancer therapy.
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28
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Spiegel D, Kraemer H, Carlson RW. Is the placebo powerless? N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1276; author reply 1278-9. [PMID: 11680452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Abstract
Rhizobium etli modifies lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure in response to environmental signals, such as low pH and anthocyanins. These LPS modifications result in the loss of reactivity with certain monoclonal antibodies. The same antibodies fail to recognize previously isolated R. etli mutant strain CE367, even in the absence of such environmental cues. Chemical analysis of the LPS in strain CE367 demonstrated that it lacked the terminal sugar of the wild-type O antigen, 2,3,4-tri-O-methylfucose. A 3-kb stretch of DNA, designated as lpe3, restored wild-type antigenicity when transferred into CE367. From the sequence of this DNA, five open reading frames were postulated. Site-directed mutagenesis and complementation analysis suggested that the genes were organized in at least two transcriptional units, both of which were required for the production of LPS reactive with the diagnostic antibodies. Growth in anthocyanins or at low pH did not alter the specific expression of gusA from the transposon insertion of mutant CE367, nor did the presence of multiple copies of lpe3 situated behind a strong, constitutive promoter prevent epitope changes induced by these environmental cues. Mutations of the lpe genes did not prevent normal nodule development on Phaseolus vulgaris and had very little effect on the occupation of nodules in competition with the wild-type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Duelli
- Department of Biology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA
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30
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Rahman MM, Kahler CM, Stephens DS, Carlson RW. The structure of the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) from the alpha-1,2-N-acetyl glucosamine transferase (rfaK(NMB)) mutant strain CMK1 of Neisseria meningitidis: implications for LOS inner core assembly and LOS-based vaccines. Glycobiology 2001; 11:703-9. [PMID: 11479281 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.8.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inner core structures of the lipooligosaccharides (LOS) of Neisseria meningitidis are potential vaccine candidates because both bactericidal and opsonic antibodies can be generated against these epitopes. In an effort to better understand LOS biosynthesis and the potential immunogenicity of the LOS inner core, we have determined the LOS structure from a meningococcal rfaK mutant CMK1. The rfaK gene encodes the transferase that adds an alpha-N-acetylglucosaminosyl residue to O-2 of the inner core heptose (Hep) II of the LOS. The LOS oligosaccharide from this mutant was previously shown to contain only Hep, 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (Kdo), and multiple phosphoethanolamine (PEA) substituents (Kahler et al., 1996a, J. Bacteriol., 178, 1265-1273). The complete structure of the oligosaccharide (OS) component of the LOS from mutant CMK1 was determined using glycosyl composition and linkage analyses, and 1H, 13C, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The CMK1 OS structure contains a PEA group at O-3 of Hep II in place of the usual glucosyl residue found at this position in the completed L2 LOS glycoform from the parent NMB strain. The PEA group at O-6 of Hep II, however, is present in both the CMK1 mutant LOS and parental NMB L2 LOS structures. The structure of the OS from CMK1 suggests that PEA substituents are transferred to both the O-3 and O-6 positions of Hep II prior to: (1) the incorporation of the alpha-GlcNAc on Hep II; (2) the synthesis of the alpha-chain on Hep I; and (3) the substitution of the glycosyl residue at the O-3 Hep II, which distinguishes L2 and L3 immunotypes. The LOS structure of the CMK1 mutant makes it a candidate immunogen that could generate broadly cross-reactive inner-core LOS antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rahman
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 220 River Bend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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31
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Abstract
An antigenic similarity between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and glycosylated pilin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 was noted. We purified a glycan-containing molecule from proteolytically digested pili and showed it to be composed of three sugars and serine. This glycan competed with pure pili and LPS for reaction with an LPS-specific monoclonal antibody, which also inhibited twitching motility by P. aeruginosa bearing glycosylated pili. One-dimensional NMR analysis of the glycan indicated the sugars to be 5N beta OHC(4)7NfmPse, Xyl, and FucNAc. The complete proton assignments of these sugars as well as the serine residue were determined by COSY and TOCSY. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) determined the mass of this molecule to be 771.5. The ROESY NMR spectrum, tandem MS/MS analysis, and methylation analysis provided information on linkage and the sequence of oligosaccharide components. These data indicated that the molecule had the following structure: alpha-5N beta OHC(4)7NFmPse-(2-->4)beta-Xyl-(1-->3)-beta-FucNAc-(1-->3)-beta-Ser.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Castric
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA.
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Abstract
Formation of the solar system may have been triggered by a stellar wind. From then on, the solar system would have followed a conventional evolutionary path, including the formation of a disk and bipolar jets. The now extinct short-lived radionuclides beryllium-10 and, possibly, manganese-53 that were present in meteorites probably resulted from energetic particle irradiation within the solar system. Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (the oldest known solar system solids) and chondrules could have been produced by the bipolar jets, but it is more likely that they formed during localized events in the asteroid belt. The chondritic meteorites formed within the temperature range (100 to 400 kelvin) inferred for the midplane of classical T Tauri disks at 2 to 3 astronomical units from their central stars. However, these meteorites may retain a chemical memory of earlier times when midplane temperatures were much higher. Dissipation of the solar nebula occurred within a few million years of solar system formation, whereas differentiation of asteroidal-sized bodies occurred within 5 to 15 million years. The terrestrial planets took approximately 100 million years to form. Consequently, they would have accreted already differentiated bodies, and their final assembly was not completed until after the solar nebula had dispersed. This implies that water-bearing asteroids and/or icy planetesimals that formed near Jupiter are the likely sources of Earth's water.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M O'D Alexander
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Road, N.W., Washington, DC 20015, USA
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Lerouge I, Laeremans T, Verreth C, Vanderleyden J, Van Soom C, Tobin A, Carlson RW. Identification of an ATP-binding cassette transporter for export of the O-antigen across the inner membrane in Rhizobium etli based on the genetic, functional, and structural analysis of an lps mutant deficient in O-antigen. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:17190-8. [PMID: 11279176 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101129200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
For O-antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis in bacteria, transmembrane migration of undecaprenyl pyrophosphate-bound O-antigen oligosaccharide subunits or polysaccharide occurs before ligation to the core region of the LPS molecule. In this study, we identified by mutagenesis an ATP-binding cassette transporter in Rhizobium etli CE3 that is likely responsible for the translocation of the O-antigen across the inner plasma membrane. Mutant FAJ1200 LPS lacks largely the O-antigen, as shown by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Furthermore, LPS isolated from FAJ1200 is totally devoid of any O-chain glycosyl residues and contains only those glycosyl residues that can be expected for the inner core region. The membrane component and the cytoplasmic ATP-binding component of the ATP-binding cassette transporter are encoded by wzm and wzt, respectively. The Tn5 transposon in mutant FAJ1200 is inserted in the wzm gene. This mutation resulted in an Inf- phenotype in bean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lerouge
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Heverlee B-3001, Belgium
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Classen C, Butler LD, Koopman C, Miller E, DiMiceli S, Giese-Davis J, Fobair P, Carlson RW, Kraemer HC, Spiegel D. Supportive-expressive group therapy and distress in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a randomized clinical intervention trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:494-501. [PMID: 11343530 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.5.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic breast cancer carries with it considerable psychosocial morbidity. Studies have shown that some patients with metastatic breast cancer experience clinically significant anxiety and depression and traumatic stress symptoms. Supportive-expressive group psychotherapy was developed to help patients with cancer face and adjust to their existential concerns, express and manage disease-related emotions, increase social support, enhance relationships with family and physicians, and improve symptom control. METHODS Of 125 women with metastatic breast cancer recruited into the study, 64 were randomized to the intervention and 61 to the control condition. Intervention women were offered 1 year of weekly supportive-expressive group therapy and educational materials. Control women received educational materials only. Participants were assessed at baseline and every 4 months during the first year. Data at baseline and from at least 1 assessment were collected from 102 participants during this 12-month period, and these participants compose the study population. RESULTS Primary analyses based on all available data indicated that participants in the treatment condition showed a significantly greater decline in traumatic stress symptoms on the Impact of Event Scale (effect size, 0.25) compared with the control condition, but there was no difference in Profile of Mood States total mood disturbance. However, when the final assessment occurring within a year of death was removed, a secondary analysis showed a significantly greater decline in total mood disturbance (effect size, 0.25) and traumatic stress symptoms (effect size, 0.33) for the treatment condition compared with the control condition. CONCLUSION Supportive-expressive therapy, with its emphasis on providing support and helping patients face and deal with their disease-related stress, can help reduce distress in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Classen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94131-5718, USA.
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Buyse M, Thirion P, Carlson RW, Burzykowski T, Molenberghs G, Piedbois P. Re: A model to select chemotherapy regimens for phase III trials for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:399-401. [PMID: 11238707 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.5.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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36
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Barbosa P, Segarra AE, Gross P, Caldas A, Ahlstrom K, Carlson RW, Ferguson DC, Grissell EE, Hodges RW, Marsh PM, Poole RW, Schauff ME, Shaw SR, Whitfield JB, Woodley NE. DIFFERENTIAL PARASITISM OF MACROLEPIDOPTERAN HERBIVORES ON TWO DECIDUOUS TREE SPECIES. Ecology 2001. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[0698:dpomho]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
A retrospective analysis of the treatment of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) was undertaken at Stanford Medical Center to assess the outcome of patients who did not undergo surgical removal of their tumors. Between 1981 and 1998, 64 patients with locally advanced breast cancer were treated with induction chemotherapy, radiation with or without breast surgery, and additional chemotherapy. Sixty-two (97%) patients received cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil (CAF) induction chemotherapy. Induction chemotherapy was followed by local radiotherapy in 59 (92%) patients. Based on the clinical response to chemotherapy and patient preference, 44 (69%) patients received no local breast surgery. Radiotherapy was followed by an additional, non-doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy in all patients. The mean age of patients was 49 years. Of the 65 locally advanced breast cancers in 64 patients, 26 (41%) were stage IIIA, 35 (55%) were stage IIIB, and 4 (6%) were stage IV (supraclavicular lymph nodes only). Response to induction chemotherapy was seen in 59 patients (92%), with 29 (45%) achieving a complete clinical response and 30 (47%) a partial clinical response. With a mean follow-up of 51 months (range 7-187 months), 43 patients (67.2%) have no evidence of recurrent disease. Eight (12.5%) have recurred locally, and 21 (32.8%) have recurred with distant metastasis. Actuarial 5-year survival is 75%, disease-free survival is 58%, and local control rate is 87.5%. These data indicate that the routine inclusion of breast surgery in a combined modality treatment program for LABC does not appear necessary for the majority of patients who experience a response to induction chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Favret
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305-5115, USA
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Lee LC, Carlson RW, Judge DL. Co+(A2Π to X2Σ+) and CO2+(A2Πuto X2Πg) fluorescence produced by vacuum ultraviolet radiation between 175-750 AA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/9/5/028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Modifications to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure caused by three different growth conditions were investigated in the pea-nodulating strain Rhizobium leguminosarum 3841. The LPSs extracted by hot phenol-water from cultured cells fractionated into hydrophilic water and/or hydrophobic phenol phases. Most of the LPSs from cells grown under standard conditions extracted into the water phase, but a greater proportion of LPSs were extracted into the phenol phase from cells grown under acidic or reduced-oxygen conditions, or when isolated from root nodules as bacteroids. Compared with the water-extracted LPSs, the phenol-extracted LPSs contained greater degrees of glycosyl methylation and O-acetylation, increased levels of xylose, glucose and mannose and increased amounts of long-chain fatty acids attached to the lipid A moiety. The water- and phenol-phase LPSs also differed in their reactivity with monoclonal antibodies and in their polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic banding patterns. Phenol-extracted LPSs from rhizobia grown under reduced-oxygen conditions closely resembled the bulk of LPSs isolated from pea nodule bacteria (i.e. mainly bacteroids) in their chemical properties, reactivities with monoclonal antibodies and extraction behaviour. This finding suggests that, during symbiotic bacteroid development, reduced oxygen tension induces structural modifications in LPSs that cause a switch from predominantly hydrophilic to predominantly hydrophobic molecular forms. Increased hydrophobicity of LPSs was also positively correlated with an increase in the surface hydrophobicity of whole cells, as shown by the high degree of adhesion to hydrocarbons of bacterial cells isolated from nodules or from cultures grown under low-oxygen conditions. The implications of these LPS modifications are discussed for rhizobial survival and function in different soil and in planta habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Kannenberg
- Mikrobiologie/Biotechnologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Carlson RW, Anderson BO, Bensinger W, Cox CE, Davidson NE, Edge SB, Farrar WB, Goldstein LJ, Gradishar WJ, Lichter AS, McCormick B, Nabell LM, Reed EC, Silver SM, Smith ML, Somlo G, Theriault R, Ward JH, Winer EP, Wolff A. NCCN Practice Guidelines for Breast Cancer. Oncology (Williston Park) 2000; 14:33-49. [PMID: 11195418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic options for patients with noninvasive or invasive breast cancer are complex and varied. In many situations, the patient and physician have the responsibility to jointly explore and ultimately select the most appropriate option from among the available alternatives. With rare exception, the evaluation, treatment, and follow-up recommendations contained within these guidelines were based largely on the results of past and present clinical trials. However, there is not a single clinical situation in which the treatment of breast cancer has been optimized with respect to either maximizing cure or minimizing toxicity and disfigurement. Therefore, patient and physician participation in prospective clinical trials allows patients not only to receive state-of-the-art cancer treatment but also to contribute to the improvement of treatment of future patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Carlson
- Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Ridley BL, Jeyaretnam BS, Carlson RW. The type and yield of lipopolysaccharide from symbiotically deficient rhizobium lipopolysaccharide mutants vary depending on the extraction method. Glycobiology 2000; 10:1013-23. [PMID: 11030747 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/10.10.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At least 18 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extraction methods are available, and no single method is universally applicable. Here, the LPSs from four R.etli, one R.leguminosarum bv. trifolii mutant, 24AR, and the R.etli parent strain, CE3, were isolated by hot phenol/water (phi;/W), and phenol/EDTA/triethylamine (phi/EDTA/TEA) extraction. The LPS in various preparations was quantified, analyzed by deoxycholate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (DOC-PAGE), and by immunoblotting. These rhizobia normally have two prominent LPS forms: LPS I, which has O-polysaccharide, and LPS II, which has none. The LPS forms obtained depend on the method of extraction and vary depending on the mutant that is extracted. Both methods extract LPS I and LPS II from CE3. The phi/EDTA/TEA, but not the phi/W, method extracts LPS I from mutants CE358 and CE359. Conversely, the phi;/W but not the phi;/EDTA/TEA method extracts CE359 LPS V, an LPS form with a truncated O-polysaccharide. phi/EDTA/TEA extraction of mutant CE406 gives good yields of LPS I and II, while phi/W extraction gives very small amounts of LPS I. The LPS yield from all the strains using phi/EDTA/TEA extraction is fairly consistent (3-fold range), while the yields from phi/W extraction are highly variable (850-fold range). The phi/EDTA/TEA method extracts LPS I and LPS II from mutant 24AR, but the phi/W method partitions LPS II exclusively into the phenol phase, making its recovery difficult. Overall, phi/EDTA/TEA extraction yields more forms of LPS from the mutants and provides a simpler, faster, and less hazardous alternative to phi/W extraction. Nevertheless, it is concluded that careful analysis of any LPS mutant requires the use of more than one extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Ridley
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Abstract
Judged by migration of its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in gel electrophoresis, the O antigen of Rhizobium etli mutant strain CE166 was apparently of normal size. However, its LPS sugar composition and staining of the LPS bands after electrophoresis indicated that the proportion of its LPS molecules that possessed O antigen was only 40% of the wild-type value. Its LPS also differed from the wild type by lacking quinovosamine (2-amino-2,6-dideoxyglucose). Both of these defects were due to a single genetic locus carrying a Tn5 insertion. The deficiency in O-antigen amount, but not the absence of quinovosamine, was suppressed by transferring into this strain recombinant plasmids that shared a 7.8-kb stretch of the R. etli CE3 lps genetic region alpha, even though this suppressing DNA did not carry the genetic region mutated in strain CE166. Strain CE166 gave rise to pseudonodules on legume host Phaseolus vulgaris, whereas the mutant suppressed by DNA from lps region alpha elicited nitrogen-fixing nodules. However, the nodules in the latter case developed slowly and were widely dispersed. Two other R. etli mutants that had one-half or less of the normal amount of O antigen also gave rise to pseudonodules on P. vulgaris. The latter strains were mutated in lps region alpha and could be restored to normal LPS content and normal symbiosis by complementation with wild-type DNA from this region. Hence, the symbiotic role of LPS requires near-normal abundance of O antigen and may require a structural feature conferred by quinovosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Noel
- Department of Biology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, USA.
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Stucker DT, Ikeda DM, Hartman AR, George TI, Nowels KW, Birdwell SL, Goffinet D, Carlson RW. New bilateral microcalcifications at mammography in a postlactational woman: case report. Radiology 2000; 217:247-50. [PMID: 11012452 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.217.1.r00oc19247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 33-year-old woman with a strong family history of breast cancer who was referred for mammography 5 weeks after completing lactation was found to have new diffuse bilateral microcalcifications in the breast ducts. Contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the breast showed bilateral patchy areas of abnormal enhancement. Large-core needle biopsy showed diffuse calcifications within expanded benign ducts in a background of lactational change, without evidence of malignancy. To the authors' knowledge, these calcifications have not been previously reported and are possibly related to milk stasis or apoptosis associated with lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Stucker
- Department of Radiology, Medical Oncology, Pathology and Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Hospital, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Pedron T, Girard R, Jeyaretnam B, Carlson RW, Chaby R. The lipid A region of lipopolysaccharides from Rhizobiaceae activates bone marrow granulocytes from lipopolysaccharide-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice. Immunology 2000; 101:262-70. [PMID: 11012780 PMCID: PMC2327079 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We established in previous studies that the binding of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to constitutive receptors of low affinity triggers the expression of the inducible LPS-binding molecule CD14 in bone marrow cells (BMC) of C3H/HeOU mice, but not in BMC from C3H/HeJ mice. We show in this study that BMC from C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice do not express CD14 after exposure to LPSs from Salmonella enterica and Bordetella pertussis, but do express this marker when treated with several LPSs from Rhizobiaceae, or their lipid A fragments. This shows that the constitutive LPS receptor in BMC from C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice is fully able to trigger a complete signalling cascade. Results of cross-inhibition of the binding of radiolabelled LPS indicated that active LPSs (from R. species Sin-1 and R. galegae) and inactive LPSs (from S. enterica and B. pertussis) bind to the same site of the constitutive LPS receptor of C3H/HeJ cells. Furthermore, binding of R. species Sin-1 LPS, and signalling induced by this LPS, were both inhibited by pre-exposure of C3H/HeJ cells to B. pertussis lipid A. This correlation between binding and signalling suggests that in C3H/HeJ cells, the constitutive receptor, which recognizes a large panel of LPSs from different origins, appears selectively unable to be activated by some particular LPSs, such as those of Enterobacteria and Bordetella.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pedron
- Molecular Immunophysiology Unit, URA-1961 of the National Center for Scientific Research, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
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Buyse M, Thirion P, Carlson RW, Burzykowski T, Molenberghs G, Piedbois P. Relation between tumour response to first-line chemotherapy and survival in advanced colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer. Lancet 2000; 356:373-8. [PMID: 10972369 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of advanced colorectal cancer has progressed substantially. However, improvements in response rates have not always translated into significant survival benefits. Doubts have therefore been raised about the usefulness of tumour response as a clinical endpoint. METHODS This meta-analysis was done on individual data from 3791 patients enrolled in 25 randomised trials of first-line treatment with standard bolus intravenous fluoropyrimidines versus experimental treatments (fluorouracil plus leucovorin, fluorouracil plus methotrexate, fluorouracil continuous infusion, or hepatic-arterial infusion of floxuridine). Analyses were by intention to treat. FINDINGS Compared with bolus fluoropyrimidines, experimental fluoropyrimidines led to significantly higher tumour response rates (454 responses among 2031 patients vs 209 among 1760; odds ratio 0.48 [95% CI 0.40-0.57], p<0.0001) and better survival (1808 deaths among 2031 vs 1580 among 1760; hazard ratio 0.90 [0.84-0.97], p=0.003). The survival benefits could be explained by the higher tumour response rates. However, a treatment that lowered the odds of failure to respond by 50% would be expected to decrease the odds of death by only 6%. In addition, less than half of the variability of the survival benefits in the 25 trials could be explained by the variability of the response benefits in these trials. INTERPRETATION These analyses confirm that an increase in tumour response rate translates into an increase in overall survival for patients with advanced colorectal cancer. However, in the context of individual trials, knowledge that a treatment has benefits on tumour response does not allow accurate prediction of the ultimate benefit on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buyse
- International Institute for Drug Development, Brussels, Belgium.
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Forsberg LS, Bhat UR, Carlson RW. Structural characterization of the O-antigenic polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide from Rhizobium etli strain CE3. A unique O-acetylated glycan of discrete size, containing 3-O-methyl-6-deoxy-L-talose and 2,3,4-tri-O-,methyl-l fucose. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:18851-63. [PMID: 10858446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001090200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-antigenic polysaccharide of the Rhizobium etli CE3 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was structurally characterized using chemical degradations (Smith degradation and beta-elimination of uronosyl residues) in combination with alkylation analysis, electrospray, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, and (1)H COSY and TOCSY nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses of the native polysaccharide and the derived oligosaccharides. The polysaccharide was found to be a unique, relatively low molecular weight glycan having a fairly discrete size, with surprisingly little variation in the number of repeating units (degree of polymerization = 5). The polysaccharide is O-acetylated and contains a variety of O-methylated glycosyl residues, rendering the native glycan somewhat hydrophobic. The molecular mass of the major de-O-acetylated species, including the reducing end 3-deoxy-d-manno-2-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residue, is 3330 Da. The polysaccharide is comprised of a trisaccharide repeating unit having the structure -->4)-alpha-d-GlcpA-(1-->4)-[alpha-3-O-Me-6-deoxy-Talp-(1--> 3)]-alpha -l-Fucp-(1-->. The nonreducing end of the glycan is terminated with the capping sequence alpha-2,3, 4-tri-O-Me-Fucp-(1-->4)-alpha-d-GlcpA-(1-->, and the reducing end of the molecule consists of the non-repeating sequence -->3)-alpha-l-Fucp-(1-->3)-beta-d-Manp-(1-->3)-beta-QuiNA cp-(1-->4)-a lpha-Kdop-(2-->, where QuiNAc is N-acetylquinovosamine (2-N-acetamido-2,6-dideoxyglucose). The reducing end Kdo residue links the O-chain polysaccharide to the core region oligosaccharide, resulting in a unique location for a Kdo residue in LPS, removed four residues distally from the lipid A moiety. Structural heterogeneity in the O-chain arises mainly from the O-acetyl and O-methyl substitution. Methylation analysis using trideuteriomethyl iodide indicates that a portion of the 2,3,4-tri-O-methylfucosyl capping residues, typically 15%, are replaced with 2-O-methyl- and/or 2,3-di-O-methylfucosyl residues. In addition, approximately 25% of the 3,4-linked branching fucosyl residues and 10% of the 3-linked fucosyl residues are 2-O-methylated. A majority of the glucuronosyl residues are methyl-esterified at C-6. These unique structural features may be significant in the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Forsberg
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Lopes-Gautier R, Douté S, Smythe WD, Kamp LW, Carlson RW, Davies AG, Leader FE, McEwen AS, Geissler PE, Kieffer SW, Keszthelyi L, Barbinis E, Mehlman R, Segura M, Shirley J, Soderblom LA. A close-up look at Io from Galileo's near-infrared mapping spectrometer. Science 2000; 288:1201-4. [PMID: 10817988 DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5469.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Infrared spectral images of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, acquired during the October and November 1999 and February 2000 flybys of the Galileo spacecraft, were used to study the thermal structure and sulfur dioxide distribution of active volcanoes. Loki Patera, the solar system's most powerful known volcano, exhibits large expanses of dark, cooling lava on its caldera floor. Prometheus, the site of long-lived plume activity, has two major areas of thermal emission, which support ideas of plume migration. Sulfur dioxide deposits were mapped at local scales and show a more complex relationship to surface colors than previously thought, indicating the presence of other sulfur compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lopes-Gautier
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
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Roos-Serote M, Vasavada AR, Kamp L, Drossart P, Irwin P, Nixon C, Carlson RW. Proximate humid and dry regions in Jupiter's atmosphere indicate complex local meteorology. Nature 2000; 405:158-60. [PMID: 10821265 DOI: 10.1038/35012023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Models of Jupiter's formation and structure predict that its atmosphere is enriched in oxygen, relative to the Sun, and that consequently water clouds should be present globally near the 5-bar pressure level. Past attempts to confirm these predictions have led to contradictory results; in particular, the Galileo probe revealed a very dry atmosphere at the entry site, with no significant clouds at depths exceeding the 2-bar level. Although the entry site was known to be relatively cloud-free, the contrast between the observed local dryness and the expected global wetness was surprising. Here we analyse near-infrared (around 5 microm) observations of Jupiter, a spectral region that can reveal the water vapour abundance and vertical cloud structure in the troposphere. We find that humid and extremely dry regions exist in close proximity, and that some humid regions are spatially correlated with bright convective clouds extending from the deep water clouds to the visible atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roos-Serote
- Observatório Astronómico de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal.
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