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Goetze JS, Heithaus MR, MacNeil MA, Harvey E, Simpfendorfer CA, Heupel MR, Meekan M, Wilson S, Bond ME, Speed CW, Currey-Randall LM, Fisher R, Sherman CS, Kiszka JJ, Rees MJ, Udyawer V, Flowers KI, Clementi GM, Asher J, Beaufort O, Bernard ATF, Berumen ML, Bierwagen SL, Boslogo T, Brooks EJ, Brown JJ, Buddo D, Cáceres C, Casareto S, Charloo V, Cinner JE, Clua EEG, Cochran JEM, Cook N, D'Alberto BM, de Graaf M, Dornhege-Lazaroff MC, Fanovich L, Farabaugh NF, Fernando D, Ferreira CEL, Fields CYA, Flam AL, Floros C, Fourqurean V, Barcia LG, Garla R, Gastrich K, George L, Graham R, Hagan V, Hardenstine RS, Heck SM, Heithaus P, Henderson AC, Hertler H, Hueter RE, Johnson M, Jupiter SD, Kaimuddin M, Kasana D, Kelley M, Kessel ST, Kiilu B, Kyne F, Langlois T, Lawe J, Lédée EJI, Lindfield S, Maggs JQ, Manjaji-Matsumoto BM, Marshall A, Matich P, McCombs E, McLean D, Meggs L, Moore S, Mukherji S, Murray R, Newman SJ, O'Shea OR, Osuka KE, Papastamatiou YP, Perera N, Peterson BJ, Pina-Amargós F, Ponzo A, Prasetyo A, Quamar LMS, Quinlan JR, Razafindrakoto CF, Rolim FA, Ruiz-Abierno A, Ruiz H, Samoilys MA, Sala E, Sample WR, Schärer-Umpierre M, Schoen SN, Schlaff AM, Smith ANH, Sparks L, Stoffers T, Tanna A, Torres R, Travers MJ, Valentin-Albanese J, Warren JD, Watts AM, Wen CK, Whitman ER, Wirsing AJ, Zarza-González E, Chapman DD. Directed conservation of the world's reef sharks and rays. Nat Ecol Evol 2024:10.1038/s41559-024-02386-9. [PMID: 38769434 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Many shark populations are in decline around the world, with severe ecological and economic consequences. Fisheries management and marine protected areas (MPAs) have both been heralded as solutions. However, the effectiveness of MPAs alone is questionable, particularly for globally threatened sharks and rays ('elasmobranchs'), with little known about how fisheries management and MPAs interact to conserve these species. Here we use a dedicated global survey of coral reef elasmobranchs to assess 66 fully protected areas embedded within a range of fisheries management regimes across 36 countries. We show that conservation benefits were primarily for reef-associated sharks, which were twice as abundant in fully protected areas compared with areas open to fishing. Conservation benefits were greatest in large protected areas that incorporate distinct reefs. However, the same benefits were not evident for rays or wide-ranging sharks that are both economically and ecologically important while also threatened with extinction. We show that conservation benefits from fully protected areas are close to doubled when embedded within areas of effective fisheries management, highlighting the importance of a mixed management approach of both effective fisheries management and well-designed fully protected areas to conserve tropical elasmobranch assemblages globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Goetze
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Michael R Heithaus
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - M Aaron MacNeil
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Euan Harvey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michelle R Heupel
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Meekan
- The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shaun Wilson
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark E Bond
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Conrad W Speed
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca Fisher
- The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C Samantha Sherman
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy J Kiszka
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthew J Rees
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vinay Udyawer
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Kathryn I Flowers
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
- Ray Biology and Conservation Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Gina M Clementi
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jacob Asher
- Department of Environmental Protection and Regeneration, Red Sea Global, AlRaidah Digital City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anthony T F Bernard
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, National Research Foundation, Makhanda, South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Michael L Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stacy L Bierwagen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tracey Boslogo
- Papua New Guinea Wildlife Conservation Society, Kavieng, New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Edward J Brooks
- Cape Eleuthera Institute, Cape Eleuthera, Eleuthera, Bahamas
| | - J Jed Brown
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dayne Buddo
- Georgia Aquarium - Research and Conservation, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Camila Cáceres
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sara Casareto
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Joshua E Cinner
- Thriving Oceans Research Hub, School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eric E G Clua
- Paris Sciences Lettres, Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de l'Environnement Opunohu Bay, Papetoai, French Polynesia
- LABEX CORAIL, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Perpignan, France
| | - Jesse E M Cochran
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neil Cook
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville, Charlotteville, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Brooke M D'Alberto
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Martin de Graaf
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University and Research, IJmuiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lanya Fanovich
- Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville, Charlotteville, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Naomi F Farabaugh
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Leite Ferreira
- Reef Systems Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Candace Y A Fields
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
- Cape Eleuthera Institute, Cape Eleuthera, Eleuthera, Bahamas
| | - Anna L Flam
- Marine Megafauna Foundation, Palm Beach, CA, USA
| | - Camilla Floros
- Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK
- Science Department, Georgia Jones-Ayers Middle School, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Virginia Fourqurean
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Laura García Barcia
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ricardo Garla
- Centro de Biociências, Departmento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil
- Beacon Development Department, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kirk Gastrich
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lachlan George
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Valerie Hagan
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Royale S Hardenstine
- Department of Environmental Protection and Regeneration, Red Sea Global, AlRaidah Digital City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen M Heck
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Heithaus
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Aaron C Henderson
- The School for Field Studies, Center for Marine Resource Studies, South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands
| | - Heidi Hertler
- The School for Field Studies, Center for Marine Resource Studies, South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands
| | - Robert E Hueter
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
- OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA
| | | | - Stacy D Jupiter
- Melanesia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Suva, Fiji
| | - Muslimin Kaimuddin
- Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, Lincolnshire, UK
- Wasage Divers, Wakatobi and Buton, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Devanshi Kasana
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Megan Kelley
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Steven T Kessel
- Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Fabian Kyne
- University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Tim Langlois
- The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jaedon Lawe
- Yardie Environmental Conservationists Limited, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Elodie J I Lédée
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Jade Q Maggs
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrea Marshall
- Marine Megafauna Foundation, West Palm, FL, USA
- Depto. Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Dianne McLean
- The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Llewelyn Meggs
- Yardie Environmental Conservationists Limited, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Stephen Moore
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sushmita Mukherji
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ryan Murray
- Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines
- Met Eireann, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen J Newman
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Owen R O'Shea
- Cape Eleuthera Institute, Cape Eleuthera, Eleuthera, Bahamas
- Centre for Ocean Research and Education, Gregory Town, Eleuthera, Bahamas
| | - Kennedy E Osuka
- CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya
- Department of Earth, Oceans and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yannis P Papastamatiou
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Bradley J Peterson
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Fabián Pina-Amargós
- Blue Sanctuary-Avalon, Jardines de la Reina, Cuba
- Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, Habana, Cuba
| | - Alessandro Ponzo
- Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines
| | - Andhika Prasetyo
- Center for Fisheries Research, Ministry for Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta Utara, Indonesia
- Research Center for Conservation of Marine and Inland Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - L M Sjamsul Quamar
- Fisheries Department, Universitas Dayanu Ikhsanuddin, Bau Bau, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Jessica R Quinlan
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Fernanda A Rolim
- Marine Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Melita A Samoilys
- CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William R Sample
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Sara N Schoen
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Audrey M Schlaff
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam N H Smith
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Twan Stoffers
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rubén Torres
- Reef Check Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Michael J Travers
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jasmine Valentin-Albanese
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Bergen County Technical Schools, Bergen County, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph D Warren
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra M Watts
- Marine Megafauna Foundation, Truckee, CA, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Colin K Wen
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Elizabeth R Whitman
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Aaron J Wirsing
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Esteban Zarza-González
- GIBEAM Research Group, Universidad del Sinú, Cartagena, Colombia
- Corales del Rosario and San Bernardo National Natural Park, Bolivar, Colombia
| | - Demian D Chapman
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
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2
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Simpfendorfer CA, Heithaus MR, Heupel MR, MacNeil MA, Meekan M, Harvey E, Sherman CS, Currey-Randall LM, Goetze JS, Kiszka JJ, Rees MJ, Speed CW, Udyawer V, Bond ME, Flowers KI, Clementi GM, Valentin-Albanese J, Adam MS, Ali K, Asher J, Aylagas E, Beaufort O, Benjamin C, Bernard ATF, Berumen ML, Bierwagen S, Birrell C, Bonnema E, Bown RMK, Brooks EJ, Brown JJ, Buddo D, Burke PJ, Cáceres C, Cambra M, Cardeñosa D, Carrier JC, Casareto S, Caselle JE, Charloo V, Cinner JE, Claverie T, Clua EEG, Cochran JEM, Cook N, Cramp JE, D'Alberto BM, de Graaf M, Dornhege MC, Espinoza M, Estep A, Fanovich L, Farabaugh NF, Fernando D, Ferreira CEL, Fields CYA, Flam AL, Floros C, Fourqurean V, Gajdzik L, Barcia LG, Garla R, Gastrich K, George L, Giarrizzo T, Graham R, Guttridge TL, Hagan V, Hardenstine RS, Heck SM, Henderson AC, Heithaus P, Hertler H, Padilla MH, Hueter RE, Jabado RW, Joyeux JC, Jaiteh V, Johnson M, Jupiter SD, Kaimuddin M, Kasana D, Kelley M, Kessel ST, Kiilu B, Kirata T, Kuguru B, Kyne F, Langlois T, Lara F, Lawe J, Lédée EJI, Lindfield S, Luna-Acosta A, Maggs JQ, Manjaji-Matsumoto BM, Marshall A, Martin L, Mateos-Molina D, Matich P, McCombs E, McIvor A, McLean D, Meggs L, Moore S, Mukherji S, Murray R, Newman SJ, Nogués J, Obota C, Ochavillo D, O'Shea O, Osuka KE, Papastamatiou YP, Perera N, Peterson B, Pimentel CR, Pina-Amargós F, Pinheiro HT, Ponzo A, Prasetyo A, Quamar LMS, Quinlan JR, Reis-Filho JA, Ruiz H, Ruiz-Abierno A, Sala E, de-León PS, Samoilys MA, Sample WR, Schärer-Umpierre M, Schlaff AM, Schmid K, Schoen SN, Simpson N, Smith ANH, Spaet JLY, Sparks L, Stoffers T, Tanna A, Torres R, Travers MJ, van Zinnicq Bergmann M, Vigliola L, Ward J, Warren JD, Watts AM, Wen CK, Whitman ER, Wirsing AJ, Wothke A, Zarza-González E, Chapman DD. Widespread diversity deficits of coral reef sharks and rays. Science 2023; 380:1155-1160. [PMID: 37319199 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A global survey of coral reefs reveals that overfishing is driving resident shark species toward extinction, causing diversity deficits in reef elasmobranch (shark and ray) assemblages. Our species-level analysis revealed global declines of 60 to 73% for five common resident reef shark species and that individual shark species were not detected at 34 to 47% of surveyed reefs. As reefs become more shark-depleted, rays begin to dominate assemblages. Shark-dominated assemblages persist in wealthy nations with strong governance and in highly protected areas, whereas poverty, weak governance, and a lack of shark management are associated with depauperate assemblages mainly composed of rays. Without action to address these diversity deficits, loss of ecological function and ecosystem services will increasingly affect human communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Simpfendorfer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Michael R Heithaus
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michelle R Heupel
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - M Aaron MacNeil
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mark Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Euan Harvey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - C Samantha Sherman
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Earth to Ocean Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | - Jordan S Goetze
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremy J Kiszka
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthew J Rees
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Conrad W Speed
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Vinay Udyawer
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Mark E Bond
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn I Flowers
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gina M Clementi
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - M Shiham Adam
- International Pole and Line Foundation-Maldives, Malé, Republic of Maldives
| | - Khadeeja Ali
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
- Maldives Marine Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture, Malé, Republic of Maldives
| | - Jacob Asher
- Red Sea Global, Department of Environmental Protection and Regeneration, AlRaidah Digital City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eva Aylagas
- Red Sea Global, Department of Environmental Protection and Regeneration, AlRaidah Digital City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Cecilie Benjamin
- Mahonia Na Dari Research and Conservation Centre, Kimbe, Papua New Guinea
| | - Anthony T F Bernard
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, National Research Foundation, Makhanda, South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Michael L Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stacy Bierwagen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Chico Birrell
- Marine Conservation, Madagascar Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Erika Bonnema
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Edward J Brooks
- Cape Eleuthera Institute, Cape Eleuthera, Eleuthera, The Bahamas
| | - J Jed Brown
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dayne Buddo
- Georgia Aquarium-IUCN Center for Species Survival, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patrick J Burke
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Bimini Biological Field Station, Bimini, Bahama
| | - Camila Cáceres
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marta Cambra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- MigraMar, Olema, CA, USA
| | - Diego Cardeñosa
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Sara Casareto
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer E Caselle
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Joshua E Cinner
- College of Arts, Society, and Education, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas Claverie
- Centre Universitaire de Formation et de Recherche de Mayotte, Dembeni, France
| | - Eric E G Clua
- Paris Sciences Lettres, Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de l'Environnement, Opunohu Bay, Papetoai, French Polynesia
- Laboratoires d'Excellence Corail, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Perpignan, France
| | - Jesse E M Cochran
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neil Cook
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville, Charlotteville, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Jessica E Cramp
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Sharks Pacific, Rarotonga, Cook Islands
| | - Brooke M D'Alberto
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Martin de Graaf
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, IJmuiden, Netherlands
| | - Mareike C Dornhege
- Graduate School for Global Environmental Studies, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mario Espinoza
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- MigraMar, Olema, CA, USA
| | | | - Lanya Fanovich
- Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville, Charlotteville, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Naomi F Farabaugh
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Carlos E L Ferreira
- Reef Systems Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Candace Y A Fields
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
- Cape Eleuthera Institute, Cape Eleuthera, Eleuthera, The Bahamas
| | - Anna L Flam
- Marine Megafauna Foundation, Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Camilla Floros
- Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK
| | - Virginia Fourqurean
- College of Arts, Science, and Education, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
- Science Department, Georgia Jones-Ayers Middle School, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Laura Gajdzik
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Aquatic Resources, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Laura García Barcia
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ricardo Garla
- Centro de Biociências, Departmento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Beacon Development Company, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kirk Gastrich
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lachlan George
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tommaso Giarrizzo
- Instituto de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Grupo de Ecologia Aquática, Espaço Inovação do Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Guamá, Guamá, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rory Graham
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tristan L Guttridge
- Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, South Bimini, The Bahamas
- Saving the Blue, Cooper City, FL, USA
| | - Valerie Hagan
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Royale S Hardenstine
- Maldives Marine Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture, Malé, Republic of Maldives
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen M Heck
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Aaron C Henderson
- The School for Field Studies, Center for Marine Resource Studies, South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands
| | - Patricia Heithaus
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Heidi Hertler
- The School for Field Studies, Center for Marine Resource Studies, South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands
| | | | - Robert E Hueter
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
- OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA
| | - Rima W Jabado
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Elasmo Project, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jean-Christophe Joyeux
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Jaiteh
- Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Stacy D Jupiter
- Melanesia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Suva, Fiji
| | - Muslimin Kaimuddin
- Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, Lincolnshire, UK
- Wasage Divers, Wakatobi & Buton, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Devanshi Kasana
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Megan Kelley
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Steven T Kessel
- Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Taratau Kirata
- Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Kiritimati, Kiribati
| | - Baraka Kuguru
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Fabian Kyne
- University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Tim Langlois
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Frida Lara
- Departamento de Pesquerias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas del IPN, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
- Pelagios Kakunjá, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Jaedon Lawe
- Yardie Environmental Conservationists Limited, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Elodie J I Lédée
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Andrea Luna-Acosta
- Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jade Q Maggs
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Lucy Martin
- Island Conservation Society Seychelles, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Daniel Mateos-Molina
- Emirates Nature - World Wide Fund for Nature, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- College of Marine Sciences and Aquatic Biology, University of Khorfakkan, Sharjah, UAE
| | | | | | - Ashlie McIvor
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/Aquatic Research Network, Regional Agency for the Development of Research, Technology and Innovation, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Dianne McLean
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA, Australia
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Llewelyn Meggs
- Yardie Environmental Conservationists Limited, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Stephen Moore
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Sushmita Mukherji
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Stephen J Newman
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, Australia
| | - Josep Nogués
- Island Conservation Society Seychelles, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Clay Obota
- CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya
- Blue Ventures, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Domingo Ochavillo
- American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago Pago, American Samoa
| | - Owen O'Shea
- The Centre for Ocean Research and Education, Gregory Town, Eleuthera, The Bahamas
- Department of Ocean Science, Memorial University, NL, Canada
| | - Kennedy E Osuka
- CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Yannis P Papastamatiou
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nishan Perera
- Marine Conservation, Madagascar Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Bradley Peterson
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Caio R Pimentel
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Fabián Pina-Amargós
- Blue Sanctuary-Avalon, Jardines de la Reina, Cuba
- Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, Habana, Cuba
| | - Hudson T Pinheiro
- Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Ponzo
- Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines
| | - Andhika Prasetyo
- Center for Fisheries Research, Ministry for Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta Utara, Indonesia
| | - L M Sjamsul Quamar
- Fisheries Department, Universitas Dayanu Ikhsanuddin, Bau Bau, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Jessica R Quinlan
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - José Amorim Reis-Filho
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicação e Valores, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pelayo Salinas de-León
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
- Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, USA
| | - Melita A Samoilys
- CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya
- School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - William R Sample
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Audrey M Schlaff
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Kurt Schmid
- Beacon Development Company, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Thurgau Hunting and Fishing Administration, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - Sara N Schoen
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nikola Simpson
- SalvageBlue, Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
| | - Adam N H Smith
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julia L Y Spaet
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lauren Sparks
- Indo Ocean Project, Jln Toyapakeh DESA Toyapakeh, Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Twan Stoffers
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Rubén Torres
- Reef Check Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Michael J Travers
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, Australia
| | - Maurits van Zinnicq Bergmann
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
- Independent consultant, Hull, UK
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Entropie (IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER), Nouméa, New Caledonia, France
| | - Juney Ward
- Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia, Samoa
| | - Joseph D Warren
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra M Watts
- Reef Systems Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Colin K Wen
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Elizabeth R Whitman
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Aaron J Wirsing
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aljoscha Wothke
- Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville, Charlotteville, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Esteban Zarza-González
- GIBEAM Research Group, Universidad del Sinú, Cartagena, Colombia
- Corales del Rosario and San Bernardo National Natural Park, Colombia
| | - Demian D Chapman
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
- Saving the Blue, Cooper City, FL, USA
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3
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Andrzejaczek S, Lucas TC, Goodman MC, Hussey NE, Armstrong AJ, Carlisle A, Coffey DM, Gleiss AC, Huveneers C, Jacoby DMP, Meekan MG, Mourier J, Peel LR, Abrantes K, Afonso AS, Ajemian MJ, Anderson BN, Anderson SD, Araujo G, Armstrong AO, Bach P, Barnett A, Bennett MB, Bezerra NA, Bonfil R, Boustany AM, Bowlby HD, Branco I, Braun CD, Brooks EJ, Brown J, Burke PJ, Butcher P, Castleton M, Chapple TK, Chateau O, Clarke M, Coelho R, Cortes E, Couturier LIE, Cowley PD, Croll DA, Cuevas JM, Curtis TH, Dagorn L, Dale JJ, Daly R, Dewar H, Doherty PD, Domingo A, Dove ADM, Drew M, Dudgeon CL, Duffy CAJ, Elliott RG, Ellis JR, Erdmann MV, Farrugia TJ, Ferreira LC, Ferretti F, Filmalter JD, Finucci B, Fischer C, Fitzpatrick R, Forget F, Forsberg K, Francis MP, Franks BR, Gallagher AJ, Galvan-Magana F, García ML, Gaston TF, Gillanders BM, Gollock MJ, Green JR, Green S, Griffiths CA, Hammerschlag N, Hasan A, Hawkes LA, Hazin F, Heard M, Hearn A, Hedges KJ, Henderson SM, Holdsworth J, Holland KN, Howey LA, Hueter RE, Humphries NE, Hutchinson M, Jaine FRA, Jorgensen SJ, Kanive PE, Labaja J, Lana FO, Lassauce H, Lipscombe RS, Llewellyn F, Macena BCL, Mambrasar R, McAllister JD, McCully Phillips SR, McGregor F, McMillan MN, McNaughton LM, Mendonça SA, Meyer CG, Meyers M, Mohan JA, Montgomery JC, Mucientes G, Musyl MK, Nasby-Lucas N, Natanson LJ, O’Sullivan JB, Oliveira P, Papastamtiou YP, Patterson TA, Pierce SJ, Queiroz N, Radford CA, Richardson AJ, Richardson AJ, Righton D, Rohner CA, Royer MA, Saunders RA, Schaber M, Schallert RJ, Scholl MC, Seitz AC, Semmens JM, Setyawan E, Shea BD, Shidqi RA, Shillinger GL, Shipley ON, Shivji MS, Sianipar AB, Silva JF, Sims DW, Skomal GB, Sousa LL, Southall EJ, Spaet JLY, Stehfest KM, Stevens G, Stewart JD, Sulikowski JA, Syakurachman I, Thorrold SR, Thums M, Tickler D, Tolloti MT, Townsend KA, Travassos P, Tyminski JP, Vaudo JJ, Veras D, Wantiez L, Weber SB, Wells RD, Weng KC, Wetherbee BM, Williamson JE, Witt MJ, Wright S, Zilliacus K, Block BA, Curnick DJ. Diving into the vertical dimension of elasmobranch movement ecology. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabo1754. [PMID: 35984887 PMCID: PMC9390984 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the three-dimensional movement patterns of elasmobranchs is vital to understand their ecological roles and exposure to anthropogenic pressures. To date, comparative studies among species at global scales have mostly focused on horizontal movements. Our study addresses the knowledge gap of vertical movements by compiling the first global synthesis of vertical habitat use by elasmobranchs from data obtained by deployment of 989 biotelemetry tags on 38 elasmobranch species. Elasmobranchs displayed high intra- and interspecific variability in vertical movement patterns. Substantial vertical overlap was observed for many epipelagic elasmobranchs, indicating an increased likelihood to display spatial overlap, biologically interact, and share similar risk to anthropogenic threats that vary on a vertical gradient. We highlight the critical next steps toward incorporating vertical movement into global management and monitoring strategies for elasmobranchs, emphasizing the need to address geographic and taxonomic biases in deployments and to concurrently consider both horizontal and vertical movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim C.D. Lucas
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Nigel E. Hussey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Amelia J. Armstrong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Aaron Carlisle
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA
| | - Daniel M. Coffey
- Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Adrian C. Gleiss
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Charlie Huveneers
- Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David M. P. Jacoby
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Mark G. Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Johann Mourier
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UMS 3514 Plateforme Marine Stella Mare, Université de Corse Pasquale Paoli, Biguglia, France
| | - Lauren R. Peel
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorset, UK
- Save Our Seas Foundation–D’Arros Research Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kátya Abrantes
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Biopixel Oceans Foundation, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - André S. Afonso
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Matthew J. Ajemian
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Brooke N. Anderson
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Gonzalo Araujo
- Environmental Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Marine Research and Conservation Foundation, Lydeard St Lawrence, Somerset, UK
| | - Asia O. Armstrong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Pascal Bach
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | - Adam Barnett
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Biopixel Oceans Foundation, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Mike B. Bennett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Natalia A. Bezerra
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Ramon Bonfil
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR)–Unidad Chetumal, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
- Océanos Vivientes A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andre M. Boustany
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heather D. Bowlby
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Ilka Branco
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Camrin D. Braun
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | - Judith Brown
- Ascension Island Government Conservation and Fisheries Department, Georgetown, Ascension Island, UK
| | - Patrick J. Burke
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Butcher
- NSW Department of Primary Industries–Fisheries Research, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Taylor K. Chapple
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Olivier Chateau
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Aquarium des Lagons, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | | | - Rui Coelho
- Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Olhão, Algarve, Portugal
- Centre of Marine Sciences of the Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Algarve, Portugal
| | - Enric Cortes
- Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Panama City, FL, USA
| | | | - Paul D. Cowley
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Donald A. Croll
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Juan M. Cuevas
- Wildlife Conservation Society Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- División Zoología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tobey H. Curtis
- Atlantic Highly Migratory Species Management Division, NOAA Fisheries, Gloucester, MA, USA
| | - Laurent Dagorn
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | - Jonathan J. Dale
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Daly
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa
- Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Heidi Dewar
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philip D. Doherty
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Andrés Domingo
- Laboratorio de Recursos Pelágicos, Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos (DINARA), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Michael Drew
- Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- SARDI Aquatic Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christine L. Dudgeon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Riley G. Elliott
- Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jim R. Ellis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK
| | | | - Thomas J. Farrugia
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Alaska Ocean Observing System, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Luciana C. Ferreira
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - John D. Filmalter
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Brittany Finucci
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Richard Fitzpatrick
- Biopixel Oceans Foundation, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Fabien Forget
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | | | - Malcolm P. Francis
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bryan R. Franks
- Marine Science Research Institute, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Felipe Galvan-Magana
- Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Mirta L. García
- Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Troy F. Gaston
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
| | - Bronwyn M. Gillanders
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan R. Green
- Galapagos Whale Shark Project, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador
| | - Sofia Green
- Galapagos Whale Shark Project, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador
| | - Christopher A. Griffiths
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Neil Hammerschlag
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Abdi Hasan
- Yayasan Konservasi Indonesia, Sorong, West Papua, Indonesia
| | - Lucy A. Hawkes
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Fabio Hazin
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Matthew Heard
- Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- SARDI Aquatic Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Conservation and Wildlife Branch, Department for Environment and Water, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alex Hearn
- Migramar, Forest Knolls, CA, USA
- Galapagos Whale Shark Project, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador
- Galapagos Science Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Kim N. Holland
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, HI, USA
| | - Lucy A. Howey
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Haiti Ocean Project, Petite Riviere de Nippes, Haiti
| | - Robert E. Hueter
- OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA
- Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | | | - Melanie Hutchinson
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, HI, USA
- Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Fabrice R. A. Jaine
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW, Australia
| | - Salvador J. Jorgensen
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Paul E. Kanive
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jessica Labaja
- Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Jagna, Bohol, Philippines
| | - Fernanda O. Lana
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Hugo Lassauce
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorset, UK
- ISEA, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
- Conservation International New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Rebecca S. Lipscombe
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Bruno C. L. Macena
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Okeanos Centre, University of the Azores, Horta, Faial, Portugal
| | | | - Jaime D. McAllister
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | | | - Matthew N. McMillan
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Sibele A. Mendonça
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Carl G. Meyer
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, HI, USA
| | - Megan Meyers
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - John A. Mohan
- School of Marine and Environmental Programs, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - John C. Montgomery
- Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gonzalo Mucientes
- Instituto de Investigacions Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairao, Portugal
| | | | - Nicole Nasby-Lucas
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Paulo Oliveira
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Yannis P. Papastamtiou
- Institute of the Environment, Department of Biological Science, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Nuno Queiroz
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairao, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Vairao, Portugal
| | - Craig A. Radford
- Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andy J. Richardson
- Ascension Island Government Conservation and Fisheries Department, Georgetown, Ascension Island, UK
| | - Anthony J. Richardson
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - David Righton
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Mark A. Royer
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, HI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael C. Scholl
- Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, Bimini, The Bahamas
- IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group, Gland, Vaud, Switzerland
- Aquarium-Muséum Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Andrew C. Seitz
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Jayson M. Semmens
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Edy Setyawan
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorset, UK
- Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brendan D. Shea
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Beneath the Waves, Herndon, VA, USA
| | - Rafid A. Shidqi
- Coastal Science and Policy Program, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Thresher Shark Project Indonesia, Alor Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - George L. Shillinger
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
- Migramar, Forest Knolls, CA, USA
- Upwell, Monterey, CA, USA
| | | | - Mahmood S. Shivji
- Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Abraham B. Sianipar
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Joana F. Silva
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK
| | - David W. Sims
- The Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, UK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Lara L. Sousa
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Julia L. Y. Spaet
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Guy Stevens
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorset, UK
| | - Joshua D. Stewart
- The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorset, UK
- Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
| | - James A. Sulikowski
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Simon R. Thorrold
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Michele Thums
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - David Tickler
- Marine Futures Lab, School of Biological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Kathy A. Townsend
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Hervey Bay, QLD, Australia
| | - Paulo Travassos
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - John P. Tyminski
- OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA
- Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Jeremy J. Vaudo
- Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Drausio Veras
- Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Sam B. Weber
- Ascension Island Government Conservation and Fisheries Department, Georgetown, Ascension Island, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - R.J. David Wells
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin C. Weng
- Fisheries Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, USA
| | - Bradley M. Wetherbee
- Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Jane E. Williamson
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Witt
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Serena Wright
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK
| | - Kelly Zilliacus
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A. Block
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
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4
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Pratte ZA, Perry C, Dove ADM, Hoopes LA, Ritchie KB, Hueter RE, Fischer C, Newton AL, Stewart FJ. Microbiome structure in large pelagic sharks with distinct feeding ecologies. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:17. [PMID: 35246276 PMCID: PMC8895868 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sharks play essential roles in ocean food webs and human culture, but also face population declines worldwide due to human activity. The relationship between sharks and the microbes on and in the shark body is unclear, despite research on other animals showing the microbiome as intertwined with host physiology, immunity, and ecology. Research on shark-microbe interactions faces the significant challenge of sampling the largest and most elusive shark species. We leveraged a unique sampling infrastructure to compare the microbiomes of two apex predators, the white (Carcharodon carcharias) and tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), to those of the filter-feeding whale shark (Rhincodon typus), allowing us to explore the effects of feeding mode on intestinal microbiome diversity and metabolic function, and environmental exposure on the diversity of microbes external to the body (on the skin, gill). Results The fecal microbiomes of white and whale sharks were highly similar in taxonomic and gene category composition despite differences in host feeding mode and diet. Fecal microbiomes from these species were also taxon-poor compared to those of many other vertebrates and were more similar to those of predatory teleost fishes and toothed whales than to those of filter-feeding baleen whales. In contrast, microbiomes of external body niches were taxon-rich and significantly influenced by diversity in the water column microbiome. Conclusions These results suggest complex roles for host identity, diet, and environmental exposure in structuring the shark microbiome and identify a small, but conserved, number of intestinal microbial taxa as potential contributors to shark physiology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-022-00168-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A Pratte
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montanta State University, 621 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
| | - Cameron Perry
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Kim B Ritchie
- University of South Carolina Beaufort, Beaufort, SC, USA
| | - Robert E Hueter
- OCEARCH, 1790 Bonanza Drive, Park City, UT, USA.,Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | | | - Alisa L Newton
- Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, 1200 N. Savannah Circle East, Bay Lake, FL, USA
| | - Frank J Stewart
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montanta State University, 621 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.,Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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5
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Whitney NM, Lear KO, Morris JJ, Hueter RE, Carlson JK, Marshall HM. Connecting post-release mortality to the physiological stress response of large coastal sharks in a commercial longline fishery. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255673. [PMID: 34525094 PMCID: PMC8443047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bycatch mortality is a major factor contributing to shark population declines. Post-release mortality (PRM) is particularly difficult to quantify, limiting the accuracy of stock assessments. We paired blood-stress physiology with animal-borne accelerometers to quantify PRM rates of sharks caught in a commercial bottom longline fishery. Blood was sampled from the same individuals that were tagged, providing direct correlation between stress physiology and animal fate for sandbar (Carcharhinus plumbeus, N = 130), blacktip (C. limbatus, N = 105), tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier, N = 52), spinner (C. brevipinna, N = 14), and bull sharks (C. leucas, N = 14). PRM rates ranged from 2% and 3% PRM in tiger and sandbar sharks to 42% and 71% PRM in blacktip and spinner sharks, respectively. Decision trees based on blood values predicted mortality with >67% accuracy in blacktip and spinner sharks, and >99% accuracy in sandbar sharks. Ninety percent of PRM occurred within 5 h after release and 59% within 2 h. Blood physiology indicated that PRM was primarily associated with acidosis and increases in plasma potassium levels. Total fishing mortality reached 62% for blacktip and 89% for spinner sharks, which may be under-estimates given that some soak times were shortened to focus on PRM. Our findings suggest that no-take regulations may be beneficial for sandbar, tiger, and bull sharks, but less effective for more susceptible species such as blacktip and spinner sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Whitney
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Karissa O. Lear
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John J. Morris
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Hueter
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
- OCEARCH, Park City, Utah, United States of America
| | - John K. Carlson
- Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Panama City, Florida, United States of America
| | - Heather M. Marshall
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
- State College of Florida, Bradenton, Florida, United States of America
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6
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Perry CT, Pratte ZA, Clavere-Graciette A, Ritchie KB, Hueter RE, Newton AL, Fischer GC, Dinsdale EA, Doane MP, Wilkinson KA, Bassos-Hull K, Lyons K, Dove ADM, Hoopes LA, Stewart FJ. Elasmobranch microbiomes: emerging patterns and implications for host health and ecology. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:61. [PMID: 34526135 PMCID: PMC8444439 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays) are of broad ecological, economic, and societal value. These globally important fishes are experiencing sharp population declines as a result of human activity in the oceans. Research to understand elasmobranch ecology and conservation is critical and has now begun to explore the role of body-associated microbiomes in shaping elasmobranch health. Here, we review the burgeoning efforts to understand elasmobranch microbiomes, highlighting microbiome variation among gastrointestinal, oral, skin, and blood-associated niches. We identify major bacterial lineages in the microbiome, challenges to the field, key unanswered questions, and avenues for future work. We argue for prioritizing research to determine how microbiomes interact mechanistically with the unique physiology of elasmobranchs, potentially identifying roles in host immunity, disease, nutrition, and waste processing. Understanding elasmobranch–microbiome interactions is critical for predicting how sharks and rays respond to a changing ocean and for managing healthy populations in managed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron T Perry
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Zoe A Pratte
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | - Kim B Ritchie
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, Beaufort, SC, USA
| | - Robert E Hueter
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Research Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA.,OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA
| | - Alisa L Newton
- Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - G Christopher Fischer
- OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA.,Marine Science Research Institute, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Dinsdale
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Michael P Doane
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Krystan A Wilkinson
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Research Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Chicago Zoological Society's Sarasota Dolphin Research Program ℅ Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Kim Bassos-Hull
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Research Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Kady Lyons
- Research and Conservation Department, Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alistair D M Dove
- Research and Conservation Department, Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa A Hoopes
- Research and Conservation Department, Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Frank J Stewart
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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7
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Brewster LR, Cahill BV, Burton MN, Dougan C, Herr JS, Norton LI, McGuire SA, Pico M, Urban-Gedamke E, Bassos-Hull K, Tyminski JP, Hueter RE, Wetherbee BM, Shivji M, Burnie N, Ajemian MJ. First insights into the vertical habitat use of the whitespotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari revealed by pop-up satellite archival tags. J Fish Biol 2021; 98:89-101. [PMID: 32985701 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The whitespotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari is a tropical to warm-temperate benthopelagic batoid that ranges widely throughout the western Atlantic Ocean. Despite conservation concerns for the species, its vertical habitat use and diving behaviour remain unknown. Patterns and drivers in the depth distribution of A. narinari were investigated at two separate locations, the western North Atlantic (Islands of Bermuda) and the eastern Gulf of Mexico (Sarasota, Florida, U.S.A.). Between 2010 and 2014, seven pop-up satellite archival tags were attached to A. narinari using three methods: a through-tail suture, an external tail-band and through-wing attachment. Retention time ranged from 0 to 180 days, with tags attached via the through-tail method retained longest. Tagged rays spent the majority of time (82.85 ± 12.17% S.D.) within the upper 10 m of the water column and, with one exception, no rays travelled deeper than ~26 m. One Bermuda ray recorded a maximum depth of 50.5 m, suggesting that these animals make excursions off the fore-reef slope of the Bermuda Platform. Individuals occupied deeper depths (7.42 ± 3.99 m S.D.) during the day versus night (4.90 ± 2.89 m S.D.), which may be explained by foraging and/or predator avoidance. Each individual experienced a significant difference in depth and temperature distributions over the diel cycle. There was evidence that mean hourly depth was best described by location and individual variation using a generalized additive mixed model approach. This is the first study to compare depth distributions of A. narinari from different locations and describe the thermal habitat for this species. Our study highlights the importance of region in describing A. narinari depth use, which may be relevant when developing management plans, whilst demonstrating that diel patterns appear to hold across individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauran R Brewster
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Brianna V Cahill
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Miranda N Burton
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Cassady Dougan
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Herr
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Laura Issac Norton
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Samantha A McGuire
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Marisa Pico
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Elizabeth Urban-Gedamke
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Kim Bassos-Hull
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Research Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, USA
| | - John P Tyminski
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Research Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, USA
| | - Robert E Hueter
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Research Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, USA
| | - Bradley M Wetherbee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- The Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Mahmood Shivji
- The Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Ajemian
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
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8
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Lear KO, Whitney NM, Brewster LR, Morris JJ, Hueter RE, Gleiss AC. Correlations of metabolic rate and body acceleration in three species of coastal sharks under contrasting temperature regimes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:397-407. [PMID: 27852751 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.146993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to produce estimates of the metabolic rate of free-ranging animals is fundamental to the study of their ecology. However, measuring the energy expenditure of animals in the field has proved difficult, especially for aquatic taxa. Accelerometry presents a means of translating metabolic rates measured in the laboratory to individuals studied in the field, pending appropriate laboratory calibrations. Such calibrations have only been performed on a few fish species to date, and only one where the effects of temperature were accounted for. Here, we present calibrations between activity, measured as overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA), and metabolic rate, measured through respirometry, for nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum), lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) and blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus). Calibrations were made at a range of volitional swimming speeds and experimental temperatures. Linear mixed models were used to determine a predictive equation for metabolic rate based on measured ODBA values, with the optimal model using ODBA in combination with activity state and temperature to predict metabolic rate in lemon and nurse sharks, and ODBA and temperature to predict metabolic rate in blacktip sharks. This study lays the groundwork for calculating the metabolic rate of these species in the wild using acceleration data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa O Lear
- Behavioral Ecology and Physiology Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
| | - Nicholas M Whitney
- Behavioral Ecology and Physiology Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
| | - Lauran R Brewster
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies and Hull International Fisheries Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Jack J Morris
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
| | - Robert E Hueter
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
| | - Adrian C Gleiss
- Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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9
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Gardiner JM, Atema J, Hueter RE, Motta PJ. Modulation of shark prey capture kinematics in response to sensory deprivation. ZOOLOGY 2016; 120:42-52. [PMID: 27618704 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of predators to modulate prey capture in response to the size, location, and behavior of prey is critical to successful feeding on a variety of prey types. Modulating in response to changes in sensory information may be critical to successful foraging in a variety of environments. Three shark species with different feeding morphologies and behaviors were filmed using high-speed videography while capturing live prey: the ram-feeding blacktip shark, the ram-biting bonnethead, and the suction-feeding nurse shark. Sharks were examined intact and after sensory information was blocked (olfaction, vision, mechanoreception, and electroreception, alone and in combination), to elucidate the contribution of the senses to the kinematics of prey capture. In response to sensory deprivation, the blacktip shark demonstrated the greatest amount of modulation, followed by the nurse shark. In the absence of olfaction, blacktip sharks open the jaws slowly, suggestive of less motivation. Without lateral line cues, blacktip sharks capture prey from greater horizontal angles using increased ram. When visual cues are absent, blacktip sharks elevate the head earlier and to a greater degree, allowing them to overcome imprecise position of the prey relative to the mouth, and capture prey using decreased ram, while suction remains unchanged. When visual cues are absent, nurse sharks open the mouth wider, extend the labial cartilages further, and increase suction while simultaneously decreasing ram. Unlike some bony fish, neither species switches feeding modalities (i.e. from ram to suction or vice versa). Bonnetheads failed to open the mouth when electrosensory cues were blocked, but otherwise little to no modulation was found in this species. These results suggest that prey capture may be less plastic in elasmobranchs than in bony fishes, possibly due to anatomical differences, and that the ability to modulate feeding kinematics in response to available sensory information varies by species, rather than by feeding modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne M Gardiner
- University of South Florida, Department of Integrative Biology, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA; Mote Marine Laboratory, Center for Shark Research, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA.
| | - Jelle Atema
- Boston University Marine Program, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Robert E Hueter
- Mote Marine Laboratory, Center for Shark Research, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
| | - Philip J Motta
- University of South Florida, Department of Integrative Biology, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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10
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Tyminski JP, de la Parra-Venegas R, González Cano J, Hueter RE. Vertical Movements and Patterns in Diving Behavior of Whale Sharks as Revealed by Pop-Up Satellite Tags in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142156. [PMID: 26580405 PMCID: PMC4651344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is a wide-ranging, filter-feeding species typically observed at or near the surface. This shark's sub-surface habits and behaviors have only begun to be revealed in recent years through the use of archival and satellite tagging technology. We attached pop-up satellite archival transmitting tags to 35 whale sharks in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico off the Yucatan Peninsula from 2003-2012 and three tags to whale sharks in the northeastern Gulf off Florida in 2010, to examine these sharks' long-term movement patterns and gain insight into the underlying factors influencing their vertical habitat selection. Archived data were received from 31 tags deployed on sharks of both sexes with total lengths of 5.5-9 m. Nine of these tags were physically recovered facilitating a detailed long-term view into the sharks' vertical movements. Whale sharks feeding inshore on fish eggs off the northeast Yucatan Peninsula demonstrated reverse diel vertical migration, with extended periods of surface swimming beginning at sunrise followed by an abrupt change in the mid-afternoon to regular vertical oscillations, a pattern that continued overnight. When in oceanic waters, sharks spent about 95% of their time within epipelagic depths (<200 m) but regularly undertook very deep ("extreme") dives (>500 m) that largely occurred during daytime or twilight hours (max. depth recorded 1,928 m), had V-shaped depth-time profiles, and comprised more rapid descents (0.68 m sec-1) than ascents (0.50 m sec-1). Nearly half of these extreme dives had descent profiles with brief but conspicuous changes in vertical direction at a mean depth of 475 m. We hypothesize these stutter steps represent foraging events within the deep scattering layer, however, the extreme dives may have additional functions. Overall, our results demonstrate complex and dynamic patterns of habitat utilization for R. typus that appear to be in response to changing biotic and abiotic conditions influencing the distribution and abundance of their prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Tyminski
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Jaime González Cano
- Proyecto Dominó, Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Robert E. Hueter
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
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11
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Gardiner JM, Whitney NM, Hueter RE. Smells Like Home: The Role of Olfactory Cues in the Homing Behavior of Blacktip Sharks, Carcharhinus limbatus. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:495-506. [PMID: 26173711 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal navigation in the marine environment is believed to be guided by different sensory cues over different spatial scales. Geomagnetic cues are thought to guide long-range navigation, while visual or olfactory cues allow animals to pinpoint precise locations, but the complete behavioral sequence is not yet understood. Terra Ceia Bay is a primary nursery area for blacktip sharks, Carcharhinus limbatus, on southwestern Florida's Gulf of Mexico coast. Young-of-the-year animals show strong fidelity to a specific home range in the northeastern end of the bay and rapidly return when displaced. Older juveniles demonstrate annual philopatry for the first few years, migrating as far south as the Florida Keys each fall, then returning to Terra Ceia Bay each spring. To examine the sensory cues used in homing, we captured neonate (<3 weeks old) blacktip sharks from within their home range, fitted them with acoustic tags, and translocated them to sites 8 km away in adjacent Tampa Bay and released them. Intact animals returned to their home range, within 34 h on average, and remained there. With olfaction blocked, fewer animals returned to their home range and they took longer to do so, 130 h on average. However, they did not remain there but instead moved throughout Terra Ceia Bay and in and out of Tampa Bay. Since sharks from both treatments returned at night in tannic and turbid water, vision is likely not playing a major role in navigation by these animals. The animals in this study also returned on incoming or slack tides, suggesting that sharks, like many other fish, may use selective tidal stream transport to conserve energy and aid navigation during migration. Collectively, these results suggest that while other cues, possibly geomagnetic and/or tidal information, might guide sharks over long distances, olfactory cues are required for recognizing their specific home range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne M Gardiner
- *Sensory Biology and Behavior Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA; New College of Florida, Division of Natural Sciences, 5800 Bayshore Rd, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA;
| | - Nicholas M Whitney
- Behavioral Ecology and Physiology Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
| | - Robert E Hueter
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
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12
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Sellas AB, Bassos-Hull K, Pérez-Jiménez JC, Angulo-Valdés JA, Bernal MA, Hueter RE. Population Structure and Seasonal Migration of the Spotted Eagle Ray, Aetobatus narinari. J Hered 2015; 106:266-75. [PMID: 25825312 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Sellas
- From the California Academy of Sciences, Center for Comparative Genomics, San Francisco, CA 94118 (Sellas and Bernal); the Mote Marine Laboratory, The Center for Shark Research, Sarasota, FL 34236 (Bassos-Hull and Hueter); the Laboratorio de Pesquerías Artesanales, Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, ECOSUR, Unidad Campeche, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Cp. 24500, Lerma, Campeche, México (Pérez-Jiménez); the Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de la Habana, Miramar, Playa. La Habana, Cuba (Angulo-Valdés); and the University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373 (Bernal).
| | - Kimbrough Bassos-Hull
- From the California Academy of Sciences, Center for Comparative Genomics, San Francisco, CA 94118 (Sellas and Bernal); the Mote Marine Laboratory, The Center for Shark Research, Sarasota, FL 34236 (Bassos-Hull and Hueter); the Laboratorio de Pesquerías Artesanales, Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, ECOSUR, Unidad Campeche, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Cp. 24500, Lerma, Campeche, México (Pérez-Jiménez); the Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de la Habana, Miramar, Playa. La Habana, Cuba (Angulo-Valdés); and the University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373 (Bernal)
| | - Juan Carlos Pérez-Jiménez
- From the California Academy of Sciences, Center for Comparative Genomics, San Francisco, CA 94118 (Sellas and Bernal); the Mote Marine Laboratory, The Center for Shark Research, Sarasota, FL 34236 (Bassos-Hull and Hueter); the Laboratorio de Pesquerías Artesanales, Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, ECOSUR, Unidad Campeche, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Cp. 24500, Lerma, Campeche, México (Pérez-Jiménez); the Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de la Habana, Miramar, Playa. La Habana, Cuba (Angulo-Valdés); and the University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373 (Bernal)
| | - Jorge Alberto Angulo-Valdés
- From the California Academy of Sciences, Center for Comparative Genomics, San Francisco, CA 94118 (Sellas and Bernal); the Mote Marine Laboratory, The Center for Shark Research, Sarasota, FL 34236 (Bassos-Hull and Hueter); the Laboratorio de Pesquerías Artesanales, Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, ECOSUR, Unidad Campeche, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Cp. 24500, Lerma, Campeche, México (Pérez-Jiménez); the Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de la Habana, Miramar, Playa. La Habana, Cuba (Angulo-Valdés); and the University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373 (Bernal)
| | - Moisés A Bernal
- From the California Academy of Sciences, Center for Comparative Genomics, San Francisco, CA 94118 (Sellas and Bernal); the Mote Marine Laboratory, The Center for Shark Research, Sarasota, FL 34236 (Bassos-Hull and Hueter); the Laboratorio de Pesquerías Artesanales, Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, ECOSUR, Unidad Campeche, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Cp. 24500, Lerma, Campeche, México (Pérez-Jiménez); the Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de la Habana, Miramar, Playa. La Habana, Cuba (Angulo-Valdés); and the University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373 (Bernal)
| | - Robert E Hueter
- From the California Academy of Sciences, Center for Comparative Genomics, San Francisco, CA 94118 (Sellas and Bernal); the Mote Marine Laboratory, The Center for Shark Research, Sarasota, FL 34236 (Bassos-Hull and Hueter); the Laboratorio de Pesquerías Artesanales, Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, ECOSUR, Unidad Campeche, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Cp. 24500, Lerma, Campeche, México (Pérez-Jiménez); the Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de la Habana, Miramar, Playa. La Habana, Cuba (Angulo-Valdés); and the University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373 (Bernal)
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Mara KR, Motta PJ, Martin AP, Hueter RE. Constructional morphology within the head of hammerhead sharks (sphyrnidae). J Morphol 2015; 276:526-39. [PMID: 25684106 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The study of functional trade-offs is important if a structure, such as the cranium, serves multiple biological roles, and is, therefore, shaped by multiple selective pressures. The sphyrnid cephalofoil presents an excellent model for investigating potential trade-offs among sensory, neural, and feeding structures. In this study, hammerhead shark species were chosen to represent differences in head form through phylogeny. A combination of surface-based geometric morphometrics, computed tomography (CT) volumetric analysis, and phylogenetic analyses were utilized to investigate potential trade-offs within the head. Hammerhead sharks display a diversity of cranial morphologies where the position of the eyes and nares vary among species, with only minor changes in shape, position, and volume of the feeding apparatus through phylogeny. The basal winghead shark, Eusphyra blochii, has small anteriorly positioned eyes. Through phylogeny, the relative size and position of the eyes change, such that derived species have larger, more medially positioned eyes. The lateral position of the external nares is highly variable, showing no phylogenetic trend. Mouth size and position are conserved, remaining relatively unchanged. Volumetric CT analyses reveal no trade-offs between the feeding apparatus and the remaining cranial structures. The few trade-offs were isolated to the nasal capsule volume's inverse correlation with braincase, chondrocranial, and total cephalofoil volume. Eye volume also decreased as cephalofoil width increased. These data indicate that despite considerable changes in head shape, much of the head is morphologically conserved through sphyrnid phylogeny, particularly the jaw cartilages and their associated feeding muscles, with shape change and morphological trade-offs being primarily confined to the lateral wings of the cephalofoil and their associated sensory structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Mara
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620
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Chapman DD, Feldheim KA, Papastamatiou YP, Hueter RE. There and back again: a review of residency and return migrations in sharks, with implications for population structure and management. Ann Rev Mar Sci 2015; 7:547-70. [PMID: 25251267 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The overexploitation of sharks has become a global environmental issue in need of a comprehensive and multifaceted management response. Tracking studies are beginning to elucidate how shark movements shape the internal dynamics and structure of populations, which determine the most appropriate scale of these management efforts. Tracked sharks frequently either remain in a restricted geographic area for an extended period of time (residency) or return to a previously resided-in area after making long-distance movements (site fidelity). Genetic studies have shown that some individuals of certain species preferentially return to their exact birthplaces (natal philopatry) or birth regions (regional philopatry) for either parturition or mating, even though they make long-distance movements that would allow them to breed elsewhere. More than 80 peer-reviewed articles, constituting the majority of published shark tracking and population genetic studies, provide evidence of at least one of these behaviors in a combined 31 shark species from six of the eight extant orders. Residency, site fidelity, and philopatry can alone or in combination structure many coastal shark populations on finer geographic scales than expected based on their potential for dispersal. This information should therefore be used to scale and inform assessment, management, and conservation activities intended to restore depleted shark populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demian D Chapman
- Institute for Ocean Conservation Science and School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000;
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Lang AW, Bradshaw MT, Smith JA, Wheelus JN, Motta PJ, Habegger ML, Hueter RE. Movable shark scales act as a passive dynamic micro-roughness to control flow separation. Bioinspir Biomim 2014; 9:036017. [PMID: 25046552 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3182/9/3/036017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Shark scales on fast-swimming sharks have been shown to be movable to angles in excess of 50°, and we hypothesize that this characteristic gives this shark skin a preferred flow direction. During the onset of separation, flow reversal is initiated close to the surface. However, the movable scales would be actuated by the reversed flow thereby causing a greater resistance to any further flow reversal and this mechanism would disrupt the process leading to eventual flow separation. Here we report for the first time experimental evidence of the separation control capability of real shark skin through water tunnel testing. Using skin samples from a shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus, we tested a pectoral fin and flank skin attached to a NACA 4412 hydrofoil and separation control was observed in the presence of movable shark scales under certain conditions in both cases. We hypothesize that the scales provide a passive, flow-actuated mechanism acting as a dynamic micro-roughness to control flow separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy W Lang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering & Mechanics, University of Alabama, 255H. M. Comer, 245 7th Avenue, Box 870280, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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16
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Gardiner JM, Atema J, Hueter RE, Motta PJ. Multisensory integration and behavioral plasticity in sharks from different ecological niches. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93036. [PMID: 24695492 PMCID: PMC3973673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The underwater sensory world and the sensory systems of aquatic animals have become better understood in recent decades, but typically have been studied one sense at a time. A comprehensive analysis of multisensory interactions during complex behavioral tasks has remained a subject of discussion without experimental evidence. We set out to generate a general model of multisensory information extraction by aquatic animals. For our model we chose to analyze the hierarchical, integrative, and sometimes alternate use of various sensory systems during the feeding sequence in three species of sharks that differ in sensory anatomy and behavioral ecology. By blocking senses in different combinations, we show that when some of their normal sensory cues were unavailable, sharks were often still capable of successfully detecting, tracking and capturing prey by switching to alternate sensory modalities. While there were significant species differences, odor was generally the first signal detected, leading to upstream swimming and wake tracking. Closer to the prey, as more sensory cues became available, the preferred sensory modalities varied among species, with vision, hydrodynamic imaging, electroreception, and touch being important for orienting to, striking at, and capturing the prey. Experimental deprivation of senses showed how sharks exploit the many signals that comprise their sensory world, each sense coming into play as they provide more accurate information during the behavioral sequence of hunting. The results may be applicable to aquatic hunting in general and, with appropriate modification, to other types of animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne M. Gardiner
- University of South Florida, Department of Integrative Biology, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Mote Marine Laboratory, Center for Shark Research, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jelle Atema
- Boston University, Biology Department, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Hueter
- Mote Marine Laboratory, Center for Shark Research, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Motta
- University of South Florida, Department of Integrative Biology, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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Bedore CN, Loew ER, Frank TM, Hueter RE, McComb DM, Kajiura SM. A physiological analysis of color vision in batoid elasmobranchs. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2013; 199:1129-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-013-0855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hueter RE, Tyminski JP, de la Parra R. Horizontal movements, migration patterns, and population structure of whale sharks in the Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Caribbean sea. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71883. [PMID: 23991000 PMCID: PMC3749210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, aggregate by the hundreds in a summer feeding area off the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, where the Gulf of Mexico meets the Caribbean Sea. The aggregation remains in the nutrient-rich waters off Isla Holbox, Isla Contoy and Isla Mujeres, Quintana Roo for several months in the summer and then dissipates between August and October. Little has been known about where these sharks come from or migrate to after they disperse. From 2003-2012, we used conventional visual tags, photo-identification, and satellite tags to characterize the basic population structure and large-scale horizontal movements of whale sharks that come to this feeding area off Mexico. The aggregation comprised sharks ranging 2.5-10.0 m in total length and included juveniles, subadults, and adults of both sexes, with a male-biased sex ratio (72%). Individual sharks remained in the area for an estimated mean duration of 24-33 days with maximum residency up to about 6 months as determined by photo-identification. After leaving the feeding area the sharks showed horizontal movements in multiple directions throughout the Gulf of Mexico basin, the northwestern Caribbean Sea, and the Straits of Florida. Returns of individual sharks to the Quintana Roo feeding area in subsequent years were common, with some animals returning for six consecutive years. One female shark with an estimated total length of 7.5 m moved at least 7,213 km in 150 days, traveling through the northern Caribbean Sea and across the equator to the South Atlantic Ocean where her satellite tag popped up near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. We hypothesize this journey to the open waters of the Mid-Atlantic was for reproductive purposes but alternative explanations are considered. The broad movements of whale sharks across multiple political boundaries corroborates genetics data supporting gene flow between geographically distinct areas and underscores the need for management and conservation strategies for this species on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Hueter
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - John P. Tyminski
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
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Motta PJ, Maslanka M, Hueter RE, Davis RL, de la Parra R, Mulvany SL, Habegger ML, Strother JA, Mara KR, Gardiner JM, Tyminski JP, Zeigler LD. Feeding anatomy, filter-feeding rate, and diet of whale sharks Rhincodon typus during surface ram filter feeding off the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. ZOOLOGY 2010; 113:199-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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McComb DM, Frank TM, Hueter RE, Kajiura SM. Temporal resolution and spectral sensitivity of the visual system of three coastal shark species from different light environments. Physiol Biochem Zool 2010; 83:299-307. [PMID: 20109067 DOI: 10.1086/648394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Visual temporal resolution and scotopic spectral sensitivity of three coastal shark species (bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo, scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini, and blacknose shark Carcharhinus acronotus) were investigated by electroretinogram. Temporal resolution was quantified under photopic and scotopic conditions using response waveform dynamics and maximum critical flicker-fusion frequency (CFF). Photopic CFF(max) was significantly higher than scotopic CFF(max) in all species. The bonnethead had the shortest photoreceptor response latency time (23.5 ms) and the highest CFF(max) (31 Hz), suggesting that its eyes are adapted for a bright photic environment. In contrast, the blacknose had the longest response latency time (34.8 ms) and lowest CFF(max) (16 Hz), indicating its eyes are adapted for a dimmer environment or nocturnal lifestyle. Scotopic spectral sensitivity revealed maximum peaks (480 nm) in the bonnethead and blacknose sharks that correlated with environmental spectra measured during twilight, which is a biologically relevant period of heightened predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michelle McComb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA.
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Bizzarro JJ, Smith WD, Hueter RE, Villavicencio–Garayzar CJ. Activities and Catch Composition of Artisanal Elasmobranch Fishing Sites on the Eastern Coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3160/0038-3872-108.3.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Motta PJ, Hueter RE, Tricas TC, Summers AP, Huber DR, Lowry D, Mara KR, Matott MP, Whitenack, LB, Wintzer AP. Functional morphology of the feeding apparatus, feeding constraints, and suction performance in the nurse sharkGinglymostoma cirratum. J Morphol 2008; 269:1041-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Castro ALF, Stewart BS, Wilson SG, Hueter RE, Meekan MG, Motta PJ, Bowen BW, Karl SA. Population genetic structure of Earth's largest fish, the whale shark (Rhincodon typus). Mol Ecol 2008; 16:5183-92. [PMID: 18092992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Large pelagic vertebrates pose special conservation challenges because their movements generally exceed the boundaries of any single jurisdiction. To assess the population structure of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus), we sequenced complete mitochondrial DNA control regions from individuals collected across a global distribution. We observed 51 single site polymorphisms and 8 regions with indels comprising 44 haplotypes in 70 individuals, with high haplotype (h = 0.974 +/- 0.008) and nucleotide diversity (pi = 0.011 +/- 0.006). The control region has the largest length variation yet reported for an elasmobranch (1143-1332 bp). Phylogenetic analyses reveal no geographical clustering of lineages and the most common haplotype was distributed globally. The absence of population structure across the Indian and Pacific basins indicates that oceanic expanses and land barriers in Southeast Asia are not impediments to whale shark dispersal. We did, however, find significant haplotype frequency differences (AMOVA, Phi(ST) = 0.107, P < 0.001) principally between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific populations. In contrast to other recent surveys of globally distributed sharks, we find much less population subdivision and no evidence for cryptic evolutionary partitions. Discovery of the mating and pupping areas of whale sharks is key to further population genetic studies. The global pattern of shared haplotypes in whale sharks provides a compelling argument for development of broad international approaches for management and conservation of Earth's largest fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L F Castro
- Department of Biology, University of South Florida, SCA110, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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Sasko DE, Dean MN, Motta PJ, Hueter RE. Prey capture behavior and kinematics of the Atlantic cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus. ZOOLOGY 2006; 109:171-81. [PMID: 16777392 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The structurally reinforced jaws of the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus testify to this species' durophagous diet of mollusks, but seem ill-suited to the behaviors necessary for excavating such prey. This study explores this discordance by investigating the prey excavation and capture kinematics of R. bonasus. Based on the basal suction feeding mechanism in this group of fishes, we hypothesized a hydraulic method of excavation. As expected, prey capture kinematics of R. bonasus show marked differences relative to other elasmobranchs, relating to prey excavation and use of the cephalic lobes (modified anterior pectoral fin extensions unique to derived myliobatiform rays). Prey are excavated by repeated opening and closing of the jaws to fluidize surrounding sand. The food item is then enclosed laterally by the depressed cephalic lobes, which transport it toward the mouth for ingestion by inertial suction. Unlike in most sharks, upper jaw protrusion and mandibular depression are simultaneous. During food capture, the ray's spiracle, mouth, and gill slit movements are timed such that water enters only the mouth (e.g., the spiracle closes prior to prey capture and reopens immediately following). Indigestible parts are then hydraulically winnowed from edible prey portions, by mouth movements similar to those used in excavation, and ejected through the mouth. The unique sensory/manipulatory capabilities of the cephalic lobes, as well as the cownose ray's hydraulic excavation/winnowing behaviors and suction feeding, make this species an effective benthic predator, despite its epibenthic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée E Sasko
- Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33620, USA
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Huber DR, Eason TG, Hueter RE, Motta PJ. Analysis of the bite force and mechanical design of the feeding mechanism of the durophagous horn shark Heterodontus francisci. J Exp Biol 2005; 208:3553-71. [PMID: 16155227 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Three-dimensional static equilibrium analysis of the forces generated by the jaw musculature of the horn shark Heterodontus francisci was used to theoretically estimate the maximum force distributions and loadings on its jaws and suspensorium during biting. Theoretical maximum bite force was then compared with bite forces measured (1) voluntarily in situ, (2) in restrained animals and (3) during electrical stimulation of the jaw adductor musculature of anesthetized sharks. Maximum theoretical bite force ranged from 128 N at the anteriormost cuspidate teeth to 338 N at the posteriormost molariform teeth. The hyomandibula, which connects the posterior margin of the jaws to the base of the chondrocranium, is loaded in tension during biting. Conversely, the ethmoidal articulation between the palatal region of the upper jaw and the chondrocranium is loaded in compression, even during upper jaw protrusion, because H. francisci's upper jaw does not disarticulate from the chondrocranium during prey capture. Maximum in situ bite force averaged 95 N for free-swimming H. francisci, with a maximum of 133 N. Time to maximum force averaged 322 ms and was significantly longer than time away from maximum force (212 ms). Bite force measurements from restrained individuals (187 N) were significantly greater than those from free-swimming individuals (95 N) but were equivalent to those from both theoretical (128 N)and electrically stimulated measurements (132 N). The mean mass-specific bite of H. francisci was greater than that of many other vertebrates and second highest of the cartilaginous fishes that have been studied. Measuring bite force on restrained sharks appears to be the best indicator of maximum bite force. The large bite forces and robust molariform dentition of H. francisci correspond to its consumption of hard prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Huber
- Department of Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, SCA 110, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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26
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Keeney DB, Heupel MR, Hueter RE, Heist EJ. Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses of the genetic structure of blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) nurseries in the northwestern Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. Mol Ecol 2005; 14:1911-23. [PMID: 15910315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract We investigated the genetic structure of blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) continental nurseries in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea using mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and eight nuclear microsatellite loci scored in neonate and young-of-the-year sharks. Significant structure was detected with both markers among nine nurseries (mitochondrial PhiST = 0.350, P < 0.001; nuclear PhiST = 0.007, P < 0.001) and sharks from the northwestern Atlantic, eastern Gulf of Mexico, western Gulf of Mexico, northern Yucatan, and Belize possessed significantly different mitochondrial DNA haplotype frequencies. Microsatellite differentiation was limited to comparisons involving northern Yucatan and Belize sharks with nuclear genetic homogeneity throughout the eastern Gulf of Mexico, western Gulf of Mexico, and northwestern Atlantic. Differences in the magnitude of maternal vs. biparental genetic differentiation support female philopatry to northwestern Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea natal nursery regions with higher levels of male-mediated gene flow. Philopatry has produced multiple reproductive stocks of this commercially important shark species throughout the range of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Keeney
- Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center, Department of Zoology, Life Sciences II, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901-6511, USA.
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Hueter RE, Heupel MR, Heist EJ, Keeney DB. Evidence of Philopatry in Sharks and Implications for the Management of Shark Fisheries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.2960/j.v35.m493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Motta PJ, Hueter RE, Tricas TC, Summers AP. Kinematic Analysis of Suction Feeding in the Nurse Shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Orectolobiformes, Ginglymostomatidae). COPEIA 2002. [DOI: 10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0024:kaosfi]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hueter RE, Murphy CJ, Howland M, Sivak JG, Paul-Murphy JR, Howland HC. Refractive state and accommodation in the eyes of free-swimming versus restrained juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris). Vision Res 2001; 41:1885-9. [PMID: 11412881 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical measurements of the refractive state of the eyes of various shark species typically have depicted sharks as hyperopic (far-sighted) with little evidence of accommodation (i.e. the ability to change focus for visualizing objects at different distances from the eye). In this study, we used infrared video retinoscopy to measure the refractive state in juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris). This technique allows dynamic measurement of refractive state in free-swimming animals as they pass by an aquarium window. We found that unrestrained lemon sharks are focused emmetropically relative to a 1-m distant photorefractor for the lateral visual field. However, when restrained either right side up or upside down (the latter inducing tonic immobility), the sharks become increasingly hyperopic, an artifact also reported in some other vertebrates. In addition, unrestrained lemon sharks display small amplitude accommodative excursions. Thus, refractive state measurements on restrained sharks in general may not reflect the natural, resting state of the shark eye, but rather, an induced hyperopia and lack of accommodative function. Such an artifact may be present in other vertebrate species, underscoring the need to obtain measurements of refractive state in unrestrained animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Hueter
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, 34236, Sarasota, FL, USA
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Abstract
The bonnethead shark Sphyrna tiburo reproduces by placental viviparity with one of the shortest gestation periods (4.5-5 months) known in sharks. In southwest Florida, mating in this species occurs in November, sperm is stored until ovulation/fertilization the following March-April, and parturition occurs in August. Serum concentrations of four steroid hormones (17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone) were determined by radioimmunoassay over a complete reproductive cycle in mature females from a wild population. Serum 17 beta-estradiol and testosterone levels are high during mating and preovulatory stages. Preovulatory concentrations of testosterone are greater in female S. tiburo than in any other female elasmobranch previously studied. Progesterone levels are significantly elevated during preovulatory, ovulatory, and postovulatory stages, while serum dihydrotestosterone levels increase significantly during the preovulatory stage. Our study is the first to demonstrate a sustained rise in progesterone during gestation in a placental shark and suggests a regulatory role for this hormone during the period prior to implantation of the embryos in the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Manire
- Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida 34236, USA
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Hueter RE, Ellis R, McCosker JE. Great White Shark. COPEIA 1994. [DOI: 10.2307/1446736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Motta PJ, Hueter RE, Tricas TC. An electromyographic analysis of the biting mechanism of the lemon shark,Negaprion Brevirostris: Functional and evolutionary implications. J Morphol 1991; 210:55-69. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
The visual pigment from the juvenile lemon shark has been extracted and is a homogeneous vitamin A2-based porphyropsin with maximum absorption at 522 nm. This is the first report of a porphyropsin visual pigment extracted from the retina of an elasmobranch. In contrast, the visual pigment from the adult lemon shark yields a homogeneous vitamin A1-based rhodopsin with maximum absorption at 501 nm. We conclude that the porphyropsin of the juvenile lemon shark changes over to a rhodopsin as the animal matures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cohen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
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