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Chirsir P, Palm EH, Baskaran S, Schymanski EL, Wang Z, Wolf R, Hale SE, Arp HPH. Grouping strategies for assessing and managing persistent and mobile substances. Environ Sci Eur 2024; 36:102. [PMID: 38784824 PMCID: PMC11108893 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Background Persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT), or very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances are a wide class of chemicals that are recalcitrant to degradation, easily transported, and potentially harmful to humans and the environment. Due to their persistence and mobility, these substances are often widespread in the environment once emitted, particularly in water resources, causing increased challenges during water treatment processes. Some PMT/vPvM substances such as GenX and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid have been identified as substances of very high concern (SVHCs) under the European Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation. With hundreds to thousands of potential PMT/vPvM substances yet to be assessed and managed, effective and efficient approaches that avoid a case-by-case assessment and prevent regrettable substitution are necessary to achieve the European Union's zero-pollution goal for a non-toxic environment by 2050. Main Substance grouping has helped global regulation of some highly hazardous chemicals, e.g., through the Montreal Protocol and the Stockholm Convention. This article explores the potential of grouping strategies for identifying, assessing and managing PMT/vPvM substances. The aim is to facilitate early identification of lesser-known or new substances that potentially meet PMT/vPvM criteria, prompt additional testing, avoid regrettable use or substitution, and integrate into existing risk management strategies. Thus, this article provides an overview of PMT/vPvM substances and reviews the definition of PMT/vPvM criteria and various lists of PMT/vPvM substances available. It covers the current definition of groups, compares the use of substance grouping for hazard assessment and regulation, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of grouping substances for regulation. The article then explores strategies for grouping PMT/vPvM substances, including read-across, structural similarity and commonly retained moieties, as well as the potential application of these strategies using cheminformatics to predict P, M and T properties for selected examples. Conclusions Effective substance grouping can accelerate the assessment and management of PMT/vPvM substances, especially for substances that lack information. Advances to read-across methods and cheminformatics tools are needed to support efficient and effective chemical management, preventing broad entry of hazardous chemicals into the global market and favouring safer and more sustainable alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parviel Chirsir
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Emma H. Palm
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sivani Baskaran
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Wolf
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah E. Hale
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hans Peter H. Arp
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Zahn D, Arp HPH, Fenner K, Georgi A, Hafner J, Hale SE, Hollender J, Letzel T, Schymanski EL, Sigmund G, Reemtsma T. Should Transformation Products Change the Way We Manage Chemicals? Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:7710-7718. [PMID: 38656189 PMCID: PMC11080041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
When chemical pollutants enter the environment, they can undergo diverse transformation processes, forming a wide range of transformation products (TPs), some of them benign and others more harmful than their precursors. To date, the majority of TPs remain largely unrecognized and unregulated, particularly as TPs are generally not part of routine chemical risk or hazard assessment. Since many TPs formed from oxidative processes are more polar than their precursors, they may be especially relevant in the context of persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) and very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances, which are two new hazard classes that have recently been established on a European level. We highlight herein that as a result, TPs deserve more attention in research, chemicals regulation, and chemicals management. This perspective summarizes the main challenges preventing a better integration of TPs in these areas: (1) the lack of reliable high-throughput TP identification methods, (2) uncertainties in TP prediction, (3) inadequately considered TP formation during (advanced) water treatment, and (4) insufficient integration and harmonization of TPs in most regulatory frameworks. A way forward to tackle these challenges and integrate TPs into chemical management is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zahn
- Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Peter H. Arp
- Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Swiss
Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anett Georgi
- Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jasmin Hafner
- Swiss
Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E. Hale
- TZW: DVGW
Water Technology Center, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Swiss
Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Zürich, Switzerland
- ETH
Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and
Pollutant Dynamics, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Letzel
- AFIN-TS
GmbH (Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 avenue
du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Gabriel Sigmund
- Environmental
Technology, Wageningen University &
Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Hubert M, Meyn T, Hansen MC, Hale SE, Arp HPH. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) removal from soil washing water by coagulation and flocculation. Water Res 2024; 249:120888. [PMID: 38039821 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil washing is currently attracting attention as a promising remediation strategy for land contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In the soil washing process, the contaminant is transferred from the soil into the liquid phase, producing a PFAS contaminated process water. One way to treat such process water is to use coagulation and flocculation; however, few studies are available on the performance of coagulation and flocculation for removing PFAS from such process water. This study evaluated 6 coagulants and flocculants (polyaluminium chloride (PACl), zirconium oxychloride octahydrate, cationic and anionic polyacrylamide, Polyclay 685 and Perfluor Ad®), for the treatment of a proxy PFAS contaminated washing water, spiked with PFAS concentrations found at typical Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) contaminated sites. PFAS removal efficiencies (at constant pH) varied greatly depending on the coagulants and flocculants, as well as the dosage used and the targeted PFAS. All tested coagulants and flocculants reduced the turbidity by >95%, depending on the dosage. Perfluor Ad®, a specially designed coagulant, showed the highest removal efficiency for all longer chain (>99%) and shorter chain PFAS (>68%). The cationic polyacrylamide polymer removed longer chain PFAS up to an average of 80%, whereas average shorter chain PFAS removal was lower (<30%). The two metal-based coagulants tested, PACl and zirconium, removed longer chain PFAS by up to an average of 61% and shorter chain PFAS up to 48%. Polyclay 685, a mixture of powdered activated carbon (PAC) and aluminium sulphate, removed longer chain PFAS by 90% and shorter chain PFAS on average by 76%, when very high dosages of the coagulant were used (2,000 mg/L). PFAS removal efficiencies correlated with chain length and headgroup. Shorter chain PFAS removal was dependent on electrostatic interaction with the precipitating flocs, whereas for longer chain PFAS, hydrophobic interactions between apolar functional groups and flocs created by the coagulant/flocculant, dissolved organic matter and suspended solids played a major role. The results of this study showed that by selecting the most efficient coagulant and aqueous conditions, a greater amount of PFAS can be removed from process waters in soil washing facilities, and thus included as part of various treatment trains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Hubert
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Thomas Meyn
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, 76139 Karsruhe, Germany
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Langberg HA, Choyke S, Hale SE, Koekkoek J, Cenijn PH, Lamoree MH, Rundberget T, Jartun M, Breedveld GD, Jenssen BM, Higgins CP, Hamers T. Effect-Directed Analysis Based on Transthyretin Binding Activity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a Contaminated Sediment Extract. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024; 43:245-258. [PMID: 37888867 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Only a fraction of the total number of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are monitored on a routine basis using targeted chemical analyses. We report on an approach toward identifying bioactive substances in environmental samples using effect-directed analysis by combining toxicity testing, targeted chemical analyses, and suspect screening. PFAS compete with the thyroid hormone thyroxin (T4 ) for binding to its distributor protein transthyretin (TTR). Therefore, a TTR-binding bioassay was used to prioritize unknown features for chemical identification in a PFAS-contaminated sediment sample collected downstream of a factory producing PFAS-coated paper. First, the TTR-binding potencies of 31 analytical PFAS standards were determined. Potencies varied between PFAS depending on carbon chain length, functional group, and, for precursors to perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSA), the size or number of atoms in the group(s) attached to the nitrogen. The most potent PFAS were the seven- and eight-carbon PFSA, perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid (PFHpS) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and the eight-carbon perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which showed approximately four- and five-times weaker potencies, respectively, compared with the native ligand T4 . For some of the other PFAS tested, TTR-binding potencies were weak or not observed at all. For the environmental sediment sample, not all of the bioactivity observed in the TTR-binding assay could be assigned to the PFAS quantified using targeted chemical analyses. Therefore, suspect screening was applied to the retention times corresponding to observed TTR binding, and five candidates were identified. Targeted analyses showed that the sediment was dominated by the di-substituted phosphate ester of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (SAmPAP diester), whereas it was not bioactive in the assay. SAmPAP diester has the potential for (bio)transformation into smaller PFAS, including PFOS. Therefore, when it comes to TTR binding, the hazard associated with this substance is likely through (bio)transformation into more potent transformation products. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:245-258. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon A Langberg
- Environment and Geotechnics, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah Choyke
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- Eurofins Environment Testing, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Environment and Geotechnics, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jacco Koekkoek
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Cenijn
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja H Lamoree
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Morten Jartun
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Environment and Geotechnics, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Arctic Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Arctic Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Timo Hamers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Arp HPH, Wolf R, Hale SE, Baskaran S, Glüge J, Scheringer M, Trier X, Cousins IT, Timmer H, Hofman-Caris R, Lennquist A, Bannink AD, Stroomberg GJ, Sjerps RMA, Montes R, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Zahn D, Gallard H, Mohr T, Schliebner I, Neumann M. Letter to the editor regarding Collard et al. (2023): "Persistence and mobility (defined as organic-carbon partitioning) do not correlate to the detection of substances found in surface and groundwater: Criticism of the regulatory concept of persistent and mobile substances". Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:165927. [PMID: 37532049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Raoul Wolf
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway; DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sivani Baskaran
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Juliane Glüge
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xenia Trier
- University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harrie Timmer
- Vewin, Association of Dutch water companies, Bezuidenhoutseweg 12, NL 2594 AV The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Roberta Hofman-Caris
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; University of Applied Sciences, Life Sciences and Chemistry, Heidelberglaan 7, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Technology, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Lennquist
- The International Chemical Secretariat, ChemSec, Första Långgatan 18, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - André D Bannink
- RIWA Association of River Waterworks, Groenendael 6, 3439 LV Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard J Stroomberg
- RIWA Association of River Waterworks, Groenendael 6, 3439 LV Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rosa Montes
- Institute for Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S.N., 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Institute for Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S.N., 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Institute for Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S.N., 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Zahn
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers UMR CNRS 7285, 1 rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Tobias Mohr
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section IV 2.3 Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Ivo Schliebner
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section IV 2.3 Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Michael Neumann
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section IV 2.3 Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
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Hubert M, Arp HPH, Hansen MC, Castro G, Meyn T, Asimakopoulos AG, Hale SE. Influence of grain size, organic carbon and organic matter residue content on the sorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous film forming foam contaminated soils - Implications for remediation using soil washing. Sci Total Environ 2023; 875:162668. [PMID: 36894086 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A soil that was historically contaminated with Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) was dry sieved into size fractions representative of those produced during soil washing. Batch sorption tests were then conducted to investigate the effect of soil parameters on in situ per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) sorption of these different size fractions: < 0.063 mm, 0.063 to 0.5 mm, 0.5 to 2 mm, 2 to 4 mm, 4 to 8 mm, and soil organic matter residues (SOMR). PFOS (513 ng/g), 6:2 FTS (132 ng/g) and PFHxS (58 ng/g) were the most dominant PFAS in the AFFF contaminated soil. Non-spiked, in situ Kd values for 19 PFAS ranged from 0.2 to 138 L/Kg (log Kd -0.8 to 2.14) for the bulk soil and were dependant on the head group and perfluorinated chain length (spanning C4 to C13). The Kd values increased with decreasing grain size and increasing organic carbon content (OC), which were correlated to each other. For example, the PFOS Kd value for silt and clay (< 0.063 mm, 17.1 L/Kg, log Kd 1.23) were approximately 30 times higher compared to the gravel fraction (4 to 8 mm, 0.6 L/Kg, log Kd -0.25). The highest PFOS Kd value (116.6 L/Kg, log Kd 2.07) was found for the SOMR fraction, which had the highest OC content. Koc values for PFOS ranged from 6.9 L/Kg (log Koc 0.84) for the gravel fraction to 1906 L/Kg (log Koc 3.28) for the silt and clay, indicating that the mineral composition of the different size fractions also influenced sorption. The results here emphasize the need to separate coarse-grained fractions and fine-grained fractions, and in particular the SOMR, to optimize the soil washing process. Higher Kd values for the smaller size fractions indicate that coarser soils are better suited for soil washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Hubert
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gabriela Castro
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Meyn
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
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Arp HPH, Aurich D, Schymanski EL, Sims K, Hale SE. Avoiding the Next Silent Spring: Our Chemical Past, Present, and Future. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:6355-6359. [PMID: 37053515 PMCID: PMC10134483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter H. Arp
- Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box
3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dagny Aurich
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 avenue
du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 avenue
du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Kerry Sims
- Environment
Agency, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol BS1 5AH, U.K.
| | - Sarah E. Hale
- Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box
3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
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Arp HPH, Hale SE. Assessing the Persistence and Mobility of Organic Substances to Protect Freshwater Resources. ACS Environ Au 2022; 2:482-509. [PMID: 36411866 PMCID: PMC9673533 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Persistent and mobile organic substances are those with the highest propensity to be widely distributed in groundwater and thereby, when emitted at low-levels, to contaminate drinking water extraction points and freshwater environments. To prevent such contamination, the European Commission is in the process of introducing new hazard classes for persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) and very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances within its key chemical regulations CLP and REACH. The assessment of persistence in these regulations will likely be based on simulated half-life, t 1/2, thresholds; the assessment of mobility will likely be based on organic carbon-water distribution coefficient, K OC, thresholds. This study reviews the use of t 1/2 and K OC to describe persistence and mobility, considering the theory, history, suitability, data limitations, estimation methods, and alternative parameters. For this purpose, t 1/2, K OC, and alternative parameters were compiled for substances registered under REACH, known transformation products, and substances detected in wastewater treatment plant effluent, surface water, bank filtrate, groundwater, raw water, and drinking water. Experimental t 1/2 values were rare and only available for 2.2% of the 14 203 unique chemicals identified. K OC data were only available for a fifth of the substances. Therefore, the usage of alternative screening parameters was investigated to predict t 1/2 and K OC values, to assist weight-of-evidence based PMT/vPvM hazard assessments. Even when considering screening parameters, for 41% of substances, PMT/vPvM assessments could not be made due to data gaps; for 23% of substances, PMT/vPvM assessments were ambiguous. Further effort is needed to close these substantial data gaps. However, when data is available, the use of t 1/2 and K OC is considered fit-for-purpose for defining PMT/vPvM thresholds. Using currently discussed threshold values, between 1.9 and 2.6% of REACH registered substances were identified as PMT/vPvM. Among the REACH registered substances detected in drinking water sources, 24-30% were PMT/vPvM substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter H. Arp
- Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box
3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- . Tel: +47 950 20 667
| | - Sarah E. Hale
- Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box
3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
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Mohammed Taha H, Aalizadeh R, Alygizakis N, Antignac JP, Arp HPH, Bade R, Baker N, Belova L, Bijlsma L, Bolton EE, Brack W, Celma A, Chen WL, Cheng T, Chirsir P, Čirka Ľ, D’Agostino LA, Djoumbou Feunang Y, Dulio V, Fischer S, Gago-Ferrero P, Galani A, Geueke B, Głowacka N, Glüge J, Groh K, Grosse S, Haglund P, Hakkinen PJ, Hale SE, Hernandez F, Janssen EML, Jonkers T, Kiefer K, Kirchner M, Koschorreck J, Krauss M, Krier J, Lamoree MH, Letzel M, Letzel T, Li Q, Little J, Liu Y, Lunderberg DM, Martin JW, McEachran AD, McLean JA, Meier C, Meijer J, Menger F, Merino C, Muncke J, Muschket M, Neumann M, Neveu V, Ng K, Oberacher H, O’Brien J, Oswald P, Oswaldova M, Picache JA, Postigo C, Ramirez N, Reemtsma T, Renaud J, Rostkowski P, Rüdel H, Salek RM, Samanipour S, Scheringer M, Schliebner I, Schulz W, Schulze T, Sengl M, Shoemaker BA, Sims K, Singer H, Singh RR, Sumarah M, Thiessen PA, Thomas KV, Torres S, Trier X, van Wezel AP, Vermeulen RCH, Vlaanderen JJ, von der Ohe PC, Wang Z, Williams AJ, Willighagen EL, Wishart DS, Zhang J, Thomaidis NS, Hollender J, Slobodnik J, Schymanski EL. The NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE): facilitating European and worldwide collaboration on suspect screening in high resolution mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Eur 2022; 34:104. [PMID: 36284750 PMCID: PMC9587084 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-022-00680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background The NORMAN Association (https://www.norman-network.com/) initiated the NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE; https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/) in 2015, following the NORMAN collaborative trial on non-target screening of environmental water samples by mass spectrometry. Since then, this exchange of information on chemicals that are expected to occur in the environment, along with the accompanying expert knowledge and references, has become a valuable knowledge base for "suspect screening" lists. The NORMAN-SLE now serves as a FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) chemical information resource worldwide. Results The NORMAN-SLE contains 99 separate suspect list collections (as of May 2022) from over 70 contributors around the world, totalling over 100,000 unique substances. The substance classes include per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals, pesticides, natural toxins, high production volume substances covered under the European REACH regulation (EC: 1272/2008), priority contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and regulatory lists from NORMAN partners. Several lists focus on transformation products (TPs) and complex features detected in the environment with various levels of provenance and structural information. Each list is available for separate download. The merged, curated collection is also available as the NORMAN Substance Database (NORMAN SusDat). Both the NORMAN-SLE and NORMAN SusDat are integrated within the NORMAN Database System (NDS). The individual NORMAN-SLE lists receive digital object identifiers (DOIs) and traceable versioning via a Zenodo community (https://zenodo.org/communities/norman-sle), with a total of > 40,000 unique views, > 50,000 unique downloads and 40 citations (May 2022). NORMAN-SLE content is progressively integrated into large open chemical databases such as PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and the US EPA's CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/), enabling further access to these lists, along with the additional functionality and calculated properties these resources offer. PubChem has also integrated significant annotation content from the NORMAN-SLE, including a classification browser (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/classification/#hid=101). Conclusions The NORMAN-SLE offers a specialized service for hosting suspect screening lists of relevance for the environmental community in an open, FAIR manner that allows integration with other major chemical resources. These efforts foster the exchange of information between scientists and regulators, supporting the paradigm shift to the "one substance, one assessment" approach. New submissions are welcome via the contacts provided on the NORMAN-SLE website (https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12302-022-00680-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Mohammed Taha
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Reza Aalizadeh
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikiforos Alygizakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Hans Peter H. Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Ullevål Stadion, P.O. Box 3930, 0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | | | - Lidia Belova
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Evan E. Bolton
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wen-Ling Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xuzhou Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tiejun Cheng
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Parviel Chirsir
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ľuboš Čirka
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Information Engineering, Automation, and Mathematics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava (STU), Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lisa A. D’Agostino
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Valeria Dulio
- INERIS, National Institute for Environment and Industrial Risks, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Stellan Fischer
- Swedish Chemicals Agency (KEMI), P.O. Box 2, 172 13 Sundbyberg, Sweden
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research-Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aikaterini Galani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Staffelstrasse 10, 8045 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Głowacka
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Juliane Glüge
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Grosse
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dornierstrasse 4, 82110 Germering, Germany
| | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre (KBC), Umeå University, Linnaeus Väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pertti J. Hakkinen
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Sarah E. Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Ullevål Stadion, P.O. Box 3930, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Elisabeth M.-L. Janssen
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tim Jonkers
- Department Environment and Health, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Kiefer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michal Kirchner
- Water Research Institute (WRI), Nábr. Arm. Gen. L. Svobodu 5, 81249 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Wörlitzer Platz 1, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jessy Krier
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Marja H. Lamoree
- Department Environment and Health, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Letzel
- Bavarian Environment Agency, 86179 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Analytisches Forschungsinstitut Für Non-Target Screening GmbH (AFIN-TS), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Qingliang Li
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - James Little
- Mass Spec Interpretation Services, 3612 Hemlock Park Drive, Kingsport, TN 37663 USA
| | - Yanna Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SKLECE, RCEES, CAS), No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100086 China
| | - David M. Lunderberg
- Hope College, Holland, MI 49422 USA
- University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Jonathan W. Martin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew D. McEachran
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
| | - Christiane Meier
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Wörlitzer Platz 1, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Jeroen Meijer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Menger
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carla Merino
- University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Biosfer Teslab, Reus, Spain
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Staffelstrasse 10, 8045 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Neumann
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Wörlitzer Platz 1, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Vanessa Neveu
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research On Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Kelsey Ng
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jake O’Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Peter Oswald
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Oswaldova
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaqueline A. Picache
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
- Technologies for Water Management and Treatment Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Noelia Ramirez
- University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Institute of Health Research Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Justin Renaud
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
| | | | - Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Reza M. Salek
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research On Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, Amsterdam, 1090 GD The Netherlands
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Schliebner
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Wörlitzer Platz 1, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schulz
- Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manfred Sengl
- Bavarian Environment Agency, 86179 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin A. Shoemaker
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Kerry Sims
- Environment Agency, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH UK
| | - Heinz Singer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Randolph R. Singh
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Chemical Contamination of Marine Ecosystems (CCEM) Unit, Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Cedex 3, Nantes France
| | - Mark Sumarah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
| | - Paul A. Thiessen
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | | | - Xenia Trier
- Section for Environmental Chemistry and Physics, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Annemarie P. van Wezel
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roel C. H. Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J. Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Zhanyun Wang
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Antony J. Williams
- Computational Chemistry and Cheminformatics Branch (CCCB), Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division (CCED), Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), United States Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA
| | - Egon L. Willighagen
- Department of Bioinformatics-BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jian Zhang
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Neuwald IJ, Hübner D, Wiegand HL, Valkov V, Borchers U, Nödler K, Scheurer M, Hale SE, Arp HPH, Zahn D. Occurrence, Distribution, and Environmental Behavior of Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) and Very Persistent and Very Mobile (vPvM) Substances in the Sources of German Drinking Water. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:10857-10867. [PMID: 35868007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) and very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances have been recognized as a threat to both the aquatic environment and to drinking water resources. These substances are currently prioritized for regulatory action by the European Commission, whereby a proposal for the inclusion of hazard classes for PMT and vPvM substances has been put forward. Comprehensive monitoring data for many PMT/vPvM substances in drinking water sources are scarce. Herein, we analyze 34 PMT/vPvM substances in 46 surface water, groundwater, bank filtrate, and raw water samples taken throughout Germany. Results of the sampling campaign demonstrated that known PMT/vPvM substances such as 1H-benzotriazole, melamine, cyanuric acid, and 1,4-dioxane are responsible for substantial contamination in the sources of German drinking water. In addition, the results revealed the widespread presence of the emerging substances 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and diphenylguanidine (DPG). A correlation analysis showed a pronounced co-occurrence of PMT/vPvM substances associated predominantly with consumer or professional uses and also demonstrated an inhomogeneous co-occurrence for substances associated mainly with industrial use. These data were used to test the hypothesis that most PMT/vPvM substances pass bank filtration without significant concentration reduction, which is one of the main reasons for introducing PMT/vPvM as a hazard class within Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle J Neuwald
- Hochschule Fresenius gemGmbH, Limburger Straße 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Daniel Hübner
- Hochschule Fresenius gemGmbH, Limburger Straße 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Hanna L Wiegand
- IWW Zentrum Wasser, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Vassil Valkov
- IWW Zentrum Wasser, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ulrich Borchers
- IWW Zentrum Wasser, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Karsten Nödler
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Postboks 3930 Ulleval Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Postboks 3930 Ulleval Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Daniel Zahn
- Hochschule Fresenius gemGmbH, Limburger Straße 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
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Sigmund G, Arp HPH, Aumeier BM, Bucheli TD, Chefetz B, Chen W, Droge STJ, Endo S, Escher BI, Hale SE, Hofmann T, Pignatello J, Reemtsma T, Schmidt TC, Schönsee CD, Scheringer M. Correction to "Sorption and Mobility of Charged Organic Compounds: How to Confront and Overcome Limitations in Their Assessment". Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:11093. [PMID: 35856257 PMCID: PMC9352312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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Neuwald IJ, Hübner D, Wiegand HL, Valkov V, Borchers U, Nödler K, Scheurer M, Hale SE, Arp HPH, Zahn D. Ultra-Short-Chain PFASs in the Sources of German Drinking Water: Prevalent, Overlooked, Difficult to Remove, and Unregulated. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:6380-6390. [PMID: 35507024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been a focal point of environmental chemistry and chemical regulation in recent years, culminating in a shift from individual PFAS regulation toward a PFAS group regulatory approach in Europe. PFASs are a highly diverse group of substances, and knowledge about this group is still scarce beyond the well-studied, legacy long-chain, and short-chain perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs). Herein, quantitative and semiquantitative data for 43 legacy short-chain and ultra-short-chain PFASs (≤2 perfluorocarbon atoms for PFCAs, ≤3 for PFSAs and other PFASs) in 46 water samples collected from 13 different sources of German drinking water are presented. The PFASs considered include novel compounds like hexafluoroisopropanol, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate. The ultra-short-chain PFASs trifluoroacetate, perfluoropropanoate, and trifluoromethanesulfonate were ubiquitous and present at the highest concentrations (98% of sum target PFAS concentrations). "PFAS total" parameters like the adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) and total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay were found to provide only an incomplete picture of PFAS contamination in these water samples by not capturing these highly prevalent ultra-short-chain PFASs. These ultra-short-chain PFASs represent a major challenge for drinking water production and show that regulation in the form of preventive measures is required to manage them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle J Neuwald
- Hochschule Fresenius gemGmbH, Limburger Straße 2, Idstein 65510, Germany
| | - Daniel Hübner
- Hochschule Fresenius gemGmbH, Limburger Straße 2, Idstein 65510, Germany
| | - Hanna L Wiegand
- IWW Zentrum Wasser, Moritzstraße 26, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45476, Germany
| | - Vassil Valkov
- IWW Zentrum Wasser, Moritzstraße 26, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45476, Germany
| | - Ulrich Borchers
- IWW Zentrum Wasser, Moritzstraße 26, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45476, Germany
| | - Karsten Nödler
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Straße 84, Karlsruhe 76139, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Straße 84, Karlsruhe 76139, Germany
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Postboks 3930 Ulleval Stadion, Oslo 0806, Norway
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Postboks 3930 Ulleval Stadion, Oslo 0806, Norway
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Daniel Zahn
- Hochschule Fresenius gemGmbH, Limburger Straße 2, Idstein 65510, Germany
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Eckbo C, Okkenhaug G, Hale SE. The effects of soil organic matter on leaching of hexavalent chromium from concrete waste: Batch and column experiments. J Environ Manage 2022; 309:114708. [PMID: 35180438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Concrete is one of the most common building materials in the world and in accordance with the world's shift to a circular economy, there is a need of an increase in concrete reuse and recycling. One of the environmental concerns linked to concrete recycling is the leaching and spread of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). In the present study the Cr(VI) leaching from crushed concrete waste and the effects of soil organic matter (SOM) on chromium (Cr) speciation has been investigated in realistic reuse scenarios by the means of batch shale tests and layered column tests. The effects of concrete properties (pH, grain size and age) on Cr(VI) leaching was also studied. Cr leaching from concrete alone is mainly in the form of Cr(VI), with the pH of the leachate being >10. The smaller the grainsize of the concrete, the higher the Cr(VI) concentration is in the leachate. There was no correlation between the age of the concrete and concrete leaching. When exposed to SOM the Total-Cr concentration in the leachate was reduced. The reduction increased with higher TOC level, with a 99% reduction at very high TOC (25%). The results indicate that Cr(VI) leaching from recycled concrete waste can be mitigated by exposing it to SOM in the desired recycling scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Eckbo
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, PO Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, PO Box 5003, NMBU, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Gudny Okkenhaug
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, PO Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, PO Box 5003, NMBU, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, PO Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Sigmund G, Arp HPH, Aumeier BM, Bucheli TD, Chefetz B, Chen W, Droge STJ, Endo S, Escher BI, Hale SE, Hofmann T, Pignatello J, Reemtsma T, Schmidt TC, Schönsee CD, Scheringer M. Sorption and Mobility of Charged Organic Compounds: How to Confront and Overcome Limitations in Their Assessment. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:4702-4710. [PMID: 35353522 PMCID: PMC9022425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Permanently charged and ionizable organic compounds (IOC) are a large and diverse group of compounds belonging to many contaminant classes, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, industrial chemicals, and natural toxins. Sorption and mobility of IOCs are distinctively different from those of neutral compounds. Due to electrostatic interactions with natural sorbents, existing concepts for describing neutral organic contaminant sorption, and by extension mobility, are inadequate for IOC. Predictive models developed for neutral compounds are based on octanol-water partitioning of compounds (Kow) and organic-carbon content of soil/sediment, which is used to normalize sorption measurements (KOC). We revisit those concepts and their translation to IOC (Dow and DOC) and discuss compound and soil properties determining sorption of IOC under water saturated conditions. Highlighting possible complementary and/or alternative approaches to better assess IOC mobility, we discuss implications on their regulation and risk assessment. The development of better models for IOC mobility needs consistent and reliable sorption measurements at well-defined chemical conditions in natural porewater, better IOC-, as well as sorbent characterization. Such models should be complemented by monitoring data from the natural environment. The state of knowledge presented here may guide urgently needed future investigations in this field for researchers, engineers, and regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Sigmund
- Department
of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental
Systems Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Hans Peter H. Arp
- Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevaal Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian
University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Benedikt M. Aumeier
- RWTH
Aachen University, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Mies-van-der-Rohe Straße 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Benny Chefetz
- Department
of Soil and Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences; Faculty
of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Wei Chen
- College
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key
Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Steven T. J. Droge
- Wageningen
Environmental Research, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Health
and Environmental Risk Division, National
Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, 305-8506 Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Beate I. Escher
- Department
of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for
Environmental Research − UFZ, Permoser Strasse 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental
Toxicology, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, DE-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah E. Hale
- Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevaal Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department
of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental
Systems Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Joseph Pignatello
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut
Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven; 123 Huntington St., New Haven, Connecticut 06504-1106, United States
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research − UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University
of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse
3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research
(ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Langberg HA, Hale SE, Breedveld GD, Jenssen BM, Jartun M. A review of PFAS fingerprints in fish from Norwegian freshwater bodies subject to different source inputs. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2022; 24:330-342. [PMID: 35079763 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00408e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) has resulted in many environmental point and diffuse sources. Identifying the source responsible for a pollution hot spot is vital for assessing remediation measures, however, as there are many possible sources of environmental PFAS pollution, this can be challenging. Chemical fingerprinting has been proposed as an approach to identify contamination sources. Here, concentrations and profiles (relative distribution profiles) of routinely targeted PFAS in freshwater fish from eight sites in Norway, representing three different sources: (1) production of paper products, (2) the use of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF), and (3) long-range atmospheric transport, were investigated. The data were retrieved from published studies. Results showed that fingerprinting of PFAS in fish can be used to identify the dominant exposure source(s), and the profiles associated with the different sources were described in detail. Based on the results, the liver was concluded to be better suited for source tracking compared to muscle. PFAS fingerprints originating from AFFF were dominated by perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and other perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids (PFSA). Fingerprints originating from both long-range atmospheric transport and production of paper products were associated with high percentages of long chained perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA). However, there were differences between the two latter sources with respect to the ∑PFAS concentrations and ratios of specific PFCA pairs (PFUnDA/PFDA and PFTrDA/PFDoDA). Low ∑PFAS concentrations were detected in fish exposed mainly to PFAS via long-range atmospheric transport. In contrast, ∑PFAS concentrations were high and high percentages of PFOS were detected in fish exposed to pollution from production of paper products. The source-specific fingerprints described here can be used for source tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon A Langberg
- Environment and Geotechnics, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Environment and Geotechnics, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Environment and Geotechnics, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten Jartun
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
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16
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Hale SE, Folde MS, Melby UH, Sjødahl EU, Smebye AB, Oen AMP. From landfills to landscapes-Nature-based solutions for water management taking into account legacy contamination. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022; 18:99-107. [PMID: 34019725 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nature-based solutions (NBS) can be used in combination with the reopening of piped rivers to support area development. In certain cases, piped rivers can run through disused landfills. This presents a complicating factor because landfills provide the possibility for river water to be contaminated by waste. In Skien municipality, close to Oslo, Norway, NBS are being considered as part of a potential reopening of the Kjørbekk stream. A 4-km stretch of the stream is contained in an aging pipe infrastructure that is buried under two disused landfills. The pipe infrastructure does not have the physical capacity to cope with an increase in precipitation brought about by current climate change, and in certain areas, the pipe has started to leak. This means that surface water runoff that cannot be accommodated by the pipe, as well as water that leaks from the pipe, can become contaminated by the waste in the disused landfill. Furthermore, the water can be transported with the stream course to the final recipient, taking the contamination with it. Reopening the stream and providing new water pathways can alleviate these problems, but it must be carried out so that contamination is not allowed to spread. This case study reveals how certain NBS that focus on reducing the amount of water in contact with pollutants, reducing the amount of particle spreading, remediating contaminated water, and remediating contaminated soil could be implemented at the site and function as a catalyst for an incremental city development. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:99-107. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amy M P Oen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Høisæter Å, Arp HPH, Slinde G, Knutsen H, Hale SE, Breedveld GD, Hansen MC. Excavated vs novel in situ soil washing as a remediation strategy for sandy soils impacted with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from aqueous film forming foams. Sci Total Environ 2021; 794:148763. [PMID: 34323778 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In situ soil washing at the field scale has not yet been investigated as a remediation strategy for soils impacted by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). This remediation strategy is a promising low-cost alternative to other costlier remediation options like excavating, transporting and landfilling large amounts of PFAS contaminated soil. However, it is unclear if it is effective at the field scale, where large areas of heterogenous soil can be challenging to saturate with infiltration water and then pump to a treatment facility. To address this for the first time, herein we established three different trials involving in situ washing of an undisturbed, 3 m deep, sandy vadose zone soil contaminated with aqueous film forming foam (AFFF). The trials were performed at a site with an established pump and treat system for treating PFAS contaminated groundwater. In situ soil washing was compared to the more conventional practice of washing excavated soil on top of an impermeable bottom lining where the PFAS contaminated water was collected and monitored in a drainage system before treatment. The measured amount of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) removed was compared with expectations based on a non-calibrated, 1-D first order rate saturated soil model using only the local soil-to-water distribution coefficient as well as the volume and irrigation rate of wash water as input. This model predicted results within a factor of 2. The suspected reasons for small discrepancies between model predictions and excavated vs in situ washing was a combination of the heterogeneity of PFOS distribution in the soil as well as preferential flow paths during soil washing that prevented full saturation. This analysis showed that in situ soil washing was more efficient and less costly than washing excavated sandy soil, particularly if a pump-and-treat system is already in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åse Høisæter
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gøril Slinde
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Knutsen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona C Hansen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
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18
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Ali AM, Sanden M, Higgins CP, Hale SE, Alarif WM, Al-Lihaibi SS, Ræder EM, Langberg HA, Kallenborn R. Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in sediment and edible fish from the Eastern Red Sea. Environ Pollut 2021; 280:116935. [PMID: 33773302 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
POLY: and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitously detected all around the world. Herein, for the first time, concentrations of 16 selected legacy and emerging PFASs are reported for sediment and edible fish collected from the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Mean concentrations varied from 0.57 to 2.6 μg kg-1 dry weight (dw) in sediment, 3.89-7.63 μg kg-1 dw in fish muscle, and 17.9-58.5 μg kg-1 dw in fish liver. Wastewater treatment plant effluents represented the main source of these compounds and contributed to the exposure of PFAS to biota. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the most abundant compound in sediment and fish tissues analysed, comprising between 42 and 99% of the ∑16PFAS. The short chain perfluorobutanoate (PFBA) was the second most dominant compound in sediment and was detected at a maximum concentration of 0.64 μg kg-1 dw. PFAS levels and patterns differed between tissues of investigated fish species. Across all fish species, ∑16PFAS concentrations in liver were significantly higher than in muscle by a factor ranging from 3 to 7 depending on fish species and size. The PFOS replacements fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) exhibited a bioaccumulation potential in several fish species and 6:2 FTS, was detected at a maximum concentration of 7.1 ± 3.3 μg kg-1 dw in a doublespotted queenfish (Scomberoides lysan) liver. PFBS was detected at a maximum concentration of 2.65 μg kg-1 dw in strong spine silver-biddy (Gerres longirostris) liver. The calculated dietary intake of PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) exceeded the safety threshold established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2020 in doublespotted queenfish muscle, indicating a potential health risk to humans consuming this fish in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasim M Ali
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Monica Sanden
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), N-0855 Oslo, Norway
| | - Walied M Alarif
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80207, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan S Al-Lihaibi
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80207, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Erik Magnus Ræder
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håkon Austad Langberg
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), N-0855 Oslo, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, Christian M. Falsen Veg 1, No-1432, Ås, Norway; Arctic Technology Department (AT), University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), P.O. Box 156, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
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19
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Hale SE, Ritter S, Oen AMP, von der Tann L. Grounding Environmental Sciences: The Missing Link to the Urban Underground. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:4197-4198. [PMID: 33706504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Sognsveien 72, Oslo 0855, Norway
| | - Stefan Ritter
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Sognsveien 72, Oslo 0855, Norway
| | - Amy M P Oen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Sognsveien 72, Oslo 0855, Norway
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20
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Ali AM, Langberg HA, Hale SE, Kallenborn R, Hartz WF, Mortensen ÅK, Ciesielski TM, McDonough CA, Jenssen BM, Breedveld GD. The fate of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in a marine food web influenced by land-based sources in the Norwegian Arctic. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2021; 23:588-604. [PMID: 33704290 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00510j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Although poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the Arctic, their sources and fate in Arctic marine environments remain unclear. Herein, abiotic media (water, snow, and sediment) and biotic media (plankton, benthic organisms, fish, crab, and glaucous gull) were sampled to study PFAS uptake and fate in the marine food web of an Arctic Fjord in the vicinity of Longyearbyen (Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic). Samples were collected from locations impacted by a firefighting training site (FFTS) and a landfill as well as from a reference site. Mean concentration in the landfill leachate was 643 ± 84 ng L-1, while it was 365 ± 8.0 ng L-1 in a freshwater pond and 57 ± 4.0 ng L-1 in a creek in the vicinity of the FFTS. These levels were an order of magnitude higher than in coastal seawater of the nearby fjord (maximum level , at the FFTS impacted site). PFOS was the most predominant compound in all seawater samples and in freshly fallen snow (63-93% of ). In freshwater samples from the Longyear river and the reference site, PFCA ≤ C9 were the predominant PFAS (37-59%), indicating that both local point sources and diffuse sources contributed to the exposure of the marine food web in the fjord. concentrations increased from zooplankton (1.1 ± 0.32 μg kg-1 ww) to polychaete (2.8 ± 0.80 μg kg-1 ww), crab (2.9 ± 0.70 μg kg-1 ww whole-body), fish liver (5.4 ± 0.87 μg kg-1 ww), and gull liver (62.2 ± 11.2 μg kg-1). PFAS profiles changed with increasing trophic level from a large contribution of 6:2 FTS, FOSA and long-chained PFCA in zooplankton and polychaetes to being dominated by linear PFOS in fish and gull liver. The PFOS isomer profile (branched versus linear) in the active FFTS and landfill was similar to historical ECF PFOS. A similar isomer profile was observed in seawater, indicating major contribution from local sources. However, a PFOS isomer profile enriched by the linear isomer was observed in other media (sediment and biota). Substitutes for PFOS, namely 6:2 FTS and PFBS, showed bioaccumulation potential in marine invertebrates. However, these compounds were not found in organisms at higher trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasim M Ali
- Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen NO-5817, Norway.
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21
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Sørmo E, Silvani L, Bjerkli N, Hagemann N, Zimmerman AR, Hale SE, Hansen CB, Hartnik T, Cornelissen G. Stabilization of PFAS-contaminated soil with activated biochar. Sci Total Environ 2021; 763:144034. [PMID: 33360959 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biochars are considered potential sustainable sorbents to reduce the leaching of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from contaminated soils. However, biochar characteristics must probably be optimized to achieve useful sorption capacity. In the present work, eight waste timber biochars were produced, including biochars activated to different degrees, at different temperatures, and using both steam and CO2. In laboratory batch experiments, the eight biochars were amended to soil samples from two different horizons, with low and high total organic carbon (TOC, 1.6% and 34.2%, respectively), of a heavily PFAS-contaminated soil (1200-3800 μg kg-1 PFAStot), at varying doses (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0%). With a 5% amendment to the low-TOC soil, all eight biochars resulted in strongly reduced leachate PFAS concentrations (by 98-100%). At the same amendment dose in the high-TOC soil, leachate concentration reductions were more modest (23-100%). This was likely due to a strong PFAS-sorption to the high-TOC soil itself, as well as biochar pore clogging in the presence of abundant organic matter, resulting in fewer sorption sites available to PFAS. Reduction in PFAS leaching was proportional to the degree of activation and activation temperature. Thus, lower amendment doses of activated biochars were needed to reduce PFAS leaching to the same level as with the non-activated biochar. Activation however, came at a tradeoff with biochar yield. Furthermore, the adsorption ability of these biochars increased proportionally with PFAS-fluorocarbon chain length, demonstrating the role of hydrophobic interactions in reduction of PFAS leaching. Development of internal surface area and porosity was proposed as the main factor causing the improved performance of activated biochars. This study shows that woody residues such as waste timber can be used to produce effective sorbents for the remediation of PFAS-contaminated soil. It also highlights the desirability of sorbate and matrix-specific optimization of biochar production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlend Sørmo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Science and Natural Resource Management (MINA), University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| | - Ludovica Silvani
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Nora Bjerkli
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Natural Resource Management (MINA), University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Nikolas Hagemann
- Agroscope, Reckenholz, Switzerland; Ithaka Institute for Carbon Strategies, Arbaz, Switzerland and Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrew R Zimmerman
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Caroline B Hansen
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Science and Natural Resource Management (MINA), University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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22
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Owsianiak M, Lindhjem H, Cornelissen G, Hale SE, Sørmo E, Sparrevik M. Environmental and economic impacts of biochar production and agricultural use in six developing and middle-income countries. Sci Total Environ 2021; 755:142455. [PMID: 33049526 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using biowaste for the production of biochar and its use in agriculture depends on its environmental and economic performance. This paper quantifies environmental and economic life cycle impacts of biochar production and agricultural use in six developing and middle-income countries (Ethiopia, Indonesia, Kenya, Peru, Vietnam, and China). Two types of production technologies typical for rural and urban areas were investigated (flame curtain kiln and gasifier, respectively), and comparisons were made with composting (either home composting or windrow composting) as alternative biowaste management systems. The results showed that both pyrolysis systems performed better than composting and both were expected to bring environmental benefits. The largest environmental benefits were observed for the gasifier systems, mainly due to the substitution of electricity production from the grid. Damage to ecosystems and human health ranged from -1 × 10-7 to -2 × 10-8 species×yr and from -1 × 10-5 to -5 × 10-6 DALY per kg of biowaste treated, respectively (negative scores indicating environmental benefits). However, net economic benefits were only achieved when low-cost simple kilns were used in countries with low labor cost, like Ethiopia, Kenya and Vietnam (net profit from 0.01 to 0.08 USD per kg of biowaste treated). Further, high investment and operating costs and relatively small electricity revenue from substituting the grid electricity resulted in gasifier scenarios being economically unsustainable (net loss from 0.29 to 1.58 USD per kg of biowaste treated). Thus, there are trade-offs between positive environmental impacts for society and net market loss for the individual decision-maker (company or individual farmer) that should be considered when making decisions regarding the implementation of biochar technology in developing and middle-income countries. The use of simple kilns in countries with relatively low labor costs appears to be favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Owsianiak
- Division for Sustainability, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 424, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Lindhjem
- Menon Centre for Environmental and Resource Economics, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend Sørmo
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Sparrevik
- Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management (IØT), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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23
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Bielská L, Hale SE, Škulcová L. A review on the stereospecific fate and effects of chiral conazole fungicides. Sci Total Environ 2021; 750:141600. [PMID: 33182213 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The production and use of chiral pesticides are triggered by the need for more complex molecules capable of effectively combating a greater spectrum of pests and crop diseases, while sustaining high production yields. Currently, chiral pesticides comprise about 30% of all pesticides in use; however, some pesticide groups such as conazole fungicides (CFs) consist almost exclusively of chiral compounds. CFs are produced and field-applied as racemic (1:1) mixtures of two enantiomers (one chiral center in the molecule) or four diastereoisomers, i.e., two pairs of enantiomers (two chiral centers in the molecule). Research on the stereoselective environmental behavior and effects of chiral pesticides such as CFs has become increasingly important within the fields of environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology. This is motivated by the fact that currently, the fate and effects of chiral pesticides such as CFs that arise due to their stereoselectivity are not fully understood and integrated into risk assessment and regulatory decisions. In order to fill this gap, a summary of the state-of-the-art literature related to the stereospecific fate and effects of CFs is needed. This will also benefit the agrochemistry industry as they enhance their understanding of the environmental implications of CFs which will aid future research and development of chiral products. This review provides a collection of >80 stereoselective studies for CFs related to chiral analytical methods, fungicidal activity, non-target toxicity, and behavior of this broadly used pesticide class in the soil environment. In addition, the review sheds more light on mechanisms behind stereoselectivity, considers possible agricultural and environmental implications, and suggests future directions for the safe use of chiral CFs and the reduction of their environmental footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bielská
- Recetox, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucia Škulcová
- Recetox, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
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Langberg HA, Arp HPH, Breedveld GD, Slinde GA, Høiseter Å, Grønning HM, Jartun M, Rundberget T, Jenssen BM, Hale SE. Paper product production identified as the main source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in a Norwegian lake: Source and historic emission tracking. Environ Pollut 2020; 273:116259. [PMID: 33450507 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The entirety of the sediment bed in lake Tyrifjorden, Norway, is contaminated by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). A factory producing paper products and a fire station were investigated as possible sources. Fire station emissions were dominated by the eight carbon perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), from aqueous film forming foams. Factory emissions contained PFOS, PFOS precursors (preFOS and SAmPAP), long chained fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTS), and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA). Concentrations and profiles in sediments and biota indicated that emissions originating from the factory were the main source of pollution in the lake, while no clear indication of fire station emissions was found. Ratios of linear-to branched-PFOS increased with distance from the factory, indicating that isomer profiles can be used to trace a point source. A dated sediment core contained higher concentrations in older sediments and indicated that two different PFAS products have been used at the factory, referred to here as Scotchban and FTS mixture. Modelling, based on the sediment concentrations, indicated that 42-189 tons Scotchban, and 2.4-15.6 tons FTS mixture, were emitted. Production of paper products may be a major PFAS point source, that has generally been overlooked. It is hypothesized that paper fibres released from such facilities are important vectors for PFAS transport in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon A Langberg
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Gøril A Slinde
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Åse Høiseter
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Hege M Grønning
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; DMR Miljø Og Geoteknikk, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten Jartun
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway
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Hale SE, Arp HPH, Schliebner I, Neumann M. What's in a Name: Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) and Very Persistent and Very Mobile (vPvM) Substances. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:14790-14792. [PMID: 33170664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ulleva°l Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ulleva°l Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ivo Schliebner
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section IV 2.3 Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Michael Neumann
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section IV 2.3 Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
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Langberg HA, Breedveld GD, Slinde GA, Grønning HM, Høisæter Å, Jartun M, Rundberget T, Jenssen BM, Hale SE. Fluorinated Precursor Compounds in Sediments as a Source of Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids (PFAA) to Biota. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:13077-13089. [PMID: 32986950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The environmental behavior of perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAA) and their precursors was investigated in lake Tyrifjorden, downstream a factory producing paper products coated with per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS). Low water concentrations (max 0.18 ng L-1 linear perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, L-PFOS) compared to biota (mean 149 μg kg-1 L-PFOS in perch livers) resulted in high bioaccumulation factors (L-PFOS BAFPerch liver: 8.05 × 105-5.14 × 106). Sediment concentrations were high, particularly for the PFOS precursor SAmPAP diester (max 1 872 μg kg-1). Biota-sediment accumulation factors (L-PFOS BSAFPerch liver: 22-559) were comparable to elsewhere, and concentrations of PFAA precursors and long chained PFAA in biota were positively correlated to the ratio of carbon isotopes (13C/12C), indicating positive correlations to dietary intake of benthic organisms. The sum fluorine from targeted analyses accounted for 54% of the extractable organic fluorine in sediment, and 9-108% in biota. This, and high trophic magnification factors (TMF, 3.7-9.3 for L-PFOS), suggests that hydrophobic precursors in sediments undergo transformation and are a main source of PFAA accumulation in top predator fish. Due to the combination of water exchange and dilution, transformation of larger hydrophobic precursors in sediments can be a source to PFAA, some of which are normally associated with uptake from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon A Langberg
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7010, Norway
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo 0855, Norway
| | - Gøril Aa Slinde
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
| | - Hege M Grønning
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
- DMR Miljø og Geoteknikk, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åse Høisæter
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo 0855, Norway
| | - Morten Jartun
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo 0349, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7010, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
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Hale SE, Nurida NL, Mulder J, Sørmo E, Silvani L, Abiven S, Joseph S, Taherymoosavi S, Cornelissen G. The effect of biochar, lime and ash on maize yield in a long-term field trial in a Ultisol in the humid tropics. Sci Total Environ 2020; 719:137455. [PMID: 32120101 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A multi-season field trial was carried out to investigate the effect of the amendment of biochar, lime, ash and washed biochar on the growth of maize. A degraded, strongly acidic Ultisol (pHKCl 3.60), with a relatively high exchangeable aluminium content (2.4 cmolc/kg) and a low exchangeable calcium content (0.99 cmolc/kg), was used. Soil was treated once at the beginning of the field trial and crop growth was monitored over seven planting seasons (PS). All treatments increased maize yield. The average increases were; seven times for biochar, five times for lime, five times for washed biochar and eight times for ash treatment, when compared to the control across all PS. The effect of biochar, lime and ash treatments on maize yield were sustained over the seven PS. Soil pHKCl was significantly increased (p < 0.05 level) following the addition of all of the amendment materials. All treatments significantly reduced the concentration of Al3+ when compared to the control (p < 0.05), with the lowest concentrations for the lime and ash treatments. The ash treatment also increased the concentration of macronutrients (K, P and Mg) to the greatest extent. Results showed that there was a clear liming effect at play. The better performance of biochar compared to lime, despite lime having the highest pH and the lowest Al3+ concentration, can be explained by the additional K, Mg and P the biochar adds to the soil. Results also showed a clear nutrient addition effect where ash added the most nutrients. Overall, this work supports the fact that small scale farmers in Indonesia should produce biochar from their waste agricultural materials. Doing so not only provides an increase in crop productivity, but also sequesters carbon resulting in the best overall environmental benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hale
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Jan Mulder
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Erlend Sørmo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludovica Silvani
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Samuel Abiven
- Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Joseph
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sarasadat Taherymoosavi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Science and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
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Arp HPH, Morin NAO, Andersson PL, Hale SE, Wania F, Breivik K, Breedveld GD. The presence, emission and partitioning behavior of polychlorinated biphenyls in waste, leachate and aerosols from Norwegian waste-handling facilities. Sci Total Environ 2020; 715:136824. [PMID: 32007879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Even though production and open use of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been phased out in Western industrialised countries since the 1980s, PCBs were still present in waste collected from different waste handling facilities in Norway in 2013. Sums of seven indicator-PCBs (I-PCB7: PCB-28, -52, -101, -118, -138, -153 and -180) were highest in plastic waste (3700 ±1800 μg/kg, n=15), waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) (1300 ± 400 μg/kg, n=12) and fine vehicle fluff (1800 ± 1400 μg/kg, n=4) and lowest in glass waste, combustibles, bottom ash and fly ash (0.3 to 65 μg/kg). Concentrations in leachate water varied from 1.7 to 2900 ng/L, with higher concentrations found at vehicle and WEEE handling facilities. Particles in leachate water exhibited similar PCB sorption properties as solid waste collected on site, with waste-water partitioning coefficients ranging from 105 to 107. I-PCB7 in air samples collected at the sites were mostly in the gas phase (100-24000 pg/m3), compared to those associated with particles (9-1900 pg/m3). In contrast, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the same samples were predominantly found associated with particles (e.g. sum of 10 brominated diethyl ethers, ΣBDE10, associated with particles 77-194,000 pg/m3) compared to the gas phase (ΣBDE10 6-473 pg/m3). Measured gas-phase I-PCB7 concentrations are less than predicted, assuming waste-air partitioning in equilibrium with predominant waste on site. However, the gas-particle partitioning behavior of PCBs and BFRs could be predicted using an established partitioning model for ambient aerosols. PCB emissions from Norwegian waste handling facilities occurred primarily in the form of atmospheric vapor or leachate particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Nicolas A O Morin
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Environmental and Food Laboratory of Vendée (LEAV), Department of Chemistry, Rond-point Georges Duval CS 80802, 85021 La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | | | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
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Jonker MTO, Burgess RM, Ghosh U, Gschwend PM, Hale SE, Lohmann R, Lydy MJ, Maruya KA, Reible D, Smedes F. Ex situ determination of freely dissolved concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments and soils: basis for interpreting toxicity and assessing bioavailability, risks and remediation necessity. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1800-1828. [PMID: 32313252 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments and soils is considered the driver behind chemical bioavailability and, ultimately, toxic effects in benthic organisms. Therefore, quantifying Cfree, although challenging, is critical when assessing risks of contamination in field and spiked sediments and soils (e.g., when judging remediation necessity or interpreting results of toxicity assays performed for chemical safety assessments). Here, we provide a state-of-the-art passive sampling protocol for determining Cfree in sediment and soil samples. It represents an international consensus procedure, developed during a recent interlaboratory comparison study. The protocol describes the selection and preconditioning of the passive sampling polymer, critical incubation system component dimensions, equilibration and equilibrium condition confirmation, quantitative sampler extraction, quality assurance/control issues and final calculations of Cfree. The full procedure requires several weeks (depending on the sampler used) because of prolonged equilibration times. However, hands-on time, excluding chemical analysis, is approximately 3 d for a set of about 15 replicated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel T O Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert M Burgess
- Atlantic Coastal Environmental Science Division, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Upal Ghosh
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philip M Gschwend
- RM Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Chemistry Department, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, USA
| | - Danny Reible
- Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Silvani L, Cornelissen G, Botnen Smebye A, Zhang Y, Okkenhaug G, Zimmerman AR, Thune G, Sævarsson H, Hale SE. Can biochar and designer biochar be used to remediate per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) and lead and antimony contaminated soils? Sci Total Environ 2019; 694:133693. [PMID: 31756810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Designer biochars can be used to remediate organic and inorganic contaminant polluted soils. Here, a waste timber biochar (BC), a coconut shell activated biochar (aBC) and a wood shrub iron enriched designer biochar (Fe-BC) were investigated. Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated soils with different total organic carbon (TOC) contents (1.6 and 34.2%) were amended with six doses of BC and aBC. Two shooting range soils (TOC 5.2 and 10.2%) contaminated with heavy metals (mainly Pb and Sb) were amended with four doses of BC and Fe-BC. An amendment of 20% BC reduced the PFOS leachate concentration by 86% for the low TOC soil but was not effective for the high TOC soil. An amendment of 1% aBC reduced PFOS leachate concentrations by over >96% for both soils. For the low TOC shooting range soil, a 20% amendment of BC reduced Pb and Sb leaching by 61% and 12%, respectively. An amendment of 20% Fe-BC to soil with low TOC reduced Pb and Sb leaching by 99% and 40%, respectively. The need for "designer" biochars using processes such as iron enrichment or activation should be considered depending on the TOC of the soil, the type of contaminants and remediation goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Silvani
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Ås, Norway
| | - Andreas Botnen Smebye
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Ås, Norway; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Gudny Okkenhaug
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Ås, Norway
| | - Andrew R Zimmerman
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gorm Thune
- Lindum AS, Lerpeveien 155, Drammen, Norway
| | | | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway
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Langberg HA, Breedveld GD, Grønning HM, Kvennås M, Jenssen BM, Hale SE. Bioaccumulation of Fluorotelomer Sulfonates and Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Marine Organisms Living in Aqueous Film-Forming Foam Impacted Waters. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:10951-10960. [PMID: 31353899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) has resulted in hot spots polluted with poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). The phase out of long-chained perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from AFFFs resulted in the necessity for alternatives, and short-chained PFAAs and fluorotelomer-based surfactants have been used. Here, the distribution of PFAS contamination in the marine environment surrounding a military site in Norway was investigated. Up to 30 PFASs were analyzed in storm, leachate, and fjord water; marine sediments; marine invertebrates (snails, green shore crab, great spider crab, and edible crab); and teleost fish (Atlantic cod, European place, and Lemon sole). Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most abundantly detected PFAS. Differences in PFAS accumulation levels were observed among species, likely reflecting different exposure routes among trophic levels and different capabilities for depuration and/or enzymatic degradation. In agreement with previous literature, almost no 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) was detected in teleost fish. However, this study is one of the first to report considerable concentrations of 6:2 FTS in marine invertebrates, suggesting bioaccumulation. Biota monitoring and risk assessments of sites contaminated with fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSs) and related compounds should not be limited to fish, but should also include invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon A Langberg
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
- Department of Geosciences , University of Oslo (UiO) , 0371 Oslo , Norway
| | - Hege M Grønning
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
| | - Marianne Kvennås
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
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Latawiec AE, Strassburg BBN, Junqueira AB, Araujo E, D de Moraes LF, Pinto HAN, Castro A, Rangel M, Malaguti GA, Rodrigues AF, Barioni LG, Novotny EH, Cornelissen G, Mendes M, Batista N, Guerra JG, Zonta E, Jakovac C, Hale SE. Biochar amendment improves degraded pasturelands in Brazil: environmental and cost-benefit analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11993. [PMID: 31427607 PMCID: PMC6700309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Most deforested lands in Brazil are occupied by low-productivity cattle ranching. Brazil is the second biggest meat producer worldwide and is projected to increase its agricultural output more than any other country. Biochar has been shown to improve soil properties and agricultural productivity when added to degraded soils, but these effects are context-dependent. The impact of biochar, fertilizer and inoculant on the productivity of forage grasses in Brazil (Brachiaria spp. and Panicum spp.) was investigated from environmental and socio-economic perspectives. We showed a 27% average increase in Brachiaria production over two years but no significant effects of amendment on Panicum yield. Biochar addition also increased the contents of macronutrients, soil pH and CEC. Each hectare amended with biochar saved 91 tonnes of CO2eq through land sparing effect, 13 tonnes of CO2eq sequestered in the soil, equating to U$455 in carbon payments. The costs of biochar production for smallholder farmers, mostly because of labour cost, outweighed the potential benefits of its use. Biochar is 617% more expensive than common fertilizers. Biochar could improve productivity of degraded pasturelands in Brazil if investments in efficient biochar production techniques are used and biochar is subsidized by low emission incentive schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka E Latawiec
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 22453900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,National School of Tropical Botany (ENBT), Rua Pacheco Leão, 2040 - Solar da Imperatriz, Horto, 22460-036, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Informatics, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 116B, 30-149, Kraków, Poland. .,University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Bernardo B N Strassburg
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 22453900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 68020, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André B Junqueira
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 22453900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ednaldo Araujo
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Agrobiology, Rodovia BR 465, Km 7, 23891-000, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro Brazil Embrapa Agrobiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando D de Moraes
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Agrobiology, Rodovia BR 465, Km 7, 23891-000, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro Brazil Embrapa Agrobiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena A N Pinto
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 22453900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 68020, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Castro
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 22453900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcio Rangel
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo A Malaguti
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 22453900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline F Rodrigues
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 22453900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis Gustavo Barioni
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Agricultural Informatics, Av. Dr. André Tosello, 209 - Cidade Universitária, 13083-886, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Etelvino H Novotny
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Soils, R. Jardim Botânico, 1024 - Jardim Botânico, 22460-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maiara Mendes
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 22453900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National School of Tropical Botany (ENBT), Rua Pacheco Leão, 2040 - Solar da Imperatriz, Horto, 22460-036, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nilcileny Batista
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rodovia BR 465, Km 07, 23890-000, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Guilherme Guerra
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Agrobiology, Rodovia BR 465, Km 7, 23891-000, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro Brazil Embrapa Agrobiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Everaldo Zonta
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rodovia BR 465, Km 07, 23890-000, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Catarina Jakovac
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, 22460-320, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway
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33
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Silvani L, Hjartardottir S, Bielská L, Škulcová L, Cornelissen G, Nizzetto L, Hale SE. Can polyethylene passive samplers predict polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) uptake by earthworms and turnips in a biochar amended soil? Sci Total Environ 2019; 662:873-880. [PMID: 30708302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A pot experiment was carried out in which aged polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contaminated soil was amended with biochar, and three phases: earthworms, turnips and polyethylene (PE) passive samplers, were added simultaneously in order to investigate changes in bioavailability of PCB following biochar amendment. Two biochars were used: one made from rice husk in Indonesia using local techniques and the other made from mixed wood shavings using more advanced technology. The biochars were amended at 1 and 4% doses. The overall accumulation of PCBs to the phases followed the order: earthworm lipid > PE > turnip. The rice husk biochar reduced PCB accumulation to a greater degree than the mixed wood biochar for all phases, however there was no effect of dose for either biochar. Earthworm uptake was reduced between 52% and 91% for rice husk biochar and by 19% to 63% for mix wood biochar. Turnip uptake was not significantly reduced by biochar amendment. Phase to soil accumulation factors (PSAF) were around 0.5 for turnips, approximately 5 for PE and exceeded 100 for earthworms. This study demonstrates that both biochars can be a sustainable alternative for in situ soil remediation and that PE can be used as tool to simulate the uptake in earthworms and thus remediation effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Silvani
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Lucie Bielská
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Škulcová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway.
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34
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Silvani L, Cornelissen G, Hale SE. Sorption of α-, β-, γ- and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane isomers to three widely different biochars: Sorption mechanisms and application. Chemosphere 2019; 219:1044-1051. [PMID: 30595396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Within this study different biochars (BC) with widely varying characteristics have been tested as materials for the adsorption of hexachlorocyclohexane's (HCH) isomers (α, β, γ and δ) from water. Three BCs produced from digestate (700 °C), greenhouse tomato waste (550 °C) and durian shell (400 °C) were tested. The BCs demonstrated variable physico-chemical characteristics, especially with respect to surface area, with CO2-surface area ranging from 5.4 to 328.6 m2 g-1 and iron content ranging from 0.0733 to 11.17 g kg-1. Isotherm tests were carried out to understand which mechanisms drive HCH uptake to BC, to assess whether stereochemistry affects adsorption and to assess whether competitive sorption occurs. Log KF values ranged from 3.7 to 5.8 (μg kg-1) (μg L-1)-n for the various isomers on the three biochars. No competition (t-test, P < 0.0001) was observed between α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH. Freundlich adsorption constants of α-, γ- and δ-HCH followed the order: BC digestate > BC greenhouse tomato waste > BC durian shell, in contrast to β-HCH which followed the order: BC durian shell > BC greenhouse tomato waste > BC digestate. In addition to stereochemistry, sorption coefficients were affected most strongly by BC surface area and iron content, in addition to specific HCH/BC matrix interactions. In this study the iron content of a carbonaceous material has been investigated, for the first time, as a factor that can affect the sorption of HCHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Silvani
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806, Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806, Oslo, Norway
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35
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Hale SE, Škulcová L, Pípal M, Cornelissen G, Oen AMP, Eek E, Bielská L. Monitoring wastewater discharge from the oil and gas industry using passive sampling and Danio rerio bioassay as complimentary tools. Chemosphere 2019; 216:404-412. [PMID: 30384310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW) represents the largest volume waste stream in oil and gas production operations from most offshore platforms. PW is difficult to monitor as releases are rapidly diluted and concentrations can reach trace levels. The use of passive samplers can over come this. Here polyethylene (PE) was calibrated for a diverse range of PW pollutants. Zebrafish were exposed to dilutions of PW and passive sampler extracts in order to investigate the relationship between freely dissolved chemical concentrations and acute toxic effects. The raw PW had an LC50 of 13% (percentage of PW in the standardized zebrafish medium). Observed non-viable deformations to embryos (at 5 hpf) included heart and yolk edema, head, spine and tail deformations. The dose-response relationship of lethal effects showed that if 0.0041 g of PE is exposed to this PW, then extracted, 50% of exposed D. rerio will suffer lethal effects. The sum of tested freely dissolved concentrations that led to 50% lethal effects (mortality and non-viable deformations) was 2.32 × 10-4 mg/L for PW and 7.92 × 10-2 mg/L for PE. This implies that exposure to raw PW was more toxic than exposure to PE extracts. This toxicity was attributed both to the presence of contaminants as well as PW salinity. Passive samplers are able to detect very low freely dissolved pollutant concentrations which is important for assessing the spatial dilution of PW releases. Bioassays provide complimentary information as they account for all toxic compounds including those that are not taken up by passive samplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lucia Škulcová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Pípal
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Amy M P Oen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Eek
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucie Bielská
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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36
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Pandit NR, Mulder J, Hale SE, Zimmerman AR, Pandit BH, Cornelissen G. Multi-year double cropping biochar field trials in Nepal: Finding the optimal biochar dose through agronomic trials and cost-benefit analysis. Sci Total Environ 2018; 637-638:1333-1341. [PMID: 29801225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poor water and nutrient retention are the major soil fertility limitations in the low productivity agricultural soils of Nepal. The addition of biochar to these soils is one way these hindrances can be overcome. In the present study, six different biochar doses (control, 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1, 25 t ha-1 and 40 t ha-1) were applied to a moderately acidic silty loam soil from Rasuwa, Nepal and the effects on soil physicochemical properties and maize and mustard yield over three years (i.e., six cropping seasons), were investigated. Biochar addition did not show significant effects on maize and mustard grain yield in the first year, however significant positive effects (p < 0.01) were observed during the second and third years. During the second year, maize grain yield significantly increased by 50%, 47% and 93% and mustard grain yield by 96%, 128% and 134% at 15 t ha-1, 25 t ha-1 and 40 t ha-1 of biochar respectively. A similar significant increase in yield of both crops was observed in the third year. Yields for both maize and mustard correlated significantly (p < 0.001) with plant available P, K+, pH, total OC%, CEC, base saturation, and increased as a function of biochar addition. On the basis of the measured crop yields for the various biochar doses, a cost-benefit analysis was carried out, and gross margin was calculated to optimize biochar dose for local farming practice. Total costs included financial cost (farm input, labor and biochar production cost), health cost and methane emission cost during biochar production. Health costs were a minor factor (<2% of total biochar preparation cost), whereas methane emission costs were significant (up to 30% of biochar cost, depending on the C price). Total income comprised sale of crops and carbon sequestration credits. The cost-benefit analysis showed that the optimal biochar application dose was 15 t ha-1 for all C price scenarios, increasing gross margin by 21% and 53%, respectively, for 0 and 42 US$ per ton CO2 price scenarios. In the current situation, only the 0 US$ price scenario is realistic for rural farmers in Nepal, but this still gives benefits of biochar amendment, which are capped at a 15 t ha-1 biochar addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naba Raj Pandit
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway; Nepal Agroforestry Foundation (NAF), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jan Mulder
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew R Zimmerman
- University of Florida, Department of Geological Sciences, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
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37
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Cornelissen G, Nurida NL, Hale SE, Martinsen V, Silvani L, Mulder J. Fading positive effect of biochar on crop yield and soil acidity during five growth seasons in an Indonesian Ultisol. Sci Total Environ 2018; 634:561-568. [PMID: 29635198 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Low fertility limits crop production on acidic soils dominating much of the humid tropics. Biochar may be used as a soil enhancer, but little consensus exists on its effect on crop yield. Here we use a controlled, replicated and long-term field study in Sumatra, Indonesia, to investigate the longevity and mechanism of the effects of two contrasting biochars (produced from rice husk and cacao shell, and applied at dosages of 5 and 15tha-1) on maize production in a highly acidic Ultisol (pHKCl3.6). Compared to rice husk biochar, cacao shell biochar exhibited a higher pH (9.8 vs. 8.4), CEC (197 vs. 20cmolckg-1) and acid neutralizing capacity (217 vs. 45cmolckg-1) and thus had a greater liming potential. Crop yield effects of cacao shell biochar (15tha-1) were also much stronger than those of rice husk biochar, and could be related to more favorable Ca/Al ratios in response to cacao shell biochar (1.0 to 1.5) compared to rice husk biochar (0.3 to 0.6) and nonamended plots (0.15 to 0.6). The maize yield obtained with the cacao shell biochar peaked in season 2, continued to have a good effect in seasons 3-4, and faded in season 5. The yield effect of the rice husk biochar was less pronounced and already faded from season 2 onwards. Crop yields were correlated with the pH-related parameters Ca/Al ratio, base saturation and exchangeable K. The positive effects of cocoa shell biochar on crop yield in this Ultisol were at least in part related to alleviation of soil acidity. The fading effectiveness after multiple growth seasons, possibly due to leaching of the biochar-associated alkalinity, indicates that 15tha-1 of cocoa shell biochar needs to be applied approximately every third season in order to maintain positive effects on yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Cornelissen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Science and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | | | - Sarah E Hale
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vegard Martinsen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ludovica Silvani
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Mulder
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
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38
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Bielská L, Škulcová L, Neuwirthová N, Cornelissen G, Hale SE. Sorption, bioavailability and ecotoxic effects of hydrophobic organic compounds in biochar amended soils. Sci Total Environ 2018; 624:78-86. [PMID: 29247907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work addresses the effect of biochar amendment to soil on contaminant sorption, bioavailability, and ecotoxicity. A distinction between positive primary amendment effects caused by reduced toxicity resulting from contaminant sorption, and negative secondary amendment effects of the biochars themselves was seen. Two biochars (one from high technology and one from low technology production processes) representing real world biochars were tested for the adsorption of pyrene, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 52), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE). Sorption by both biochars was similar, both for compounds in single and mixed isotherms, in the presence and absence of soil. p,p'-DDE natively contaminated and spiked soils were amended with biochar (0, 1, 5, and 10%) and bioavailability, operationally defined bioaccessibility and ecotoxicity were assessed using polyethylene (PE), polymeric resin (XAD) and Folsomia candida, respectively. At the highest biochar dose (10%), bioavailability and bioaccessibility decreased by >37% and >41%, respectively, compared to unamended soils. Mortality of F. candida was not observed at any biochar dose, while reproductive effects were dose dependent. F. candida benefited from the reduction of p,p'-DDE bioavailability upon 1% and 5% biochar addition to contaminated soils while at 10% dose, these positive effects were nullified by biochar-induced toxicity. p,p'-DDE toxicity corrected for such secondary effects was predicted well by both PE uptake and XAD extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bielská
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucia Škulcová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway
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39
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Jonker MTO, van der Heijden SA, Adelman D, Apell JN, Burgess RM, Choi Y, Fernandez LA, Flavetta GM, Ghosh U, Gschwend PM, Hale SE, Jalalizadeh M, Khairy M, Lampi MA, Lao W, Lohmann R, Lydy MJ, Maruya KA, Nutile SA, Oen AMP, Rakowska MI, Reible D, Rusina TP, Smedes F, Wu Y. Advancing the Use of Passive Sampling in Risk Assessment and Management of Sediments Contaminated with Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals: Results of an International Ex Situ Passive Sampling Interlaboratory Comparison. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:3574-3582. [PMID: 29488382 PMCID: PMC5863099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the results of an international interlaboratory comparison on ex situ passive sampling in sediments. The main objectives were to map the state of the science in passively sampling sediments, identify sources of variability, provide recommendations and practical guidance for standardized passive sampling, and advance the use of passive sampling in regulatory decision making by increasing confidence in the use of the technique. The study was performed by a consortium of 11 laboratories and included experiments with 14 passive sampling formats on 3 sediments for 25 target chemicals (PAHs and PCBs). The resulting overall interlaboratory variability was large (a factor of ∼10), but standardization of methods halved this variability. The remaining variability was primarily due to factors not related to passive sampling itself, i.e., sediment heterogeneity and analytical chemistry. Excluding the latter source of variability, by performing all analyses in one laboratory, showed that passive sampling results can have a high precision and a very low intermethod variability (<factor of 1.7). It is concluded that passive sampling, irrespective of the specific method used, is fit for implementation in risk assessment and management of contaminated sediments, provided that method setup and performance, as well as chemical analyses are quality-controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel T. O. Jonker
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University; Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Phone: +31 30 2535338; e-mail: (M.T.O.J.)
| | - Stephan A. van der Heijden
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University; Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dave Adelman
- Graduate
School of Oceanography, University of Rhode
Island, South Ferry Road,
URI Bay Campus, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Jennifer N. Apell
- RM Parsons
Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robert M. Burgess
- Atlantic
Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Yongju Choi
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Loretta A. Fernandez
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Geanna M. Flavetta
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Upal Ghosh
- Department
of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Philip M. Gschwend
- RM Parsons
Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sarah E. Hale
- Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute, Environmental Technology, Sognsveien 72, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mehregan Jalalizadeh
- Department
of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Mohammed Khairy
- Graduate
School of Oceanography, University of Rhode
Island, South Ferry Road,
URI Bay Campus, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21511 Moharam Bek, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mark A. Lampi
- ExxonMobil Biomedical
Sciences, Incorporated, 1545 US 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08822, United States
| | - Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coastal Water Research
Project Authority. 3535
Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate
School of Oceanography, University of Rhode
Island, South Ferry Road,
URI Bay Campus, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Michael J. Lydy
- Center
for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of
Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Keith A. Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research
Project Authority. 3535
Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| | - Samuel A. Nutile
- Center
for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of
Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Amy M. P. Oen
- Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute, Environmental Technology, Sognsveien 72, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Magdalena I. Rakowska
- Civil,
Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 41023, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1023, United States
| | - Danny Reible
- Civil,
Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 41023, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1023, United States
| | - Tatsiana P. Rusina
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science,
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science,
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Deltares, P.O. Box 85467, 3508 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yanwen Wu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Morin NAO, Andersson PL, Hale SE, Arp HPH. The presence and partitioning behavior of flame retardants in waste, leachate, and air particles from Norwegian waste-handling facilities. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 62:115-132. [PMID: 29289283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants in commercial products eventually make their way into the waste stream. Herein the presence of flame retardants in Norwegian landfills, incineration facilities and recycling sorting/defragmenting facilities is investigated. These facilities handled waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), vehicles, digestate, glass, combustibles, bottom ash and fly ash. The flame retardants considered included polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑BDE-10) as well as dechlorane plus, polybrominated biphenyls, hexabromobenzene, pentabromotoluene and pentabromoethylbenzene (collectively referred to as ∑FR-7). Plastic, WEEE and vehicles contained the largest amount of flame retardants (∑BDE-10: 45,000-210,000μg/kg; ∑FR-7: 300-13,000μg/kg). It was hypothesized leachate and air concentrations from facilities that sort/defragment WEEE and vehicles would be the highest. This was supported for total air phase concentrations (∑BDE-10: 9000-195,000pg/m3 WEEE/vehicle facilities, 80-900pg/m3 in incineration/sorting and landfill sites), but not for water leachate concentrations (e.g., ∑BDE-10: 15-3500ng/L in WEEE/Vehicle facilities and 1-250ng/L in landfill sites). Landfill leachate exhibited similar concentrations as WEEE/vehicle sorting and defragmenting facility leachate. To better account for concentrations in leachates at the different facilities, waste-water partitioning coefficients, Kwaste were measured (for the first time to our knowledge for flame retardants). WEEE and plastic waste had elevated Kwaste compared to other wastes, likely because flame retardants are directly added to these materials. The results of this study have implications for the development of strategies to reduce exposure and environmental emissions of flame retardants in waste and recycled products through improved waste management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A O Morin
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Environmental and Food Laboratory of Vendée (LEAV), Department of Chemistry, Rond-point Georges Duval CS 80802, 85021 La Roche-sur-Yon, France.
| | | | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway.
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Škulcová L, Hale SE, Hofman J, Bielská L. Laboratory versus field soil aging: Impact on DDE bioavailability and sorption. Chemosphere 2017; 186:235-242. [PMID: 28780451 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), XAD, and the sequential supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were used to assess the influence of aging of p,p'-DDE in a laboratory contaminated soil for up to 730 days. The end points determined were the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) using SPME, the potentially bioaccessible fraction (FXAD, %) and the distribution of p,p'-DDE among fast, moderate, and slow desorbing soil sites determined by three sequentially stronger SFE conditions. Cfree and FXAD decreased during the first 35 days of aging by up to 40%. After this, no significant changes were observed up to the end of the aging experiment. The relative percentage of fast desorbing sites tended to exponentially decrease with aging, while the percentage of moderate and slow desorbing sites increased over time. These changes were most apparent within the first 90 days of aging, after which the relative distribution of p,p'-DDE among desorbing sites remained relatively constant. Significant correlations between SFE and XAD results demonstrated that the XAD method preferentially desorbed p,p'-DDE from fast and moderate desorbing sites and is capable of extracting the bioaccessible fraction. The distribution among desorbing sites, Cfree and FXAD values determined after different periods of laboratory aging were then compared to those measured for a field-contaminated soil where p,p'-DDE had resided for more than 40 years. Cfree, FXAD and SFE profiles measured for the field-aged p,p'-DDE were similar to those observed for p,p'-DDE aged in laboratory for between 35 and 90 days. These results suggest that aging in the laboratory must be carried out for periods of months if it is to approximate field aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Škulcová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - L Bielská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ-62500, Czech Republic.
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Silvani L, Riccardi C, Eek E, Papini MP, Morin NAO, Cornelissen G, Oen AMP, Hale SE. Monitoring alkylphenols in water using the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS): Determining sampling rates via the extraction of PES membranes and Oasis beads. Chemosphere 2017; 184:1362-1371. [PMID: 28693101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) have previously been used to monitor alkylphenol (AP) contamination in water and produced water. However, only the sorbent receiving phase of the POCIS (Oasis beads) is traditionally analyzed, thus limiting the use of POCIS for monitoring a range of APs with varying hydrophobicity. Here a "pharmaceutical" POCIS was calibrated in the laboratory using a static renewal setup for APs (from 2-ethylphenol to 4-n-nonylphenol) with varying hydrophobicity (log Kow between 2.47 and 5.76). The POCIS sampler was calibrated over its 28 day integrative regime and sampling rates (Rs) were determined. Uptake was shown to be a function of AP hydrophobicity where compounds with log Kow < 4 were preferentially accumulated in Oasis beads, and compounds with log Kow > 5 were preferentially accumulated in the PES membranes. A lag phase (over a 24 h period) before uptake in to the PES membranes occurred was evident. This work demonstrates that the analysis of both POCIS phases is vital in order to correctly determine environmentally relevant concentrations owing to the fact that for APs with log Kow ≤ 4 uptake, to the PES membranes and the Oasis beads, involves different processes compared to APs with log Kow ≥ 4. The extraction of both the POCIS matrices is thus recommended in order to assess the concentration of hydrophobic APs (log Kow ≥ 4), as well as hydrophilic APs, most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Silvani
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Sapienza Università di Roma, P.zzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carmela Riccardi
- INAIL, Research, Certification and Control Division, Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Espen Eek
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Nicolas A O Morin
- Environmental and Food Laboratory of Vendée (LEAV), Department of Chemistry, Rond-point Georges Duval CS 80802, 85021, La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Amy M P Oen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway.
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Arp HPH, Brown TN, Berger U, Hale SE. Ranking REACH registered neutral, ionizable and ionic organic chemicals based on their aquatic persistency and mobility. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2017. [PMID: 28628174 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00158d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The contaminants that have the greatest chances of appearing in drinking water are those that are mobile enough in the aquatic environment to enter drinking water sources and persistent enough to survive treatment processes. Herein a screening procedure to rank neutral, ionizable and ionic organic compounds for being persistent and mobile organic compounds (PMOCs) is presented and applied to the list of industrial substances registered under the EU REACH legislation as of December 2014. This comprised 5155 identifiable, unique organic structures. The minimum cut-off criteria considered for PMOC classification herein are a freshwater half-life >40 days, which is consistent with the REACH definition of freshwater persistency, and a log Doc < 4.5 between pH 4-10 (where Doc is the organic carbon-water distribution coefficient). Experimental data were given the highest priority, followed by data from an array of available quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), and as a third resort, an original Iterative Fragment Selection (IFS) QSAR. In total, 52% of the unique REACH structures made the minimum criteria to be considered a PMOC, and 21% achieved the highest PMOC ranking (half-life > 40 days, log Doc < 1.0 between pH 4-10). Only 9% of neutral substances received the highest PMOC ranking, compared to 30% of ionizable compounds and 44% of ionic compounds. Predicted hydrolysis products for all REACH parents (contributing 5043 additional structures) were found to have higher PMOC rankings than their parents, due to increased mobility but not persistence. The fewest experimental data available were for ionic compounds; therefore, their ranking is more uncertain than neutral and ionizable compounds. The most sensitive parameter for the PMOC ranking was freshwater persistency, which was also the parameter that QSARs performed the most poorly at predicting. Several prioritized drinking water contaminants in the EU and USA, and other contaminants of concern, were identified as PMOCs. This identification and ranking procedure for PMOCs can be part of a strategy to better identify contaminants that pose a threat to drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Postboks 3930 Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway.
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Hilber I, Mayer P, Gouliarmou V, Hale SE, Cornelissen G, Schmidt HP, Bucheli TD. Bioavailability and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from (post-pyrolytically treated) biochars. Chemosphere 2017; 174:700-707. [PMID: 28199946 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility data of PAHs from biochar produced under real world conditions is scarce and the influence of feedstock and various post-pyrolysis treatments common in agriculture, such as co-composting or lacto-fermentation to produce silage fodder, on their bioavailability and bioaccessibility has hardly been studied. The total (Ctotal), and freely dissolved (i.e., bioavailable) concentrations (Cfree) of the sum of 16 US EPA PAHs of 43 biochar samples produced and treated in such ways ranged from 0.4 to almost 2000 mg/kg, and from 12 to 81 ng/L, respectively, which resulted in very high biochar-water partition coefficients (4.2 ≤ log KD ≤ 8.8 L/kg) for individual PAHs. Thirty three samples were incubated in contaminant traps that combined a diffusive carrier and a sorptive sink. Incubations yielded samples only containing desorption-resistant PAHs (Cres). The desorption resistant PAH fraction was dominant, since only eight out of 33 biochar samples showed statistically significant bioaccessible fractions (fbioaccessible = 1 - Cres/Ctotal). Bioavailability correlated positively with Ctotal/surface area. Other relationships of bioavailability and -accessibility with the investigated post-pyrolysis processes or elemental composition could not be found. PAH exposure was very limited (low Cfree, high Cres) for all samples with low to moderate Ctotal, whereas higher exposure was determined in some biochars with Ctotal > 10 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hilber
- Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Varvara Gouliarmou
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute NGI, P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute NGI, P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway; Department of Applied Environmental Sciences (ITM), Stockholm University, 10691, Sweden
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Abel S, Nybom I, Mäenpää K, Hale SE, Cornelissen G, Akkanen J. Mixing and capping techniques for activated carbon based sediment remediation - Efficiency and adverse effects for Lumbriculus variegatus. Water Res 2017; 114:104-112. [PMID: 28229948 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon (AC) has been proven to be highly effective for the in-situ remediation of sediments contaminated with a wide range of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). However, adverse biological effects, especially to benthic organisms, can accompany this promising remediation potential. In this study, we compare both the remediation potential and the biological effects of several AC materials for two application methods: mixing with sediment (MIX) at doses of 0.1 and 1.0% based on sediment dw and thin layer capping (TLC) with 0.6 and 1.2 kg AC/m2. Significant dose dependent reductions in PCB bioaccumulation in Lumbriculus variegatus of 35-93% in MIX treatments were observed. Contaminant uptake in TLC treatments was reduced by up to 78% and differences between the two applied doses were small. Correspondingly, significant adverse effects were observed for L. variegatus whenever AC was present in the sediment. The lowest application dose of 0.1% AC in the MIX system reduced L. variegatus growth, and 1.0% AC led to a net loss of organism biomass. All TLC treatments let to a loss of biomass in the test organism. Furthermore, mortality was observed with 1.2 kg AC/m2 doses of pure AC for the TLC treatment. The addition of clay (Kaolinite) to the TLC treatments prevented mortality, but did not decrease the loss in biomass. While TLC treatments pose a less laborious alternative for AC amendments in the field, the results of this study show that it has lower remediation potential and could be more harmful to the benthic fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Abel
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Inna Nybom
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Kimmo Mäenpää
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 10691 Sweden
| | - Jarkko Akkanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Hale SE, Arp HPH, Slinde GA, Wade EJ, Bjørseth K, Breedveld GD, Straith BF, Moe KG, Jartun M, Høisæter Å. Sorbent amendment as a remediation strategy to reduce PFAS mobility and leaching in a contaminated sandy soil from a Norwegian firefighting training facility. Chemosphere 2017; 171:9-18. [PMID: 28002769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) containing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) used for firefighting have led to the contamination of soil and water at training sites. The unique physicochemical properties of PFAS results in environmental persistency, threatening water quality and making remediation of such sites a necessity. This work investigated the role of sorbent amendment to PFAS contaminated soils in order to immobilise PFAS and reduce mobility and leaching to groundwater. Soil was sampled from a firefighting training facility at a Norwegian airport and total and leachable PFAS concentrations were quantified. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most dominant PFAS present in all soil samples (between 9 and 2600 μg/kg). Leaching was quantified using a one-step batch test with water (L/S 10). PFOS concentrations measured in leachate water ranged between 1.2 μg/L and 212 μg/L. Sorbent amendment (3%) was tested by adding activated carbon (AC), compost soil and montmorillonite to selected soils. The extent of immobilisation was quantified by measuring PFAS concentrations in leachate before and after amendment. Leaching was reduced between 94 and 99.9% for AC, between 29 and 34% for compost soil and between 28 and 40% for the montmorillonite amended samples. Sorbent + soil/water partitioning coefficients (KD) were estimated following amendment and were around 8 L/kg for compost soil and montmorillonite amended soil and ranged from 1960 to 16,940 L/kg for AC amended soil. The remediation of AFFF impacted soil via immobilisation of PFAS following sorbent amendment with AC is promising as part of an overall remediation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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Arp HPH, Morin NAO, Hale SE, Okkenhaug G, Breivik K, Sparrevik M. The mass flow and proposed management of bisphenol A in selected Norwegian waste streams. Waste Manag 2017; 60:775-785. [PMID: 28094158 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Current initiatives for waste-handling in a circular economy favor prevention and recycling over incineration or landfilling. However, the impact of such a transition on environmental emissions of contaminants like bisphenol A (BPA) during waste-handling is not fully understood. To address this, a material flow analysis (MFA) was constructed for selected waste categories in Norway, for which the amount recycled is expected to increase in the future; glass, vehicle, electronic, plastic and combustible waste. Combined, 92tons/y of BPA are disposed of via these waste categories in Norway, with 98.5% associated with plastic and electronic waste. During the model year 2011, the MFA showed that BPA in these waste categories was destroyed through incineration (60%), exported for recycling into new products (35%), stored in landfills (4%) or released into the environment (1%). Landfilling led to the greatest environmental emissions (up to 13% of landfilled BPA), and incinerating the smallest (0.001% of incinerated BPA). From modelling different waste management scenarios, the most effective way to reduce BPA emissions are to incinerate BPA-containing waste and avoid landfilling it. A comparison of environmental and human BPA concentrations with CoZMoMAN exposure model estimations suggested that waste emissions are an insignificant regional source. Nevertheless, from monitoring studies, landfill emissions can be a substantial local source of BPA. Regarding the transition to a circular economy, it is clear that disposing of less BPA-containing waste and less landfilling would lead to lower environmental emissions, but several uncertainties remain regarding emissions of BPA during recycling, particularly for paper and plastics. Future research should focus on the fate of BPA, as well as BPA alternatives, in emerging reuse and recycling processes, as part of the transition to a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nicolas A O Morin
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Environmental and Food Laboratory of Vendée (LEAV), Department of Chemistry, Rond-point Georges Duval CS 80802, 85021 La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gudny Okkenhaug
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Sparrevik
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Hale SE, Oen AMP, Cornelissen G, Jonker MTO, Waarum IK, Eek E. The role of passive sampling in monitoring the environmental impacts of produced water discharges from the Norwegian oil and gas industry. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 111:33-40. [PMID: 27514439 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stringent and periodic iteration of regulations related to the monitoring of chemical releases from the offshore oil and gas industry requires the use of ever changing, rapidly developing and technologically advancing techniques. Passive samplers play an important role in water column monitoring of produced water (PW) discharge to seawater under Norwegian regulation, where they are used to; i) measure aqueous concentrations of pollutants, ii) quantify the exposure of caged organisms and investigate PW dispersal, and iii) validate dispersal models. This article summarises current Norwegian water column monitoring practice and identifies research and methodological gaps for the use of passive samplers in monitoring. The main gaps are; i) the range of passive samplers used should be extended, ii) differences observed in absolute concentrations accumulated by passive samplers and organisms should be understood, and iii) the link between PW discharge concentrations and observed acute and sub-lethal ecotoxicological end points in organisms should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hale
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Amy M P Oen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (UMB), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 5003 Ås, Norway; Department of Applied Environmental Sciences (ITM), Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michiel T O Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivar-Kristian Waarum
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Eek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway
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Mayer P, Hilber I, Gouliarmou V, Hale SE, Cornelissen G, Bucheli TD. How to Determine the Environmental Exposure of PAHs Originating from Biochar. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:1941-1948. [PMID: 26777061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biochars are obtained by pyrolyzing biomass materials and are increasingly used within the agricultural sector. Owing to the production process, biochars can contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the high mg/kg range, which makes the determination of the environmental exposure of PAHs originating from biochars relevant. However, PAH sorption to biochar is characterized by very high (10(4)-10(6) L/kg) or extreme distribution coefficients (KD) (>10(6) L/kg), which makes the determination of exposure scientifically and technically challenging. Cyclodextrin extractions, sorptive bioaccessibility extractions, Tenax extractions, contaminant traps, and equilibrium sampling were assessed and selected methods used for the determination of bioavailability parameters for PAHs in two model biochars. Results showed that: (1) the KD values of typically 10(6)-10(9) L/kg made the biochars often act as sinks, rather than sources, of PAHs. (2) Equilibrium sampling yielded freely dissolved concentrations (pg-ng/L range) that were below or near environmental background levels. (3) None of the methods were found to be suitable for the direct measurement of the readily desorbing fractions of PAHs (i.e., bioacessibility) in the two biochars. (4) The contaminant-trap method yielded desorption-resistant PAH fractions of typically 90-100%, implying bioaccessibility in the high μg/kg to low mg/kg range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark , Miljøvej Bld. 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Isabel Hilber
- Agroscope ISS , Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Varvara Gouliarmou
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute NGI , P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute NGI , P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) , P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
- Department of Applied Environmental Sciences (ITM), Stockholm University , 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas D Bucheli
- Agroscope ISS , Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hale SE, Arp HPH, Kupryianchyk D, Cornelissen G. A synthesis of parameters related to the binding of neutral organic compounds to charcoal. Chemosphere 2016; 144:65-74. [PMID: 26347927 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The sorption strength of neutral organic compounds to charcoal, also called biochar was reviewed and related to charcoal and compound properties. From 29 studies, 507 individual Freundlich sorption coefficients were compiled that covered the sorption strength of 107 organic contaminants. These sorption coefficients were converted into charcoal-water distribution coefficients (K(D)) at aqueous concentrations of 1 ng/L, 1 µg/L and 1 mg/L. Reported log K(D) values at 1 µg/L varied from 0.38 to 8.25 across all data. Variation was also observed within the compound classes; pesticides, herbicides and insecticides, PAHs, phthalates, halogenated organics, small organics, alcohols and PCBs. Five commonly reported variables; charcoal production temperature T, surface area SA, H/C and O/C ratios and organic compound octanol-water partitioning coefficient, were correlated with KD values using single and multiple-parameter linear regressions. The sorption strength of organic compounds to charcoals increased with increasing charcoal production temperature T, charcoal SA and organic pollutant octanol-water partitioning coefficient and decreased with increasing charcoal O/C ratio and charcoal H/C ratio. T was found to be correlated with SA (r(2) = 0.66) and O/C (r(2) = 0.50), particularly for charcoals produced from wood feedstocks (r(2) = 0.73 and 0.80, respectively). The resulting regression: log K(D)=(0.18 ± 0.06) log K(ow) + (5.74 ± 1.40) log T + (0.85 ± 0.15) log SA + (1.60 ± 0.29) log OC + (-0.89 ± 0.20) log HC + (-13.20 ± 3.69), r(2) = 0.60, root mean squared error = 0.95, n = 151 was obtained for all variables. This information can be used as an initial screening to identify charcoals for contaminated soil and sediment remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hale
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Darya Kupryianchyk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (NMBU), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 5003 Ås, Norway; Department of Applied Environmental Sciences (ITM), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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