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Mathieson L, Koppensteiner L, Dorward DA, O'Connor RA, Akram AR. Cancer-associated fibroblasts expressing fibroblast activation protein and podoplanin in non-small cell lung cancer predict poor clinical outcome. Br J Cancer 2024:10.1038/s41416-024-02671-1. [PMID: 38582812 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a dominant cell type in the stroma of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Fibroblast heterogeneity reflects subpopulations of CAFs, which can influence prognosis and treatment efficacy. We describe the subtypes of CAFs in NSCLC. METHODS Primary human NSCLC resections were assessed by flow cytometry and multiplex immunofluorescence for markers of fibroblast activation which allowed identification of CAF subsets. Survival data were analysed for our NSCLC cohort consisting of 163 patients to understand prognostic significance of CAF subsets. RESULTS We identified five CAF populations, termed CAF S1-S5. CAF-S5 represents a previously undescribed population, and express FAP and PDPN but lack the myofibroblast marker αSMA, whereas CAF-S1 populations express all three. CAF-S5 are spatially further from tumour regions then CAF-S1 and scRNA data demonstrate an inflammatory phenotype. The presence of CAF-S1 or CAF-S5 is correlated to worse survival outcome in NSCLC, despite curative resection, highlighting the prognostic importance of CAF subtypes in NSCLC. TCGA data suggest the predominance of CAF-S5 has a poor prognosis across several cancer types. CONCLUSION This study describes the fibroblast heterogeneity in NSCLC and the prognostic importance of the novel CAF-S5 subset where its presence correlates to worse survival outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Mathieson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Dr, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Dr, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Lilian Koppensteiner
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Dr, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Dr, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - David A Dorward
- Department of Pathology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard A O'Connor
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Dr, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Dr, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Ahsan R Akram
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Dr, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Dr, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
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2
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Mathieson L, O'Connor RA, Stewart H, Shaw P, Dhaliwal K, Williams GOS, Megia-Fernandez A, Akram AR. Fibroblast Activation Protein Specific Optical Imaging in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:834350. [PMID: 35359378 PMCID: PMC8961646 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.834350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a cell surface propyl-specific serine protease involved in the regulation of extracellular matrix. Whilst expressed at low levels in healthy tissue, upregulation of FAP on fibroblasts can be found in several solid organ malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer, and chronic inflammatory conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Their full role remains unclear, but FAP expressing cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been found to relate to a poor prognosis with worse survival rates in breast, colorectal, pancreatic, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Optical imaging using a FAP specific chemical probe, when combined with clinically compatible imaging systems, can provide a readout of FAP activity which could allow disease monitoring, prognostication and potentially stratify therapy. However, to derive a specific signal for FAP any sequence must retain specificity over closely related endopeptidases, such as prolyl endopeptidase (PREP), and be resistant to degradation in areas of active inflammation. We describe the iterative development of a FAP optical reporter sequence which retains FAP specificity, confers resistance to degradation in the presence of activated neutrophil proteases and demonstrates clinical tractability ex vivo in NSCLC samples with an imaging platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Mathieson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A O'Connor
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Stewart
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paige Shaw
- EaStCHEM, The University of Edinburgh School of Chemistry, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth O S Williams
- Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ahsan R Akram
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Translational Healthcare Technologies Group, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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3
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Crittenden S, Goepp M, Pollock J, Robb CT, Smyth DJ, Zhou Y, Andrews R, Tyrrell V, Gkikas K, Adima A, O'Connor RA, Davies L, Li XF, Yao HX, Ho GT, Zheng X, Mair A, Vermeren S, Qian BZ, Mole DJ, Gerasimidis K, Schwarze JKJ, Breyer RM, Arends MJ, O'Donnell VB, Iredale JP, Anderton SM, Narumiya S, Maizels RM, Rossi AG, Howie SE, Yao C. Prostaglandin E 2 promotes intestinal inflammation via inhibiting microbiota-dependent regulatory T cells. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabd7954. [PMID: 33579710 PMCID: PMC7880593 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd7954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota fundamentally regulates intestinal homeostasis and disease partially through mechanisms that involve modulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), yet how the microbiota-Treg cross-talk is physiologically controlled is incompletely defined. Here, we report that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a well-known mediator of inflammation, inhibits mucosal Tregs in a manner depending on the gut microbiota. PGE2 through its receptor EP4 diminishes Treg-favorable commensal microbiota. Transfer of the gut microbiota that was modified by PGE2-EP4 signaling modulates mucosal Treg responses and exacerbates intestinal inflammation. Mechanistically, PGE2-modified microbiota regulates intestinal mononuclear phagocytes and type I interferon signaling. Depletion of mononuclear phagocytes or deficiency of type I interferon receptor diminishes PGE2-dependent Treg inhibition. Together, our findings provide emergent evidence that PGE2-mediated disruption of microbiota-Treg communication fosters intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Crittenden
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Marie Goepp
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jolinda Pollock
- SRUC Veterinary Services, Scotland's Rural College, Easter Bush Estate EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Calum T Robb
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Danielle J Smyth
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - You Zhou
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Robert Andrews
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Victoria Tyrrell
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Konstantinos Gkikas
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Alexander Adima
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard A O'Connor
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Luke Davies
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Xue-Feng Li
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Hatti X Yao
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Gwo-Tzer Ho
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Xiaozhong Zheng
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Amil Mair
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sonja Vermeren
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Bin-Zhi Qian
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Damian J Mole
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Konstantinos Gerasimidis
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Jürgen K J Schwarze
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard M Breyer
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark J Arends
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - John P Iredale
- Senate House, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Alliance Laboratory for Advanced Medical Research and Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sarah E Howie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Chengcan Yao
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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4
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White MPJ, Johnston CJC, Grainger JR, Konkel JE, O'Connor RA, Anderton SM, Maizels RM. The Helminth Parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus Attenuates EAE in an IL-4Rα-Dependent Manner. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1830. [PMID: 33117327 PMCID: PMC7552805 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites are effective in biasing Th2 immunity and inducing regulatory pathways that minimize excessive inflammation within their hosts, thus allowing chronic infection to occur whilst also suppressing bystander atopic or autoimmune diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory lesions within the central nervous system; there are very limited therapeutic options for the progressive forms of the disease and none are curative. Here, we used the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model to examine if the intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus and its excretory/secretory products (HES) are able to suppress inflammatory disease. Mice infected with H. polygyrus at the time of immunization with the peptide used to induce EAE (myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, pMOG), showed a delay in the onset and peak severity of EAE disease, however, treatment with HES only showed a marginal delay in disease onset. Mice that received H. polygyrus 4 weeks prior to EAE induction were also not significantly protected. H. polygyrus secretes a known TGF-β mimic (Hp-TGM) and simultaneous H. polygyrus infection with pMOG immunization led to a significant expansion of Tregs; however, administering the recombinant Hp-TGM to EAE mice failed to replicate the EAE protection seen during infection, indicating that this may not be central to the disease protecting mechanism. Mice infected with H. polygyrus also showed a systemic Th2 biasing, and restimulating splenocytes with pMOG showed release of pMOG-specific IL-4 as well as suppression of inflammatory IL-17A. Notably, a Th2-skewed response was found only in mice infected with H. polygyrus at the time of EAE induction and not those with a chronic infection. Furthermore, H. polygyrus failed to protect against disease in IL-4Rα−/− mice. Together these results indicate that the EAE disease protective mechanism of H. polygyrus is likely to be predominantly Th2 deviation, and further highlights Th2-biasing as a future therapeutic strategy for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine P J White
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J C Johnston
- Clinical Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John R Grainger
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne E Konkel
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A O'Connor
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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5
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Mair I, Besusso D, Saul L, Patel SD, Ravindran R, McPherson RC, Leech MD, O'Connor RA, Anderton SM, Mellanby RJ. PD-1 expression is upregulated on adapted T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis but is not required to maintain a hyporesponsive state. Eur J Immunol 2018; 49:112-120. [PMID: 30485411 PMCID: PMC6492152 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
T cell adaptation is an important peripheral tolerogenic process which ensures that the T cell population can respond effectively to pathogens but remains tolerant to self‐antigens. We probed the mechanisms of T cell adaptation using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in which the fate of autopathogenic T cells could be followed. We demonstrated that immunisation with a high dose of myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide and complete Freund's adjuvant failed to effectively initiate EAE, in contrast to low dose MBP peptide immunisation which readily induced disease. The proportion of autopathogenic CD4+ T cells in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice immunised with a high dose of MBP peptide was not significantly different to mice immunised with a low dose. However, autopathogenic T cells in mice immunised with high dose MBP peptide had an unresponsive phenotype in ex vivo recall assays. Importantly, whilst expression of PD‐1 was increased on adapted CD4+ T cells within the CNS, loss of PD‐1 function did not prevent the development of the unresponsive state. The lack of a role for PD‐1 in the acquisition of the adapted state stands in striking contrast to the reported functional importance of PD‐1 in T cell unresponsiveness in other disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Mair
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dario Besusso
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Louise Saul
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarju D Patel
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rahul Ravindran
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rhoanne C McPherson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Melanie D Leech
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard A O'Connor
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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6
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Abstract
Nanofibre membranes produced through the electrospinning process have been studied extensively over the past decade for a number of high demand applications including use as tissue engineered scaffolds. Despite possessing desirable properties including high surface area to volume ratios and enhanced mechanical properties, they ultimately suffer from a lack of cellular infiltration. Variations on the process include the production of highly aligned filaments of electrospun fibres referred to as bundles and yarns. Nanofibre bundle and yarn-based scaffolds have been shown to demonstrate superior cell infiltration rates compared to traditional electrospun nonwovens while also offering the capability to be incorporated into a wider array of post-processing technologies. In this review, fibre collection techniques currently employed within the literature for the fabrication of electrospun bundles and yarns along with their applications in the field of tissue engineering will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A O'Connor
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Garrett B McGuinness
- Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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O'Connor RA. Abbots, Emma-Jane, Anna Lavis & Luci Attala (eds). Careful eating: bodies, food and care. xiii, 230 pp., tables, bibliogrs. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2015. £65.00 (cloth). J R Anthropol Inst 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-9655.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Colbeck EJ, Hindley JP, Smart K, Jones E, Bloom A, Bridgeman H, McPherson RC, Turner DG, Ladell K, Price DA, O'Connor RA, Anderton SM, Godkin AJ, Gallimore AM. Eliminating roles for T-bet and IL-2 but revealing superior activation and proliferation as mechanisms underpinning dominance of regulatory T cells in tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24649-59. [PMID: 26433463 PMCID: PMC4694785 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are often highly enriched within the tumor-infiltrating T cell pool. Using a well-characterised model of carcinogen-induced fibrosarcomas we show that the enriched tumor-infiltrating Treg population comprises largely of CXCR3+ T-bet+ ‘TH1-like’ Tregs which are thymus-derived Helios+ cells. Whilst IL-2 maintains homeostatic ratios of Tregs in lymphoid organs, we found that the perturbation in Treg frequencies in tumors is IL-2 independent. Moreover, we show that the TH1 phenotype of tumor-infiltrating Tregs is dispensable for their ability to influence tumor progression. We did however find that unlike Tconvs, the majority of intra-tumoral Tregs express the activation markers CD69, CD25, ICOS, CD103 and CTLA4 and are significantly more proliferative than Tconvs. Moreover, we have found that CD69+ Tregs are more suppressive than their CD69− counterparts. Collectively, these data indicate superior activation of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment, promoting their suppressive ability and selective proliferation at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Colbeck
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James P Hindley
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kathryn Smart
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Emma Jones
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Anja Bloom
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hayley Bridgeman
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rhoanne C McPherson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Darryl G Turner
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David A Price
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Richard A O'Connor
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Andrew J Godkin
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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9
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Duffin R, O'Connor RA, Crittenden S, Forster T, Yu C, Zheng X, Smyth D, Robb CT, Rossi F, Skouras C, Tang S, Richards J, Pellicoro A, Weller RB, Breyer RM, Mole DJ, Iredale JP, Anderton SM, Narumiya S, Maizels RM, Ghazal P, Howie SE, Rossi AG, Yao C. Prostaglandin E₂ constrains systemic inflammation through an innate lymphoid cell-IL-22 axis. Science 2016; 351:1333-8. [PMID: 26989254 PMCID: PMC4841390 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad9903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation, which results from the massive release of proinflammatory molecules into the circulatory system, is a major risk factor for severe illness, but the precise mechanisms underlying its control are not fully understood. We observed that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), through its receptor EP4, is down-regulated in human systemic inflammatory disease. Mice with reduced PGE2 synthesis develop systemic inflammation, associated with translocation of gut bacteria, which can be prevented by treatment with EP4 agonists. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that PGE2-EP4 signaling acts directly on type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), promoting their homeostasis and driving them to produce interleukin-22 (IL-22). Disruption of the ILC-IL-22 axis impairs PGE2-mediated inhibition of systemic inflammation. Hence, the ILC-IL-22 axis is essential in protecting against gut barrier dysfunction, enabling PGE2-EP4 signaling to impede systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger Duffin
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard A O'Connor
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Siobhan Crittenden
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Cunjing Yu
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Xiaozhong Zheng
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Danielle Smyth
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Calum T Robb
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Fiona Rossi
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Christos Skouras
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Shaohui Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - James Richards
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Antonella Pellicoro
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard B Weller
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard M Breyer
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37212, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Damian J Mole
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John P Iredale
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics (AK Project), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK. Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Sarah E Howie
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Chengcan Yao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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10
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Besusso D, Saul L, Leech MD, O'Connor RA, MacDonald AS, Anderton SM, Mellanby RJ. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-Conditioned CD11c+ Dendritic Cells are Effective Initiators of CNS Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2015; 6:575. [PMID: 26635791 PMCID: PMC4650204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a crucial role in regulating T cell activation. Due to their capacity to shape the immune response, tolerogenic DC have been used to treat autoimmune diseases. In this study, we examined whether 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3-conditioned bone marrow-derived DC (VitD-BMDC) were able to limit the development of autoimmune pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We found that VitD-BMDC had lower expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules and were less effective at priming autoreactive T cells in vitro. Using our recently described BMDC-driven model of EAE, we demonstrated that VitD-BMDC had a significantly reduced ability to initiate EAE. We found that the impaired ability of VitD-BMDC to initiate EAE was not due to T cell tolerization. Instead, we discovered that the addition of 1,25(OH)2D3 to BMDC cultures resulted in a significant reduction in the proportion of CD11c+ cells. Purified CD11c+ VitD-BMDC were significantly less effective at priming T cells in vitro yet were similarly capable of initiating EAE as vehicle-treated CD11c+ BMDC. This study demonstrates that in vitro assays of DC function can be a poor predictor of in vivo behavior and that CD11c+ VitD-BMDC are highly effective initiators of an autopathogenic T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Besusso
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK ; Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK ; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Louise Saul
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK ; Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK ; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Melanie D Leech
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK ; Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK ; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Richard A O'Connor
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK ; Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK ; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK ; Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK ; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK ; Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK ; Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK ; The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh , Midlothian , UK
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11
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McPherson RC, Turner DG, Mair I, O'Connor RA, Anderton SM. T-bet Expression by Foxp3(+) T Regulatory Cells is Not Essential for Their Suppressive Function in CNS Autoimmune Disease or Colitis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:69. [PMID: 25741342 PMCID: PMC4332357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of T regulatory (Treg) cells within the central nervous system (CNS) during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is essential for the resolution of disease. CNS Treg cells have been shown to uniformly express the Th1-associated molecules, T-bet and CXCR3. Here, we report that the expression of T-bet is not required for the function of these Treg within the CNS. Using mice that lacked T-bet expression specifically within the Treg compartment, we demonstrate that there was no deficit in Treg recruitment into the CNS during EAE and no difference in the resolution of disease compared to control mice. T-bet deficiency did not impact on the in vitro suppressive capacity of Treg. Transfer of T-bet-deficient Treg was able to suppress clinical signs of either EAE or colitis. These observations demonstrate that, although Treg can acquire characteristics associated with pathogenic T effector cells, this process is not necessarily required for their suppressive capacity and the resolution of autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoanne C McPherson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Darryl G Turner
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Iris Mair
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Richard A O'Connor
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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12
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Turner DG, Leech MD, O'Connor RA, Anderton SM. Methods for Ex Vivo Analysis of Immune Cell Function from the Central Nervous System. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1304:81-90. [PMID: 25863784 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2015_222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model commonly used to investigate the inflammatory response in organ-specific autoimmunity and a model of the early immune responses of multiple sclerosis.This protocol outlines the methods used for the processing of peripheral immune tissues, the spleen and draining lymph nodes, as well as the site of inflammation, the central nervous system (CNS), for analyzing immune cell phenotype and function during murine EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl G Turner
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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13
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Reynolds BC, Turner DG, McPherson RC, Prendergast CT, Phelps RG, Turner NA, O'Connor RA, Anderton SM. Exposure to inflammatory cytokines selectively limits GM-CSF production by induced T regulatory cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3342-52. [PMID: 25168419 PMCID: PMC4257504 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interest in manipulating the immunosuppressive powers of Foxp3-expressing T regulatory cells as an immunotherapy has been tempered by their reported ability to produce proinflammatory cytokines when manipulated in vitro, or in vivo. Understanding processes that can limit this potentially deleterious effect of Treg cells in a therapeutic setting is therefore important. Here, we have studied this using induced (i) Treg cells in which de novo Foxp3 expression is driven by TCR-stimulation in vitro in the presence of TGF-β. We show that iTreg cells can produce significant amounts of three proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, GM-CSF and TNF-α) upon secondary TCR stimulation. GM-CSF is a critical T-cell derived cytokine for the induction of EAE in mice. Despite their apparent capacity to produce GM-CSF, myelin autoantigen-responsive iTreg cells were unable to provoke EAE. Instead, they maintained strong suppressive function in vivo, preventing EAE induction by their CD4+Foxp3− counterparts. We identified that although iTreg cells maintained the ability to produce IFN-γ and TNF-α in vivo, their ability to produce GM-CSF was selectively degraded upon antigen stimulation under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, we show that IL-6 and IL-27 individually, or IL-2 and TGF-β in combination, can mediate the selective loss of GM-CSF production by iTreg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben C Reynolds
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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14
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Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) often used as a model for the early inflammatory stages of multiple sclerosis and also as a model of organ-specific autoimmune disease.This protocol describes the induction of passive EAE in mice, either using T cells isolated from mice primed with myelin antigens, or through the use of naïve TCR transgenic T cells activated in vitro in the presence of myelin-derived antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Myelin Sheath/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoanne C McPherson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research and Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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15
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Haastert B, Mellanby RJ, Anderton SM, O'Connor RA. T cells at the site of autoimmune inflammation show increased potential for trogocytosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81404. [PMID: 24324692 PMCID: PMC3852262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells acquire membrane fragments from antigen-presenting-cells via a process termed trogocytosis. Identifying which CD4+ T cells undergo trogocytosis in co-culture with Ag-loaded APC can enrich for antigen-reactive T cells without knowledge of their fine specificity or cytokine-production profiles. We sought to assess the suitability of this method to identify disease relevant effector and regulatory T cells during autoimmune inflammation. Trogocytosis efficiently identified MBP-reactive T cells in vitro and ex-vivo following immunization. However, Foxp3+ regulatory T cells constitutively displayed a higher rate of trogocytosis than their Foxp3- counterparts which limits the potential of trogocytosis to identify antigen-reactive Treg cells. During inflammation a locally elevated rate of trogocytosis (seen in both effector and regulatory T cells isolated from the inflamed CNS) precludes the use of trogocytosis as a measure of antigenic reactivity among cells taken from inflammatory sites. Our results indicate trogocytosis detection can enrich for Ag-reactive conventional T cells in the periphery but is limited in its ability to identify Ag-reactive Treg or T effector cells at sites of inflammation. Increased trogocytosis potential at inflammatory sites also draws into the question the biological significance of this phenomenon during inflammation, in Treg mediated suppression and for the maintenance of tolerance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Haastert
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Anderton
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. O'Connor
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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16
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O'Connor RA, Cambrook H, Huettner K, Anderton SM. T-bet is essential for Th1-mediated, but not Th17-mediated, CNS autoimmune disease. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2818-23. [PMID: 23878019 PMCID: PMC4068221 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
T cells that produce both IL-17 and IFN-γ, and co-express ROR-γt and T-bet, are often found at sites of autoimmune inflammation. However, it is unknown whether this co-expression of T-bet with ROR-γt is a prerequisite for immunopathology. We show here that T-bet is not required for the development of Th17-driven experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The disease was not impaired in T-bet(-/-) mice and was associated with low IFN-γ production and elevated IL-17 production among central nervous system (CNS) infiltrating CD4(+) T cells. T-bet(-/-) Th17 cells generated in the presence of IL-6/TGF-β/IL-1 and IL-23 produced GM-CSF and high levels of IL-17 and induced disease upon transfer to naïve mice. Unlike their WT counterparts, these T-bet(-/-) Th17 cells did not exhibit an IL-17→IFN-γ switch upon reencounter with antigen in the CNS, indicating that this functional change is not critical to disease development. In contrast, T-bet was absolutely required for the pathogenicity of myelin-responsive Th1 cells. T-bet-deficient Th1 cells failed to accumulate in the CNS upon transfer, despite being able to produce GM-CSF. Therefore, T-bet is essential for establishing Th1-mediated inflammation but is not required to drive IL-23-induced GM-CSF production, or Th17-mediated autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A O'Connor
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Leech MD, Barr TA, Turner DG, Brown S, O'Connor RA, Gray D, Mellanby RJ, Anderton SM. Cutting edge: IL-6-dependent autoimmune disease: dendritic cells as a sufficient, but transient, source. J Immunol 2012; 190:881-5. [PMID: 23267024 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mice lacking IL-6 are resistant to autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is driven by CNS-reactive CD4(+) T cells. There are multiple cellular sources of IL-6, but the critical source in EAE has been uncertain. Using cell-specific IL-6 deficiency in models of EAE induced by active immunization, passive transfer, T cell transfer, and dendritic cell transfer, we show that neither the pathogenic T cells nor CNS-resident cells are required to produce IL-6. Instead, the requirement for IL-6 was restricted to the early stages of T cell activation and was entirely controlled by dendritic cell-derived IL-6. This reflected the loss of IL-6R expression by T cells over time. These data explain why blockade of IL-6R only achieves protection against EAE if used at the time of T cell priming. The implications for therapeutic manipulation of IL-6 signaling in human T cell-driven autoimmune conditions are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Leech
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity, Infection, and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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18
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Devey LR, Richards JA, O'Connor RA, Borthwick G, Clay S, Howie AF, Wigmore SJ, Anderton SM, Howie SEM. Ischemic preconditioning in the liver is independent of regulatory T cell activity. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185394 PMCID: PMC3504160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) protects organs from ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) through unknown mechanisms. Effector T cell populations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IRI, and T regulatory cells (Treg) have become a putative therapeutic target, with suggested involvement in IPC. We explored the role of Treg in hepatic IRI and IPC in detail. IPC significantly reduced injury following ischemia reperfusion insults. Treg were mobilized rapidly to the circulation and liver after IRI, but IPC did not further increase Treg numbers, nor was it associated with modulation of circulating pro-inflammatory chemokine or cytokine profiles. We used two techniques to deplete Treg from mice prior to IRI. Neither Treg depleted FoxP3.LuciDTR mice, nor wildtyoe mice depleted of Tregs with PC61, were more susceptible to IRI compared with controls. Despite successful enrichment of Treg in the liver, by adoptive transfer of both iTreg and nTreg or by in vivo expansion of Treg with IL-2/anti-IL-2 complexes, no protection against IRI was observed.We have explored the role of Treg in IRI and IPC using a variety of techniques to deplete and enrich them within both the liver and systemically. This work represents an important negative finding that Treg are not implicated in IPC and are unlikely to have translational potential in hepatic IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Devey
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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19
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Mellanby RJ, Cambrook H, Turner DG, O'Connor RA, Leech MD, Kurschus FC, MacDonald AS, Arnold B, Anderton SM. TLR-4 ligation of dendritic cells is sufficient to drive pathogenic T cell function in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:248. [PMID: 23111144 PMCID: PMC3520704 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) depends on the initial activation of CD4+ T cells responsive to myelin autoantigens. The key antigen presenting cell (APC) population that drives the activation of naïve T cells most efficiently is the dendritic cell (DC). As such, we should be able to trigger EAE by transfer of DC that can present the relevant autoantigen(s). Despite some sporadic reports, however, models of DC-driven EAE have not been widely adopted. We sought to test the feasibility of this approach and whether activation of the DC by toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 ligation was a sufficient stimulus to drive EAE. Findings Host mice were seeded with myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive CD4+ T cells and then were injected with DC that could present the relevant MBP peptide which had been exposed to lipopolysaccharide as a TLR-4 agonist. We found that this approach induced robust clinical signs of EAE. Conclusions DC are sufficient as APC to effectively drive the differentiation of naïve myelin-responsive T cells into autoaggressive effector T cells. TLR-4-stimulation can activate the DC sufficiently to deliver the signals required to drive the pathogenic function of the T cell. These models will allow the dissection of the molecular requirements of the initial DC-T cell interaction in the lymphoid organs that ultimately leads to autoimmune pathology in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Mellanby
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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20
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O'Connor RA, Van Esterik P. Breastfeeding as custom not culture: Cutting meaning down to size (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate). Anthropology Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8322.2012.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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O'Connor RA, Floess S, Huehn J, Jones SA, Anderton SM. Foxp3⁺ Treg cells in the inflamed CNS are insensitive to IL-6-driven IL-17 production. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1174-9. [PMID: 22539291 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells can be induced to produce interleukin (IL)-17 by in vitro exposure to proinflammatory cytokines, drawing into question their functional stability at sites of inflammation. Unlike their splenic counterparts, Treg cells from the inflamed central nervous system (CNS-Treg cells) during EAE resisted conversion to IL-17 production when exposed to IL-6. We show that the highly activated phenotype of CNS-Treg cells includes elevated expression of the Th1-associated molecules CXCR3 and T-bet, but reduced expression of the IL-6 receptor α chain (CD126) and the signaling chain gp130. We found a lack of IL-6 receptor on all CNS CD4(+) T cells, which was reflected by an absence of both classical and trans-IL-6 signaling in CNS CD4(+) cells, compared with their splenic counterparts. We propose that extinguished responsiveness to IL-6 (via down-regulation of CD126 and gp130) stabilizes the regulatory phenotype of activated Treg cells at sites of autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A O'Connor
- Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Centre for Immunology Infection and Evolution, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK
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22
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Barr TA, Shen P, Brown S, Lampropoulou V, Roch T, Lawrie S, Fan B, O'Connor RA, Anderton SM, Bar-Or A, Fillatreau S, Gray D. B cell depletion therapy ameliorates autoimmune disease through ablation of IL-6-producing B cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1001-10. [PMID: 22547654 PMCID: PMC3348102 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
B cells have paradoxical roles in autoimmunity, exerting both pathogenic and protective effects. Pathogenesis may be antibody independent, as B cell depletion therapy (BCDT) leads to amelioration of disease irrespective of autoantibody ablation. However, the mechanisms of pathogenesis are poorly understood. We demonstrate that BCDT alleviates central nervous system autoimmunity through ablation of IL-6-secreting pathogenic B cells. B cells from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) secreted elevated levels of IL-6 compared with B cells from naive controls, and mice with a B cell-specific IL-6 deficiency showed less severe disease than mice with wild-type B cells. Moreover, BCDT ameliorated EAE only in mice with IL-6-sufficient B cells. This mechanism of pathogenesis may also operate in multiple sclerosis (MS) because B cells from MS patients produced more IL-6 than B cells from healthy controls, and this abnormality was normalized with B cell reconstitution after Rituximab treatment. This suggests that BCDT improved disease progression, at least partly, by eliminating IL-6-producing B cells in MS patients. Taking these data together, we conclude that IL-6 secretion is a major mechanism of B cell-driven pathogenesis in T cell-mediated autoimmune disease such as EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Barr
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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23
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O'Connor RA, Li X, Blumerman S, Anderton SM, Noelle RJ, Dalton DK. Adjuvant immunotherapy of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: immature myeloid cells expressing CXCL10 and CXCL16 attract CXCR3+CXCR6+ and myelin-specific T cells to the draining lymph nodes rather than the central nervous system. J Immunol 2012; 188:2093-101. [PMID: 22287719 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CFA is a strong adjuvant capable of stimulating cellular immune responses. Paradoxically, adjuvant immunotherapy by prior exposure to CFA or live mycobacteria suppresses the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and spontaneous diabetes in rodents. In this study, we investigated immune responses during adjuvant immunotherapy of EAE. Induction of EAE in CFA-pretreated mice resulted in a rapid influx into the draining lymph nodes (dLNs) of large numbers of CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) myeloid cells, consisting of immature cells with ring-shaped nuclei, macrophages, and neutrophils. Concurrently, a population of mycobacteria-specific IFN-γ-producing T cells appeared in the dLNs. Immature myeloid cells in dLNs expressed the chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL16 in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Subsequently, CD4(+) T cells coexpressing the cognate chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CXCR6 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific CD4(+) T cells accumulated within the chemokine-expressing dLNs, rather than within the CNS. Migration of CD4(+) T cells toward dLN cells was abolished by depleting the CD11b(+) cells and was also mediated by the CD11b(+) cells alone. In addition to altering the distribution of MOG-specific T cells, adjuvant treatment suppressed development of MOG-specific IL-17. Thus, adjuvant immunotherapy of EAE requires IFN-γ, which suppresses development of the Th17 response, and diverts autoreactive T cells away from the CNS toward immature myeloid cells expressing CXCL10 and CXCL16 in the lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A O'Connor
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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O'Connor RA, Leech MD, Suffner J, Hämmerling GJ, Anderton SM. Myelin-reactive, TGF-β-induced regulatory T cells can be programmed to develop Th1-like effector function but remain less proinflammatory than myelin-reactive Th1 effectors and can suppress pathogenic T cell clonal expansion in vivo. J Immunol 2010; 185:7235-43. [PMID: 21084662 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the use of regulatory T cells (Tregs) as cellular therapeutics has been tempered by reports of naturally occurring Tregs losing Foxp3 expression and producing IL-17, raising concerns over a switch to pathogenic function under inflammatory conditions in vivo. TGF-β-induced Tregs (inducible Tregs [iTregs]), generated in large numbers in response to disease-relevant Ags, represent the most amenable source of therapeutic Tregs. Using Foxp3-reporter T cells recognizing myelin basic protein (MBP), we investigated the capacity of iTregs to produce effector-associated cytokines under proinflammatory cytokine conditions in vitro and whether this translated into proinflammatory function in vivo. In contrast with naturally occurring Tregs, iTregs resisted conversion to an IL-17-producing phenotype but were able to express T-bet and to produce IFN-γ. iTregs initiated their T-bet expression during their in vitro induction, and this was dependent on exposure to IFN-γ. IL-12 reignited iTreg expression of T-bet and further promoted iTreg production of IFN-γ upon secondary stimulation. Despite losing Foxp3 expression and expressing both T-bet and IFN-γ, MBP-responsive IL-12-conditioned iTregs induced only mild CNS inflammation and only when given in high numbers. Furthermore, iTregs retained an ability to suppress naive T cell clonal expansion in vivo and protected against the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Therefore, despite bearing predictive hallmarks of pathogenic effector function, previously Foxp3(+) iTregs have much lower proinflammatory potential than that of MBP-responsive Th1 cells. Our results demonstrate that autoprotective versus autoaggressive functions in iTregs are not simply a binary relationship to be determined by their relative expression of Foxp3 versus T-bet and IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A O'Connor
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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O'Connor RA, Taams LS, Anderton SM. Translational mini-review series on Th17 cells: CD4 T helper cells: functional plasticity and differential sensitivity to regulatory T cell-mediated regulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 159:137-47. [PMID: 19912249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells display considerable flexibility in their effector functions, allowing them to tackle most effectively the range of pathogenic infections with which we are challenged. The classical T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 subsets have been joined recently by the Th17 lineage. If not controlled, the potent effector functions (chiefly cytokine production) of which these different cells are capable can lead to (sometimes fatal) autoimmune and allergic inflammation. The primary cell population tasked with providing this control appears to be CD4(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells expressing the forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) transcription factor. Here we consider the comparative capacity of FoxP3(+) T(regs) to influence the polarization, expansion and effector function of Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells in vitro and in vivo as well as in relation to human disease. This remains a particularly challenging series of interactions to understand, especially given our evolving understanding of T(reg) and T effector interrelationships, as well as recent insights into functional plasticity that cast doubt upon the wisdom of a strict categorization of T effector cells based on cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A O'Connor
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research and Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
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Perona-Wright G, Jenkins SJ, O'Connor RA, Zienkiewicz D, McSorley HJ, Maizels RM, Anderton SM, MacDonald AS. A Pivotal Role for CD40-Mediated IL-6 Production by Dendritic Cells during IL-17 Induction In Vivo. J Immunol 2009; 182:2808-15. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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O'Connor RA, Prendergast CT, Sabatos CA, Lau CWZ, Leech MD, Wraith DC, Anderton SM. Cutting edge: Th1 cells facilitate the entry of Th17 cells to the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2008; 181:3750-4. [PMID: 18768826 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.3750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been proposed that experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, once considered the classical Th1 disease, is predominantly Th17 driven. In this study we show that myelin-reactive Th1 preparations devoid of contaminating IL-17(+) cells are highly pathogenic. In contrast, Th17 preparations lacking IFN-gamma(+) cells do not cause disease. Our key observation is that only Th1 cells can access the noninflamed CNS. Once Th1 cells establish the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis lesion, Th17 cells appear in the CNS. These data shed important new light on the ability of Th1 vs Th17 cells to access inflamed vs normal tissue. Because the IL-17-triggered release of chemokines by stromal cells could attract many other immune cells, allowing Th17 cells to access the tissues only under conditions of inflammation may be a key process limiting (auto)immune pathology. This has major implications for the design of therapeutic interventions, many of which are now aiming at Th17 rather than Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A O'Connor
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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O'Connor RA, Anderton SM. Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the control of experimental CNS autoimmune disease. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 193:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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O'Connor RA, Malpass KH, Anderton SM. The Inflamed Central Nervous System Drives the Activation and Rapid Proliferation of Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells. J Immunol 2007; 179:958-66. [PMID: 17617587 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis requires a large cohort of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) within the CNS. In this study, we have used the passive transfer of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using myelin-reactive T cells to study the development of this Treg response. Rapid proliferation of Tregs within the CNS (which is not seen in lymphoid organs) drives a switch in the balance of CNS proliferation from T effectors to Tregs, correlating with recovery. This proliferative burst drives a local over-representation of Vbeta8(+) Tregs in the CNS, indicative of an oligoclonal expansion. There is also evidence for a small, but detectable, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-reactive Treg component expanded without prior immunization. Furthermore, CNS-derived Tregs, taken during recovery, suppressed the proliferation of CNS-derived effectors in response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Under these conditions, Tregs could also limit the level of IFN-gamma production, but not IL-17 production, by CNS-derived effectors. These data establish the CNS as an environment that permits extensive Treg proliferation and are the first to demonstrate Treg expansion specifically within the tissues during the natural resolution of autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A O'Connor
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland
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O'Connor RA, Wittmer S, Dalton DK. Infection-induced apoptosis deletes bystander CD4+ T cells: a mechanism for suppression of autoimmunity during BCG infection. J Autoimmun 2005; 24:93-100. [PMID: 15829401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) induces high levels of apoptosis among activated CD4+ T cells. We have investigated the specificity of this pro-apoptotic response and its influence on CD4+ T cell mediated autoimmunity. Apoptosis induced by BCG-infection is unrelated to antigenic specificity, as demonstrated by the increased apoptosis of activated TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells of unrelated specificity. Moreover, infection-induced apoptosis promoted the deletion of CD4+ T cells activated either by peptide or anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulation. Infection-induced apoptosis required IFN-gamma production by the infected host, and expression of the IFN-gamma receptor on donor CD4+ T cells. We used an adoptive transfer model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to assess the influence of infection-induced apoptosis on a CD4+ T cell-mediated response. A significantly higher level of apoptosis was seen among sorted encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells transferred to BCG-infected versus uninfected hosts. BCG-infected mice displayed a milder course of clinical disease than their uninfected counterparts and a decreased recovery of donor cells from the CNS. The data suggest that mycobacterial infection attenuates the severity of EAE, at least in part, by promoting the apoptotic elimination of autoreactive CD4+ T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Apoptosis
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- Bystander Effect/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/microbiology
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Mycobacterium bovis/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis/metabolism
- Tuberculosis/microbiology
- Tuberculosis/pathology
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Mc Millan HM, O'Connor RA, O'Donnell E. Spotlight on teenage pregnancy--defining the demographics and the family planning requirements. Ir Med J 2004; 97:276-7. [PMID: 15568586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to provide a demographic analysis of teenage pregnancy and a needs-assessment for teenage family planning. A questionnaire was sent to all teenage mothers delivered in 2000 in Waterford Regional Hospital (WRH), and demographic analysis was performed. There were 118 teenage pregnancies, only 88% were primigravid, and 24% were aged <17 years. The response rate was 43%. The uptake of contraception before pregnancy was 74%, (42% using barrier methods only), and post-partum, the uptake was 98%, (12% barrier methods). The majority of teenagers (72%) prefer to attend the General Practitioner, preferably with an out-of-hours, weekday service. Teenage family planning is an area of need, particularly in the younger teen-years and following a pregnancy. We have shown how this can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Mc Millan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Waterford Regional Hospital, Waterford.
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O'Connor RA, Jenson JS, Osborne J, Devaney E. An enduring association? Microfilariae and immunosuppression [correction of immunosupression] in lymphatic filariasis. Trends Parasitol 2004; 19:565-70. [PMID: 14642766 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2003.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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O'Connor RA, Devaney E. Nitric oxide limits the expansion of antigen-specific T cells in mice infected with the microfilariae of Brugia pahangi. Infect Immun 2002; 70:5997-6004. [PMID: 12379675 PMCID: PMC130375 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.11.5997-6004.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2002] [Revised: 06/29/2002] [Accepted: 07/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of BALB/c mice with the microfilariae (Mf) of the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi results in an antigen-specific proliferative defect that is induced by high levels of NO. Using carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimydl ester and cell surface labeling, it was possible to identify a population of antigen-specific T cells from Mf-infected BALB/c mice that expressed particularly high levels of CD4 (CD4(hi)). These cells proliferated in culture only when inducible NO synthase was inhibited and accounted for almost all of the antigen-specific proliferative response under those conditions. CD4(hi) cells also expressed high levels of CD44, consistent with their status as activated T cells. A similar population of CD4(hi) cells was observed in cultures from Mf-infected gamma interferon receptor knockout (IFN-gammaR(-/-)) mice. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling staining revealed that the CD4(+) T cells from Mf-infected wild-type mice were preferentially susceptible to apoptosis compared to CD4(+) T cells from IFN-gammaR(-/-) mice. These studies suggest that the expansion of antigen-specific T cells in Mf-infected mice is limited by NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland
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O'Connor RA, Jenson JS, Devaney E. NO contributes to proliferative suppression in a murine model of filariasis. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6101-7. [PMID: 11035712 PMCID: PMC97686 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.11.6101-6107.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2000] [Accepted: 08/07/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of BALB/c mice with microfilariae (mf) of Brugia pahangi leads to the suppression of antigen (Ag)-specific proliferative responses in the spleen. The proliferative defect is dependent on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, since inhibition of iNOS with either L-N-monomethyl arginine (L-NMMA) or aminoguanidine reversed defective proliferation. Splenocytes from mf-infected animals produce high levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) upon in vitro restimulation with Ag, and experiments in IFN-gamma receptor-deficient (IFN-gamma R(-/-)) mice demonstrated that signaling via the IFN-gamma R is essential in the induction of NO production and subsequent proliferative suppression. Restimulation of splenocytes from mf-infected animals with an extract of Acanthocheilonema viteae, a related filarial worm which lacks endosymbiotic bacteria, also resulted in NO production and proliferative suppression, demonstrating that lipopolysaccharide of bacterial origin is not essential to the induction of iNOS activity. These results extend previous observations that infection with different life cycle stages of Brugia leads to the development of differentially polarized immune responses and demonstrate one method by which these differences may exert their effects on the proliferative potential of cells from infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
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Khullar V, Cardozo L, Boos K, Bidmead J, Kelleher C, James M, O'Connor RA, Duckett JRA, Lose G, Walter S, Black N. Impact of surgery for stress incontinence on morbidity. BMJ 1998. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.317.7151.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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O'Connor RA. Impact of surgery for stress incontinence on morbidity. Treatment needs to be based on objective assessment rather than on symptoms. BMJ 1998; 317:143-4; author reply 144. [PMID: 9696611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Duffy CP, Elliott CJ, O'Connor RA, Heenan MM, Coyle S, Cleary IM, Kavanagh K, Verhaegen S, O'Loughlin CM, NicAmhlaoibh R, Clynes M. Enhancement of chemotherapeutic drug toxicity to human tumour cells in vitro by a subset of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Eur J Cancer 1998; 34:1250-9. [PMID: 9849488 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect on cytotoxicity of combining a range of clinically important non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs was examined in the human lung cancer cell lines DLKP, A549, COR L23P and COR L23R and in a human leukaemia line HL60/ADR. A specific group of NSAIDs (indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, acemetacin, zomepirac and mefenamic acid) all at non-toxic levels, significantly increased the cytotoxicity of the anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin and epirubicin), as well as teniposide, VP-16 and vincristine, but not the other vinca alkaloids vinblastine and vinorelbine. A substantial number of other anticancer drugs, including methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine, hydroxyurea, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, carboplatin, mitoxantrone, actinomycin D, bleomycin, paclitaxel and camptothecin, were also tested, but displayed no synergy in combination with the NSAIDs. The synergistic effect was concentration dependent. The effect appears to be independent of the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitory ability of the NSAIDs, as (i) the synergistic combination could not be reversed by the addition of prostaglandins D2 or E2; (ii) sulindac sulphone, a metabolite of sulindac that does not inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzyme, was positive in the combination assay: and (iii) many NSAIDs known to be cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, e.g. meclofenamic acid, diclofenac, naproxen, fenoprofen, phenylbutazone, flufenamic acid, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen and ketoprofen, were inactive in the combination assay. The enhancement of cytotoxicity was observed in a range of drug sensitive tumour cell lines, but did not occur in P-170-overexpressing multidrug resistant cell lines. However, in the HL60/ADR and COR L23R cell lines, in which multidrug resistance is due to overexpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP, a significant increase in cytotoxicity was observed in the presence of the active NSAIDs. Subsequent Western blot analysis of the drug sensitive parental cell lines, DLKP and A549, revealed that they also expressed MRP and reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction studies demonstrated that mRNA for MRP was present in both cell lines. It was found that the positive NSAIDs were among the more potent inhibitors of [3H]-LTC4 transport into inside-out plasma membrane vesicles prepared from MRP-expressing cells, of doxorubicin efflux from preloaded cells and of glutathione-S-transferase activity. The NSAIDs did not enhance cellular sensitivity to radiation. The combination of specific NSAIDs with anticancer drugs reported here may have potential clinical applications, especially in the circumvention of MRP-mediated multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Duffy
- National Cell and Tissue Culture Centre, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Ireland
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Peake K, O'Connor RA. Randomised trial comparing a policy of early with selective amniotomy and uncomplicated labour at term. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104:1215; author reply 1216. [PMID: 9333007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb10953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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O'Connor RA. Induction of labour--not how but why? Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 1994; 52:559-63. [PMID: 7719578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Induction of labour is one of the most frequently employed interventions in obstetric practice. Despite this, controversy exists over its role in many clinical situations.
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Hagerman RJ, Hull CE, Safanda JF, Carpenter I, Staley LW, O'Connor RA, Seydel C, Mazzocco MM, Snow K, Thibodeau SN. High functioning fragile X males: demonstration of an unmethylated fully expanded FMR-1 mutation associated with protein expression. Am J Med Genet 1994; 51:298-308. [PMID: 7942991 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320510404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X (fra(X)) males with a standardized IQ score of 70 or higher represent a high functioning (HF) or nonretarded fra(X) male group. This group, which does not include nonpenetrant males, has received little research attention to date. Of 221 fra(X) males who had been evaluated through The Children's Hospital in Denver since 1981 and had completed cognitive or developmental testing, 29 (13%) were high functioning by the above definition. We found that HF males on the whole had a lower cytogenetic score and were younger than retarded fra(X) males, but there was no difference between these two groups in the number of typical fra(X) physical manifestations present. FMR-1 DNA testing was performed on 134 fra(X) males and methylation status was determined for 51 of these. A greater percentage of HF males had a mosaic pattern or an incompletely methylated full mutation than did retarded males. A unique DNA pattern, an unmethylated fully expanded mutation, was discovered in 3 of the highest functioning fra(X) males. Protein studies performed on 2 of these males demonstrated the presence of FMR-1 protein, albeit at lower levels than normal. FMR-1 protein was not present in retarded fra(X) males. Significant FMR-1 protein expression may be responsible for higher cognitive functioning in the 2 males with unmethylated fully expanded mutations compared to retarded fra(X) males.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hagerman
- Child Development Unit, Children's Hospital, Denver, Colorado 80218
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O'Connor RA, Skacel P. Intra-operative blood loss during elective lower segment caesarean section. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99:784. [PMID: 1420026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1992.tb13895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Eighteen pregnancies, occurring in 15 patients in whom a simple repair of a ruptured gravid uterus had been performed previously, are reviewed. Seventeen of these had a successful outcome. There was no case of recurrent rupture.
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