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Yusuf IH, Burgoyne T, Salman A, McClements ME, MacLaren RE, Charbel Issa P. Rescue of cone and rod photoreceptor function in a CDHR1-model of age-related retinal degeneration. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1445-1460. [PMID: 38504520 PMCID: PMC11081940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of untreatable blindness in the developed world. Recently, CDHR1 has been identified as the cause of a subset of AMD that has the appearance of the "dry" form, or geographic atrophy. Biallelic variants in CDHR1-a specialized protocadherin highly expressed in cone and rod photoreceptors-result in blindness from shortened photoreceptor outer segments and progressive photoreceptor cell death. Here we demonstrate long-term morphological, ultrastructural, functional, and behavioral rescue following CDHR1 gene therapy in a relevant murine model, sustained to 23-months after injection. This represents the first demonstration of rescue of a monogenic cadherinopathy in vivo. Moreover, the durability of CDHR1 gene therapy seems to be near complete-with morphological findings of the rescued retina not obviously different from wildtype throughout the lifespan of the mouse model. A follow-on clinical trial in patients with CDHR1-associated retinal degeneration is warranted. Hypomorphic CDHR1 variants may mimic advanced dry AMD. Accurate clinical classification is now critical, as their pathogenesis and treatment are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran H Yusuf
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Ahmed Salman
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Michelle E McClements
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Peter Charbel Issa
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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2
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Woodall MNJ, Cujba AM, Worlock KB, Case KM, Masonou T, Yoshida M, Polanski K, Huang N, Lindeboom RGH, Mamanova L, Bolt L, Richardson L, Cakir B, Ellis S, Palor M, Burgoyne T, Pinto A, Moulding D, McHugh TD, Saleh A, Kilich E, Mehta P, O'Callaghan C, Zhou J, Barclay W, DeCoppi P, Butler CR, Cortina-Borja M, Vinette H, Roy S, Breuer J, Chambers RC, Heywood WE, Mills K, Hynds RE, Teichmann SA, Meyer KB, Nikolić MZ, Smith CM. Age-specific nasal epithelial responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:1293-1311. [PMID: 38622380 PMCID: PMC11087271 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Children infected with SARS-CoV-2 rarely progress to respiratory failure. However, the risk of mortality in infected people over 85 years of age remains high. Here we investigate differences in the cellular landscape and function of paediatric (<12 years), adult (30-50 years) and older adult (>70 years) ex vivo cultured nasal epithelial cells in response to infection with SARS-CoV-2. We show that cell tropism of SARS-CoV-2, and expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in nasal epithelial cell subtypes, differ between age groups. While ciliated cells are viral replication centres across all age groups, a distinct goblet inflammatory subtype emerges in infected paediatric cultures and shows high expression of interferon-stimulated genes and incomplete viral replication. In contrast, older adult cultures infected with SARS-CoV-2 show a proportional increase in basaloid-like cells, which facilitate viral spread and are associated with altered epithelial repair pathways. We confirm age-specific induction of these cell types by integrating data from in vivo COVID-19 studies and validate that our in vitro model recapitulates early epithelial responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaylee B Worlock
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Tereza Masonou
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Masahiro Yoshida
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ni Huang
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Liam Bolt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Samuel Ellis
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Machaela Palor
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andreia Pinto
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dale Moulding
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- UCL Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aarash Saleh
- Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Eliz Kilich
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Puja Mehta
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo DeCoppi
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Colin R Butler
- Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Epithelial Cell Biology in ENT Research (EpiCENTR) Group, Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Heloise Vinette
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Sunando Roy
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rachel C Chambers
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy E Heywood
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kevin Mills
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Robert E Hynds
- Epithelial Cell Biology in ENT Research (EpiCENTR) Group, Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory/Dept Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Marko Z Nikolić
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Claire M Smith
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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3
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Baz-Redón N, Sánchez-Bellver L, Fernández-Cancio M, Rovira-Amigo S, Burgoyne T, Ranjit R, Aquino V, Toro-Barrios N, Carmona R, Polverino E, Cols M, Moreno-Galdó A, Camats-Tarruella N, Marfany G. Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia and Retinitis Pigmentosa: Novel RPGR Variant and Possible Modifier Gene. Cells 2024; 13:524. [PMID: 38534367 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We report a novel RPGR missense variant co-segregated with a familial X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) case. The brothers were hemizygous for this variant, but only the proband presented with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Thus, we aimed to elucidate the role of the RPGR variant and other modifier genes in the phenotypic variability observed in the family and its impact on motile cilia. The pathogenicity of the variant on the RPGR protein was evaluated by in vitro studies transiently transfecting the mutated RPGR gene, and immunofluorescence analysis on nasal brushing samples. Whole-exome sequencing was conducted to identify potential modifier variants. In vitro studies showed that the mutated RPGR protein could not localise to the cilium and impaired cilium formation. Accordingly, RPGR was abnormally distributed in the siblings' nasal brushing samples. In addition, a missense variant in CEP290 was identified. The concurrent RPGR variant influenced ciliary mislocalisation of the protein. We provide a comprehensive characterisation of motile cilia in this XLRP family, with only the proband presenting PCD symptoms. The variant's pathogenicity was confirmed, although it alone does not explain the respiratory symptoms. Finally, the CEP290 gene may be a potential modifier for respiratory symptoms in patients with RPGR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Baz-Redón
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-Bellver
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Fernández-Cancio
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rovira-Amigo
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Rai Ranjit
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Virginia Aquino
- Plataforma Andaluza de Medicina Computacional, Fundación Pública Andaluza Progreso y Salud, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Noemí Toro-Barrios
- Plataforma Andaluza de Medicina Computacional, Fundación Pública Andaluza Progreso y Salud, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosario Carmona
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Plataforma Andaluza de Medicina Computacional, Fundación Pública Andaluza Progreso y Salud, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eva Polverino
- Pneumology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Pneumology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Cols
- Paediatric Pulmonology Department and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Antonio Moreno-Galdó
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics, Gynecology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Núria Camats-Tarruella
- Growth and Development Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Sarkar H, Tracey-White D, Hagag AM, Burgoyne T, Nair N, Jensen LD, Edwards MM, Moosajee M. Loss of REP1 impacts choroidal melanogenesis and vasculogenesis in choroideremia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166963. [PMID: 37989423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Choroideremia (CHM) is a rare X-linked chorioretinal dystrophy affecting the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid, however, the involvement of the choroid in disease progression is not fully understood. CHM is caused by mutations in the CHM gene, encoding the ubiquitously expressed Rab escort protein 1 (REP1). REP1 plays an important role in intracellular trafficking of vesicles, including melanosomes. In this study, we examined the ultrastructure of the choroid in chmru848 fish and Chmnull/WT mouse models using transmission electron and confocal microscopy. Significant pigmentary disruptions were observed, with lack of melanosomes in the choroid of chmru848 fish from 4 days post fertilisation (4dpf), and a reduction in choroidal blood vessel diameter and interstitial pillars suggesting a defect in vasculogenesis. Total melanin and expression of melanogenesis genes tyr, tryp1a, mitf, dct and pmel were also reduced from 4dpf. In Chmnull/WT mice, choroidal melanosomes were significantly smaller at 1 month, with reduced eumelanin at 1 year. The choroid in CHM patients were also examined using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and OCT-angiography (OCT-A) and the area of preserved choriocapillaris (CC) was found to be smaller than that of overlying photoreceptors, suggesting that the choroid is degenerating at a faster rate. Histopathology of an enucleated eye from a 74-year-old CHM male patient revealed isolated areas of RPE but no associated underlying CC. Pigmentary disruptions in CHM animal models reveal an important role for REP1 in melanogenesis, and drugs that improve melanin production represent a potential novel therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajrah Sarkar
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Dhani Tracey-White
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Ahmed M Hagag
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK; Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Boehringer Ingelheim Limited, Bracknell, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Neelima Nair
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lasse D Jensen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Malia M Edwards
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK; Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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5
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Clark AM, Yu D, Neiswanger G, Zhu D, Zou J, Maschek JA, Burgoyne T, Yang J. Disruption of CFAP418 interaction with lipids causes widespread abnormal membrane-associated cellular processes in retinal degenerations. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e162621. [PMID: 37971880 PMCID: PMC10906455 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.162621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Syndromic ciliopathies and retinal degenerations are large heterogeneous groups of genetic diseases. Pathogenic variants in the CFAP418 gene may cause both disorders, and its protein sequence is evolutionarily conserved. However, the disease mechanism underlying CFAP418 mutations has not been explored. Here, we apply quantitative lipidomic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic profiling and affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry to address the molecular function of CFAP418 in the retina. We show that CFAP418 protein binds to the lipid metabolism precursor phosphatidic acid (PA) and mitochondrion-specific lipid cardiolipin but does not form a tight and static complex with proteins. Loss of Cfap418 in mice disturbs membrane lipid homeostasis and membrane-protein associations, which subsequently causes mitochondrial defects and membrane-remodeling abnormalities across multiple vesicular trafficking pathways in photoreceptors, especially the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway. Ablation of Cfap418 also increases the activity of PA-binding protein kinase Cα in the retina. Overall, our results indicate that membrane lipid imbalance is a pathological mechanism underlying syndromic ciliopathies and retinal degenerations which is associated with other known causative genes of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, and
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, and
| | - Grace Neiswanger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, and
| | - Daniel Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, and
| | - Junhuang Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, and
| | - J. Alan Maschek
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, and
- Department of Otolaryngology, and
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Stewart H, Palmulli R, Johansen KH, McGovern N, Shehata OM, Carnell GW, Jackson HK, Lee JS, Brown JC, Burgoyne T, Heeney JL, Okkenhaug K, Firth AE, Peden AA, Edgar JR. Tetherin antagonism by SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a and spike protein enhances virus release. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57224. [PMID: 37818801 PMCID: PMC10702813 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiviral restriction factor, tetherin, blocks the release of several different families of enveloped viruses, including the Coronaviridae. Tetherin is an interferon-induced protein that forms parallel homodimers between the host cell and viral particles, linking viruses to the surface of infected cells and inhibiting their release. We demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes tetherin downregulation and that tetherin depletion from cells enhances SARS-CoV-2 viral titres. We investigate the potential viral proteins involved in abrogating tetherin function and find that SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a reduces tetherin localisation within biosynthetic organelles where Coronaviruses bud, and increases tetherin localisation to late endocytic organelles via reduced retrograde recycling. We also find that expression of Spike protein causes a reduction in cellular tetherin levels. Our results confirm that tetherin acts as a host restriction factor for SARS-CoV-2 and highlight the multiple distinct mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 subverts tetherin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Stewart
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Kristoffer H Johansen
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Laboratory of Immune Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Naomi McGovern
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Ola M Shehata
- Department of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Sheffield, Firth CourtSheffieldUK
| | - George W Carnell
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Jin S Lee
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton HospitalGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- UCL Institute of OphthalmologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Andrew E Firth
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Andrew A Peden
- Department of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Sheffield, Firth CourtSheffieldUK
| | - James R Edgar
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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7
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Cardoso MH, Hall MJ, Burgoyne T, Fale P, Storm T, Escrevente C, Antas P, Seabra MC, Futter CE. Impaired Lysosome Reformation in Chloroquine-Treated Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:10. [PMID: 37548963 PMCID: PMC10411645 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To model the in vivo effects of chloroquine on the retinal pigment epithelium in experimentally tractable cell culture systems and determine the effects of mild chloroquine treatment on lysosome function and turnover. METHODS Effects of low-dose chloroquine treatment on lysosomal function and accessibility to newly endocytosed cargo were investigated in primary and embryonic stem cell-derived RPE cells and ARPE19 cells using fluorescence and electron microscopy of fluorescent and gold-labeled probes. Lysosomal protein expression and accumulation were measured by quantitative PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Initial chloroquine-induced lysosome neutralization was followed by partial recovery, lysosomal expansion, and accumulation of undegraded endocytic, phagocytic, and autophagic cargo and inhibition of cathepsin D processing. Accumulation of enlarged lysosomes was accompanied by a gradual loss of accessibility of these structures to the endocytic pathway, implying impaired lysosome reformation. Chloroquine-induced accumulation of pro-cathepsin D, as well as the lysosomal membrane protein, LAMP1, was reproduced by treatment with protease inhibitors and preceded changes in lysosomal gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose chloroquine treatment inhibits lysosome reformation, causing a gradual depletion of lysosomes able to interact with cargo-carrying vacuoles and degrade their content. The resulting accumulation of newly synthesized pro-cathepsin D and LAMP1 reflects inhibition of normal turnover of lysosomal constituents and possibly lysosomes themselves. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying lysosome reformation may reveal new targets for the treatment of chloroquine-induced retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Helena Cardoso
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Pedro Fale
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Storm
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Escrevente
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Antas
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Seabra
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; Lisboa, Portugal
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Burgoyne T, Futter CE. Gold Particle Analyser: Detection and quantitative assessment of electron microscopy gold probes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288811. [PMID: 37506104 PMCID: PMC10381077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold particle probes are an essential electron microscopy tool to examine protein localisation, as well as protein trafficking. They can be introduced into living cells when conjugated to a protein that is endocytosed or to an antibody against a cell surface protein. Alternatively, gold particles can be introduced into fixed cells or tissue when conjugated to antibodies, immunoglobulin binding molecules or chemical probes applied to permeabilised samples or electron microscopy sections. Colloidal gold particles that have not been enlarged through chemical (gold or silver) enhancement are typically spherical and can be prepared in a range of specific sizes, allowing multiple proteins to be localised within a single sample. The typically homogeneous shape and size of the colloidal gold makes them ideal for computer assisted detection and analysis. Here we demonstrate a program developed to automatically identify two sizes of gold particle and perform a range of analyses that includes (i) distribution and cluster analysis; (ii) selection and analysis of gold particles allocated close to or either side of a membrane; (iii) measurement of organelle size; (iv) estimation of the number of gold particles within an aggregate and (v) the detection of chemically enhanced irregular sized and shaped gold particles. We show this easy-to-use program can greatly assist electron microscopists, to reliably and efficiently analyse gold particles within their images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Burgoyne
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Schrage M, Rus MA, Niessen M, Burgoyne T, Pinto A, Lau K. Automated Segmentation of Mitochondria in Virus-Infected Cells Using Deep Learning Models. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:979-981. [PMID: 37613588 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario-Alin Rus
- Delmic B.V., Life Sciences, Delft, The Netherlands
- University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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de la Camara CMF, Storm T, Salman A, Burgoyne T, Rasmussen MQ, Orlans HO, Russell AJ, Davies SG, Barnard AR, MacLaren RE. Developmental Expression of the Cell Cycle Regulator p16 INK4a in Retinal Glial Cells: A Novel Marker for Immature Ocular Astrocytes? J Histochem Cytochem 2023:221554231184286. [PMID: 37350564 DOI: 10.1369/00221554231184286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal astrocytes are vital for neuronal homeostasis in the retina. Together with Müller glia, they provide retinal cells with neurotrophic factors, antioxidative support, and defense mechanisms such as the formation of the blood-retinal barrier. Substantial heterogeneity of astrocyte morphology and function represents a challenge for identification of distinct subtypes which may be potential targets for therapeutic purposes. Hence, identification of novel markers of astrocyte subpopulations is highly relevant to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in retinal development, homeostasis, and pathology. In this study, we observed that the cell cycle regulator, p16INK4a, is expressed in immature astrocytes in the mouse retina. Immunohistochemical analysis showed p16INK4a expression in the optic nerve of wild-type mice from 3 days to 3 months of age and in the nerve fiber layer of the adult mouse retina. Colocalization of p16INK4a expression and glial fibrillary acidic protein (immature/mature astrocyte marker) tends to decrease with age. However, colocalization of p16INK4a expression and vimentin (immature astrocyte marker) remains high in the optic nerve from the early postnatal period to adulthood. The observations from this study provide a valuable tool for further investigations of ocular astrocytes in the developing retina as well as in degenerative retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martinez-Fernandez de la Camara
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Storm
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Salman
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harry O Orlans
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J Russell
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen G Davies
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alun R Barnard
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Walton T, Gui M, Velkova S, Fassad MR, Hirst RA, Haarman E, O'Callaghan C, Bottier M, Burgoyne T, Mitchison HM, Brown A. Axonemal structures reveal mechanoregulatory and disease mechanisms. Nature 2023; 618:625-633. [PMID: 37258679 PMCID: PMC10266980 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia and flagella beat rhythmically on the surface of cells to power the flow of fluid and to enable spermatozoa and unicellular eukaryotes to swim. In humans, defective ciliary motility can lead to male infertility and a congenital disorder called primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), in which impaired clearance of mucus by the cilia causes chronic respiratory infections1. Ciliary movement is generated by the axoneme, a molecular machine consisting of microtubules, ATP-powered dynein motors and regulatory complexes2. The size and complexity of the axoneme has so far prevented the development of an atomic model, hindering efforts to understand how it functions. Here we capitalize on recent developments in artificial intelligence-enabled structure prediction and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structure of the 96-nm modular repeats of axonemes from the flagella of the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and human respiratory cilia. Our atomic models provide insights into the conservation and specialization of axonemes, the interconnectivity between dyneins and their regulators, and the mechanisms that maintain axonemal periodicity. Correlated conformational changes in mechanoregulatory complexes with their associated axonemal dynein motors provide a mechanism for the long-hypothesized mechanotransduction pathway to regulate ciliary motility. Structures of respiratory-cilia doublet microtubules from four individuals with PCD reveal how the loss of individual docking factors can selectively eradicate periodically repeating structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Walton
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miao Gui
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Simona Velkova
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahmoud R Fassad
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Robert A Hirst
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Eric Haarman
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher O'Callaghan
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation Department, NIHR GOSH BRC, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mathieu Bottier
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah M Mitchison
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alan Brown
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Stewart H, Palmulli R, Johansen KH, McGovern N, Shehata OM, Carnell GW, Jackson HK, Lee JS, Brown JC, Burgoyne T, Heeney JL, Okkenhaug K, Firth AE, Peden AA, Edgar JR. Tetherin antagonism by SARS-CoV-2 enhances virus release: multiple mechanisms including ORF3a-mediated defective retrograde traffic. bioRxiv 2022:2021.01.06.425396. [PMID: 33442692 PMCID: PMC7805449 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.06.425396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral restriction factor, tetherin, blocks the release of several different families of enveloped viruses, including the Coronaviridae. Tetherin is an interferon-induced protein that forms parallel homodimers between the host cell and viral particles, linking viruses to the surface of infected cells and inhibiting their release. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes tetherin downregulation, and that tetherin depletion from cells enhances SARS-CoV-2 viral titres. We investigated the potential viral proteins involved in abrogating tetherin function and found that SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a reduces tetherin localisation within biosynthetic organelles via reduced retrograde recycling and increases tetherin localisation to late endocytic organelles. By removing tetherin from the Coronavirus budding compartments, ORF3a enhances virus release. We also found expression of Spike protein caused a reduction in cellular tetherin levels. Our results confirm that tetherin acts as a host restriction factor for SARS-CoV-2 and highlight the multiple distinct mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 subverts tetherin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Stewart
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
| | - Roberta Palmulli
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
| | - Kristoffer H. Johansen
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
- Laboratory of Immune Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Naomi McGovern
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
| | - Ola M. Shehata
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield. S10 2TN. UK
| | - George W. Carnell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB3 0ES. UK
| | - Hannah K. Jackson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
| | - Jin S. Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
| | - Jonathan C. Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London. W2 1PG. UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London. SW3 6NP. UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London. EC1V 9EL. UK
| | - Jonathan L. Heeney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB3 0ES. UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
| | - Andrew E. Firth
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
| | - Andrew A. Peden
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield. S10 2TN. UK
| | - James R. Edgar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. CB2 1QP. UK
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13
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George PM, Reed A, Desai SR, Devaraj A, Faiez TS, Laverty S, Kanwal A, Esneau C, Liu MKC, Kamal F, Man WDC, Kaul S, Singh S, Lamb G, Faizi FK, Schuliga M, Read J, Burgoyne T, Pinto AL, Micallef J, Bauwens E, Candiracci J, Bougoussa M, Herzog M, Raman L, Ahmetaj-Shala B, Turville S, Aggarwal A, Farne HA, Dalla Pria A, Aswani AD, Patella F, Borek WE, Mitchell JA, Bartlett NW, Dokal A, Xu XN, Kelleher P, Shah A, Singanayagam A. A persistent neutrophil-associated immune signature characterizes post-COVID-19 pulmonary sequelae. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabo5795. [PMID: 36383686 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo5795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease and associated fibrosis occur in a proportion of individuals who have recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection through unknown mechanisms. We studied individuals with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after recovery from acute illness. Individuals with evidence of interstitial lung changes at 3 to 6 months after recovery had an up-regulated neutrophil-associated immune signature including increased chemokines, proteases, and markers of neutrophil extracellular traps that were detectable in the blood. Similar pathways were enriched in the upper airway with a concomitant increase in antiviral type I interferon signaling. Interaction analysis of the peripheral phosphoproteome identified enriched kinases critical for neutrophil inflammatory pathways. Evaluation of these individuals at 12 months after recovery indicated that a subset of the individuals had not yet achieved full normalization of radiological and functional changes. These data provide insight into mechanisms driving development of pulmonary sequelae during and after COVID-19 and provide a rational basis for development of targeted approaches to prevent long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M George
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Clinical Group, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Anna Reed
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Clinical Group, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Sujal R Desai
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Clinical Group, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Anand Devaraj
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Clinical Group, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Tasnim Shahridan Faiez
- Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2DD, UK
| | - Sarah Laverty
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Amama Kanwal
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Camille Esneau
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Michael K C Liu
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | | | - William D-C Man
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Clinical Group, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Sundeep Kaul
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Clinical Group, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
| | - Suveer Singh
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Clinical Group, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
| | - Georgia Lamb
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Clinical Group, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
| | - Fatima K Faizi
- Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2DD, UK
| | - Michael Schuliga
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jane Read
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Clinical Group, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Andreia L Pinto
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Clinical Group, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
| | - Jake Micallef
- Belgian Volition SRL, 22 rue Phocas Lejeune, Parc Scientifique Créalys, Isnes 5032, Belgium
| | - Emilie Bauwens
- Belgian Volition SRL, 22 rue Phocas Lejeune, Parc Scientifique Créalys, Isnes 5032, Belgium
| | - Julie Candiracci
- Belgian Volition SRL, 22 rue Phocas Lejeune, Parc Scientifique Créalys, Isnes 5032, Belgium
| | - Mhammed Bougoussa
- Belgian Volition SRL, 22 rue Phocas Lejeune, Parc Scientifique Créalys, Isnes 5032, Belgium
| | - Marielle Herzog
- Belgian Volition SRL, 22 rue Phocas Lejeune, Parc Scientifique Créalys, Isnes 5032, Belgium
| | - Lavanya Raman
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | | | - Stuart Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hugo A Farne
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Chest and Allergy Department, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Alessia Dalla Pria
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Department of HIV and Genitourinary Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Andrew D Aswani
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Santersus AG, Buckhauserstrasse 34, Zurich 8048, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Patella
- Kinomica Ltd, Biohub, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Weronika E Borek
- Kinomica Ltd, Biohub, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Jane A Mitchell
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Arran Dokal
- Kinomica Ltd, Biohub, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Xiao-Ning Xu
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Peter Kelleher
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Clinical Group, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
- Department of HIV and Genitourinary Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London SW10 9NH, UK
- Immunology of Infection Section, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Infection and Immunity Sciences, North West London Pathology NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Anand Shah
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Clinical Group, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
- MRC Centre of Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Aran Singanayagam
- Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2DD, UK
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14
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Burgoyne T, Toms M, Way C, Tracey-White D, Futter CE, Moosajee M. Changes in Mitochondrial Size and Morphology in the RPE and Photoreceptors of the Developing and Ageing Zebrafish. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223542. [PMID: 36428971 PMCID: PMC9688747 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-generating cellular organelles. In the retina, they are highly numerous in the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) due to their high energetic requirements. Fission and fusion of the mitochondria within these cells allow them to adapt to changing demands over the lifespan of the organism. Using transmission electron microscopy, we examined the mitochondrial ultrastructure of zebrafish photoreceptors and RPE from 5 days post fertilisation (dpf) through to late adulthood (3 years). Notably, mitochondria in the youngest animals were large and irregular shaped with a loose cristae architecture, but by 8 dpf they had reduced in size and expanded in number with more defined cristae. Investigation of temporal gene expression of several mitochondrial-related markers indicated fission as the dominant mechanism contributing to the changes observed over time. This is likely to be due to continued mitochondrial stress resulting from the oxidative environment of the retina and prolonged light exposure. We have characterised retinal mitochondrial ageing in a key vertebrate model organism, that provides a basis for future studies of retinal diseases that are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Burgoyne
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Maria Toms
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Chris Way
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Dhani Tracey-White
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Clare E. Futter
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Correspondence:
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15
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Cheung R, Pizza G, Chabosseau P, Rolando D, Tomas A, Burgoyne T, Wu Z, Salowka A, Thapa A, Macklin A, Cao Y, Nguyen-Tu MS, Dickerson MT, Jacobson DA, Marchetti P, Shapiro J, Piemonti L, de Koning E, Leclerc I, Bouzakri K, Sakamoto K, Smith DM, Rutter GA, Martinez-Sanchez A. Glucose-Dependent miR-125b Is a Negative Regulator of β-Cell Function. Diabetes 2022; 71:1525-1545. [PMID: 35476777 PMCID: PMC9998846 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Impaired pancreatic β-cell function and insulin secretion are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes. miRNAs are short, noncoding RNAs that silence gene expression vital for the development and function of β cells. We have previously shown that β cell-specific deletion of the important energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) results in increased miR-125b-5p levels. Nevertheless, the function of this miRNA in β cells is unclear. We hypothesized that miR-125b-5p expression is regulated by glucose and that this miRNA mediates some of the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia in β cells. Here, we show that islet miR-125b-5p expression is upregulated by glucose in an AMPK-dependent manner and that short-term miR-125b-5p overexpression impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in the mouse insulinoma MIN6 cells and in human islets. An unbiased, high-throughput screen in MIN6 cells identified multiple miR-125b-5p targets, including the transporter of lysosomal hydrolases M6pr and the mitochondrial fission regulator Mtfp1. Inactivation of miR-125b-5p in the human β-cell line EndoCβ-H1 shortened mitochondria and enhanced GSIS, whereas mice overexpressing miR-125b-5p selectively in β cells (MIR125B-Tg) were hyperglycemic and glucose intolerant. MIR125B-Tg β cells contained enlarged lysosomal structures and had reduced insulin content and secretion. Collectively, we identify miR-125b as a glucose-controlled regulator of organelle dynamics that modulates insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Cheung
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Grazia Pizza
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Pauline Chabosseau
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Delphine Rolando
- Beta Cell Genome Regulation Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Zhiyi Wu
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Anna Salowka
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Anusha Thapa
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Annabel Macklin
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Yufei Cao
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Marie-Sophie Nguyen-Tu
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Matthew T. Dickerson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - David A. Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - James Shapiro
- Clinical Islet Laboratory and Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Eelco de Koning
- Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Karim Bouzakri
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M. Smith
- Emerging Innovations Unit, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- CR-CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Aida Martinez-Sanchez
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Corresponding author: Aida Martinez-Sanchez,
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16
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Pinto AL, Rai RK, Brown JC, Griffin P, Edgar JR, Shah A, Singanayagam A, Hogg C, Barclay WS, Futter CE, Burgoyne T. Ultrastructural insight into SARS-CoV-2 entry and budding in human airway epithelium. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1609. [PMID: 35338134 PMCID: PMC8956608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrastructural studies of SARS-CoV-2 infected cells are crucial to better understand the mechanisms of viral entry and budding within host cells. Here, we examined human airway epithelium infected with three different isolates of SARS-CoV-2 including the B.1.1.7 variant by transmission electron microscopy and tomography. For all isolates, the virus infected ciliated but not goblet epithelial cells. Key SARS-CoV-2 entry molecules, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, were found to be localised to the plasma membrane including microvilli but excluded from cilia. Consistently, extracellular virions were seen associated with microvilli and the apical plasma membrane but rarely with ciliary membranes. Profiles indicative of viral fusion where tomography showed that the viral membrane was continuous with the apical plasma membrane and the nucleocapsids diluted, compared with unfused virus, demonstrate that the plasma membrane is one site of entry where direct fusion releasing the nucleoprotein-encapsidated genome occurs. Intact intracellular virions were found within ciliated cells in compartments with a single membrane bearing S glycoprotein. Tomography showed concentration of nucleocapsids round the periphery of profiles strongly suggestive of viral budding into these compartments and this may explain how virions gain their S glycoprotein containing envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia L Pinto
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Ranjit K Rai
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Jonathan C Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul Griffin
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - James R Edgar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Anand Shah
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- MRC Centre of Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Aran Singanayagam
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2DD, UK
| | - Claire Hogg
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- Academic Health Sciences Centre, Imperial College, London, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Clare E Futter
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK.
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
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17
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Pinto AL, Rasteiro M, Bota C, Pestana S, Sampaio P, Hogg C, Burgoyne T, Lopes SS. Zebrafish Motile Cilia as a Model for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8361. [PMID: 34445067 PMCID: PMC8393663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is a vertebrate teleost widely used in many areas of research. As embryos, they develop quickly and provide unique opportunities for research studies owing to their transparency for at least 48 h post fertilization. Zebrafish have many ciliated organs that include primary cilia as well as motile cilia. Using zebrafish as an animal model helps to better understand human diseases such as Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD), an autosomal recessive disorder that affects cilia motility, currently associated with more than 50 genes. The aim of this study was to validate zebrafish motile cilia, both in mono and multiciliated cells, as organelles for PCD research. For this purpose, we obtained systematic high-resolution data in both the olfactory pit (OP) and the left-right organizer (LRO), a superficial organ and a deep organ embedded in the tail of the embryo, respectively. For the analysis of their axonemal ciliary structure, we used conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron tomography (ET). We characterised the wild-type OP cilia and showed, for the first time in zebrafish, the presence of motile cilia (9 + 2) in the periphery of the pit and the presence of immotile cilia (still 9 + 2), with absent outer dynein arms, in the centre of the pit. In addition, we reported that a central pair of microtubules in the LRO motile cilia is common in zebrafish, contrary to mouse embryos, but it is not observed in all LRO cilia from the same embryo. We further showed that the outer dynein arms of the microtubular doublet of both the OP and LRO cilia are structurally similar in dimensions to the human respiratory cilia at the resolution of TEM and ET. We conclude that zebrafish is a good model organism for PCD research but investigators need to be aware of the specific physical differences to correctly interpret their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia L. Pinto
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK; (A.L.P.); (C.H.); (T.B.)
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Rua Câmara Pestana nº 6, 6-A, Edifício CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.R.); (C.B.); (S.P.); (P.S.)
- Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2825-149 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Margarida Rasteiro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Rua Câmara Pestana nº 6, 6-A, Edifício CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.R.); (C.B.); (S.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Catarina Bota
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Rua Câmara Pestana nº 6, 6-A, Edifício CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.R.); (C.B.); (S.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Sara Pestana
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Rua Câmara Pestana nº 6, 6-A, Edifício CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.R.); (C.B.); (S.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Pedro Sampaio
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Rua Câmara Pestana nº 6, 6-A, Edifício CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.R.); (C.B.); (S.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Claire Hogg
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK; (A.L.P.); (C.H.); (T.B.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK; (A.L.P.); (C.H.); (T.B.)
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Susana S. Lopes
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Rua Câmara Pestana nº 6, 6-A, Edifício CEDOC II, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.R.); (C.B.); (S.P.); (P.S.)
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18
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Oggero S, de Gaetano M, Marcone S, Fitzsimons S, Pinto AL, Ikramova D, Barry M, Burke D, Montero-Melendez T, Cooper D, Burgoyne T, Belton O, Norling LV, Brennan EP, Godson C, Perretti M. Extracellular vesicles from monocyte/platelet aggregates modulate human atherosclerotic plaque reactivity. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:12084. [PMID: 33936566 PMCID: PMC8077084 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as key players in different stages of atherosclerosis. Here we provide evidence that EVs released by mixed aggregates of monocytes and platelets in response to TNF‐α display pro‐inflammatory actions on endothelial cells and atherosclerotic plaques. Tempering platelet activation with Iloprost, Aspirin or a P2Y12 inhibitor impacted quantity and phenotype of EV produced. Proteomics of EVs from cells activated with TNF‐α alone or in the presence of Iloprost revealed a distinct composition, with interesting hits like annexin‐A1 and gelsolin. When added to human atherosclerotic plaque explants, EVs from TNF‐α stimulated monocytes augmented release of cytokines. In contrast, EVs generated by TNF‐α together with Iloprost produced minimal plaque activation. Notably, patients with coronary artery disease that required percutaneous coronary intervention had elevated plasma numbers of monocyte, platelet as well as double positive EV subsets. In conclusion, EVs released following monocyte/platelet activation may play a potential role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Whereas attenuating platelet activation modifies EV composition released from monocyte/platelet aggregates, curbing their pro‐inflammatory actions may offer therapeutic avenues for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Oggero
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Monica de Gaetano
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Simone Marcone
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Stephen Fitzsimons
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | | | - Dinara Ikramova
- School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Mary Barry
- Department of Vascular Surgery St. Vincent's University Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - David Burke
- Department of Vascular Surgery St. Vincent's University Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Trinidad Montero-Melendez
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK.,Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Dianne Cooper
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK.,Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust London UK.,Institute of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Brain Sciences University College London London UK
| | - Orina Belton
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Lucy V Norling
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK.,Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Eoin P Brennan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre Conway Institute, & School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London UK.,Centre for inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London London UK
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19
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Dragoni S, Caridi B, Karatsai E, Burgoyne T, Sarker MH, Turowski P. AMP-activated protein kinase is a key regulator of acute neurovascular permeability. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs253179. [PMID: 33712448 PMCID: PMC8077405 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuronal and retinal disorders are associated with pathological hyperpermeability of the microvasculature. We have used explants of rodent retinae to study acute neurovascular permeability, signal transduction and the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Following stimulation with either vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) or bradykinin (BK), AMPK was rapidly and strongly phosphorylated and acted as a key mediator of permeability downstream of Ca2+. Accordingly, AMPK agonists potently induced acute retinal vascular leakage. AMPK activation led to phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, also known as NOS3), which in turn increased VE-cadherin (CDH5) phosphorylation on Y685. In parallel, AMPK also mediated phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinases (hereafter p38) and HSP27 (HSPB1), indicating that it regulated paracellular junctions and cellular contractility, both previously associated with endothelial permeability. Endothelial AMPK provided a missing link in neurovascular permeability, connecting Ca2+ transients to the activation of eNOS and p38, irrespective of the permeability-inducing factor used. Collectively, we find that, due to its compatibility with small molecule antagonists and agonists, as well as siRNA, the ex vivo retina model constitutes a reliable tool to identify and study regulators and mechanisms of acute neurovascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dragoni
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Bruna Caridi
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Eleni Karatsai
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Mosharraf H. Sarker
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- School of Science, Engineering & Design, Teesside University, Stephenson Street, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK
| | - Patric Turowski
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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20
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Abade Dos Santos FA, Pinto A, Burgoyne T, Dalton KP, Carvalho CL, Ramilo DW, Carneiro C, Carvalho T, Peleteiro MC, Parra F, Duarte MD. Spillover events of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (recombinant GI.4P-GI.2) from Lagomorpha to Eurasian badger. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1030-1045. [PMID: 33683820 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a major threat to domestic and wild European rabbits. Presently, in Europe, the disease is caused mainly by Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2/b or Lagovirus europaeus GI.2), the origin of which is still unclear, as no RHDV2 reservoir hosts were identified. After the RHDV2 emergence in 2010, viral RNA was detected in a few rodent species. Furthermore, RHDV2 was found to cause disease in some hare species resembling the disease in rabbits, evidencing the ability of the virus to cross the species barrier. In this study, through molecular, histopathologic, antigenic and morphological evidences, we demonstrate the presence and replication of RHDV2 in Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) found dead in the district of Santarém, Portugal, between March 2017 and January 2020. In these animals, we further classify the RHDV2 as a Lagovirus europaeus recombinant GI.4P-GI.2. Our results indicate that Meles meles is susceptible to RHDV2, developing systemic infection, and excreting the virus in the faeces. Given the high viral loads seen in several organs and matrices, we believe that transmission to the wild rabbit is likely. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy data show the presence of calicivirus compatible virions in the nucleus of hepatocytes, which constitutes a paradigm shift for caliciviruses' replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio A Abade Dos Santos
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of. Av. da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal.,National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV, I.P.), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Andreia Pinto
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin P Dalton
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carina L Carvalho
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV, I.P.), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - David W Ramilo
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of. Av. da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Carneiro
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of. Av. da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tânia Carvalho
- Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Conceição Peleteiro
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of. Av. da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Parra
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Margarida D Duarte
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of. Av. da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal.,National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV, I.P.), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
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21
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Meschede IP, Burgoyne T, Tolmachova T, Seabra MC, Futter CE. Chronically shortened rod outer segments accompany photoreceptor cell death in Choroideremia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242284. [PMID: 33201897 PMCID: PMC7671558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked choroideremia (CHM) is a disease characterized by gradual retinal degeneration caused by loss of the Rab Escort Protein, REP1. Despite partial compensation by REP2 the disease is characterized by prenylation defects in multiple members of the Rab protein family that are master regulators of membrane traffic. Remarkably, the eye is the only organ affected in CHM patients, possibly because of the huge membrane traffic burden of the post mitotic photoreceptors, which synthesise outer segments, and the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium that degrades the spent portions each day. In this study, we aimed to identify defects in membrane traffic that might lead to photoreceptor cell death in CHM. In a heterozygous null female mouse model of CHM (Chmnull/WT), degeneration of the photoreceptor layer was clearly evident from increased numbers of TUNEL positive cells compared to age matched controls, small numbers of cells exhibiting signs of mitochondrial stress and greatly increased microglial infiltration. However, most rod photoreceptors exhibited remarkably normal morphology with well-formed outer segments and no discernible accumulation of transport vesicles in the inner segment. The major evidence of membrane trafficking defects was a shortening of rod outer segments that was evident at 2 months of age but remained constant over the period during which the cells die. A decrease in rhodopsin density found in the outer segment may underlie the outer segment shortening but does not lead to rhodopsin accumulation in the inner segment. Our data argue against defects in rhodopsin transport or outer segment renewal as triggers of cell death in CHM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miguel C. Seabra
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- CEDOC, NOVA Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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Shoemark A, Pinto AL, Patel MP, Daudvohra F, Hogg C, Mitchison HM, Burgoyne T. PCD Detect: enhancing ciliary features through image averaging and classification. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L1048-L1060. [PMID: 32996775 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00264.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an inherited disorder of the motile cilia. Early accurate diagnosis is important to help prevent lung damage in childhood and to preserve lung function. Confirmation of a diagnosis traditionally relied on assessment of ciliary ultrastructure by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); however, >50 known PCD genes have made the identification of biallelic mutations a viable alternative to confirm diagnosis. TEM and genotyping lack sensitivity, and research to improve accuracy of both is required. TEM can be challenging when a subtle or partial ciliary defect is present or affected cilia structures are difficult to identify due to poor contrast. Here, we demonstrate software to enhance TEM ciliary images and reduce background by averaging ciliary features. This includes an option to classify features into groups based on their appearance, to generate multiple averages when a nonhomogeneous abnormality is present. We validated this software on images taken from subjects with well-characterized PCD caused by variants in the outer dynein arm (ODA) heavy chain gene DNAH5. Examining more difficult to diagnose cases, we detected 1) regionally restricted absence of the ODAs away from the ciliary base, in a subject carrying mutations in DNAH9; 2) loss of the typically poorly contrasted inner dynein arms; and 3) sporadic absence of part of the central pair complex in subjects carrying mutations in HYDIN, including one case with an unverified genetic diagnosis. We show that this easy-to-use software can assist in detailing relationships between genotype and ultrastructural phenotype, improving diagnosis of PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Shoemark
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Andreia L Pinto
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mitali P Patel
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farheen Daudvohra
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Hogg
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M Mitchison
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly specialised pigmented monolayer sandwiched between the choroid and the photoreceptors in the retina. Key functions of the RPE include transport of nutrients to the neural retina, removal of waste products and water from the retina to the blood, recycling of retinal chromophores, absorption of scattered light and phagocytosis of the tips of the photoreceptor outer segments. These functions place a considerable membrane trafficking burden on the RPE. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we focus on RPE-specific adaptations of trafficking pathways. We outline mechanisms underlying the polarised expression of membrane proteins, melanosome biogenesis and movement, and endocytic trafficking, as well as photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis and degradation. We also briefly discuss theories of how dysfunction in trafficking pathways contributes to retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Storm
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Clare E Futter
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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24
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Pinto AL, Rai RK, Hogg C, Burgoyne T. Ciliary Feature Counter: A program for the Quantitative Assessment of Cilia to Diagnose Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10080524. [PMID: 32731525 PMCID: PMC7459509 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a disorder that affects motile cilia in the airway that are required for the removal of mucus, debris, and pathogens. It is important to diagnose PCD in early childhood to preserve lung function. The confirmation of a diagnosis relies on the assessment of ciliary ultrastructure by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM involves the quantitative assessment of the ciliary ultrastructure to identify PCD defects as well as abnormalities resulting from infection. Many specialist diagnostic centres still rely on physical counters to tally results and paper notes to summarise findings before transferring the results to computer databases/records. To speed up the diagnostic data collection and increase the protection of patient information, we have developed digital ciliary feature counters that conform to the PCD reporting international consensus guideline. These counters can be used on a computer or tablet, and automatically generate notes regarding sample observations. We show that the digital counters are easy to use and can generate TEM diagnostic reports that will be useful for many PCD diagnostic centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia L. Pinto
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK; (A.L.P.); (R.K.R.); (C.H.)
| | - Ranjit K. Rai
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK; (A.L.P.); (R.K.R.); (C.H.)
| | - Claire Hogg
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK; (A.L.P.); (R.K.R.); (C.H.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK; (A.L.P.); (R.K.R.); (C.H.)
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)20-7352-8121
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25
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Barsch F, Niedermair T, Mamilos A, Schmitt VH, Grevenstein D, Babel M, Burgoyne T, Shoemark A, Brochhausen C. Physiological and Pathophysiological Aspects of Primary Cilia-A Literature Review with View on Functional and Structural Relationships in Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144959. [PMID: 32674266 PMCID: PMC7404129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are cellular organelles that project from the cell. They occur in nearly all non-hematopoietic tissues and have different functions in different tissues. In mesenchymal tissues primary cilia play a crucial role in the adequate morphogenesis during embryological development. In mature articular cartilage, primary cilia fulfil chemo- and mechanosensitive functions to adapt the cellular mechanisms on extracellular changes and thus, maintain tissue homeostasis and morphometry. Ciliary abnormalities in osteoarthritic cartilage could represent pathophysiological relationships between ciliary dysfunction and tissue deformation. Nevertheless, the molecular and pathophysiological relationships of ‘Primary Cilia’ (PC) in the context of osteoarthritis is not yet fully understood. The present review focuses on the current knowledge about PC and provide a short but not exhaustive overview of their role in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Barsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany and Institute of Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Tanja Niedermair
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.N.); (A.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Andreas Mamilos
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.N.); (A.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Volker H. Schmitt
- Cardiology I, Centre for Cardiology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany;
| | - David Grevenstein
- Department for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, 50923 Köln, Germany;
| | - Maximilian Babel
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.N.); (A.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Trust, SW3 6NP London and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Trust, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK;
| | - Christoph Brochhausen
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.N.); (A.M.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-944-6636
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26
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Meschede IP, Ovenden NC, Seabra MC, Futter CE, Votruba M, Cheetham ME, Burgoyne T. Symmetric arrangement of mitochondria:plasma membrane contacts between adjacent photoreceptor cells regulated by Opa1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15684-15693. [PMID: 32571921 PMCID: PMC7355040 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000304117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are known to play an essential role in photoreceptor function and survival that enables normal vision. Within photoreceptors, mitochondria are elongated and extend most of the inner-segment length, where they supply energy for protein synthesis and the phototransduction machinery in the outer segment, as well as acting as a calcium store. Here, we examined the arrangement of the mitochondria within the inner segment in detail using three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy techniques and show they are tethered to the plasma membrane in a highly specialized arrangement. Remarkably, mitochondria and their cristae openings align with those of neighboring inner segments. The pathway by which photoreceptors meet their high energy demands is not fully understood. We propose this to be a mechanism to share metabolites and assist in maintaining homeostasis across the photoreceptor cell layer. In the extracellular space between photoreceptors, Müller glial processes were identified. Due to the often close proximity to the inner-segment mitochondria, they may, too, play a role in the inner-segment mitochondrial arrangement as well as metabolite shuttling. OPA1 is an important factor in mitochondrial homeostasis, including cristae remodeling; therefore, we examined the photoreceptors of a heterozygous Opa1 knockout mouse model. The cristae structure in the Opa1+/- photoreceptors was not greatly affected, but the mitochondria were enlarged and had reduced alignment to neighboring inner-segment mitochondria. This indicates the importance of key regulators in maintaining this specialized photoreceptor mitochondrial arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid P Meschede
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, EC1V 9EL London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C Ovenden
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel C Seabra
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, EC1V 9EL London, United Kingdom
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Clare E Futter
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, EC1V 9EL London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcela Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital Wales, CF14 4XW Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E Cheetham
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, EC1V 9EL London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, EC1V 9EL London, United Kingdom;
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27
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Hayes MJ, Burgoyne T, Wavre-Shapton ST, Tolmachova T, Seabra MC, Futter CE. Remodeling of the Basal Labyrinth of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells With Osmotic Challenge, Age, and Disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2515-2524. [PMID: 31194861 PMCID: PMC6564051 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The basal surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is folded into a complex basal labyrinth thought to facilitate solute and water transport. We aimed to analyze and define the structural organization of the basal labyrinth of the RPE to enable quantitative analysis of structural changes in age and disease and to better understand the relationship between basal labyrinth structure and efficiency of transepithelial transport. Methods Conventional transmission and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and electron tomography were used to examine the structure of the basal labyrinth in mouse eyes of different ages and genotypes and with and without osmotic shock before fixation. Results We identified structurally distinct zones (stacked and ribbon-like) within the RPE basal labyrinth that are largely organelle free and cisternal elements that make contact with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. These zones are lost in a hierarchic fashion with age and prematurely in a model of the progressive retinal degenerative disease, choroideremia. Junctional complexes crosslink closely opposed infoldings. Spacing between the basal infoldings was affected by subtle osmotic changes while osmotic shock induced dramatic remodeling of the infoldings. Conclusions The basal labyrinth has complex but ordered structural elements that break down with age and in choroideremia. The geometry of these elements and site of contact with ER and mitochondria likely facilitate the ion transport that drives water transport across the basal RPE surface. Changes in structure in response to local osmotic variation may allow transport to be modulated in order to maintain RPE volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hayes
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silene T Wavre-Shapton
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Miguel C Seabra
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,CEDOC, NOVA Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Clare E Futter
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Buenaventura T, Bitsi S, Laughlin WE, Burgoyne T, Lyu Z, Oqua AI, Norman H, McGlone ER, Klymchenko AS, Corrêa IR, Walker A, Inoue A, Hanyaloglu A, Grimes J, Koszegi Z, Calebiro D, Rutter GA, Bloom SR, Jones B, Tomas A. Agonist-induced membrane nanodomain clustering drives GLP-1 receptor responses in pancreatic beta cells. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000097. [PMID: 31430273 PMCID: PMC6716783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), a key pharmacological target in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, undergoes rapid endocytosis after stimulation by endogenous and therapeutic agonists. We have previously highlighted the relevance of this process in fine-tuning GLP-1R responses in pancreatic beta cells to control insulin secretion. In the present study, we demonstrate an important role for the translocation of active GLP-1Rs into liquid-ordered plasma membrane nanodomains, which act as hotspots for optimal coordination of intracellular signaling and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. This process is dynamically regulated by agonist binding through palmitoylation of the GLP-1R at its carboxyl-terminal tail. Biased GLP-1R agonists and small molecule allosteric modulation both influence GLP-1R palmitoylation, clustering, nanodomain signaling, and internalization. Downstream effects on insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells indicate that these processes are relevant to GLP-1R physiological actions and might be therapeutically targetable. Nanodomain segregation and clustering of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, a key target for type 2 diabetes therapy, is regulated by agonist binding, leading to compartmentalization of downstream signaling and clathrin-dependent internalization and impacting pancreatic beta cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Buenaventura
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stavroula Bitsi
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William E. Laughlin
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zekun Lyu
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Affiong I. Oqua
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Norman
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma R. McGlone
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey S. Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR CNRS 7021, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
| | - Ivan R. Corrêa
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abigail Walker
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aylin Hanyaloglu
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jak Grimes
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham and Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsombor Koszegi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham and Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham and Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R. Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AT); (BJ)
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AT); (BJ)
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29
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Burgoyne T, Heumann JM, Morris EP, Knupp C, Liu J, Reedy MK, Taylor KA, Wang K, Luther PK. Three-dimensional structure of the basketweave Z-band in midshipman fish sonic muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15534-15539. [PMID: 31320587 PMCID: PMC6681754 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902235116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Striated muscle enables movement in all animals by the contraction of myriads of sarcomeres joined end to end by the Z-bands. The contraction is due to tension generated in each sarcomere between overlapping arrays of actin and myosin filaments. At the Z-band, actin filaments from adjoining sarcomeres overlap and are cross-linked in a regular pattern mainly by the protein α-actinin. The Z-band is dynamic, reflected by the 2 regular patterns seen in transverse section electron micrographs; the so-called small-square and basketweave forms. Although these forms are attributed, respectively, to relaxed and actively contracting muscles, the basketweave form occurs in certain relaxed muscles as in the muscle studied here. We used electron tomography and subtomogram averaging to derive the 3D structure of the Z-band in the swimbladder sonic muscle of type I male plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus), into which we docked the crystallographic structures of actin and α-actinin. The α-actinin links run diagonally between connected pairs of antiparallel actin filaments and are oriented at an angle of about 25° away from the actin filament axes. The slightly curved and flattened structure of the α-actinin rod has a distinct fit into the map. The Z-band model provides a detailed understanding of the role of α-actinin in transmitting tension between actin filaments in adjoining sarcomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Burgoyne
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - John M Heumann
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347
| | - Edward P Morris
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, SW7 3RP London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Knupp
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380
| | - Michael K Reedy
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Kenneth A Taylor
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380
| | - Kuan Wang
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Pradeep K Luther
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom;
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30
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Storm T, Burgoyne T, Dunaief JL, Christensen EI, Futter C, Nielsen R. Selective Ablation of Megalin in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Results in Megaophthalmos, Macromelanosome Formation and Severe Retina Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:322-330. [PMID: 30665232 PMCID: PMC6343679 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mutations in the megalin-encoding gene, LRP2, cause high myopia as seen in patients suffering from Donnai-Barrow/facio-oculo-acoustico-renal syndrome. Megalin is present in both the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body and in the RPE. In this study, we set out to establish an animal model to study the mechanisms underlying the ocular phenotype and to establish if high myopia/megaophthalmos is induced by postnatal megalin-deficiency in the RPE. Methods Postnatal RPE-specific deletion of megalin was generated by crossing mice bearing a homozygous loxP-flanked Lrp2 allele with transgenic mice expressing the Cre recombinase driven by the BEST1 promotor. The model was investigated by immunohistologic techniques, and transmission electron microscopy. Results Mice with postnatal RPE-specific loss of megalin developed a megaophthalmos phenotype with dramatic increase in ocular size and severe retinal thinning associated with compromised vision. This phenotype was present at postnatal day 14, indicating rapid development in the period from onset of BEST1 promotor activity at postnatal day 10. Additionally, RPE melanosomes exhibited abnormal size and morphology, suggested by electron tomography to be caused by fusion events between multiple melanosomes. Conclusions Postnatal loss of megalin in the RPE induces dramatic and rapid ocular growth and retinal degeneration compatible with the high myopia observed in Donnai-Barrow patients. The morphologic changes of RPE melanosomes, believed to be largely inert and fully differentiated at birth, suggested a continued plasticity of mature melanosomes and a requirement for megalin to maintain their number and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Storm
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Joshua L Dunaief
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Erik I Christensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Clare Futter
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rikke Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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31
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Toms M, Burgoyne T, Tracey-White D, Richardson R, Dubis AM, Webster AR, Futter C, Moosajee M. Phagosomal and mitochondrial alterations in RPE may contribute to KCNJ13 retinopathy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3793. [PMID: 30846767 PMCID: PMC6405871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in KCNJ13 are associated with two retinal disorders; Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and snowflake vitreoretinal degeneration (SVD). We examined the retina of kcnj13 mutant zebrafish (obelixtd15, c.502T > C p.[Phe168Leu]) to provide new insights into the pathophysiology underlying these conditions. Detailed phenotyping of obelixtd15 fish revealed a late onset retinal degeneration at 12 months. Electron microscopy of the obelixtd15 retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) uncovered reduced phagosome clearance and increased mitochondrial number and size prior any signs of retinal degeneration. Melanosome distribution was also affected in dark-adapted 12-month obelixtd15 fish. At 6 and 12 months, ATP levels were found to be reduced along with increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and heat shock protein 60. Quantitative RT-PCR of polg2, fis1, opa1, sod1/2 and bcl2a from isolated retina showed expression changes consistent with altered mitochondrial activity and retinal stress. We propose that the retinal disease in this model is primarily a failure of phagosome physiology with a secondary mitochondrial dysfunction. Our findings suggest that alterations in the RPE and photoreceptor cellular organelles may contribute to KCNJ13-related retinal degeneration and provide a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Toms
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Adam M Dubis
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew R Webster
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. .,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. .,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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32
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Fassad MR, Shoemark A, Legendre M, Hirst RA, Koll F, le Borgne P, Louis B, Daudvohra F, Patel MP, Thomas L, Dixon M, Burgoyne T, Hayes J, Nicholson AG, Cullup T, Jenkins L, Carr SB, Aurora P, Lemullois M, Aubusson-Fleury A, Papon JF, O’Callaghan C, Amselem S, Hogg C, Escudier E, Tassin AM, Mitchison HM. Mutations in Outer Dynein Arm Heavy Chain DNAH9 Cause Motile Cilia Defects and Situs Inversus. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:984-994. [PMID: 30471717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia move body fluids and gametes and the beating of cilia lining the airway epithelial surfaces ensures that they are kept clear and protected from inhaled pathogens and consequent respiratory infections. Dynein motor proteins provide mechanical force for cilia beating. Dynein mutations are a common cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), an inherited condition characterized by deficient mucociliary clearance and chronic respiratory disease coupled with laterality disturbances and subfertility. Using next-generation sequencing, we detected mutations in the ciliary outer dynein arm (ODA) heavy chain gene DNAH9 in individuals from PCD clinics with situs inversus and in one case male infertility. DNAH9 and its partner heavy chain DNAH5 localize to type 2 ODAs of the distal cilium and in DNAH9-mutated nasal respiratory epithelial cilia we found a loss of DNAH9/DNAH5-containing type 2 ODAs that was restricted to the distal cilia region. This confers a reduced beating frequency with a subtle beating pattern defect affecting the motility of the distal cilia portion. 3D electron tomography ultrastructural studies confirmed regional loss of ODAs from the distal cilium, manifesting as either loss of whole ODA or partial loss of ODA volume. Paramecium DNAH9 knockdown confirms an evolutionarily conserved function for DNAH9 in cilia motility and ODA stability. We find that DNAH9 is widely expressed in the airways, despite DNAH9 mutations appearing to confer symptoms restricted to the upper respiratory tract. In summary, DNAH9 mutations reduce cilia function but some respiratory mucociliary clearance potential may be retained, widening the PCD disease spectrum.
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33
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Monypenny J, Milewicz H, Flores-Borja F, Weitsman G, Cheung A, Chowdhury R, Burgoyne T, Arulappu A, Lawler K, Barber PR, Vicencio JM, Keppler M, Wulaningsih W, Davidson SM, Fraternali F, Woodman N, Turmaine M, Gillett C, Franz D, Quezada SA, Futter CE, Von Kriegsheim A, Kolch W, Vojnovic B, Carlton JG, Ng T. ALIX Regulates Tumor-Mediated Immunosuppression by Controlling EGFR Activity and PD-L1 Presentation. Cell Rep 2018; 24:630-641. [PMID: 30021161 PMCID: PMC6077252 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive transmembrane protein PD-L1 was shown to traffic via the multivesicular body (MVB) and to be released on exosomes. A high-content siRNA screen identified the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-associated protein ALIX as a regulator of both EGFR activity and PD-L1 surface presentation in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) cells. ALIX depletion results in prolonged and enhanced stimulation-induced EGFR activity as well as defective PD-L1 trafficking through the MVB, reduced exosomal secretion, and its redistribution to the cell surface. Increased surface PD-L1 expression confers an EGFR-dependent immunosuppressive phenotype on ALIX-depleted cells. An inverse association between ALIX and PD-L1 expression was observed in human breast cancer tissues, while an immunocompetent mouse model of breast cancer revealed that ALIX-deficient tumors are larger and show an increased immunosuppressive environment. Our data suggest that ALIX modulates immunosuppression through regulation of PD-L1 and EGFR and may, therefore, present a diagnostic and therapeutic target for BLBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Monypenny
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division and Division of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Hanna Milewicz
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division and Division of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Fabian Flores-Borja
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division and Division of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; KCL Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gregory Weitsman
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division and Division of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anthony Cheung
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division and Division of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; KCL Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ruhe Chowdhury
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division and Division of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; Division of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Appitha Arulappu
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division and Division of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Katherine Lawler
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division and Division of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; Institute for Mathematical and Molecular Biomedicine, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Paul R Barber
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division and Division of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Jose M Vicencio
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Melanie Keppler
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division and Division of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Wahyu Wulaningsih
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Randall Division, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Natalie Woodman
- KHP Cancer Biobank, King's College London, Innovation Hub, Guy's Cancer Centre, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mark Turmaine
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Cheryl Gillett
- KHP Cancer Biobank, King's College London, Innovation Hub, Guy's Cancer Centre, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Dafne Franz
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Clare E Futter
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Alex Von Kriegsheim
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Borivoj Vojnovic
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jeremy G Carlton
- Division of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK; Organelle Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Tony Ng
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division and Division of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; KCL Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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34
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Jenks AD, Vyse S, Wong JP, Kostaras E, Keller D, Burgoyne T, Shoemark A, Tsalikis A, de la Roche M, Michaelis M, Cinatl J, Huang PH, Tanos BE. Primary Cilia Mediate Diverse Kinase Inhibitor Resistance Mechanisms in Cancer. Cell Rep 2018; 23:3042-3055. [PMID: 29874589 PMCID: PMC6016080 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that detect mechanical and chemical stimuli. Although cilia house a number of oncogenic molecules (including Smoothened, KRAS, EGFR, and PDGFR), their precise role in cancer remains unclear. We have interrogated the role of cilia in acquired and de novo resistance to a variety of kinase inhibitors, and found that, in several examples, resistant cells are distinctly characterized by an increase in the number and/or length of cilia with altered structural features. Changes in ciliation seem to be linked to differences in the molecular composition of cilia and result in enhanced Hedgehog pathway activation. Notably, manipulating cilia length via Kif7 knockdown is sufficient to confer drug resistance in drug-sensitive cells. Conversely, targeting of cilia length or integrity through genetic and pharmacological approaches overcomes kinase inhibitor resistance. Our work establishes a role for ciliogenesis and cilia length in promoting cancer drug resistance and has significant translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Jenks
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Simon Vyse
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jocelyn P Wong
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Eleftherios Kostaras
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Deborah Keller
- FILM, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Amelia Shoemark
- Imperial College London, London, UK Electron Microscopy Department, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Athanasios Tsalikis
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | - Martin Michaelis
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Paul H Huang
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Barbara E Tanos
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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35
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Shoemark A, Burgoyne T, Kwan R, Dixon M, Patel M, Rogers AV, Onoufriadis A, Scully J, Daudvohra F, Cullup T, Loebinger MR, Wilson R, Chung EM, Bush A, Mitchison HM, Hogg C. Primary ciliary dyskinesia with normal ultrastructure: three-dimensional tomography detects absence of DNAH11. Eur Respir J 2018; 51:51/2/1701809. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01809-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), motile ciliary dysfunction arises from ciliary defects usually confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In 30% of patients, such as those with DNAH11 mutations, apparently normal ultrastructure makes diagnosis difficult. Genetic analysis supports diagnosis, but may not identify definitive causal variants. Electron tomography, an extension of TEM, produces three-dimensional ultrastructural ciliary models with superior resolution to TEM. Our hypothesis is that tomography using existing patient samples will enable visualisation of DNAH11-associated ultrastructural defects. Dual axis tomograms from araldite-embedded nasal cilia were collected in 13 PCD patients with normal ultrastructure (DNAH11 n=7, HYDIN n=2, CCDC65 n=3 and DRC1 n=1) and six healthy controls, then analysed using IMOD and Chimera software.DNAH11 protein is localised to the proximal ciliary region. Within this region, electron tomography indicated a deficiency of >25% of proximal outer dynein arm volume in all patients with DNAH11 mutations (n=7) compared to other patients with PCD and normal ultrastructure (n=6) and healthy controls (n=6). DNAH11 mutations cause a shared abnormality in ciliary ultrastructure previously undetectable by TEM. Advantageously, electron tomography can be used on existing diagnostic samples and establishes a structural abnormality where ultrastructural studies were previously normal.
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36
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Burgoyne T, Lane A, Laughlin WE, Cheetham ME, Futter CE. Correlative light and immuno-electron microscopy of retinal tissue cryostat sections. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191048. [PMID: 29315318 PMCID: PMC5760081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM) is a powerful technique allowing localisation of specific macromolecules within fluorescence microscopy (FM) images to be mapped onto corresponding high-resolution electron microscopy (EM) images. Existing methods are applicable to limited sample types and are technically challenging. Here we describe novel methods to perform CLEM and immuno-electron microscopy (iEM) on cryostat sections utilising the popular FM embedding solution, optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound. Utilising these approaches, we have (i) identified the same phagosomes by FM and EM in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of retinal tissue (ii) shown the correct localisation of rhodopsin on photoreceptor outer segment disc like-structures in iPSC derived optic cups and (iii) identified a novel interaction between peroxisomes and melanosomes as well as phagosomes in the RPE. These data show that cryostat sections allow easy characterisation of target macromolecule localisation within tissue samples, thus providing a substantial improvement over many conventional methods that are limited to cultured cells. As OCT embedding is routinely used for FM this provides an easily accessible and robust method for further analysis of existing samples by high resolution EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Burgoyne
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Service, Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Lane
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William E. Laughlin
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E. Cheetham
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E. Futter
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Agrawal SA, Burgoyne T, Eblimit A, Bellingham J, Parfitt DA, Lane A, Nichols R, Asomugha C, Hayes MJ, Munro PM, Xu M, Wang K, Futter CE, Li Y, Chen R, Cheetham ME. REEP6 deficiency leads to retinal degeneration through disruption of ER homeostasis and protein trafficking. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2667-2677. [PMID: 28475715 PMCID: PMC5808736 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common form of inherited retinal dystrophy. We recently identified mutations in REEP6, which encodes the receptor expression enhancing protein 6, in several families with autosomal recessive RP. REEP6 is related to the REEP and Yop1p family of ER shaping proteins and potential receptor accessory proteins, but the role of REEP6 in the retina is unknown. Here we characterize the disease mechanisms associated with loss of REEP6 function using a Reep6 knockout mouse generated by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. In control mice REEP6 was localized to the inner segment and outer plexiform layer of rod photoreceptors. The Reep6-/- mice exhibited progressive photoreceptor degeneration from P20 onwards. Ultrastructural analyses at P20 by transmission electron microscopy and 3View serial block face scanning EM revealed an expansion of the distal ER in the Reep6-/- rods and an increase in their number of mitochondria. Electroretinograms revealed photoreceptor dysfunction preceded degeneration, suggesting potential defects in phototransduction. There was no effect on the traffic of rhodopsin, Rom1 or peripherin/rds; however, the retinal guanylate cyclases GC1 and GC2 were severely affected in the Reep6 knockout animals, with almost undetectable expression. These changes correlated with an increase in C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression and the activation of caspase 12, suggesting that ER stress contributes to cell death. Collectively, these data suggest that REEP6 plays an essential role in maintaining cGMP homeostasis though facilitating the stability and/or trafficking of guanylate cyclases and maintaining ER and mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti A. Agrawal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Aiden Eblimit
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - James Bellingham
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - David A. Parfitt
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Amelia Lane
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Chinwe Asomugha
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - Matthew J. Hayes
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Peter M. Munro
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Mingchu Xu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - Keqing Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - Clare E. Futter
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
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38
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Dragoni S, Hudson N, Kenny BA, Burgoyne T, McKenzie JA, Gill Y, Blaber R, Futter CE, Adamson P, Greenwood J, Turowski P. Endothelial MAPKs Direct ICAM-1 Signaling to Divergent Inflammatory Functions. J Immunol 2017; 198:4074-4085. [PMID: 28373581 PMCID: PMC5421301 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) is critically dependent on intraendothelial signaling triggered by adhesion to ICAM-1. Here we show that endothelial MAPKs ERK, p38, and JNK mediate diapedesis-related and diapedesis-unrelated functions of ICAM-1 in cerebral and dermal microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs). All three MAPKs were activated by ICAM-1 engagement, either through lymphocyte adhesion or Ab-mediated clustering. MAPKs were involved in ICAM-1-dependent expression of TNF-α in cerebral and dermal MVECs, and CXCL8, CCL3, CCL4, VCAM-1, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in cerebral MVECs. Endothelial JNK and to a much lesser degree p38 were the principal MAPKs involved in facilitating diapedesis of CD4+ lymphocytes across both types of MVECs, whereas ERK was additionally required for TEM across dermal MVECs. JNK activity was critical for ICAM-1-induced F-actin rearrangements. Furthermore, activation of endothelial ICAM-1/JNK led to phosphorylation of paxillin, its association with VE-cadherin, and internalization of the latter. Importantly ICAM-1-induced phosphorylation of paxillin was required for lymphocyte TEM and converged functionally with VE-cadherin phosphorylation. Taken together we conclude that during lymphocyte TEM, ICAM-1 signaling diverges into pathways regulating lymphocyte diapedesis, and other pathways modulating gene expression thereby contributing to the long-term inflammatory response of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dragoni
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Hudson
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget-Ann Kenny
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny A McKenzie
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Yadvinder Gill
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Blaber
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E Futter
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Adamson
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenwood
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Patric Turowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
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39
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Zhang R, Fruhwirth GO, Coban O, Barrett JE, Burgoyne T, Lee SH, Simonson PD, Baday M, Kholodenko BN, Futter C, Ng T, Selvin PR. Probing the Heterogeneity of Protein Kinase Activation in Cells by Super-resolution Microscopy. ACS Nano 2017; 11:249-257. [PMID: 27768850 PMCID: PMC5269639 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in genetically identical cells, which occurs in response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, remains poorly understood. MAPK cascades integrate signals emanating from different EGFR spatial locations, including the plasma membrane and endocytic compartment. We previously hypothesized that in EGF-stimulated cells the MAPK phosphorylation (pMAPK) level and activity are largely determined by the spatial organization of the EGFR clusters within the cell. For experimental testing of this hypothesis, we used super-resolution microscopy to define EGFR clusters by receptor numbers (N) and average intracluster distances (d). From these data, we predicted the extent of pMAPK with 85% accuracy on a cell-to-cell basis with control data returning 54% accuracy (P < 0.001). For comparison, the prediction accuracy was only 61% (P = 0.382) when the diffraction-limited averaged fluorescence intensity/cluster was used. Large clusters (N ≥ 3) with d > 50 nm were most predictive for pMAPK level in cells. Electron microscopy revealed that these large clusters were primarily localized to the limiting membrane of multivesicular bodies (MVB). Many tighter packed dimers/multimers (d < 50 nm) were found on intraluminal vesicles within MVBs, where they were unlikely to activate MAPK because of the physical separation. Our results suggest that cell-to-cell differences in N and d contain crucial information to predict EGFR-activated cellular pMAPK levels and explain pMAPK heterogeneity in isogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Zhang
- Department of Physics, Center for the Physics of Living
Cells, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational Biology, University of
Illinois, 1110 West Green
Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gilbert O. Fruhwirth
- R. Dimbleby
Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular
Biophysics, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus New Hunt’s House, London SE1 1UL, U.K.
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, Division of Imaging Sciences and
Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas’
Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Oana Coban
- R. Dimbleby
Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular
Biophysics, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus New Hunt’s House, London SE1 1UL, U.K.
| | - James E. Barrett
- Department
of Mathematics, King’s College London, 25 Gordon Street, London WC2R 2LS, U.K.
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- UCL Institute
of Ophthalmology, 11-43
Bath Street, London EC1
V 9EL, U.K.
| | - Sang Hak Lee
- Department of Physics, Center for the Physics of Living
Cells, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational Biology, University of
Illinois, 1110 West Green
Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paul Dennis Simonson
- Department of Physics, Center for the Physics of Living
Cells, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational Biology, University of
Illinois, 1110 West Green
Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Murat Baday
- Department of Physics, Center for the Physics of Living
Cells, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational Biology, University of
Illinois, 1110 West Green
Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Boris N. Kholodenko
- Systems
Biology Ireland, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical
Research, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Clare
E. Futter
- UCL Institute
of Ophthalmology, 11-43
Bath Street, London EC1
V 9EL, U.K.
| | - Tony Ng
- R. Dimbleby
Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular
Biophysics, Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus New Hunt’s House, London SE1 1UL, U.K.
- UCL
Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, U.K.
- Breakthrough
Breast Cancer Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy’s Hospital King’s College London
School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, U.K.
| | - Paul R. Selvin
- Department of Physics, Center for the Physics of Living
Cells, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational Biology, University of
Illinois, 1110 West Green
Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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40
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Arno G, Agrawal SA, Eblimit A, Bellingham J, Xu M, Wang F, Chakarova C, Parfitt DA, Lane A, Burgoyne T, Hull S, Carss KJ, Fiorentino A, Hayes MJ, Munro PM, Nicols R, Pontikos N, Holder GE, Asomugha C, Raymond FL, Moore AT, Plagnol V, Michaelides M, Hardcastle AJ, Li Y, Cukras C, Webster AR, Cheetham ME, Chen R. Mutations in REEP6 Cause Autosomal-Recessive Retinitis Pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:1305-1315. [PMID: 27889058 PMCID: PMC5142109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most frequent form of inherited retinal dystrophy. RP is genetically heterogeneous and the genes identified to date encode proteins involved in a wide range of functional pathways, including photoreceptor development, phototransduction, the retinoid cycle, cilia, and outer segment development. Here we report the identification of biallelic mutations in Receptor Expression Enhancer Protein 6 (REEP6) in seven individuals with autosomal-recessive RP from five unrelated families. REEP6 is a member of the REEP/Yop1 family of proteins that influence the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum but is relatively unstudied. The six variants identified include three frameshift variants, two missense variants, and a genomic rearrangement that disrupts exon 1. Human 3D organoid optic cups were used to investigate REEP6 expression and confirmed the expression of a retina-specific isoform REEP6.1, which is specifically affected by one of the frameshift mutations. Expression of the two missense variants (c.383C>T [p.Pro128Leu] and c.404T>C [p.Leu135Pro]) and the REEP6.1 frameshift mutant in cultured cells suggest that these changes destabilize the protein. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing was used to produce Reep6 knock-in mice with the p.Leu135Pro RP-associated variant identified in one RP-affected individual. The homozygous knock-in mice mimic the clinical phenotypes of RP, including progressive photoreceptor degeneration and dysfunction of the rod photoreceptors. Therefore, our study implicates REEP6 in retinal homeostasis and highlights a pathway previously uncharacterized in retinal dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Arno
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Smriti A Agrawal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - Aiden Eblimit
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - James Bellingham
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Mingchu Xu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | | | - David A Parfitt
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Amelia Lane
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Sarah Hull
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Keren J Carss
- NIHR BioResource - Rare Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | | | - Matthew J Hayes
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Peter M Munro
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Ralph Nicols
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - Nikolas Pontikos
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Graham E Holder
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Chinwe Asomugha
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- NIHR BioResource - Rare Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Anthony T Moore
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK; Ophthalmology Department, UCSF School of Medicine, Koret Vision Center, San Francisco, CA 94133-0644, USA
| | - Vincent Plagnol
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michel Michaelides
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | | | - Yumei Li
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | | | - Andrew R Webster
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | | | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA.
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41
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Burgoyne T, Meschede IP, Futter CE. New light on photoreceptor renewal. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1389-90. [PMID: 27153199 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1164579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Burgoyne
- a UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK
| | | | - C E Futter
- a UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London , UK
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Burgoyne T, Meschede IP, Burden JJ, Bailly M, Seabra MC, Futter CE. Rod disc renewal occurs by evagination of the ciliary plasma membrane that makes cadherin-based contacts with the inner segment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15922-7. [PMID: 26668363 PMCID: PMC4702997 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509285113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer segments of vertebrate rod photoreceptors are renewed every 10 d. Outer segment components are transported from the site of synthesis in the inner segment through the connecting cilium, followed by assembly of the highly ordered discs. Two models of assembly of discrete discs involving either successive fusion events between intracellular rhodopsin-bearing vesicles or the evagination of the plasma membrane followed by fusion of adjacent evaginations have been proposed. Here we use immuno-electron microscopy and electron tomography to show that rhodopsin is transported from the inner to the outer segment via the ciliary plasma membrane, subsequently forming successive evaginations that "zipper" up proximally, but at their leading edges are free to make junctions containing the protocadherin, PCDH21, with the inner segment plasma membrane. Given the physical dimensions of the evaginations, coupled with likely instability of the membrane cortex at the distal end of the connecting cilium, we propose that the evagination occurs via a process akin to blebbing and is not driven by actin polymerization. Disassembly of these junctions is accompanied by fusion of the leading edges of successive evaginations to form discrete discs. This fusion is topologically different to that mediated by the membrane fusion proteins, SNAREs, as initial fusion is between exoplasmic leaflets, and is accompanied by gain of the tetraspanin rim protein, peripherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Burgoyne
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Ingrid P Meschede
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Jemima J Burden
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Maryse Bailly
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel C Seabra
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, SW72AZ, United Kingdom; Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Clare E Futter
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V9EL, United Kingdom;
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Burgoyne T, Morris EP, Luther PK. Three-Dimensional Structure of Vertebrate Muscle Z-Band: The Small-Square Lattice Z-Band in Rat Cardiac Muscle. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:3527-3537. [PMID: 26362007 PMCID: PMC4641244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Z-band in vertebrate striated muscle crosslinks actin filaments of opposite polarity from adjoining sarcomeres and transmits tension along myofibrils during muscular contraction. It is also the location of a number of proteins involved in signalling and myofibrillogenesis; mutations in these proteins lead to myopathies. Understanding the high-resolution structure of the Z-band will help us understand its role in muscle contraction and the role of these proteins in the function of muscle. The appearance of the Z-band in transverse-section electron micrographs typically resembles a small-square lattice or a basketweave appearance. In longitudinal sections, the Z-band width varies more with muscle type than species: slow skeletal and cardiac muscles have wider Z-bands than fast skeletal muscles. As the Z-band is periodic, Fourier methods have previously been used for three-dimensional structural analysis. To cope with variations in the periodic structure of the Z-band, we have used subtomogram averaging of tomograms of rat cardiac muscle in which subtomograms are extracted and compared and similar ones are averaged. We show that the Z-band comprises four to six layers of links, presumably α-actinin, linking antiparallel overlapping ends of the actin filaments from the adjoining sarcomeres. The reconstruction shows that the terminal 5-7nm of the actin filaments within the Z-band is devoid of any α-actinin links and is likely to be the location of capping protein CapZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward P Morris
- Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
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Cole C, Burgoyne T, Lee A, Stehno-Bittel L, Zaid G. Erratum to: Arum Palaestinum with isovanillin, linolenic acid and β-sitosterol inhibits prostate cancer spheroids and reduces the growth rate of prostate tumors in mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 2015; 15:322. [PMID: 26370704 PMCID: PMC4570745 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Cole C, Burgoyne T, Lee A, Stehno-Bittel L, Zaid G. Arum Palaestinum with isovanillin, linolenic acid and β-sitosterol inhibits prostate cancer spheroids and reduces the growth rate of prostate tumors in mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 2015; 15:264. [PMID: 26243305 PMCID: PMC4525741 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arum palaestinum is a plant commonly found in the Middle East that is ingested as an herbal remedy to fight cancer. However, no studies have examined the direct effect of the plant/plant extract on tumor growth in an animal model. METHODS Verified prostate cancer cells were plated as 3D spheroids to determine the effect of extract from boiled Arum Palaestinum Boiss roots. In addition, male NU/NU mice (8 weeks old) with xenograft tumors derived from the prostate cancer cell line were treated daily with 1000 mg/kg body weight gavage of the suspension GZ17. The tumor growth was measured repeatedly with calipers and the excised tumors were weighed at the termination of the 3 week study. Control mice (10 mice in each group) received vehicle in the same manner and volume. RESULTS The number of live prostate cancer cells declined in a dose/dependent manner with a 24 h exposure to the extract at doses of 0.015 to 6.25 mg/mL. A fortified version of the extract (referred to as GZ17) that contained higher levels of isovanillin, linolenic acid and β-sitosterol had a stronger effect on the cell death rate, shifting the percentage of dead cells from 30 % to 55 % at the highest dose while the vehicle control had no effect on cell numbers. When GZ17 was applied to non-cancer tissue, in this case, human islets, there was no cell death at doses that were toxic to treated cancer cells. Preliminary toxicity studies were conducted on rats using an up-down design, with no signs of toxic effect at the highest dose. NU/NU mice with xenograft prostate tumors treated with GZ17 had a dramatic inhibition of tumor progression, while tumors in the control group grew steadily through the 3 weeks. The rate of tumor volume increase was 73 mm(3)/day for the vehicle group and 24 mm(3)/day for the GZ17 treated mice. While there was a trend towards lower excised tumor weight at study termination in the GZ17 treatment group, there was no statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS Fortified Arum palaestinum Boiss caused a reduction in live cells within prostate cancer spheroids and blocked tumor growth in xenografted prostate tumors in mice without signs of toxicity.
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Onoufriadis A, Hjeij R, Watson CM, Slagle CE, Klena NT, Dougherty GW, Kurkowiak M, Loges NT, Diggle CP, Morante NF, Gabriel GC, Lemke KL, Li Y, Pennekamp P, Menchen T, Marthin JK, Mans D, Letteboer SJ, Werner C, Burgoyne T, Westermann C, Rutman A, Carr IM, O'Callaghan C, Moya E, Chung EMK, Sheridan E, Nielsen KG, Roepman R, Burdine RD, Lo CW, Omran H, Mitchison H. Gene discovery for motile cilia disorders: mutation spectrum in primary ciliary dyskinesia and discovery of mutations in CCDC151. Cilia 2015. [PMCID: PMC4518893 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-4-s1-p30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Robson E, Moya E, Burgoyne T, Chetcuti P, Dixon M, Hirst R, Hogg C, Mitchison H, O'Callaghan C, Onoufriadis A, Patel M, Rutman A, Sheridan E, Shoemark A. Phenotypic variability of CCDC103 mutation in British Pakistani children with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD). Cilia 2015. [PMCID: PMC4518667 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-4-s1-p61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Tomas A, Vaughan SO, Burgoyne T, Sorkin A, Hartley JA, Hochhauser D, Futter CE. WASH and Tsg101/ALIX-dependent diversion of stress-internalized EGFR from the canonical endocytic pathway. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7324. [PMID: 26066081 PMCID: PMC4490399 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure triggers ligand-independent EGF receptor (EGFR) endocytosis, but its post-endocytic fate and role in regulating signalling are unclear. We show that the p38 MAP kinase-dependent, EGFR tyrosine kinase (TK)-independent EGFR internalization induced by ultraviolet light C (UVC) or the cancer therapeutic cisplatin, is followed by diversion from the canonical endocytic pathway. Instead of lysosomal degradation or plasma membrane recycling, EGFR accumulates in a subset of LBPA-rich perinuclear multivesicular bodies (MVBs) distinct from those carrying EGF-stimulated EGFR. Stress-internalized EGFR co-segregates with exogenously expressed pre-melanosomal markers OA1 and fibrillar PMEL, following early endosomal sorting by the actin polymerization-promoting WASH complex. Stress-internalized EGFR is retained intracellularly by continued p38 activity in a mechanism involving ubiquitin-independent, ESCRT/ALIX-dependent incorporation onto intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of MVBs. In contrast to the internalization-independent EGF-stimulated activation, UVC/cisplatin-triggered EGFR activation depends on EGFR internalization and intracellular retention. EGFR signalling from this MVB subpopulation delays apoptosis and might contribute to chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Tomas
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Present address: Section of Cell Biology, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Simon O. Vaughan
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - John A. Hartley
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Daniel Hochhauser
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Clare E. Futter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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Burgoyne T, O'Connor MN, Seabra MC, Cutler DF, Futter CE. Regulation of melanosome number, shape and movement in the zebrafish retinal pigment epithelium by OA1 and PMEL. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1400-7. [PMID: 25690007 PMCID: PMC4379728 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.164400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of melanosome biogenesis in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is challenging because it occurs predominantly in a short embryonic time window. Here, we show that the zebrafish provides an ideal model system for studying this process because in the RPE the timing of melanosome biogenesis facilitates molecular manipulation using morpholinos. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of OA1 (also known as GPR143), mutations in the human homologue of which cause the most common form of human ocular albinism, induces a major reduction in melanosome number, recapitulating a key feature of the mammalian disease where reduced melanosome numbers precede macromelanosome formation. We further show that PMEL, a key component of mammalian melanosome biogenesis, is required for the generation of cylindrical melanosomes in zebrafish, which in turn is required for melanosome movement into the apical processes and maintenance of photoreceptor integrity. Spherical and cylindrical melanosomes containing similar melanin volumes co-exist in the cell body but only cylindrical melanosomes enter the apical processes. Taken together, our findings indicate that melanosome number and shape are independently regulated and that melanosome shape controls a function in the RPE that depends on localisation in the apical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie N O'Connor
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Daniel F Cutler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Burgoyne T, Patel S, Eden ER. Calcium signaling at ER membrane contact sites. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1853:2012-7. [PMID: 25662816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Communication between organelles is a necessary consequence of intracellular compartmentalization. Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are regions where the membranes of two organelles come into close apposition allowing exchange of small molecules and ions including Ca²⁺. The ER, the cell's major Ca²⁺ store, forms an extensive and dynamic network of contacts with multiple organelles. Here we review established and emerging roles of ER contacts as platforms for Ca²⁺ exchange and further consider a potential role for Ca²⁺ in the regulation of MCS formation. We additionally discuss the challenges associated with the study of MCS biology and highlight advances in microscopy-based solutions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 13th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, London, UK
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