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Paužuolis M, Fatykhova D, Zühlke B, Schwecke T, Neyazi M, Samperio-Ventayol P, Aguilar C, Schlegel N, Dökel S, Ralser M, Hocke A, Krempl C, Bartfeld S. SARS-CoV-2 tropism to intestinal but not gastric epithelial cells is defined by limited ACE2 expression. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:629-638. [PMID: 38670110 PMCID: PMC11103887 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection primarily affects the lung but can also cause gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. In vitro experiments confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 robustly infects intestinal epithelium. However, data on infection of adult gastric epithelium are sparse and a side-by-side comparison of the infection in the major segments of the GI tract is lacking. We provide this direct comparison in organoid-derived monolayers and demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 robustly infects intestinal epithelium, while gastric epithelium is resistant to infection. RNA sequencing and proteome analysis pointed to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a critical factor, and, indeed, ectopic expression of ACE2 increased susceptibility of gastric organoid-derived monolayers to SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 expression pattern in GI biopsies of patients mirrors SARS-CoV-2 infection levels in monolayers. Thus, local ACE2 expression limits SARS-CoV-2 expression in the GI tract to the intestine, suggesting that the intestine, but not the stomach, is likely to be important in viral replication and possibly transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Paužuolis
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Diana Fatykhova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Zühlke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Schwecke
- Core Facility for High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mastura Neyazi
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pilar Samperio-Ventayol
- Si-M/'Der Simulierte Mensch', Technische Universität Berlin and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Dökel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Ralser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London, UK; The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Hocke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Krempl
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Si-M/'Der Simulierte Mensch', Technische Universität Berlin and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Paužuolis M, Samperio Ventayol P, Neyazi M, Bartfeld S. Organoids as a tool to study the impact of heterogeneity in gastrointestinal epithelium on host-pathogen interactions. Clin Exp Immunol 2024:uxae002. [PMID: 38245816 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract has been extensively characterized using advanced histological and RNA sequencing techniques, which has revealed great cellular diversity. Pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, are highly adapted to their host and often exhibit not only species-specificity, but also a preference or tropism for specific gastrointestinal segments or even cell types - some of these preferences are so specific, that these pathogens still cannot be cultured in the lab. Organoid technology now provides a tool to generate human cell types, which enables the study of host cell tropism. Focusing on the gastrointestinal tract, we provide an overview about cellular differentiation in vivo and in organoids and how differentiation in organoids and their derived models is used to advance our understanding of viral, bacterial, and parasitic infection. We emphasize that it is central to understand the composition of the model, as the alteration of culture conditions yields different cell types which affects infection. We examine future directions for wider application of cellular heterogeneity and potential advanced model systems for gastrointestinal tract infection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Paužuolis
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Mastura Neyazi
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Si-M/'Der Simulierte Mensch', Technische Universität Berlin and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Perlin JR, Anderson WJ, Bartfeld S, Couturier A, de Soysa Y, Hawley RS, Hu P, Loh YH, Mandal L, Master Z, Muotri AR, Piddini E, Polo JM, Mazzoni EO. ISSCR Education Committee syllabus and learning guide for enhancing stem cell literacy. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:417-419. [PMID: 36638789 PMCID: PMC9968981 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly evolving stem cell field puts much stress on developing educational resources. The ISSCR Education Committee has created a flexible stem cell syllabus rooted in core concepts to facilitate stem cell literacy. The free syllabus will be updated regularly to maintain accuracy and relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Perlin
- International Society for Stem Cell Research, Skokie, IL, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - R Scott Hawley
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuin-Han Loh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lolitika Mandal
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISERMohali), Punjab, India
| | | | | | | | - Jose M Polo
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Kozjak-Pavlovic V, Song W, Bartfeld S, Metzger M. Editorial: 3D tissue models in infection research. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:969132. [PMID: 35937705 PMCID: PMC9355473 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.969132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kozjak-Pavlovic
- Department of Microbiology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Vera Kozjak-Pavlovic,
| | - Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Fraunhofer Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Society (FHG), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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Samperio Ventayol P, Bartfeld S. Immune cell-stem cell interactions in regeneration and repair: who's calling the shots? Development 2022; 149:275251. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
In November 2021, the Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IRM) and the Institute for Immunology (IFI) at the University of Pennsylvania, USA, joined forces and organized a symposium featuring external speakers as well as locally based scientists to discuss how the immune system influences tissue stem cell biology. As we review here, the presentations highlighted emerging concepts in the field, revealing how tissue-specific immune cell activation can guide stem cells in regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Samperio Ventayol
- Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 13355, Germany
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 13355, Germany
- Si-M/‘Der Simulierte Mensch’, a Science Framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97020, Germany
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Aguilar C, Alves da Silva M, Saraiva M, Neyazi M, Olsson IAS, Bartfeld S. Organoids as host models for infection biology - a review of methods. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1471-1482. [PMID: 34663936 PMCID: PMC8521091 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major threat worldwide. With the alarming rise of antimicrobial resistance and emergence of new potential pathogens, a better understanding of the infection process is urgently needed. Over the last century, the development of in vitro and in vivo models has led to remarkable contributions to the current knowledge in the field of infection biology. However, applying recent advances in organoid culture technology to research infectious diseases is now taking the field to a higher level of complexity. Here, we describe the current methods available for the study of infectious diseases using organoid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Aguilar
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marta Alves da Silva
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mastura Neyazi
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - I. Anna S. Olsson
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Kayisoglu O, Weiss F, Niklas C, Pierotti I, Pompaiah M, Wallaschek N, Germer CT, Wiegering A, Bartfeld S. Location-specific cell identity rather than exposure to GI microbiota defines many innate immune signalling cascades in the gut epithelium. Gut 2021; 70:687-697. [PMID: 32571970 PMCID: PMC7948175 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The epithelial layer of the GI tract is equipped with innate immune receptors to sense invading pathogens. Dysregulation in innate immune signalling pathways is associated with severe inflammatory diseases, but the responsiveness of GI epithelial cells to bacterial stimulation remains unclear. DESIGN We generated 42 lines of human and murine organoids from gastric and intestinal segments of both adult and fetal tissues. Genome-wide RNA-seq of the organoids provides an expression atlas of the GI epithelium. The innate immune response in epithelial cells was assessed using several functional assays in organoids and two-dimensional monolayers of cells from organoids. RESULTS Results demonstrate extensive spatial organisation of innate immune signalling components along the cephalocaudal axis. A large part of this organisation is determined before birth and independent of exposure to commensal gut microbiota. Spatially restricted expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) in stomach and colon, but not in small intestine, is matched by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Gastric epithelial organoids can sense LPS from the basal as well as from the apical side. CONCLUSION We conclude that the epithelial innate immune barrier follows a specific pattern per GI segment. The majority of the expression patterns and the function of TLR4 is encoded in the tissue-resident stem cells and determined primarily during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Kayisoglu
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases (ZINF)/Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Weiss
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases (ZINF)/Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Niklas
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases (ZINF)/Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Isabella Pierotti
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases (ZINF)/Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Malvika Pompaiah
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases (ZINF)/Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nina Wallaschek
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases (ZINF)/Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases (ZINF)/Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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8
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Koo BK, Bartfeld S, Alev C. Organoids: ready for the revolution? J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:441-442. [PMID: 33782721 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Cantas Alev
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Wallaschek N, Reuter S, Silkenat S, Wolf K, Niklas C, Kayisoglu Ö, Aguilar C, Wiegering A, Germer CT, Kircher S, Rosenwald A, Shannon-Lowe C, Bartfeld S. Ephrin receptor A2, the epithelial receptor for Epstein-Barr virus entry, is not available for efficient infection in human gastric organoids. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009210. [PMID: 33596248 PMCID: PMC7935236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is best known for infection of B cells, in which it usually establishes an asymptomatic lifelong infection, but is also associated with the development of multiple B cell lymphomas. EBV also infects epithelial cells and is associated with all cases of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). EBV is etiologically linked with at least 8% of gastric cancer (EBVaGC) that comprises a genetically and epigenetically distinct subset of GC. Although we have a very good understanding of B cell entry and lymphomagenesis, the sequence of events leading to EBVaGC remains poorly understood. Recently, ephrin receptor A2 (EPHA2) was proposed as the epithelial cell receptor on human cancer cell lines. Although we confirm some of these results, we demonstrate that EBV does not infect healthy adult stem cell-derived gastric organoids. In matched pairs of normal and cancer-derived organoids from the same patient, EBV only reproducibly infected the cancer organoids. While there was no clear pattern of differential expression between normal and cancer organoids for EPHA2 at the RNA and protein level, the subcellular location of the protein differed markedly. Confocal microscopy showed EPHA2 localization at the cell-cell junctions in primary cells, but not in cancer cell lines. Furthermore, histologic analysis of patient tissue revealed the absence of EBV in healthy epithelium and presence of EBV in epithelial cells from inflamed tissue. These data suggest that the EPHA2 receptor is not accessible to EBV on healthy gastric epithelial cells with intact cell-cell contacts, but either this or another, yet to be identified receptor may become accessible following cellular changes induced by inflammation or transformation, rendering changes in the cellular architecture an essential prerequisite to EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wallaschek
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Reuter
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Silkenat
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Wolf
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Niklas
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Özge Kayisoglu
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Claire Shannon-Lowe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: ,
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10
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Kayisoglu Ö, Schlegel N, Bartfeld S. Gastrointestinal epithelial innate immunity-regionalization and organoids as new model. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:517-530. [PMID: 33538854 PMCID: PMC8026474 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is in constant contact with microbial stimuli. Its barriers have to ensure co-existence with the commensal bacteria, while enabling surveillance of intruding pathogens. At the centre of the interaction lies the epithelial layer, which marks the boundaries of the body. It is equipped with a multitude of different innate immune sensors, such as Toll-like receptors, to mount inflammatory responses to microbes. Dysfunction of this intricate system results in inflammation-associated pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel disease. However, the complexity of the cellular interactions, their molecular basis and their development remains poorly understood. In recent years, stem cell–derived organoids have gained increasing attention as promising models for both development and a broad range of pathologies, including infectious diseases. In addition, organoids enable the study of epithelial innate immunity in vitro. In this review, we focus on the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier and its regional organization to discuss innate immune sensing and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Kayisoglu
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Strasse 6, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bartfeld
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Josef Schneider Str. 2/D15, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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12
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Josenhans C, Müthing J, Elling L, Bartfeld S, Schmidt H. How bacterial pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract use the mucosal glyco-code to harness mucus and microbiota: New ways to study an ancient bag of tricks. Int J Med Microbiol 2020; 310:151392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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13
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Westmeier D, Posselt G, Hahlbrock A, Bartfeld S, Vallet C, Abfalter C, Docter D, Knauer SK, Wessler S, Stauber RH. Correction: Nanoparticle binding attenuates the pathobiology of gastric cancer-associated Helicobacter pylori. Nanoscale 2020; 12:2154-2155. [PMID: 31912840 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr90287b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Correction for 'Nanoparticle binding attenuates the pathobiology of gastric cancer-associated Helicobacter pylori' by Dana Westmeier et al., Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 1453-1463.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Westmeier
- Department of Nanobiomedicine/ENT, University Medical Center of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
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Stanifer ML, Mukenhirn M, Muenchau S, Pervolaraki K, Kanaya T, Albrecht D, Odendall C, Hielscher T, Haucke V, Kagan JC, Bartfeld S, Ohno H, Boulant S. Asymmetric distribution of TLR3 leads to a polarized immune response in human intestinal epithelial cells. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:181-191. [PMID: 31686029 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) act as a physical barrier separating the commensal-containing intestinal tract from the sterile interior. These cells have found a complex balance allowing them to be prepared for pathogen attacks while still tolerating the presence of bacterial or viral stimuli present in the lumen of the gut. Using primary human IECs, we probed the mechanisms that allow for such a tolerance. We discovered that viral infections emanating from the basolateral side of IECs elicit a stronger intrinsic immune response in comparison to lumenal apical infections. We determined that this asymmetric immune response is driven by the clathrin-sorting adaptor AP-1B, which mediates the polarized sorting of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) towards the basolateral side of IECs. Mice and human IECs lacking AP-1B showed an exacerbated immune response following apical stimulation. Together, these results suggest a model where the cellular polarity program plays an integral role in the ability of IECs to partially tolerate apical commensals while remaining fully responsive to invasive basolateral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Stanifer
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Mukenhirn
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Muenchau
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kalliopi Pervolaraki
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Takashi Kanaya
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Dorothee Albrecht
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Volker Haucke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection", DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Wallaschek N, Niklas C, Pompaiah M, Wiegering A, Germer CT, Kircher S, Brändlein S, Maurus K, Rosenwald A, Yan HHN, Leung SY, Bartfeld S. Establishing Pure Cancer Organoid Cultures: Identification, Selection and Verification of Cancer Phenotypes and Genotypes. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2884-2893. [PMID: 31150736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine requires in vitro models which will both faithfully recapitulate the features of an individual's disease and enable drug testing on a wide variety of samples covering the greatest range of phenotypes possible for a particular disease. Organoid technology has immense potential to fulfill this demand, but it will be necessary to develop robust protocols that enable the generation of organoids in a dependable manner from nearly every patient. Here we provide a user's guide, including detailed step-by-step protocols, to the establishment, isolation and verification of gastric cancer organoids. Selection strategies include omission of growth factors, addition of drugs, isolation of distinct phenotypes and generation of monoclonal lines. For confirmation of cancer identity, we use sequencing, drug selection, karyotyping and histology. While we specify these protocols for human gastric cancer organoids here, the methods described are applicable to organoids derived from other tissues as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wallaschek
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Niklas
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malvika Pompaiah
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Paul-Klein-Centre for Immune Intervention, Cell Biology Unit, JGU, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of General Visceral Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General Visceral Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Brändlein
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katja Maurus
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helen H N Yan
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Suet Y Leung
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; The Jockey Club Centre for Clinical Innovation and Discovery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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16
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Westmeier D, Posselt G, Hahlbrock A, Bartfeld S, Vallet C, Abfalter C, Docter D, Knauer SK, Wessler S, Stauber RH. Nanoparticle binding attenuates the pathobiology of gastric cancer-associated Helicobacter pylori. Nanoscale 2018; 10:1453-1463. [PMID: 29303193 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06573f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Enteric bacteria may cause severe diseases, including gastric cancer-associated Helicobacter pylori. Their infection paths overlap with the oro-gastrointestinal uptake route for nanoparticles, increasingly occurring during environmental or consumer/medical exposure. By comprehensive independent analytical methods, such as live cell fluorescence, electron as well as atomic force microscopy and elemental analysis, we show that a wide array of nanoparticles (NPs) but not microparticles form complexes with H. pylori and enteric pathogens without the need for specific functionalization. The NP-assembly that occurred rapidly was not influenced by variations in physiological temperature, though affected by the NPs' physico-chemical characteristics. Improved binding was observed for small NPs with a negative surface charge, whereas binding could be reduced by surface 'stealth' modifications. Employing human gastric epithelial cells and 3D-organoid models of the stomach, we show that NP-coating did not inhibit H. pylori's cellular attachment. However, even the assembly of non-bactericidal silica NPs attenuated H. pylori infection by reducing CagA phosphorylation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and IL-8 secretion. Here we demonstrate that NP binding to enteric bacteria may impact their pathobiology which could be further exploited to rationally modulate the (patho)biology of microbes by nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Westmeier
- Department of Nanobiomedicine/ENT, University Medical Center of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Renz H, Adkins BD, Bartfeld S, Blumberg RS, Farber DL, Garssen J, Ghazal P, Hackam DJ, Marsland BJ, McCoy KD, Penders J, Prinz I, Verhasselt V, von Mutius E, Weiser JN, Wesemann DR, Hornef MW. The neonatal window of opportunity-early priming for life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1212-1214. [PMID: 29247715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Johan Garssen
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ghazal
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - John Penders
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (Caphri) & NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Immo Prinz
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Valerie Verhasselt
- Family Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Chair in Human Lactology, School of Molecular Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Erika von Mutius
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
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18
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Zimmermann S, Pfannkuch L, Al-Zeer MA, Bartfeld S, Koch M, Liu J, Rechner C, Soerensen M, Sokolova O, Zamyatina A, Kosma P, Mäurer AP, Glowinski F, Pleissner KP, Schmid M, Brinkmann V, Karlas A, Naumann M, Rother M, Machuy N, Meyer TF. ALPK1- and TIFA-Dependent Innate Immune Response Triggered by the Helicobacter pylori Type IV Secretion System. Cell Rep 2017; 20:2384-2395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Helicobacter research classically uses fixed human tissue, animal models or cancer cell lines. Each of these study objects has its advantages and has brought central insights into the infection process. Nevertheless, in model systems for basic and medical research, there is a gap between two-dimensional and most often transformed cell cultures and three-dimensional, highly organized tissues. In recent years, stem cell research has provided the means to fill this gap. The identification of the niche factors that support growth, expansion and differentiation of stem cells in vitro has allowed the development of three-dimensional culture systems called organoids. Gastric organoids are grown from gastric stem cells and are organized epithelial structures that comprise all the differentiated cell types of the stomach. They can be expanded without apparent limitation and are amenable to a wide range of standard laboratory techniques. Here, we review different stem cell-derived organoid model systems useful for Helicobacter pylori research and outline their advantages for infection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvika Pompaiah
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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20
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Bartfeld S, Clevers H. Stem cell-derived organoids and their application for medical research and patient treatment. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:729-738. [PMID: 28391362 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
3D culture has allowed the initiation and expansion of organ-like structures, called organoids, from either tissue-resident adult stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. Today, organoids can be grown to resemble a wide variety of organs, exhibiting remarkable similarity to their in vivo counterparts. As successful organoid generation is possible from virtually every patient, organoids hold a great promise for medical research and the development of new treatments. They have already found their way into the clinic, enabling personalized medicine in small patient trials. In this review, we provide an update on current organoid technology and summarize their application in basic research, disease modelling, drug development, personalized treatment and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bartfeld
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, ZINF, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, IMIB, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str 2/D15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Bartfeld S, Koo BK. Adult gastric stem cells and their niches. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol 2017; 6. [PMID: 28044412 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult gastric stem cells replenish the gastric epithelium throughout life. Recent studies have identified diverse populations of stem cells, progenitor cells, and even differentiated cells that can regain stem cell capacity, so highlighting an unexpected plasticity within the gastric epithelium, both in the corpus and antrum. Two niches seem to co-exist in the gastric unit: one in the isthmus region and the other at the base of the gland, although the precise features of the cell populations and the two niches are currently under debate. A variety of gastric organoid models have been established, providing new insights into niche factors required by the gastric stem cell populations. Here we review our current knowledge of gastric stem cell populations, their markers and interactions, important niche factors, and different gastric organoid systems. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e261. doi: 10.1002/wdev.261 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bartfeld
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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22
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Schlaermann P, Toelle B, Berger H, Schmidt SC, Glanemann M, Ordemann J, Bartfeld S, Mollenkopf HJ, Meyer TF. A novel human gastric primary cell culture system for modelling Helicobacter pylori infection in vitro. Gut 2016; 65:202-13. [PMID: 25539675 PMCID: PMC4752654 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Helicobacter pylori is the causative agent of gastric diseases and the main risk factor in the development of gastric adenocarcinoma. In vitro studies with this bacterial pathogen largely rely on the use of transformed cell lines as infection model. However, this approach is intrinsically artificial and especially inappropriate when it comes to investigating the mechanisms of cancerogenesis. Moreover, common cell lines are often defective in crucial signalling pathways relevant to infection and cancer. A long-lived primary cell system would be preferable in order to better approximate the human in vivo situation. METHODS Gastric glands were isolated from healthy human stomach tissue and grown in Matrigel containing media supplemented with various growth factors, developmental regulators and apoptosis inhibitors to generate long-lasting normal epithelial cell cultures. RESULTS Culture conditions were developed which support the formation and quasi-indefinite growth of three dimensional (3D) spheroids derived from various sites of the human stomach. Spheroids could be differentiated to gastric organoids after withdrawal of Wnt3A and R-spondin1 from the medium. The 3D cultures exhibit typical morphological features of human stomach tissue. Transfer of sheared spheroids into 2D culture led to the formation of dense planar cultures of polarised epithelial cells serving as a suitable in vitro model of H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS A robust and quasi-immortal 3D organoid model has been established, which is considered instrumental for future research aimed to understand the underlying mechanisms of infection, mucosal immunity and cancer of the human stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schlaermann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Toelle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hilmar Berger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven C Schmidt
- Clinics for General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Clinics for General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ordemann
- Center of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Hubrecht Institute/KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J Mollenkopf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Bartfeld S, Clevers H. Organoids as Model for Infectious Diseases: Culture of Human and Murine Stomach Organoids and Microinjection of Helicobacter Pylori. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 26650279 DOI: 10.3791/53359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently infection biologists have employed stem cell derived cultures to answer the need for new and better models to study host-pathogen interactions. Three cellular sources have been used: Embryonic stem cells (ESC), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) or adult stem cells. Here, culture of mouse and human gastric organoids derived from adult stem cells is described and used for infection with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Human gastric glands are isolated from resection material, seeded in a basement matrix and embedded in medium containing growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF), R-spondin, Noggin, Wnt, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 10, gastrin and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta inhibitor. In these conditions, gastric glands grow into 3-dimensional organoids containing 4 lineages of the stomach. The organoids expand indefinitely and can be frozen and thawed similarly as cell lines. For infection studies, bacteria are microinjected into the lumen of the organoids. Infected organoids are processed for imaging. The described methods can be adapted to other organoids and infections with other bacteria, viruses or parasites. This allows the study of infection-induced changes in primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bartfeld
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht;
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht
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24
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Bartfeld S, Bayram T, van de Wetering M, Huch M, Begthel H, Kujala P, Vries R, Peters PJ, Clevers H. In vitro expansion of human gastric epithelial stem cells and their responses to bacterial infection. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:126-136.e6. [PMID: 25307862 PMCID: PMC4274199 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We previously established long-term, 3-dimensional culture of organoids from mouse tissues (intestine, stomach, pancreas, and liver) and human intestine and pancreas. Here we describe conditions required for long-term 3-dimensional culture of human gastric stem cells. The technology can be applied to study the epithelial response to infection with Helicobacter pylori. METHODS We generated organoids from surgical samples of human gastric corpus. Culture conditions were developed based on those for the mouse gastric and human intestinal systems. We used microinjection to infect the organoids with H pylori. Epithelial responses were measured using microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. RESULTS Human gastric cells were expanded indefinitely in 3-dimensional cultures. We cultured cells from healthy gastric tissues, single-sorted stem cells, or tumor tissues. Organoids maintained many characteristics of their respective tissues based on their histology, expression of markers, and euploidy. Organoids from healthy tissue expressed markers of 4 lineages of the stomach and self-organized into gland and pit domains. They could be directed to specifically express either lineages of the gastric gland, or the gastric pit, by addition of nicotinamide and withdrawal of WNT. Although gastric pit lineages had only marginal reactions to bacterial infection, gastric gland lineages mounted a strong inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS We developed a system to culture human gastric organoids. This system can be used to study H pylori infection and other gastric pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bartfeld
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tülay Bayram
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands, CancerGenomics.nl
| | - Marc van de Wetering
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands, CancerGenomics.nl
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands, CancerGenomics.nl
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands, CancerGenomics.nl
| | - Pekka Kujala
- Division of Cell Biology II, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Vries
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands, CancerGenomics.nl
| | - Peter J Peters
- Division of Cell Biology II, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands, CancerGenomics.nl
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25
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Petersen N, Reimann F, Bartfeld S, Farin HF, Ringnalda FC, Vries RGJ, van den Brink S, Clevers H, Gribble FM, de Koning EJP. Generation of L cells in mouse and human small intestine organoids. Diabetes 2014; 63:410-20. [PMID: 24130334 PMCID: PMC4306716 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Upon a nutrient challenge, L cells produce glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a powerful stimulant of insulin release. Strategies to augment endogenous GLP-1 production include promoting L-cell differentiation and increasing L-cell number. Here we present a novel in vitro platform to generate functional L cells from three-dimensional cultures of mouse and human intestinal crypts. We show that short-chain fatty acids selectively increase the number of L cells, resulting in an elevation of GLP-1 release. This is accompanied by the upregulation of transcription factors associated with the endocrine lineage of intestinal stem cell development. Thus, our platform allows us to study and modulate the development of L cells in mouse and human crypts as a potential basis for novel therapeutic strategies in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Petersen
- Hubrecht Institute for Development Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frank Reimann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Hubrecht Institute for Development Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henner F. Farin
- Hubrecht Institute for Development Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Femke C. Ringnalda
- Hubrecht Institute for Development Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robert G. J. Vries
- Hubrecht Institute for Development Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Development Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Fiona M. Gribble
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eelco J. P. de Koning
- Hubrecht Institute for Development Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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26
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Stange DE, Koo BK, Huch M, Sibbel G, Basak O, Lyubimova A, Kujala P, Bartfeld S, Koster J, Geahlen JH, Peters PJ, van Es JH, van de Wetering M, Mills JC, Clevers H. Differentiated Troy+ chief cells act as reserve stem cells to generate all lineages of the stomach epithelium. Cell 2013; 155:357-68. [PMID: 24120136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation of the self-renewing epithelium of the gastric corpus occurs almost exclusively in the isthmus of the glands, from where cells migrate bidirectionally toward pit and base. The isthmus is therefore generally viewed as the stem cell zone. We find that the stem cell marker Troy is expressed at the gland base by a small subpopulation of fully differentiated chief cells. By lineage tracing with a Troy-eGFP-ires-CreERT2 allele, single marked chief cells are shown to generate entirely labeled gastric units over periods of months. This phenomenon accelerates upon tissue damage. Troy(+) chief cells can be cultured to generate long-lived gastric organoids. Troy marks a specific subset of chief cells that display plasticity in that they are capable of replenishing entire gastric units, essentially serving as quiescent "reserve" stem cells. These observations challenge the notion that stem cell hierarchies represent a "one-way street."
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Stange
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of General, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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27
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Belogolova E, Bauer B, Pompaiah M, Asakura H, Brinkman V, Ertl C, Bartfeld S, Nechitaylo TY, Haas R, Machuy N, Salama N, Churin Y, Meyer TF. Helicobacter pylori outer membrane protein HopQ identified as a novel T4SS-associated virulence factor. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1896-912. [PMID: 23782461 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial pathogen that colonizes the gastric niche of ∼ 50% of the human population worldwide and is known to cause peptic ulceration and gastric cancer. Pathology of infection strongly depends on a cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-encoded type IV secretion system (T4SS). Here, we aimed to identify as yet unknown bacterial factors involved in cagPAI effector function and performed a large-scale screen of an H. pylori transposon mutant library using activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in human gastric epithelial cells as a measure of T4SS function. Analysis of ∼ 3000 H. pylori mutants revealed three non-cagPAI genes that affected NF-κB nuclear translocation. Of these, the outer membrane protein HopQ from H. pylori strain P12 was essential for CagA translocation and for CagA-mediated host cell responses such as formation of the hummingbird phenotype and cell scattering. Besides that, deletion of hopQ reduced T4SS-dependent activation of NF-κB, induction of MAPK signalling and secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8) in the host cells, but did not affect motility or the quantity of bacteria attached to host cells. Hence, we identified HopQ as a non-cagPAI-encoded cofactor of T4SS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Belogolova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Bauer B, Pang E, Holland C, Kessler M, Bartfeld S, Meyer TF. The Helicobacter pylori virulence effector CagA abrogates human β-defensin 3 expression via inactivation of EGFR signaling. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11:576-86. [PMID: 22704618 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are constituents of the first-line innate mucosal defense system that acts as a barrier to establishment of infection. The highly successful human gastric pathogen, Helicobacter pylori, is able to persistently colonize its host despite inducing expression of several antimicrobial peptides, including human β-defensin 3 (hBD3). We find that hBD3 is highly active against H. pylori in vitro and is rapidly induced during early infection via EGFR-dependent activation of MAP kinase and JAK/STAT signaling. However, during prolonged infection, hBD3 was subsequently downregulated by the H. pylori virulence determinant CagA. Upon translocation into host cells, CagA activated the cellular tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-2, terminating EGFR activation and downstream signaling and increasing bacterial viability. Chemical inhibition and knockdown of SHP-2 expression rescued hBD3 synthesis and bactericidal activity. Thus, we reveal how cagPAI-positive H. pylori strains use CagA to evade a key innate mucosal defense pathway to support the establishment of persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Bauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
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Dietrich M, Bartfeld S, Munke R, Lange C, Ogilvie LA, Friedrich A, Meyer TF. Activation of NF-κB by Neisseria gonorrhoeae is associated with microcolony formation and type IV pilus retraction. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:1168-82. [PMID: 21615661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The early stage of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ngo), the causative agent of gonorrhoea, is marked by type IV pilus (Tfp)-mediated attachment and the formation of bacterial microcolonies on epithelial cells. Retraction of the Ngo Tfp generates substantial force on its substrate which can elicit host cell signalling. Here, we observed that this retraction force could also activate nuclear factor (NF)-κB, the central signalling cascade of innate immunity. Using a p65-GFP-expressing epithelial cell line, we show that piliated Ngo induce asynchronous NF-κB activation in infected cells, which is temporally associated with the formation of gonococcal microcolonies. A mutant lacking PilT, an ATPase necessary for Tfp retraction, induced markedly reduced NF-κB activation. This was accompanied by decreased NF-κB target gene transcription and cytokine release. The impaired ability of the pilT mutant to activate NF-κB was compensated by applying mechanical shear stress to the infected host cells, indicating that the mechanical forces generated by retractile pili are involved in the retraction-dependent activation of NF-κB elicited by gonococcal microcolonies. Thus, our work provides evidence for an intriguing relationship between microcolony growth, pilus retraction and host cell signalling, with likely implications with regard to the course of symptomatic versus asymptomatic gonococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Dietrich
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Barker N, Bartfeld S, Clevers H. Tissue-resident adult stem cell populations of rapidly self-renewing organs. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 7:656-70. [PMID: 21112561 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the intestine, stomach, and skin is continuously exposed to environmental assault, imposing a requirement for regular self-renewal. Resident adult stem cell populations drive this renewal, and much effort has been invested in revealing their identity. Reliable adult stem cell biomarkers would accelerate our understanding of stem cell roles in tissue homeostasis and cancer. Membrane-expressed markers would also facilitate isolation of these adult stem cell populations for exploitation of their regenerative potential. Here, we review recent advances in adult stem cell biology, highlighting the promise and pitfalls of the candidate biomarkers of the various stem cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Barker
- Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Asakura H, Churin Y, Bauer B, Boettcher JP, Bartfeld S, Hashii N, Kawasaki N, Mollenkopf HJ, Jungblut PR, Brinkmann V, Meyer TF. Helicobacter pylori HP0518 affects flagellin glycosylation to alter bacterial motility. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:1130-44. [PMID: 21091500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a human gastric pathogen associated with gastric and duodenal ulcers as well as gastric cancer. Mounting evidence suggests this pathogen's motility is prerequisite for successful colonization of human gastric tissues. Here, we isolated an H. pylori G27 HP0518 mutant exhibiting altered motility in comparison to its parental strain. We show that the mutant's modulated motility is linked to increased levels of O-linked glycosylation on flagellin A (FlaA) protein. Recombinant HP0518 protein decreased glycosylation levels of H. pylori flagellin in vitro, indicating that HP0518 functions in deglycosylation of FlaA protein. Furthermore, mass spectrometric analysis revealed increased glycosylation of HP0518 FlaA was due to a change in pseudaminic acid (Pse) levels on FlaA; HP0518 mutant-derived flagellin contained approximately threefold more Pse than the parental strain. Further phenotypic and molecular characterization demonstrated that the hyper-motile HP0518 mutant exhibits superior colonization capabilities and subsequently triggers enhanced CagA phosphorylation and NF-κB activation in AGS cells. Our study shows that HP0518 is involved in the deglycosylation of flagellin, thereby regulating pathogen motility. These findings corroborate the prominent function of H. pylori flagella in pathogen-host cell interactions and modulation of host cell responses, likely influencing the pathogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Asakura
- Department of Molecular Biology and Core Facilities for Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Cháriteplatz 1, Campus Chárite, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Fehri LF, Rechner C, Janssen S, Mak TN, Holland C, Bartfeld S, Brüggemann H, Meyer TF. Helicobacter pylori-induced modification of the histone H3 phosphorylation status in gastric epithelial cells reflects its impact on cell cycle regulation. Epigenetics 2010; 4:577-86. [PMID: 20081355 DOI: 10.4161/epi.4.8.10217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of core histones are important components of the epigenetic landscape. Recent investigations of bacterial or toxin-induced effects on histone phosphorylation and acetylation in host cells have linked the changes to transcriptional alterations of key cellular response pathways. However, these changes may have other reasons and functional consequences. Here, we show that infection of gastric epithelial cell lines with the carcinogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori leads to changes in histone H3 phosphorylation: type IV secretion system (T4SS)-dependent decreases of H3 phosphorylation levels at serine 10 (pH3Ser10) and threonine 3 (pH3Thr3) were observed. Immunofluorescence experiments with pH3Ser10 and cyclin B1 revealed that a H. pylori-induced transient pre-mitotic arrest was responsible for the observed reduction. This causal link was substantiated further by showing that H. pylori causes a strong decrease of the cell division cycle 25 (CDC25C) phosphatase. As a consequence, mitotic histone H3 kinases such as vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1) and Aurora B were not fully activated in infected cells. We show that VRK1 activity, measured using a kinase activity assay, was reduced after H. pylori infection by approximately 40%. Moreover, overexpression of VRK1, but not Aurora B, compensated for the H. pylori-induced decrease of pH3Ser10. Rephosphorylation of H3Ser10 was IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha)-dependent and occurred at later time points of infection. Taken together, our work highlights the impact of bacterial pathogens on host cell chromatin; this modulation reflects the subversion of key cellular processes such as cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Fassi Fehri
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Bartfeld S, Rechner C, Bauer B, Hess S, Maeurer A, Machuy N. RNA-interference based screen identifies new factors important for NF-kappaB activation and termination. N Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.01.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bartfeld S, Hess S, Bauer B, Machuy N, Ogilvie LA, Schuchhardt J, Meyer TF. High-throughput and single-cell imaging of NF-kappaB oscillations using monoclonal cell lines. BMC Cell Biol 2010; 11:21. [PMID: 20233427 PMCID: PMC2848210 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-11-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors plays a role in a wide range of cellular processes including the immune response and cellular growth. In addition, deregulation of the NF-κB system has been associated with a number of disease states, including cancer. Therefore, insight into the regulation of NF-κB activation has crucial medical relevance, holding promise for novel drug target discovery. Transcription of NF-κB-induced genes is regulated by differential dynamics of single NF-κB subunits, but only a few methods are currently being applied to study dynamics. In particular, while oscillations of NF-κB activation have been observed in response to the cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), little is known about the occurrence of oscillations in response to bacterial infections. Results To quantitatively assess NF-κB dynamics we generated human and murine monoclonal cell lines that stably express the NF-κB subunit p65 fused to GFP. Furthermore, a high-throughput assay based on automated microscopy coupled to image analysis to quantify p65-nuclear translocation was established. Using this assay, we demonstrate a stimulus- and cell line-specific temporal control of p65 translocation, revealing, for the first time, oscillations of p65 translocation in response to bacterial infection. Oscillations were detected at the single-cell level using real-time microscopy as well as at the population level using high-throughput image analysis. In addition, mathematical modeling of NF-κB dynamics during bacterial infections predicted masking of oscillations on the population level in asynchronous activations, which was experimentally confirmed. Conclusions Taken together, this simple and cost effective assay constitutes an integrated approach to infer the dynamics of NF-κB kinetics in single cells and cell populations. Using a single system, novel factors modulating NF-κB can be identified and analyzed, providing new possibilities for a wide range of applications from therapeutic discovery and understanding of disease to host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bartfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Nadler C, Baruch K, Kobi S, Mills E, Haviv G, Farago M, Alkalay I, Bartfeld S, Meyer TF, Ben-Neriah Y, Rosenshine I. The type III secretion effector NleE inhibits NF-kappaB activation. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000743. [PMID: 20126447 PMCID: PMC2813277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex host-pathogen interplay involves the recognition of the pathogen by the host's innate immune system and countermeasures taken by the pathogen. Detection of invading bacteria by the host leads to rapid activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, followed by inflammation and eradication of the intruders. In response, some pathogens, including enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), acquired means of blocking NF-kappaB activation. We show that inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by EPEC involves the injection of NleE into the host cell. Importantly, we show that NleE inhibits NF-kappaB activation by preventing activation of IKKbeta and consequently the degradation of the NF-kappaB inhibitor, IkappaB. This NleE activity is enhanced by, but is not dependent on, a second injected effector, NleB. In conclusion, this study describes two effectors, NleB and NleE, with no similarity to other known proteins, used by pathogens to manipulate NF-kappaB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Nadler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kobi Baruch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Simi Kobi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Erez Mills
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gili Haviv
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marganit Farago
- Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Irit Alkalay
- Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Department Molecular Biology, MPI for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Meyer
- Department Molecular Biology, MPI for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yinon Ben-Neriah
- Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilan Rosenshine
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Bartfeld S, Bauer B, Rechner C, Hess S, Mäurer A, Machuy N, Meyer TF. RNA-interference based screen identifies new factors important for NF-kappaB activation and termination. Cell Commun Signal 2009. [PMCID: PMC4291732 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-7-s1-a42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Bartfeld S, Engels C, Bauer B, Aurass P, Flieger A, Brüggemann H, Meyer TF. Temporal resolution of two-tracked NF-kappaB activation by Legionella pneumophila. Cell Microbiol 2009; 11:1638-51. [PMID: 19573161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB in macrophages and human epithelial cells, contributing to cytokine production and anti-apoptosis. The former is important for the innate immune response to infection, the latter for intracellular replication by securing host cell survival. Here, we demonstrate biphasic activation of NF-kappaB by L. pneumophila in human epithelial cells, using a p65-GFP expressing variant of A549 cells. Early in infection, a strong but transient nuclear translocation of p65 was observed. Only flagellin-deficient (DeltafliA and DeltaflaA) mutants could not induce this first, TLR5 and MyD88-dependent activation. The second p65 translocation event, however, is a long-term activation, independent of flagellin, TLR5 and MyD88, and marked by permanent nuclear localization of p65-GFP without oscillation for 30 h. Persistent p65 translocation also involved degradation of IkappaBalpha and upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes. L. pneumophila mutants lacking a functional Dot/Icm secretion system (DeltadotA; DeltaicmB/dotO), Dot/Icm effectors (DeltasdbA; DeltalubX) and two bacterial effector mutants (DeltaenhC; DeltaptsP) could not induce persistent p65 translocation. Strikingly, all these mutants were deficient in intracellular replication in A549 cells. Our data underline the strong connection between NF-kappaB activation and intracellular replication and hints at an active interference of NF-kappaB signalling by L. pneumophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bartfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is a primary cause of peptic ulcers and is associated with gastric carcinogenesis. The H. pylori-induced pathophysiology may be linked to the deregulation of EGFR signalling. Elevated mucosal levels of EGF and the EGFR have been found in antral gastric biopsies of H. pylori-infected patients. A critical mechanism for regulating EGFR signalling is ligand-induced endocytosis. The internalized receptor recycles back to the plasma membrane for continued signalling or is targeted for degradation terminating receptor signalling. Here, we show that H. pylori blocks EGFR endocytosis and receptor degradation upon prolonged infection of gastric epithelial cells. Moreover, this inhibition occurs via a CagA-dependent, but CagA phosphorylation-independent activation of the non-receptor kinase c-Abl, which in turn phosphorylates the EGFR target site pY1173. This suggests a novel CagA-induced host cell response that is independent of CagA tyrosine phosphorylation. Our data indicate an intriguing strategy of H. pylori in host cell manipulations by altering selective receptor populations via a CagA-dependent endocytic mechanism. Furthermore, we identified a new role for c-Abl in phosphorylation of the EGFR target site pY1173 during H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Bauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Campus Charité Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Niesner U, Albrecht I, Janke M, Doebis C, Loddenkemper C, Lexberg MH, Eulenburg K, Kreher S, Koeck J, Baumgrass R, Bonhagen K, Kamradt T, Enghard P, Humrich JY, Rutz S, Schulze-Topphoff U, Aktas O, Bartfeld S, Radbruch H, Hegazy AN, Löhning M, Baumgart DC, Duchmann R, Rudwaleit M, Häupl T, Gitelman I, Krenn V, Gruen J, Sieper J, Zeitz M, Wiedenmann B, Zipp F, Hamann A, Janitz M, Scheffold A, Burmester GR, Chang HD, Radbruch A. Autoregulation of Th1-mediated inflammation by twist1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1889-901. [PMID: 18663125 PMCID: PMC2525589 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20072468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressor twist1, as an antagonist of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)–dependent cytokine expression, is involved in the regulation of inflammation-induced immunopathology. We show that twist1 is expressed by activated T helper (Th) 1 effector memory (EM) cells. Induction of twist1 in Th cells depended on NF-κB, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and interleukin (IL)-12 signaling via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 4. Expression of twist1 was transient after T cell receptor engagement, and increased upon repeated stimulation of Th1 cells. Imprinting for enhanced twist1 expression was characteristic of repeatedly restimulated EM Th cells, and thus of the pathogenic memory Th cells characteristic of chronic inflammation. Th lymphocytes from the inflamed joint or gut tissue of patients with rheumatic diseases, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis expressed high levels of twist1. Expression of twist1 in Th1 lymphocytes limited the expression of the cytokines interferon-γ, IL-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and ameliorated Th1-mediated immunopathology in delayed-type hypersensitivity and antigen-induced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Niesner
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Bauer B, Moese S, Bartfeld S, Meyer TF, Selbach M. Analysis of cell type-specific responses mediated by the type IV secretion system of Helicobacter pylori. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4643-52. [PMID: 16040977 PMCID: PMC1201271 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.4643-4652.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori persistently infects the human stomach and can cause gastritis, gastric ulceration, and gastric cancer. The type IV secretion system (TFSS) of virulent H. pylori strains translocates the CagA protein, inducing the dephosphorylation of host cell proteins and leading to changes in the morphology or shape of AGS gastric epithelial cells. Furthermore, the TFSS is involved in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines. While the H. pylori genes required for TFSS function have been investigated systematically, little is known about possible host cell factors involved. We infected 19 different mammalian cell lines individually with H. pylori and analyzed CagA translocation, dephosphorylation of host cell proteins, chemokine secretion (interleukin-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein 2), and changes in cellular phenotypes. Our results demonstrate that not only bacterial but also host cell factors determine the cellular response to infection. The identification of such unknown host cell factors will add to our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and might help in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Bauer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Abt. Molekulare Biologie, Schumannstr. 20/21, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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