1
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Behrens T, Ge C, Vermeulen R, Kendzia B, Olsson A, Schüz J, Kromhout H, Pesch B, Peters S, Portengen L, Gustavsson P, Mirabelli D, Guénel P, Luce D, Consonni D, Caporaso NE, Landi MT, Field JK, Karrasch S, Wichmann HE, Siemiatycki J, Parent ME, Richiardi L, Simonato L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Fernández-Tardón G, Zaridze D, McLaughlin JR, Demers PA, Świątkowska B, Lissowska J, Pándics T, Fabianova E, Mates D, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Forastiere F, Straif K, Brüning T. Occupational exposure to nickel and hexavalent chromium and the risk of lung cancer in a pooled analysis of case-control studies (SYNERGY). Int J Cancer 2023; 152:645-660. [PMID: 36054442 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There is limited evidence regarding the exposure-effect relationship between lung-cancer risk and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) or nickel. We estimated lung-cancer risks in relation to quantitative indices of occupational exposure to Cr(VI) and nickel and their interaction with smoking habits. We pooled 14 case-control studies from Europe and Canada, including 16 901 lung-cancer cases and 20 965 control subjects. A measurement-based job-exposure-matrix estimated job-year-region specific exposure levels to Cr(VI) and nickel, which were linked to the subjects' occupational histories. Odds ratios (OR) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for study, age group, smoking habits and exposure to other occupational lung carcinogens. Due to their high correlation, we refrained from mutually adjusting for Cr(VI) and nickel independently. In men, ORs for the highest quartile of cumulative exposure to CR(VI) were 1.32 (95% CI 1.19-1.47) and 1.29 (95% CI 1.15-1.45) in relation to nickel. Analogous results among women were: 1.04 (95% CI 0.48-2.24) and 1.29 (95% CI 0.60-2.86), respectively. In men, excess lung-cancer risks due to occupational Cr(VI) and nickel exposure were also observed in each stratum of never, former and current smokers. Joint effects of Cr(VI) and nickel with smoking were in general greater than additive, but not different from multiplicative. In summary, relatively low cumulative levels of occupational exposure to Cr(VI) and nickel were associated with increased ORs for lung cancer, particularly in men. However, we cannot rule out a combined classical measurement and Berkson-type of error structure, which may cause differential bias of risk estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Calvin Ge
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Beate Pesch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lützen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Per Gustavsson
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Team Exposome and Heredity, U1018 Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Danièle Luce
- Univ. Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - John K Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital LMU Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Simonato
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - David Zaridze
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Moscow, Russia
| | - John R McLaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul A Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vladimír Janout
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK, and National Research Council (CNR-Irib), Palermo, Italy
| | - Kurt Straif
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Germany
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2
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Olsson A, Guha N, Bouaoun L, Kromhout H, Peters S, Siemiatycki J, Ho V, Gustavsson P, Boffetta P, Vermeulen R, Behrens T, Brüning T, Kendzia B, Guénel P, Luce D, Karrasch S, Wichmann HE, Consonni D, Landi MT, Caporaso NE, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Richiardi L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Tardón A, Zaridze D, Field JK, Lissowska J, Świątkowska B, McLaughlin JR, Demers PA, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Pándics T, Fabianova E, Mates D, Forastiere F, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Schüz J, Straif K. Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Lung Cancer Risk: Results from a Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies (SYNERGY). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:1433-1441. [PMID: 35437574 PMCID: PMC9377765 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) occurs widely in occupational settings. We investigated the association between occupational exposure to PAH and lung cancer risk and joint effects with smoking within the SYNERGY project. METHODS We pooled 14 case-control studies with information on lifetime occupational and smoking histories conducted between 1985 and 2010 in Europe and Canada. Exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was used as a proxy of PAH and estimated from a quantitative general population job-exposure matrix. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression models, adjusted for smoking and exposure to other occupational lung carcinogens, estimated ORs, and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS We included 16,901 lung cancer cases and 20,965 frequency-matched controls. Adjusted OR for PAH exposure (ever) was 1.08 (CI, 1.02-1.15) in men and 1.20 (CI, 1.04-1.38) in women. When stratified by smoking status and histologic subtype, the OR for cumulative exposure ≥0.24 BaP μg/m3-years in men was higher in never smokers overall [1.31 (CI, 0.98-1.75)], for small cell [2.53 (CI, 1.28-4.99)] and squamous cell cancers [1.33 (CI, 0.80-2.21)]. Joint effects between PAH and smoking were observed. Restricting analysis to the most recent studies showed no increased risk. CONCLUSIONS Elevated lung cancer risk associated with PAH exposure was observed in both sexes, particularly for small cell and squamous cell cancers, after accounting for cigarette smoking and exposure to other occupational lung carcinogens. IMPACT The lack of association between PAH and lung cancer in more recent studies merits further research under today's exposure conditions and worker protection measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Neela Guha
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California
| | - Liacine Bouaoun
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vikki Ho
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Per Gustavsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Center for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Exposome and Heredity team, Inserm U1018, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Danièle Luce
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik Biometrie Epidemiologie, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Neil E Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Franco Merletti
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Statistics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Adonina Tardón
- Department of Public Health, University of Oviedo. ISPA and CIBERESP, Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Zaridze
- Department of cancer epidemiology and Prevention, N.N. Blokhin National Research Centre of oncology, Moscow, Russia
| | - John K Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Świątkowska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - John R McLaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul A Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Vladimir Janout
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | | | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Regional Authority of Public Health, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health, Catholic University, Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Former senior scientist, Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Boston College, Massachusetts
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3
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Purdue MP, Rhee J, Moore L, Gao X, Sun X, Kirk E, Bencko V, Janout V, Mates D, Zaridze D, Petruzella S, Hakimi AA, Linehan WM, Chanock SJ, Brennan P, Furberg H, Troester M, Rothman N. Differences in risk factors for molecular subtypes of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1448-1454. [PMID: 34058014 PMCID: PMC8628648 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ccA and ccB molecular subtypes of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have well-characterized prognostic relevance. However, it is not known whether they possess distinct etiologies. We investigated the relationships between these subtypes and RCC risk factors within a case-control study conducted in Eastern Europe. We analyzed risk factor data for ccA (n = 144) and ccB (n = 106) cases and 1476 controls through case-only and case-control comparisons to assess risk factor differences across subtypes using logistic and polytomous regression models. We also performed a meta-analysis summarizing case-only results from our study and three patient cohorts. Patients with ccB tumors had poorer survival than those with ccA tumors and were more likely to be male (case-only odds ratio [OR] 2.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43-5.03). In case-control analyses, body mass index was significantly associated with ccA tumors (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.18-5.10 for ≥35 vs <25 kg/m2 ) but not with ccB tumors (1.52, 0.56-4.12), while trichloroethylene was associated with ccB but not ccA (OR 3.09, 95% CI 1.11-8.65 and 1.25, 0.36-4.39 respectively for ≥1.58 ppm-years vs unexposed). A polygenic risk score of genetic variants identified from genome-wide association studies was associated with both ccA and, in particular, ccB (OR 1.82, 1.11-2.99 and 2.87, 95% CI 1.64-5.01 respectively for 90th vs 10th percentile). In a meta-analysis of case-only results including three patient cohorts, we still observed the ccB excess for male sex and the ccA excess for obesity. In conclusion, our findings suggest the existence of etiologic heterogeneity across ccRCC molecular subtypes for several risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jongeun Rhee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lee Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaohua Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xuezheng Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Mates
- Department of Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - David Zaridze
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stacey Petruzella
- Departments of Surgery and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Abraham Ari Hakimi
- Departments of Surgery and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - William Marston Linehan
- Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Brennan
- Section of Genetics, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Helena Furberg
- Departments of Surgery and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Melissa Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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4
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Hovanec J, Siemiatycki J, Conway DI, Olsson A, Guenel P, Luce D, Jöckel KH, Pohlabeln H, Ahrens W, Karrasch S, Wichmann HE, Gustavsson P, Consonni D, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Lorenzo S, Fortes C, Parent MÉ, McLaughlin JR, Demers P, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Fernández-Tardón G, Zaridze D, Świątkowska B, Pándics T, Lissowska J, Fabianova E, Field JK, Mates D, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Boffetta P, Straif K, Schüz J, Casjens S, Pesch B, Brüning T, Behrens T. Application of two job indices for general occupational demands in a pooled analysis of case-control studies on lung cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health 2021; 47:475-481. [PMID: 33942106 PMCID: PMC8504542 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We investigated general job demands as a risk factor for lung cancer as well as their role in the association between occupational prestige and lung cancer. Methods: In 13 case–control studies on lung cancer, as part of the international SYNERGY project, we applied indices for physical (PHI) and psychosocial (PSI) job demands – each with four categories (high to low). We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lung cancer by unconditional logistic regression, separately for men and women and adjusted for study centre, age, smoking behavior, and former employment in occupations with potential exposure to carcinogens. Further, we investigated, whether higher risks among men with low occupational prestige (Treiman’s Standard International Occupational Prestige Scale) were affected by adjustment for the job indices. Results: In 30 355 men and 7371 women, we found increased risks (OR) for lung cancer with high relative to low job demands in both men [PHI 1.74 (95% CI 1.56–1.93), PSI 1.33 (95% CI 1.17–1.51)] and women [PHI 1.62 (95% CI 1.24–2.11), PSI 1.31 (95% CI 1.09–1.56)]. OR for lung cancer among men with low occupational prestige were slightly reduced when adjusting for PHI [low versus high prestige OR from 1.44 (95% CI 1.32–1.58) to 1.30 (95% CI 1.17–1.45)], but not PSI. Conclusions: Higher physical job demands were associated with increased risks of lung cancer, while associations for higher psychosocial demands were less strong. In contrast to physical demands, psychosocial demands did not contribute to clarify the association of occupational prestige and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hovanec
- Jan Hovanec, IPA, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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5
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Guha N, Bouaoun L, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Brüning T, Behrens T, Peters S, Luzon V, Siemiatycki J, Xu M, Kendzia B, Guenel P, Luce D, Karrasch S, Wichmann HE, Consonni D, Landi MT, Caporaso NE, Gustavsson P, Plato N, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Richiardi L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Tse LA, Yu ITS, Tardón A, Boffetta P, Zaridze D, 't Mannetje A, Pearce N, Davies MPA, Lissowska J, Świątkowska B, McLaughlin J, Demers PA, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Pándics T, Fabianova E, Mates D, Forastiere F, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Schüz J, Straif K, Olsson A. Lung cancer risk in painters: results from the SYNERGY pooled case-control study consortium. Occup Environ Med 2021; 78:269-278. [PMID: 33115922 PMCID: PMC7958079 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the risk of lung cancer associated with ever working as a painter, duration of employment and type of painter by histological subtype as well as joint effects with smoking, within the SYNERGY project. METHODS Data were pooled from 16 participating case-control studies conducted internationally. Detailed individual occupational and smoking histories were available for 19 369 lung cancer cases (684 ever employed as painters) and 23 674 age-matched and sex-matched controls (532 painters). Multivariable unconditional logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, centre, cigarette pack-years, time-since-smoking cessation and lifetime work in other jobs that entailed exposure to lung carcinogens. RESULTS Ever having worked as a painter was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in men (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.50). The association was strongest for construction and repair painters and the risk was elevated for all histological subtypes, although more evident for small cell and squamous cell lung cancer than for adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. There was evidence of interaction on the additive scale between smoking and employment as a painter (relative excess risk due to interaction >0). CONCLUSIONS Our results by type/industry of painter may aid future identification of causative agents or exposure scenarios to develop evidence-based practices for reducing harmful exposures in painters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neela Guha
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California, USA
| | | | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jack Siemiatycki
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mengting Xu
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Pascal Guenel
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Exposome and Heredity team, Inserm U1018, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Danièle Luce
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munchen, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik Biometrie Epidemiologie, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Neil E Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Per Gustavsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Occupational Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Plato
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Occupational Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Franco Merletti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Statistics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lap Ah Tse
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ignatius Tak-Sun Yu
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Adonina Tardón
- Department of Public Health, University of Oviedo, ISPA and CIBERESP, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - David Zaridze
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, N.N. Blokhin National Research Centre of Oncology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrea 't Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Neil Pearce
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael P A Davies
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool. Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Świątkowska
- Health Capital School; Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - John McLaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A Demers
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Jihomoravský, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Occupational Health and Toxicology, Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health, Catholic University, Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Former senior scientist, Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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6
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Schuster J, Kimáková T, Kukačka V, Belovičová M, Bencko V. Health Promotion by Adequate Water Intake and Assessment of Beverages Consumption Among University Students. AAlim 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2020.49.4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The behaviour regarding the fluid intake in adolescents and young adults is an important issue, since these data may provide information about the health consciousness of the next generation. Inappropriate daily beverages intake for a long period can have adverse effects on human health. Positive effects of maintenance of good hydration are known in the prevention of chronic diseases like urolithiasis, bladder or colon cancer, hypertension, obesity, or constipation. In the present study, we examine the various factors of beverage intake by university students. Data from 3020 students of the Czech and Slovak universities were collected in 2016–2018 to evaluate their daily fluid intake and the characteristics of beverage consumptions. We found that gender, country, frequency of daily water intake, nutrition literacy, and some other factors influence whether a student reports having a daily water intake of more than 1.5 litres. Our respondents have preferences for beverages, based on taste and health effects primarily, prices and availability were secondary. We present the suggestions for a more balanced beverage intake for the studied age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Schuster
- aDepartment of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, Na Sádkách 2a/305, České Budějovice. The Czech Republic
| | - T. Kimáková
- bDepartment of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 80 Košice. Slovakia
| | - V. Kukačka
- aDepartment of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, Na Sádkách 2a/305, České Budějovice. The Czech Republic
| | - M. Belovičová
- cSt. Elizabeth University of Health and Social Work, Palackého 1, 811 02 Bratislava. Slovakia
- dDepartment of Nursing, Institute of Social Sciences and Healthcare bl. P. P. Gojdič, Jilemnického 1/A, 080 01 Prešov. Slovakia
| | - V. Bencko
- eInstitute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studničkova 7, 128 00 Prague 2. The Czech, Republic
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7
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Purdue MP, Rhee J, Moore L, Gao X, Sun X, Kirk E, Callahan C, Bencko V, Janout V, Mates D, Foretova L, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Matveev V, Zaridze D, Petruzella S, Hakimi AA, Merino M, Linehan WM, Brennan P, Furberg H, Troester M, Rothman N. Abstract 2340: Differences in risk factors for molecular subtypes of clear cell renal cell carcinoma in a case-control study. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of RCC, making up over 80% of cases. Two molecular ccRCC subtypes, designated ccA and ccB, have been well characterized as having prognostic relevance, with ccB tumors associated with poorer survival. However, no epidemiologic studies to date have investigated whether these molecular subtypes possess distinct risk factors. We explored the possible existence of etiologic heterogeneity for ccA and ccB tumors within a multi-center hospital-based case-control study of kidney cancer conducted in Central and Eastern Europe.
Methods: We measured mRNA expression for a 34-gene ccA/ccB classification panel (ClearCode34) in tumor samples collected from 333 ccRCC cases. Using TCGA-KIRC data as a training set, we predicted ccA/ccB status using prediction analysis of microarrays and restricted our data analysis to tumors with a predicted subtype probability >70% (n=262). We used logistic and polytomous regression modeling to compute odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess subtype differences by age and sex (via case-only analyses) and, through comparisons between cases and controls (N=1,476), subtype-specific ORs for established RCC risk factors. We also conducted a meta-analysis combining our case-only findings for sex and body mass index (BMI) with those from three clinical studies with ccRCC molecular classification.
Results: Cases with ccB tumors (n=111) were more likely than those with ccA tumors (n=151) to be male (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4-4.7 controlling for country, age at diagnosis, stage and grade). In case-control analyses, ccA tumors were more strongly associated with moderate and severe obesity (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.5 and 2.5, 1.2-5.2 for BMI 30.0-34.9 and ≥35.0 vs. <25.0 kg/m2; Ptrend = 0.001) than ccB tumors (1.6, 95% CI 0.9-2.9 and 1.8, 0.7-4.5; Ptrend = 0.08), while occupational exposure to trichloroethylene was associated with ccB (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.5-4.5 and 3.0, 1.2-7.2 for <1.58 and ≥1.58 ppm-years vs. unexposed; Ptrend = 0.02) but not ccA (0.6, 0.1-2.4 and 1.0, 0.3-3.3; Ptrend = 0.80) tumors. A polygenic risk score including all 13 GWAS-identified susceptibility loci identified to date was also more strongly associated with ccB than ccA tumors (90th vs. 10th percentile: OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.5-4.6 and 1.8, 1.1-3.0 respectively). No notable subtype differences were observed for age, smoking, hypertension or family history of RCC. In a meta-analysis of case-only results including three clinical studies we still observed the ccB excess for male sex (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-2.9 vs. ccA, I2 = 67%) and the ccA excess for obesity (1.6, 1.1-2.2, I2 = 0%).
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the etiology of ccRCC may be more complex than previously understood, with evidence of differences across molecular subtypes in their relationships with sex, obesity, trichloroethylene exposure and genetic susceptibility.
Citation Format: Mark P. Purdue, Jongeun Rhee, Lee Moore, Xiaohua Gao, Xuezheng Sun, Erin Kirk, Catherine Callahan, Vladimir Bencko, Vladimir Janout, Dana Mates, Lenka Foretova, Neonilia Szeszenia-Dabrowska, Vsevolod Matveev, David Zaridze, Stacey Petruzella, A. Ari Hakimi, Maria Merino, W. Marston Linehan, Paul Brennan, Helena Furberg, Melissa Troester, Nathaniel Rothman. Differences in risk factors for molecular subtypes of clear cell renal cell carcinoma in a case-control study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2340.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lee Moore
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xiaohua Gao
- 2University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Erin Kirk
- 2University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | | | - Dana Mates
- 5National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lenka Foretova
- 6Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vsevolod Matveev
- 8N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - David Zaridze
- 9Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - A. Ari Hakimi
- 10Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Paul Brennan
- 11International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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8
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Ge C, Peters S, Olsson A, Portengen L, Schüz J, Almansa J, Behrens T, Pesch B, Kendzia B, Ahrens W, Bencko V, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Caporaso N, Consonni D, Demers P, Fabiánová E, Fernández-Tardón G, Field J, Forastiere F, Foretova L, Guénel P, Gustavsson P, Ho V, Janout V, Jöckel KH, Karrasch S, Landi MT, Lissowska J, Luce D, Mates D, McLaughlin J, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Plato N, Pohlabeln H, Richiardi L, Rudnai P, Siemiatycki J, Świątkowska B, Tardón A, Wichmann HE, Zaridze D, Brüning T, Straif K, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R. Respirable Crystalline Silica Exposure, Smoking, and Lung Cancer Subtype Risks. A Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:412-421. [PMID: 32330394 PMCID: PMC7465090 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201910-1926oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Millions of workers around the world are exposed to respirable crystalline silica. Although silica is a confirmed human lung carcinogen, little is known regarding the cancer risks associated with low levels of exposure and risks by cancer subtype. However, little is known regarding the disease risks associated with low levels of exposure and risks by cancer subtype.Objectives: We aimed to address current knowledge gaps in lung cancer risks associated with low levels of occupational silica exposure and the joint effects of smoking and silica exposure on lung cancer risks.Methods: Subjects from 14 case-control studies from Europe and Canada with detailed smoking and occupational histories were pooled. A quantitative job-exposure matrix was used to estimate silica exposure by occupation, time period, and geographical region. Logistic regression models were used to estimate exposure-disease associations and the joint effects of silica exposure and smoking on risk of lung cancer. Stratified analyses by smoking history and cancer subtypes were also performed.Measurements and Main Results: Our study included 16,901 cases and 20,965 control subjects. Lung cancer odds ratios ranged from 1.15 (95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.27) to 1.45 (95% confidence interval, 1.31-1.60) for groups with the lowest and highest cumulative exposure, respectively. Increasing cumulative silica exposure was associated (P trend < 0.01) with increasing lung cancer risks in nonsilicotics and in current, former, and never-smokers. Increasing exposure was also associated (P trend ≤ 0.01) with increasing risks of lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. Supermultiplicative interaction of silica exposure and smoking was observed on overall lung cancer risks; superadditive effects were observed in risks of lung cancer and all three included subtypes.Conclusions: Silica exposure is associated with lung cancer at low exposure levels. An exposure-response relationship was robust and present regardless of smoking, silicosis status, and cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Ge
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Lützen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Josué Almansa
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Beate Pesch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine (BIPS), Bremen, Germany
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- The National Institute for Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Dario Consonni
- Unità di epidemiologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleonóra Fabiánová
- Regional Authority of Public Health, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health, Catholic University, Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | - Guillermo Fernández-Tardón
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias-Foundation for Biosanitary Research of Asturias (ISPA-FINBA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - John Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica (CNR-Irib), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Pascal Guénel
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Team Exposome and Heredity, Inserm Unit 1018, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Per Gustavsson
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vikki Ho
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich and
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danièle Luce
- Université de Rennes I, Inserm Unit 1085, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - John McLaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Franco Merletti
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Nils Plato
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine (BIPS), Bremen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Adonina Tardón
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias-Foundation for Biosanitary Research of Asturias (ISPA-FINBA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik Biometrie Epidemiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; and
| | | | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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9
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Ge C, Peters S, Olsson A, Portengen L, Schüz J, Almansa J, Ahrens W, Bencko V, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Caporaso N, Consonni D, Demers P, Fabiánová E, Fernández-Tardón G, Field J, Forastiere F, Foretova L, Guénel P, Gustavsson P, Janout V, Jöckel KH, Karrasch S, Teresa Landi M, Lissowska J, Luce D, Mates D, McLaughlin J, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Pándics T, Parent MÉ, Plato N, Pohlabeln H, Richiardi L, Siemiatycki J, Świątkowska B, Tardón A, Wichmann HE, Zaridze D, Straif K, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R. Diesel Engine Exhaust Exposure, Smoking, and Lung Cancer Subtype Risks. A Pooled Exposure-Response Analysis of 14 Case-Control Studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:402-411. [PMID: 32330395 PMCID: PMC7465091 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201911-2101oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Although the carcinogenicity of diesel engine exhaust has been demonstrated in multiple studies, little is known regarding exposure-response relationships associated with different exposure subgroups and different lung cancer subtypes.Objectives: We expanded on a previous pooled case-control analysis on diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer by including three additional studies and quantitative exposure assessment to evaluate lung cancer and subtype risks associated with occupational exposure to diesel exhaust characterized by elemental carbon (EC) concentrations.Methods: We used a quantitative EC job-exposure matrix for exposure assessment. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to calculate lung cancer odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with various metrics of EC exposure. Lung cancer excess lifetime risks (ELR) were calculated using life tables accounting for all-cause mortality. Additional stratified analyses by smoking history and lung cancer subtypes were performed in men.Measurements and Main Results: Our study included 16,901 lung cancer cases and 20,965 control subjects. In men, exposure response between EC and lung cancer was observed: odds ratios ranged from 1.09 (95% CI, 1.00-1.18) to 1.41 (95% CI, 1.30-1.52) for the lowest and highest cumulative exposure groups, respectively. EC-exposed men had elevated risks in all lung cancer subtypes investigated; associations were strongest for squamous and small cell carcinomas and weaker for adenocarcinoma. EC lung cancer exposure response was observed in men regardless of smoking history, including in never-smokers. ELR associated with 45 years of EC exposure at 50, 20, and 1 μg/m3 were 3.0%, 0.99%, and 0.04%, respectively, for both sexes combined.Conclusions: We observed a consistent exposure-response relationship between EC exposure and lung cancer in men. Reduction of workplace EC levels to background environmental levels will further reduce lung cancer ELR in exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Ge
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Lützen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Josué Almansa
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- The National Institute for Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleonóra Fabiánová
- Regional Authority of Public Health, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health, Catholic University, Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | - Guillermo Fernández-Tardón
- Fundación para la Investigación e Innovación Biomédica en el Principado de Asturias – Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado (FINBA-ISPA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Oviedo, Spain
| | - John Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica (CNR-Irib), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Pascal Guénel
- Center for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Cancer and Environment team, Inserm U1018, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Per Gustavsson
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danièle Luce
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, Ecole des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - John McLaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Franco Merletti
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and ll Centro di Riferimento per l’Epidemiologia e la Prevenzione Oncologica in Piemonte (CPO-Piemonte), Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and ll Centro di Riferimento per l’Epidemiologia e la Prevenzione Oncologica in Piemonte (CPO-Piemonte), Torino, Italy
| | | | - Marie-Élise Parent
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, University of Quebec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nils Plato
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and ll Centro di Riferimento per l’Epidemiologia e la Prevenzione Oncologica in Piemonte (CPO-Piemonte), Torino, Italy
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Adonina Tardón
- Fundación para la Investigación e Innovación Biomédica en el Principado de Asturias – Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado (FINBA-ISPA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik Biometrie Epidemiologie, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; and
| | | | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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10
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Laskar RS, Muller DC, Li P, Machiela MJ, Ye Y, Gaborieau V, Foll M, Hofmann JN, Colli L, Sampson JN, Wang Z, Bacq-Daian D, Boland A, Abedi-Ardekani B, Durand G, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Robinot N, Blanche H, Prokhortchouk E, Skryabin KG, Burdett L, Yeager M, Radojevic-Skodric S, Savic S, Foretova L, Holcatova I, Janout V, Mates D, Rascu S, Mukeria A, Zaridze D, Bencko V, Cybulski C, Fabianova E, Jinga V, Lissowska J, Lubinski J, Navratilova M, Rudnai P, Świątkowska B, Benhamou S, Cancel-Tassin G, Cussenot O, Trichopoulou A, Riboli E, Overvad K, Panico S, Ljungberg B, Sitaram RT, Giles GG, Milne RL, Severi G, Bruinsma F, Fletcher T, Koppova K, Larsson SC, Wolk A, Banks RE, Selby PJ, Easton DF, Pharoah P, Andreotti G, Beane Freeman LE, Koutros S, Albanes D, Männistö S, Weinstein S, Clark PE, Edwards TL, Lipworth L, Carol H, Freedman ML, Pomerantz MM, Cho E, Kraft P, Preston MA, Wilson KM, Michael Gaziano J, Sesso HD, Black A, Freedman ND, Huang WY, Anema JG, Kahnoski RJ, Lane BR, Noyes SL, Petillo D, Teh BT, Peters U, White E, Anderson GL, Johnson L, Luo J, Chow WH, Moore LE, Choueiri TK, Wood C, Johansson M, McKay JD, Brown KM, Rothman N, Lathrop MG, Deleuze JF, Wu X, Brennan P, Chanock SJ, Purdue MP, Scelo G. Sex specific associations in genome wide association analysis of renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1589-1598. [PMID: 31231134 PMCID: PMC6777615 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has an undisputed genetic component and a stable 2:1 male to female sex ratio in its incidence across populations, suggesting possible sexual dimorphism in its genetic susceptibility. We conducted the first sex-specific genome-wide association analysis of RCC for men (3227 cases, 4916 controls) and women (1992 cases, 3095 controls) of European ancestry from two RCC genome-wide scans and replicated the top findings using an additional series of men (2261 cases, 5852 controls) and women (1399 cases, 1575 controls) from two independent cohorts of European origin. Our study confirmed sex-specific associations for two known RCC risk loci at 14q24.2 (DPF3) and 2p21(EPAS1). We also identified two additional suggestive male-specific loci at 6q24.3 (SAMD5, male odds ratio (ORmale) = 0.83 [95% CI = 0.78-0.89], Pmale = 1.71 × 10-8 compared with female odds ratio (ORfemale) = 0.98 [95% CI = 0.90-1.07], Pfemale = 0.68) and 12q23.3 (intergenic, ORmale = 0.75 [95% CI = 0.68-0.83], Pmale = 1.59 × 10-8 compared with ORfemale = 0.93 [95% CI = 0.82-1.06], Pfemale = 0.21) that attained genome-wide significance in the joint meta-analysis. Herein, we provide evidence of sex-specific associations in RCC genetic susceptibility and advocate the necessity of larger genetic and genomic studies to unravel the endogenous causes of sex bias in sexually dimorphic traits and diseases like RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhina S Laskar
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - David C Muller
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peng Li
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Matthieu Foll
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leandro Colli
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua N Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Delphine Bacq-Daian
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, , Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, Evry, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, , Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, Evry, France
| | | | - Geoffroy Durand
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Helene Blanche
- Fondation Jean Dausset-Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France
| | - Egor Prokhortchouk
- Center 'Bioengineering' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Kurchatov Scientific Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin G Skryabin
- Center 'Bioengineering' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Kurchatov Scientific Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Laurie Burdett
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Slavisa Savic
- Department of Urology, University Hospital "Dr D. Misovic" Clinical Center, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Holcatova
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefan Rascu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Th. Burghele Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anush Mukeria
- Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - David Zaridze
- Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Regional Authority of Public Health in BanskaBystrica, BanskaBystrica, Slovakia
| | - Viorel Jinga
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Th. Burghele Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marie Navratilova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Public Health Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Świątkowska
- Department of Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Simone Benhamou
- INSERM U946, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR8200, Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Geraldine Cancel-Tassin
- Sorbonne Université, GRC no. 5, ONCOTYPE-URO, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
- CeRePP, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- Sorbonne Université, GRC no. 5, ONCOTYPE-URO, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
- CeRePP, Paris, France
| | | | - Elio Riboli
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Borje Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Raviprakash T Sitaram
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology & Intelligence Division, Cancer Council of Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology & Intelligence Division, Cancer Council of Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology & Intelligence Division, Cancer Council of Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Inserm U1018, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Facultés de Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Fiona Bruinsma
- Cancer Epidemiology & Intelligence Division, Cancer Council of Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Tony Fletcher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Kvetoslava Koppova
- Regional Authority of Public Health in BanskaBystrica, BanskaBystrica, Slovakia
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosamonde E Banks
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Cancer Research Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter J Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Cancer Research Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Kraft
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark A Preston
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and VA Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Howard D Sesso
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda Black
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wen-Yi Huang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John G Anema
- Division of Urology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Brian R Lane
- Division of Urology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sabrina L Noyes
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - David Petillo
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily White
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lisa Johnson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lee E Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Christopher Wood
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - James D McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark G Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, , Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, Evry, France
- Fondation Jean Dausset-Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ghislaine Scelo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
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11
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Johansson M, Carreras-Torres R, Scelo G, Purdue MP, Mariosa D, Muller DC, Timpson NJ, Haycock PC, Brown KM, Wang Z, Ye Y, Hofmann JN, Foll M, Gaborieau V, Machiela MJ, Colli LM, Li P, Garnier JG, Blanche H, Boland A, Burdette L, Prokhortchouk E, Skryabin KG, Yeager M, Radojevic-Skodric S, Ognjanovic S, Foretova L, Holcatova I, Janout V, Mates D, Mukeriya A, Rascu S, Zaridze D, Bencko V, Cybulski C, Fabianova E, Jinga V, Lissowska J, Lubinski J, Navratilova M, Rudnai P, Benhamou S, Cancel-Tassin G, Cussenot O, Weiderpass E, Ljungberg B, Tumkur Sitaram R, Häggström C, Bruinsma F, Jordan SJ, Severi G, Winship I, Hveem K, Vatten LJ, Fletcher T, Larsson SC, Wolk A, Banks RE, Selby PJ, Easton DF, Andreotti G, Beane Freeman LE, Koutros S, Männistö S, Weinstein S, Clark PE, Edwards TL, Lipworth L, Gapstur SM, Stevens VL, Carol H, Freedman ML, Pomerantz MM, Cho E, Wilson KM, Gaziano JM, Sesso HD, Freedman ND, Parker AS, Eckel-Passow JE, Huang WY, Kahnoski RJ, Lane BR, Noyes SL, Petillo D, Teh BT, Peters U, White E, Anderson GL, Johnson L, Luo J, Buring J, Lee IM, Chow WH, Moore LE, Eisen T, Henrion M, Larkin J, Barman P, Leibovich BC, Choueiri TK, Lathrop GM, Deleuze JF, Gunter M, McKay JD, Wu X, Houlston RS, Chanock SJ, Relton C, Richards JB, Martin RM, Davey Smith G, Brennan P. The influence of obesity-related factors in the etiology of renal cell carcinoma-A mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002724. [PMID: 30605491 PMCID: PMC6317776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several obesity-related factors have been associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but it is unclear which individual factors directly influence risk. We addressed this question using genetic markers as proxies for putative risk factors and evaluated their relation to RCC risk in a mendelian randomization (MR) framework. This methodology limits bias due to confounding and is not affected by reverse causation. METHODS AND FINDINGS Genetic markers associated with obesity measures, blood pressure, lipids, type 2 diabetes, insulin, and glucose were initially identified as instrumental variables, and their association with RCC risk was subsequently evaluated in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 10,784 RCC patients and 20,406 control participants in a 2-sample MR framework. The effect on RCC risk was estimated by calculating odds ratios (ORSD) for a standard deviation (SD) increment in each risk factor. The MR analysis indicated that higher body mass index increases the risk of RCC (ORSD: 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-1.70), with comparable results for waist-to-hip ratio (ORSD: 1.63, 95% CI 1.40-1.90) and body fat percentage (ORSD: 1.66, 95% CI 1.44-1.90). This analysis further indicated that higher fasting insulin (ORSD: 1.82, 95% CI 1.30-2.55) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; ORSD: 1.28, 95% CI 1.11-1.47), but not systolic blood pressure (ORSD: 0.98, 95% CI 0.84-1.14), increase the risk for RCC. No association with RCC risk was seen for lipids, overall type 2 diabetes, or fasting glucose. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel evidence for an etiological role of insulin in RCC, as well as confirmatory evidence that obesity and DBP influence RCC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ghislaine Scelo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Mark P. Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniela Mariosa
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | - Nicolas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Haycock
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M. Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan N. Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthieu Foll
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | - Mitchell J. Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leandro M. Colli
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peng Li
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jean-Guillaume Garnier
- Centre National de Genotypage, Institut de Genomique, Centre de l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Evry, France
- Fondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France
| | - Helene Blanche
- Fondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Genotypage, Institut de Genomique, Centre de l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Evry, France
| | - Laurie Burdette
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Egor Prokhortchouk
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin G. Skryabin
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Kurchatov Scientific Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sanja Radojevic-Skodric
- Institute of Pathology, Medical School of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Urology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Simona Ognjanovic
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- International Organization for Cancer Prevention and Research (IOCPR), Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Holcatova
- Institute of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anush Mukeriya
- Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Stefan Rascu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Th. Burghele Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - David Zaridze
- Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Regional Authority of Public Health in Banska Bystrica, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Viorel Jinga
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Th. Burghele Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marie Navratilova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Public Health Center, National Directorate of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Simone Benhamou
- INSERM U946, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR8200, Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Geraldine Cancel-Tassin
- CeRePP, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°5, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- CeRePP, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°5, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Urology, Hopitaux Universitaires Est Parisien Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Börje Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Christel Häggström
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fiona Bruinsma
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan J. Jordan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- “Health across generations” team, CESP Inserm, Facultés de Médicine Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy
| | - Ingrid Winship
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars J. Vatten
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tony Fletcher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna C. Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosamonde E. Banks
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Selby
- National Institute for Health Research Diagnostic Evidence Cooperative, Division of Surgery, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter E. Clark
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Todd L. Edwards
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Loren Lipworth
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Gapstur
- American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Hallie Carol
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Freedman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark M. Pomerantz
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Wilson
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Howard D. Sesso
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Neal D. Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander S. Parker
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jeanette E. Eckel-Passow
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wen-Yi Huang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Kahnoski
- Division of Urology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Lane
- Division of Urology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sabrina L. Noyes
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David Petillo
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Diagnostics Program at Ferris State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-National, University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Emily White
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Garnet L. Anderson
- WHI Clinical Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lisa Johnson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Julie Buring
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - I-Min Lee
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lee E. Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Marc Henrion
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Dept. of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - James Larkin
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Poulami Barman
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bradley C. Leibovich
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Toni K. Choueiri
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - G. Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Deleuze
- Centre National de Genotypage, Institut de Genomique, Centre de l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Evry, France
- Fondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France
| | - Marc Gunter
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - James D. McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Caroline Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J. Brent Richards
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard M. Martin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust National Institute for Health Research Bristol Nutrition Biomedical Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Machiela MJ, Hofmann JN, Carreras-Torres R, Brown KM, Johansson M, Wang Z, Foll M, Li P, Rothman N, Savage SA, Gaborieau V, McKay JD, Ye Y, Henrion M, Bruinsma F, Jordan S, Severi G, Hveem K, Vatten LJ, Fletcher T, Koppova K, Larsson SC, Wolk A, Banks RE, Selby PJ, Easton DF, Pharoah P, Andreotti G, Freeman LEB, Koutros S, Albanes D, Mannisto S, Weinstein S, Clark PE, Edwards TE, Lipworth L, Gapstur SM, Stevens VL, Carol H, Freedman ML, Pomerantz MM, Cho E, Kraft P, Preston MA, Wilson KM, Gaziano JM, Sesso HS, Black A, Freedman ND, Huang WY, Anema JG, Kahnoski RJ, Lane BR, Noyes SL, Petillo D, Colli LM, Sampson JN, Besse C, Blanche H, Boland A, Burdette L, Prokhortchouk E, Skryabin KG, Yeager M, Mijuskovic M, Ognjanovic M, Foretova L, Holcatova I, Janout V, Mates D, Mukeriya A, Rascu S, Zaridze D, Bencko V, Cybulski C, Fabianova E, Jinga V, Lissowska J, Lubinski J, Navratilova M, Rudnai P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Benhamou S, Cancel-Tassin G, Cussenot O, Bueno-de-Mesquita HBA, Canzian F, Duell EJ, Ljungberg B, Sitaram RT, Peters U, White E, Anderson GL, Johnson L, Luo J, Buring J, Lee IM, Chow WH, Moore LE, Wood C, Eisen T, Larkin J, Choueiri TK, Lathrop GM, Teh BT, Deleuze JF, Wu X, Houlston RS, Brennan P, Chanock SJ, Scelo G, Purdue MP. Corrigendum re "Genetic Variants Related to Longer Telomere Length are Associated with Increased Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma" [Eur Urol 2017;72:747-54]. Eur Urol 2018; 74:e85-e86. [PMID: 29853305 PMCID: PMC7400767 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | | | - Kevin M Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | | | - Zhaoming Wang
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Matthieu Foll
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Peng Li
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | | | - James D McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Fiona Bruinsma
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan Jordan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia; Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy; Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris-Saclay, UPS, USQ, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Sweden
| | - Lars J Vatten
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tony Fletcher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Kvetoslava Koppova
- Regional Authority of Public Health in Banska Bystrica, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosamonde E Banks
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Cancer Research Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter J Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Cancer Research Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Department of Oncology, and Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Department of Oncology, and Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Satu Mannisto
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Kraft
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - J Michael Gaziano
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Veterans Administration, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Howard S Sesso
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda Black
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Wen-Yi Huang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - John G Anema
- Division of Urology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Brian R Lane
- Division of Urology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sabrina L Noyes
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - David Petillo
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Leandro M Colli
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Joshua N Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Celine Besse
- Centre National de Recherche en Genomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Evry, France
| | - Helene Blanche
- Fondation Jean Dausset-Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Genomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Evry, France
| | - Laurie Burdette
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Egor Prokhortchouk
- Center 'Bioengineering' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Kurchatov Scientific Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin G Skryabin
- Center 'Bioengineering' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Kurchatov Scientific Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | | | - Miodrag Ognjanovic
- International Organization for Cancer Prevention and Research (IOCPR), Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Holcatova
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anush Mukeriya
- Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Stefan Rascu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Th. Burghele Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - David Zaridze
- Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Regional Authority of Public Health in Banska Bystrica, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Viorel Jinga
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Th. Burghele Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marie Navratilova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Public Health Center, National Directorate of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Simone Benhamou
- INSERM U946, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8200, Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Geraldine Cancel-Tassin
- CeRePP, Paris, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- CeRePP, Paris, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France; AP-HP, Department of Urology, Hopitaux Universitaires Est Parisien Tenon, Paris, France
| | - H B As Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, UK; Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric J Duell
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Börje Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Raviprakash T Sitaram
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily White
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lisa Johnson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Julie Buring
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I-Min Lee
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lee E Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Christopher Wood
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - G Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Genomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Evry, France; Fondation Jean Dausset-Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Ghislaine Scelo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA.
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Quinn J, Zeleny T, Rajaratnam V, Ghiurluc DL, Bencko V. Debate: the per rectal/digital rectal examination exam in the emergency department, still best practice? Int J Emerg Med 2018; 11:20. [PMID: 29589196 PMCID: PMC5871612 DOI: 10.1186/s12245-018-0165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emergency medicine practice in the UK and Ireland offers a junior and middle grade doctor great learning opportunities that force engagement with multiple specialties, life-saving procedures, exposure to a myriad of patient presentations, and opportunities for best practices in medicine. Main body The emergency department (ED) can be a hectic and dynamic environment; communication from the ED to specialists is essential to ensure best clinical outcomes for patients. The “per rectal” (PR) or “digital rectal exam” (DRE) can be a very difficult diagnostic test for even the most skilled operator to discern pathological versus normal; we propose this is especially the case in the emergency department patient population. Some specialists require this exam performed by an unskilled junior doctor with varying results prior to reviewing a referred and sick patient. The PR/DRE benefits may be limited in the ED setting for some pathologies, and the result of the exam may have limited impact in the overall treatment plan in the ED. Conclusion This short paper reviews the indications, benefits, shortfalls, and limitations of the PR/DRE in the emergency department setting and offers novel alternatives to maximize best practice, ensure best clinical outcomes for patients, and, to first, do no harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Quinn
- Prague Center for Global Health, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Zeleny
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Venu Rajaratnam
- SHO General Surgery, Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Morecambe Bay Hospitals Trust, Kendal, UK.,Research Fellow, Prague Center for Global Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Pastorino R, Puggina A, Carreras-Torres R, Lagiou P, Holcátová I, Richiardi L, Kjaerheim K, Agudo A, Castellsagué X, Macfarlane TV, Barzan L, Canova C, Thakker NS, Conway DI, Znaor A, Healy CM, Ahrens W, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Fabianova E, Mates IN, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Brennan P, Gaborieau V, McKay JD, Boccia S. Genetic Contributions to The Association Between Adult Height and Head and Neck Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4534. [PMID: 29540730 PMCID: PMC5852094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22626-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim to dissect the effect of adult height on head and neck cancer (HNC), we use the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to test the association between genetic instruments for height and the risk of HNC. 599 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified as genetic instruments for height, accounting for 16% of the phenotypic variation. Genetic data concerning HNC cases and controls were obtained from a genome-wide association study. Summary statistics for genetic association were used in complementary MR approaches: the weighted genetic risk score (GRS) and the inverse-variance weighted (IVW). MR-Egger regression was used for sensitivity analysis and pleiotropy evaluation. From the GRS analysis, one standard deviation (SD) higher height (6.9 cm; due to genetic predisposition across 599 SNPs) raised the risk for HNC (Odds ratio (OR), 1.14; 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI), 0.99-1.32). The association analyses with potential confounders revealed that the GRS was associated with tobacco smoking (OR = 0.80, 95% CI (0.69-0.93)). MR-Egger regression did not provide evidence of overall directional pleiotropy. Our study indicates that height is potentially associated with HNC risk. However, the reported risk could be underestimated since, at the genetic level, height emerged to be inversely associated with smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pastorino
- Section of Hygiene - Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Puggina
- Section of Hygiene - Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Pagona Lagiou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Ivana Holcátová
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Agudo
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavier Castellsagué
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tatiana V Macfarlane
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cristina Canova
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nalin S Thakker
- University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David I Conway
- University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ariana Znaor
- Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Claire M Healy
- Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - David Zaridze
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ioan Nicolae Mates
- Saint Mary General and Esophageal Surgery Clinic, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | - James D McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Stefania Boccia
- Section of Hygiene, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico 'Agostino Gemelli', Rome, Italy
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Hovanec J, Siemiatycki J, Conway DI, Olsson A, Stücker I, Guida F, Jöckel KH, Pohlabeln H, Ahrens W, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Gustavsson P, Consonni D, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Simonato L, Fortes C, Parent ME, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Tardón A, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Rudnai P, Lissowska J, Fabianova E, Field J, Dumitru RS, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Boffetta P, Straif K, Schüz J, Kendzia B, Pesch B, Brüning T, Behrens T. Lung cancer and socioeconomic status in a pooled analysis of case-control studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192999. [PMID: 29462211 PMCID: PMC5819792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between low socioeconomic status (SES) and lung cancer has been observed in several studies, but often without adequate control for smoking behavior. We studied the association between lung cancer and occupationally derived SES, using data from the international pooled SYNERGY study. METHODS Twelve case-control studies from Europe and Canada were included in the analysis. Based on occupational histories of study participants we measured SES using the International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status (ISEI) and the European Socio-economic Classification (ESeC). We divided the ISEI range into categories, using various criteria. Stratifying by gender, we calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, study, and smoking behavior. We conducted analyses by histological subtypes of lung cancer and subgroup analyses by study region, birth cohort, education and occupational exposure to known lung carcinogens. RESULTS The analysis dataset included 17,021 cases and 20,885 controls. There was a strong elevated OR between lung cancer and low SES, which was attenuated substantially after adjustment for smoking, however a social gradient persisted. SES differences in lung cancer risk were higher among men (lowest vs. highest SES category: ISEI OR 1.84 (95% CI 1.61-2.09); ESeC OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.44-1.63)), than among women (lowest vs. highest SES category: ISEI OR 1.54 (95% CI 1.20-1.98); ESeC OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.19-1.52)). CONCLUSION SES remained a risk factor for lung cancer after adjustment for smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hovanec
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- University of Montreal, Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM) and School of Public Health, Montreal, Canada
| | - David I. Conway
- Dental School, College of Medicine Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Stücker
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Florence Guida
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology -BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology -BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany
- Institute for Statistics, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Irene Brüske
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Per Gustavsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dario Consonni
- Unit of Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Merletti
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Simonato
- Laboratory of Public Health and Population Studies, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Fortes
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS-FLMM), Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Paul Demers
- Cancer Care Ontario, Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Neil Caporaso
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Adonina Tardón
- Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer Unit, University of Oviedo-Ciber de Epidemiologia, CIBERESP, Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Zaridze
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Peter Rudnai
- National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Regional Authority of Public Health, Preventive Occupational Medicine, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - John Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Dept. of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Palacky University, Faculty of Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Environmental Epidemiology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Environmental Epidemiology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Beate Pesch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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16
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Davis A, Tao MH, Chen J, Scelo G, Bencko V, Fabianova E, Foretova L, Janout V, Lissowska J, Mates D, Mates IN, Rudnai P, Zaridze D, Boffetta P. No association between global DNA methylation in peripheral blood and lung cancer risk in nonsmoking women: results from a multicenter study in Eastern and Central Europe. Eur J Cancer Prev 2018; 27:1-5. [PMID: 27045934 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in global DNA methylation have been suggested to play an important role in cancer development. We evaluated the association of global DNA methylation in peripheral blood with the risk of lung cancer in nonsmoking women from six countries in Central and Eastern Europe. This multicenter case-control study included primary, incident lung cancer cases diagnosed from 1998 to 2001 and controls frequency-matched for geographic area, sex, and age. Global methylation was assessed in peripheral blood DNA from 83 nonsmoking female cases and 181 nonsmoking female controls using the luminometric methylation assay (LUMA). Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between DNA methylation in the blood and the risk of lung cancer. LUMA methylation level was not associated with the risk of lung cancer in nonsmoking women. Associations were not significantly different according to different strata of age, BMI, alcohol drinking, or second-hand tobacco smoke exposure status. In our study of nonsmoking women, the LUMA methylation level in peripheral blood was not associated with the risk of lung cancer. Our findings do not support an association of global blood DNA methylation with the risk of lung cancer in nonsmoking women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Davis
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Meng-Hua Tao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Department of Occupational Health, Specialized State Health Institute, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Palacky University of Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Cancer Center and M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dana Mates
- Institute of Hygiene, Public Health, Health Services and Management
| | - Ioan N Mates
- General Surgery Department, "St Mary" Clinical Hospital, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila' Bucharest, Romania
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - David Zaridze
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Machiela MJ, Hofmann JN, Carreras-Torres R, Brown KM, Johansson M, Wang Z, Foll M, Li P, Rothman N, Savage SA, Gaborieau V, McKay JD, Ye Y, Henrion M, Bruinsma F, Jordan S, Severi G, Hveem K, Vatten LJ, Fletcher T, Koppova K, Larsson SC, Wolk A, Banks RE, Selby PJ, Easton DF, Pharoah P, Andreotti G, Freeman LEB, Koutros S, Albanes D, Mannisto S, Weinstein S, Clark PE, Edwards TE, Lipworth L, Gapstur SM, Stevens VL, Carol H, Freedman ML, Pomerantz MM, Cho E, Kraft P, Preston MA, Wilson KM, Gaziano JM, Sesso HS, Black A, Freedman ND, Huang WY, Anema JG, Kahnoski RJ, Lane BR, Noyes SL, Petillo D, Colli LM, Sampson JN, Besse C, Blanche H, Boland A, Burdette L, Prokhortchouk E, Skryabin KG, Yeager M, Mijuskovic M, Ognjanovic M, Foretova L, Holcatova I, Janout V, Mates D, Mukeriya A, Rascu S, Zaridze D, Bencko V, Cybulski C, Fabianova E, Jinga V, Lissowska J, Lubinski J, Navratilova M, Rudnai P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Benhamou S, Cancel-Tassin G, Cussenot O, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Canzian F, Duell EJ, Ljungberg B, Sitaram RT, Peters U, White E, Anderson GL, Johnson L, Luo J, Buring J, Lee IM, Chow WH, Moore LE, Wood C, Eisen T, Larkin J, Choueiri TK, Lathrop GM, Teh BT, Deleuze JF, Wu X, Houlston RS, Brennan P, Chanock SJ, Scelo G, Purdue MP. Genetic Variants Related to Longer Telomere Length are Associated with Increased Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol 2017; 72:747-754. [PMID: 28797570 PMCID: PMC5641242 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relative telomere length in peripheral blood leukocytes has been evaluated as a potential biomarker for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk in several studies, with conflicting findings. OBJECTIVE We performed an analysis of genetic variants associated with leukocyte telomere length to assess the relationship between telomere length and RCC risk using Mendelian randomization, an approach unaffected by biases from temporal variability and reverse causation that might have affected earlier investigations. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Genotypes from nine telomere length-associated variants for 10 784 cases and 20 406 cancer-free controls from six genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of RCC were aggregated into a weighted genetic risk score (GRS) predictive of leukocyte telomere length. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Odds ratios (ORs) relating the GRS and RCC risk were computed in individual GWAS datasets and combined by meta-analysis. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Longer genetically inferred telomere length was associated with an increased risk of RCC (OR=2.07 per predicted kilobase increase, 95% confidence interval [CI]:=1.70-2.53, p<0.0001). As a sensitivity analysis, we excluded two telomere length variants in linkage disequilibrium (R2>0.5) with GWAS-identified RCC risk variants (rs10936599 and rs9420907) from the telomere length GRS; despite this exclusion, a statistically significant association between the GRS and RCC risk persisted (OR=1.73, 95% CI=1.36-2.21, p<0.0001). Exploratory analyses for individual histologic subtypes suggested comparable associations with the telomere length GRS for clear cell (N=5573, OR=1.93, 95% CI=1.50-2.49, p<0.0001), papillary (N=573, OR=1.96, 95% CI=1.01-3.81, p=0.046), and chromophobe RCC (N=203, OR=2.37, 95% CI=0.78-7.17, p=0.13). CONCLUSIONS Our investigation adds to the growing body of evidence indicating some aspect of longer telomere length is important for RCC risk. PATIENT SUMMARY Telomeres are segments of DNA at chromosome ends that maintain chromosomal stability. Our study investigated the relationship between genetic variants associated with telomere length and renal cell carcinoma risk. We found evidence suggesting individuals with inherited predisposition to longer telomere length are at increased risk of developing renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | | | - Kevin M Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | | | - Zhaoming Wang
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Matthieu Foll
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Peng Li
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | | | - James D McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Fiona Bruinsma
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan Jordan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia; Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy; Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris-Saclay, UPS, USQ, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Sweden
| | - Lars J Vatten
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tony Fletcher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Kvetoslava Koppova
- Regional Authority of Public Health in Banska Bystrica, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosamonde E Banks
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Cancer Research Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter J Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Cancer Research Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Department of Oncology, and Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Department of Oncology, and Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Satu Mannisto
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Kraft
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - J Michael Gaziano
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Veterans Administration, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Howard S Sesso
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda Black
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Wen-Yi Huang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - John G Anema
- Division of Urology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Brian R Lane
- Division of Urology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sabrina L Noyes
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - David Petillo
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Leandro M Colli
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Joshua N Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Celine Besse
- Centre National de Recherche en Genomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Evry, France
| | - Helene Blanche
- Fondation Jean Dausset-Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Genomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Evry, France
| | - Laurie Burdette
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Egor Prokhortchouk
- Center 'Bioengineering' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Kurchatov Scientific Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin G Skryabin
- Center 'Bioengineering' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Kurchatov Scientific Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | | | - Miodrag Ognjanovic
- International Organization for Cancer Prevention and Research (IOCPR), Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lenka Foretova
- International Organization for Cancer Prevention and Research (IOCPR), Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Holcatova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Mates
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Czech Republic
| | | | - Stefan Rascu
- Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - David Zaridze
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Th. Burghele Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Regional Authority of Public Health in Banska Bystrica, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Viorel Jinga
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Th. Burghele Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marie Navratilova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Public Health Center, National Directorate of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Simone Benhamou
- INSERM U946, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8200, Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Geraldine Cancel-Tassin
- CeRePP, Paris, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- CeRePP, Paris, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France; AP-HP, Department of Urology, Hopitaux Universitaires Est Parisien Tenon, Paris, France
| | - H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, UK; Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric J Duell
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Börje Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Raviprakash T Sitaram
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily White
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lisa Johnson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Julie Buring
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I-Min Lee
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lee E Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Christopher Wood
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - G Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Genomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de biologie François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Evry, France; Fondation Jean Dausset-Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA
| | - Ghislaine Scelo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MS, USA.
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Duncan L, Yilmaz Z, Gaspar H, Walters R, Goldstein J, Anttila V, Bulik-Sullivan B, Ripke S, Thornton L, Hinney A, Daly M, Sullivan PF, Zeggini E, Breen G, Bulik CM, Duncan L, Yilmaz Z, Gaspar H, Walters R, Goldstein J, Anttila V, Bulik-Sullivan B, Ripke S, Adan R, Alfredsson L, Ando T, Andreassen O, Aschauer H, Baker J, Barrett J, Bencko V, Bergen A, Berrettini W, Birgegård A, Boni C, Perica VB, Brandt H, Burghardt R, Carlberg L, Cassina M, Cesta C, Cichon S, Clementi M, Cohen-Woods S, Coleman J, Cone R, Courtet P, Crawford S, Crow S, Crowley J, Danner U, Davis O, de Zwaan M, Dedoussis G, Degortes D, DeSocio J, Dick D, Dikeos D, Dina C, Ding B, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Docampo E, Egberts K, Ehrlich S, Escaramís G, Esko T, Espeseth T, Estivill X, Favaro A, Fernández-Aranda F, Fichter M, Finan C, Fischer K, Floyd J, Föcker M, Foretova L, Forzan M, Fox C, Franklin C, Gaborieau V, Gallinger S, Gambaro G, Giegling I, Gonidakis F, Gorwood P, Gratacos M, Guillaume S, Guo Y, Hakonarson H, Halmi K, Harrison R, Hatzikotoulas K, Hauser J, Hebebrand J, Helder S, Hendriks J, Herms S, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Herzog W, Hilliard C, Huckins L, Hudson J, Huemer J, Imgart H, Inoko H, Jall S, Jamain S, Janout V, Jiménez-Murcia S, Johnson C, Jordan J, Julià A, Juréus A, Kalsi G, Kaplan A, Kaprio J, Karhunen L, Karwautz A, Kas M, Kaye W, Kennedy M, Kennedy J, Keski-Rahkonen A, Kiezebrink K, Kim YR, Klareskog L, Klump K, Knudsen GP, Koeleman B, Koubek D, La Via M, Landén M, Le Hellard S, Leboyer M, Levitan R, Li D, Lichtenstein P, Lilenfeld L, Lissowska J, Lundervold A, Magistretti P, Maj M, Mannik K, Marsal S, Kaminska D, Martin N, Mattingsdal M, McDevitt S, McGuffin P, Merl E, Metspalu A, Meulenbelt I, Micali N, Mitchell J, Mitchell K, Monteleone P, Monteleone AM, Montgomery G, Mortensen P, Munn-Chernoff M, Müller T, Nacmias B, Navratilova M, Nilsson I, Norring C, Ntalla I, Ophoff R, O’Toole J, Palotie A, Pantel J, Papezova H, Parker R, Pinto D, Rabionet R, Raevuori A, Rajewski A, Ramoz N, Rayner NW, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Ricca V, Ripatti S, Ritschel F, Roberts M, Rotondo A, Rujescu D, Rybakowski F, Santonastaso P, Scherag A, Scherer S, Schmidt U, Schork N, Schosser A, Scott L, Seitz J, Slachtova L, Sladek R, Slagboom PE, ’t Landt MSO, Slopien A, Smith T, Soranzo N, Sorbi S, Southam L, Steen V, Strengman E, Strober M, Szatkiewicz J, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Tachmazidou I, Tenconi E, Tortorella A, Tozzi F, Treasure J, Tschöp M, Tsitsika A, Tziouvas K, van Elburg A, van Furth E, Wade T, Wagner G, Walton E, Watson H, Wichmann HE, Widen E, Woodside DB, Yanovski J, Yao S, Zerwas S, Zipfel S, Thornton L, Hinney A, Daly M, Sullivan PF, Zeggini E, Breen G, Bulik CM. Significant Locus and Metabolic Genetic Correlations Revealed in Genome-Wide Association Study of Anorexia Nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:850-858. [PMID: 28494655 PMCID: PMC5581217 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16121402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors conducted a genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa and calculated genetic correlations with a series of psychiatric, educational, and metabolic phenotypes. METHOD Following uniform quality control and imputation procedures using the 1000 Genomes Project (phase 3) in 12 case-control cohorts comprising 3,495 anorexia nervosa cases and 10,982 controls, the authors performed standard association analysis followed by a meta-analysis across cohorts. Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to calculate genome-wide common variant heritability (single-nucleotide polymorphism [SNP]-based heritability [h2SNP]), partitioned heritability, and genetic correlations (rg) between anorexia nervosa and 159 other phenotypes. RESULTS Results were obtained for 10,641,224 SNPs and insertion-deletion variants with minor allele frequencies >1% and imputation quality scores >0.6. The h2SNP of anorexia nervosa was 0.20 (SE=0.02), suggesting that a substantial fraction of the twin-based heritability arises from common genetic variation. The authors identified one genome-wide significant locus on chromosome 12 (rs4622308) in a region harboring a previously reported type 1 diabetes and autoimmune disorder locus. Significant positive genetic correlations were observed between anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia, neuroticism, educational attainment, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and significant negative genetic correlations were observed between anorexia nervosa and body mass index, insulin, glucose, and lipid phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Anorexia nervosa is a complex heritable phenotype for which this study has uncovered the first genome-wide significant locus. Anorexia nervosa also has large and significant genetic correlations with both psychiatric phenotypes and metabolic traits. The study results encourage a reconceptualization of this frequently lethal disorder as one with both psychiatric and metabolic etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laramie Duncan
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
| | - Zeynep Yilmaz
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
| | - Helena Gaspar
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
| | - Raymond Walters
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
| | - Jackie Goldstein
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
| | - Verneri Anttila
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
| | - Brendan Bulik-Sullivan
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
| | - Stephan Ripke
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
| | - Laura Thornton
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
| | - Anke Hinney
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
| | - Mark Daly
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
| | - Patrick F. Sullivan
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
| | - Gerome Breen
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- From the UNC Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, N.C.; the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at King's College London and South London
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Abstract
Arsenicals in agriculture. Beginning in the 1970s, the use of arsenic compounds for such purposes as wood preservatives, began to grow. By 1980, in the USA, 70% of arsenic had been consumed for the production of wood preservatives. This practice was later stopped, due to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ban of the arsenic-and chromium-based wood preservative chromated copper arsenate. In the past, arsenical herbicides containing cacodylic acid as an active ingredient have been used extensively in the USA, from golf courses to cotton fields, and drying-out the plants before harvesting. The original commercial form of Agent Blue was among 10 toxic insecticides, fungicides and herbicides partially deregulated by the US EPA in February 2004, and specific limits on toxic residues in meat, milk, poultry and eggs, were removed. Today, however, they are no longer used as weed-killers, with one exception - monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA), a broadleaf weed herbicide for use on cotton. Severe poisonings from cacodylic acid caused headache, dizziness, vomiting, profuse and watery diarrhea, followed by dehydration, gradual fall in blood pressure, stupor, convulsions, general paralysis and possible risk of death within 3-14 days.The relatively frequent use of arsenic and its compounds in both industry and agriculture points to a wide spectrum of opportunities for human exposure. This exposure can be via inhalation of airborne arsenic, contaminated drinking water, beverages, or from food and drugs. Today, acute organic arsenical poisonings are mostly accidental. Considerable concern has developed surrounding its delayed effects, for its genotoxic and carcinogenic potential, which has been demonstrated in epidemiological studies and subsequent animal experiments. Conclusions. There is substantial epidemiological evidence for an excessive risk, mostly for skin and lung cancer, among humans exposed to organic arsenicals in occupational and environmental settings. Furthermore, the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects have only been observed at relatively high exposure rates. Current epidemiological and experimental studies are attempting to elucidate the mechanism of this action, pointing to the question whether arsenic is actually a true genotoxic, or rather an epigenetic carcinogen. Due to the complexity of its effects, both options remain plausible. Its interactions with other toxic substances still represent another important field of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Florence Yan Li Foong
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Scelo G, Purdue MP, Brown KM, Johansson M, Wang Z, Eckel-Passow JE, Ye Y, Hofmann JN, Choi J, Foll M, Gaborieau V, Machiela MJ, Colli LM, Li P, Sampson JN, Abedi-Ardekani B, Besse C, Blanche H, Boland A, Burdette L, Chabrier A, Durand G, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Prokhortchouk E, Robinot N, Skryabin KG, Wozniak MB, Yeager M, Basta-Jovanovic G, Dzamic Z, Foretova L, Holcatova I, Janout V, Mates D, Mukeriya A, Rascu S, Zaridze D, Bencko V, Cybulski C, Fabianova E, Jinga V, Lissowska J, Lubinski J, Navratilova M, Rudnai P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Benhamou S, Cancel-Tassin G, Cussenot O, Baglietto L, Boeing H, Khaw KT, Weiderpass E, Ljungberg B, Sitaram RT, Bruinsma F, Jordan SJ, Severi G, Winship I, Hveem K, Vatten LJ, Fletcher T, Koppova K, Larsson SC, Wolk A, Banks RE, Selby PJ, Easton DF, Pharoah P, Andreotti G, Freeman LEB, Koutros S, Albanes D, Männistö S, Weinstein S, Clark PE, Edwards TL, Lipworth L, Gapstur SM, Stevens VL, Carol H, Freedman ML, Pomerantz MM, Cho E, Kraft P, Preston MA, Wilson KM, Michael Gaziano J, Sesso HD, Black A, Freedman ND, Huang WY, Anema JG, Kahnoski RJ, Lane BR, Noyes SL, Petillo D, Teh BT, Peters U, White E, Anderson GL, Johnson L, Luo J, Buring J, Lee IM, Chow WH, Moore LE, Wood C, Eisen T, Henrion M, Larkin J, Barman P, Leibovich BC, Choueiri TK, Mark Lathrop G, Rothman N, Deleuze JF, McKay JD, Parker AS, Wu X, Houlston RS, Brennan P, Chanock SJ. Genome-wide association study identifies multiple risk loci for renal cell carcinoma. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15724. [PMID: 28598434 PMCID: PMC5472706 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified six risk loci for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We conducted a meta-analysis of two new scans of 5,198 cases and 7,331 controls together with four existing scans, totalling 10,784 cases and 20,406 controls of European ancestry. Twenty-four loci were tested in an additional 3,182 cases and 6,301 controls. We confirm the six known RCC risk loci and identify seven new loci at 1p32.3 (rs4381241, P=3.1 × 10-10), 3p22.1 (rs67311347, P=2.5 × 10-8), 3q26.2 (rs10936602, P=8.8 × 10-9), 8p21.3 (rs2241261, P=5.8 × 10-9), 10q24.33-q25.1 (rs11813268, P=3.9 × 10-8), 11q22.3 (rs74911261, P=2.1 × 10-10) and 14q24.2 (rs4903064, P=2.2 × 10-24). Expression quantitative trait analyses suggest plausible candidate genes at these regions that may contribute to RCC susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Scelo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Mark P. Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kevin M. Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Mattias Johansson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | | | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77230, USA
| | - Jonathan N. Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Matthieu Foll
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Valerie Gaborieau
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Mitchell J. Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Leandro M. Colli
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Peng Li
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Joshua N. Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - Celine Besse
- Centre National de Genotypage, Institut de Genomique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Helene Blanche
- Fondation Jean Dausset-Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Genotypage, Institut de Genomique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Laurie Burdette
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Amelie Chabrier
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Geoffroy Durand
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69008 Lyon, France
| | | | - Egor Prokhortchouk
- Center ‘Bioengineering' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia
- Kurchatov Scientific Center, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | | | - Konstantin G. Skryabin
- Center ‘Bioengineering' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia
- Kurchatov Scientific Center, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | | | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - Zoran Dzamic
- Clinical Center of Serbia (KCS), Clinic of Urology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Medicine, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Holcatova
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, 050463 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anush Mukeriya
- Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow 115478, Russian Federation
| | - Stefan Rascu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Th. Burghele Hospital, 050659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - David Zaridze
- Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow 115478, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Regional Authority of Public Health in Banska Bystrica, 975 56 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Viorel Jinga
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Th. Burghele Hospital, 050659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 02-034 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marie Navratilova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Public Health Center, National Directorate of Environmental Health, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Simone Benhamou
- Université Paris Diderot, INSERM, Unité Variabilité Génétique et Maladies Humaines, 75010 Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Cussenot
- CeRePP, Tenon Hospital, 75020 Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 GRC n°5, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Laura Baglietto
- Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP, Inserm U1018), Université Paris-Saclay, UPS, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, 0304 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Borje Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Raviprakash T. Sitaram
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fiona Bruinsma
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Susan J. Jordan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP, Inserm U1018), Université Paris-Saclay, UPS, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Ingrid Winship
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Genetic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger 7600, Norway
| | - Lars J. Vatten
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Tony Fletcher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Kvetoslava Koppova
- Regional Authority of Public Health in Banska Bystrica, 975 56 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Susanna C. Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosamonde E. Banks
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Cancer Research Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Peter J. Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Cancer Research Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Peter E. Clark
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Todd L. Edwards
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA
| | - Loren Lipworth
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA
| | | | | | - Hallie Carol
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Eunyoung Cho
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mark A. Preston
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and VA Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Wilson
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and VA Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Howard D. Sesso
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and VA Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Amanda Black
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Neal D. Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Wen-Yi Huang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - John G. Anema
- Division of Urology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | | | - Brian R. Lane
- Division of Urology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Sabrina L. Noyes
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - David Petillo
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Emily White
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Garnet L. Anderson
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Lisa Johnson
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Julie Buring
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and VA Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - I-Min Lee
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and VA Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77230, USA
| | - Lee E. Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Christopher Wood
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Timothy Eisen
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marc Henrion
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - James Larkin
- Medical Oncology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Poulami Barman
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Bradley C. Leibovich
- Department of Urology, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
| | | | - G. Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G1
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Deleuze
- Centre National de Genotypage, Institut de Genomique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, 91057 Evry, France
- Fondation Jean Dausset-Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, 75010 Paris, France
| | - James D. McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Alexander S. Parker
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77230, USA
| | - Richard S. Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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21
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Fehringer G, Brenner DR, Zhang ZF, Lee YCA, Matsuo K, Ito H, Lan Q, Vineis P, Johansson M, Overvad K, Riboli E, Trichopoulou A, Sacerdote C, Stucker I, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Christiani DC, Hong YC, Landi MT, Morgenstern H, Schwartz AG, Wenzlaff AS, Rennert G, McLaughlin JR, Harris CC, Olivo-Marston S, Orlow I, Park BJ, Zauderer M, Barros Dios JM, Raviña AR, Siemiatycki J, Koushik A, Lazarus P, Fernández-Somoano A, Tardon A, Le Marchand L, Brenner H, Saum KU, Duell EJ, Andrew AS, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Zaridze D, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Mates D, Foretova L, Janout V, Bencko V, Holcatova I, Pesatori AC, Consonni D, Olsson A, Straif K, Hung RJ. Alcohol and lung cancer risk among never smokers: A pooled analysis from the international lung cancer consortium and the SYNERGY study. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:1976-1984. [PMID: 28120396 PMCID: PMC5356930 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is not clear whether alcohol consumption is associated with lung cancer risk. The relationship is likely confounded by smoking, complicating the interpretation of previous studies. We examined the association of alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in a large pooled international sample, minimizing potential confounding of tobacco consumption by restricting analyses to never smokers. Our study included 22 case-control and cohort studies with a total of 2548 never-smoking lung cancer patients and 9362 never-smoking controls from North America, Europe and Asia within the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO) and SYNERGY Consortium. Alcohol consumption was categorized into amounts consumed (grams per day) and also modelled as a continuous variable using restricted cubic splines for potential non-linearity. Analyses by histologic sub-type were included. Associations by type of alcohol consumed (wine, beer and liquor) were also investigated. Alcohol consumption was inversely associated with lung cancer risk with evidence most strongly supporting lower risk for light and moderate drinkers relative to non-drinkers (>0-4.9 g per day: OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.70-0.90; 5-9.9 g per day: OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.69-0.99; 10-19.9 g per day: OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.65-0.96). Inverse associations were found for consumption of wine and liquor, but not beer. The results indicate that alcohol consumption is inversely associated with lung cancer risk, particularly among subjects with low to moderate consumption levels, and among wine and liquor drinkers, but not beer drinkers. Although our results should have no relevant bias from the confounding effect of smoking we cannot preclude that confounding by other factors contributed to the observed associations. Confounding in relation to the non-drinker reference category may be of particular importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Fehringer
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
| | - Darren R. Brenner
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yuan-Chin Amy Lee
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ito
- Division Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Division of Epidemiology, Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Piedmont Children Cancer Registry, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - Isabelle Stucker
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, INSERM U170, Villejuif, France
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - David. C. Christiani
- Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Hal Morgenstern
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Ann G. Schwartz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | | | - Gad Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology and Clalit Health Services National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Curtis C. Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | | | - Irene Orlow
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Bernard J. Park
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Marjorie Zauderer
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Juan M. Barros Dios
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ruano Raviña
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM) and School of Public Health, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anita Koushik
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM) and School of Public Health, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, USA
| | | | - Adonina Tardon
- IUOPA, University Institute of Oncology, University of Oviedo, and CIBERESP, Spain
| | | | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Saum
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric J. Duell
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angeline S. Andrew
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, USA
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Cancer Center Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Zaridze
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Specialized Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Holcatova
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Angela Cecilia Pesatori
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda–Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda–Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Rayjean J. Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
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22
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Olsson AC, Vermeulen R, Schüz J, Kromhout H, Pesch B, Peters S, Behrens T, Portengen L, Mirabelli D, Gustavsson P, Kendzia B, Almansa J, Luzon V, Vlaanderen J, Stücker I, Guida F, Consonni D, Caporaso N, Landi MT, Field J, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Siemiatycki J, Parent ME, Richiardi L, Merletti F, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Plato N, Tardón A, Zaridze D, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Stanescu Dumitru R, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Forastiere F, Brüning T, Straif K. Exposure-Response Analyses of Asbestos and Lung Cancer Subtypes in a Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Epidemiology 2017; 28:288-299. [PMID: 28141674 PMCID: PMC5287435 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is limited regarding risk and the shape of the exposure-response curve at low asbestos exposure levels. We estimated the exposure-response for occupational asbestos exposure and assessed the joint effect of asbestos exposure and smoking by sex and lung cancer subtype in general population studies. METHODS We pooled 14 case-control studies conducted in 1985-2010 in Europe and Canada, including 17,705 lung cancer cases and 21,813 controls with detailed information on tobacco habits and lifetime occupations. We developed a quantitative job-exposure-matrix to estimate job-, time period-, and region-specific exposure levels. Fiber-years (ff/ml-years) were calculated for each subject by linking the matrix with individual occupational histories. We fit unconditional logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and trends. RESULTS The fully adjusted OR for ever-exposure to asbestos was 1.24 (95% CI, 1.18, 1.31) in men and 1.12 (95% CI, 0.95, 1.31) in women. In men, increasing lung cancer risk was observed with increasing exposure in all smoking categories and for all three major lung cancer subtypes. In women, lung cancer risk for all subtypes was increased in current smokers (ORs ~two-fold). The joint effect of asbestos exposure and smoking did not deviate from multiplicativity among men, and was more than additive among women. CONCLUSIONS Our results in men showed an excess risk of lung cancer and its subtypes at low cumulative exposure levels, with a steeper exposure-response slope in this exposure range than at higher, previously studied levels. (See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B161.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann C. Olsson
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Joachim Schüz
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Hans Kromhout
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Beate Pesch
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Susan Peters
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Behrens
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Lützen Portengen
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Per Gustavsson
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Josue Almansa
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronique Luzon
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabelle Stücker
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Florence Guida
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Neil Caporaso
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - John Field
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Brüske
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Merletti
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Nils Plato
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Adonina Tardón
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - David Zaridze
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - John McLaughlin
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul Demers
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Neonila Szeszenia-Dabrowska
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Rudnai
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodica Stanescu Dumitru
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Lenka Foretova
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Vladimir Janout
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Brüning
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
| | - Kurt Straif
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy; INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental epidemiology of cancer Team, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada; INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany; The Biomedical Research Centre Network for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada; The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland; The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary; Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology, ASL RomaE, Rome, Italy
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Quinn J, Lidinský V, Rajaratnam V, Kruszcynski M, Zeleny T, Bencko V. Commentary: expectations for global health program prioritization from a selection of international students studying at a European university. Global Health 2016; 12:56. [PMID: 27658883 PMCID: PMC5034451 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-016-0193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some university curricula struggle to present evidence-based promotion of global health principles and global health diplomacy within an undergraduate setting. The de facto global health paradigm has experienced significant stress and pressure from epidemics, war and violence, climate change and resource challenges. These stressors may lead to increased morbidity and mortality, in turn requiring medical professionals to play a larger role in global health action across borders. Methods In the academic year 2014-2015, an English-speaking international medical school promoted a global health forum with pre-course readings and a pre-attendance quiz. All students from the university were invited to attend and the event was not mandatory. Results The one-day-event culminated in expert speakers, discussions and a post-event questionnaire to gauge students’ reactions and expectations as future physicians regarding the most pressing global health topics. Emphasis was also placed on what future doctors foresee as pressing issues in forthcoming global health policy and programming. Summary This paper is a brief commentary of the Global Health Forum in Prague 2014, and presents novel results from a post-event student questionnaire, with conclusions provided by students on innovative global health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Quinn
- Prague Center for Global Health, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, Prague, 121 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Vít Lidinský
- Pražská znalecká kancelář, s.r.o. IC: 48910660, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Venu Rajaratnam
- Prague Center for Global Health, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, Prague, 121 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kruszcynski
- Prague Center for Global Health, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, Prague, 121 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Zeleny
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Bigert C, Gustavsson P, Straif K, Taeger D, Pesch B, Kendzia B, Schüz J, Stücker I, Guida F, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Pesatori AC, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Tse LA, Yu ITS, Siemiatycki J, Lavoué J, Richardi L, Mirabelli D, Simonato L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Tardón A, Zaridze D, Field JK, Mannetje A, Pearce N, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Dumitru RS, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P, Peters S, Vermeulen R, Kromhout H, Brüning T, Olsson AC. P025 Lung cancer risk among firefighters when accounting for tobacco smoking – preliminary results from a pooled analysis of case-control studies from europe, canada, new zealand and china. Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Behrens T, Groß I, Siemiatycki J, Conway DI, Olsson A, Stücker I, Guida F, Jöckel KH, Pohlabeln H, Ahrens W, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Gustavsson P, Consonni D, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Simonato L, Fortes C, Parent ME, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Rudnai P, Lissowska J, Fabianova E, Tardón A, Field JK, Dumitru RS, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Boffetta P, Straif K, Schüz J, Hovanec J, Kendzia B, Pesch B, Brüning T. Occupational prestige, social mobility and the association with lung cancer in men. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:395. [PMID: 27388894 PMCID: PMC4936282 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nature of the association between occupational social prestige, social mobility, and risk of lung cancer remains uncertain. Using data from the international pooled SYNERGY case-control study, we studied the association between lung cancer and the level of time-weighted average occupational social prestige as well as its lifetime trajectory. METHODS We included 11,433 male cases and 14,147 male control subjects. Each job was translated into an occupational social prestige score by applying Treiman's Standard International Occupational Prestige Scale (SIOPS). SIOPS scores were categorized as low, medium, and high prestige (reference). We calculated odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for study center, age, smoking, ever employment in a job with known lung carcinogen exposure, and education. Trajectories in SIOPS categories from first to last and first to longest job were defined as consistent, downward, or upward. We conducted several subgroup and sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our results. RESULTS We observed increased lung cancer risk estimates for men with medium (OR = 1.23; 95 % CI 1.13-1.33) and low occupational prestige (OR = 1.44; 95 % CI 1.32-1.57). Although adjustment for smoking and education reduced the associations between occupational prestige and lung cancer, they did not explain the association entirely. Traditional occupational exposures reduced the associations only slightly. We observed small associations with downward prestige trajectories, with ORs of 1.13, 95 % CI 0.88-1.46 for high to low, and 1.24; 95 % CI 1.08-1.41 for medium to low trajectories. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that occupational prestige is independently associated with lung cancer among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Behrens
- />Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Isabelle Groß
- />Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- />Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM) and School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - David I. Conway
- />Dental School, College of Medicine Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G2 3JZ UK
| | - Ann Olsson
- />International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
- />Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Stücker
- />Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, F-94807 Villejuif, France
- />University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Florence Guida
- />Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, F-94807 Villejuif, France
- />University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- />Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- />Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology -BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- />Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology -BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany
- />Institute for Statistics, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Irene Brüske
- />Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- />Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- />Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Per Gustavsson
- />Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dario Consonni
- />Unit of Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Merletti
- />Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- />Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Simonato
- />Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Public Health and Population Studies, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Fortes
- />Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- />INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec Canada
| | - John McLaughlin
- />Cancer Care Ontario, Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul Demers
- />Cancer Care Ontario, Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- />National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, USA
| | - Neil Caporaso
- />National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, USA
| | - David Zaridze
- />Institute of Carcinogenesis, Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Peter Rudnai
- />National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- />The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- />Regional Authority of Public Health, Preventive Occupational Medicine, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Adonina Tardón
- />Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer Unit, University of Oviedo-Ciber de Epidemiologia, CIBERESP, Oviedo, Spain
| | - John K. Field
- />Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Liverpool, UK
- />Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Vladimir Bencko
- />Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Foretova
- />Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- />Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- />Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Hans Kromhout
- />Environmental Epidemiology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- />Environmental Epidemiology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- />The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Kurt Straif
- />International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- />International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Jan Hovanec
- />Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- />Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Beate Pesch
- />Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- />Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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Brenner DR, Amos CI, Brhane Y, Timofeeva MN, Caporaso N, Wang Y, Christiani DC, Bickeböller H, Yang P, Albanes D, Stevens VL, Gapstur S, McKay J, Boffetta P, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Mates D, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Krokan HE, Skorpen F, Gabrielsen ME, Vatten L, Njølstad I, Chen C, Goodman G, Lathrop M, Vooder T, Välk K, Nelis M, Metspalu A, Broderick P, Eisen T, Wu X, Zhang D, Chen W, Spitz MR, Wei Y, Su L, Xie D, She J, Matsuo K, Matsuda F, Ito H, Risch A, Heinrich J, Rosenberger A, Muley T, Dienemann H, Field JK, Raji O, Chen Y, Gosney J, Liloglou T, Davies MPA, Marcus M, McLaughlin J, Orlow I, Han Y, Li Y, Zong X, Johansson M, Liu G, Tworoger SS, Le Marchand L, Henderson BE, Wilkens LR, Dai J, Shen H, Houlston RS, Landi MT, Brennan P, Hung RJ. Identification of lung cancer histology-specific variants applying Bayesian framework variant prioritization approaches within the TRICL and ILCCO consortia. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1314-26. [PMID: 26363033 PMCID: PMC4635669 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have likely uncovered all common variants at the GWAS significance level. Additional variants within the suggestive range (0.0001> P > 5×10(-8)) are, however, still of interest for identifying causal associations. This analysis aimed to apply novel variant prioritization approaches to identify additional lung cancer variants that may not reach the GWAS level. Effects were combined across studies with a total of 33456 controls and 6756 adenocarcinoma (AC; 13 studies), 5061 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; 12 studies) and 2216 small cell lung cancer cases (9 studies). Based on prior information such as variant physical properties and functional significance, we applied stratified false discovery rates, hierarchical modeling and Bayesian false discovery probabilities for variant prioritization. We conducted a fine mapping analysis as validation of our methods by examining top-ranking novel variants in six independent populations with a total of 3128 cases and 2966 controls. Three novel loci in the suggestive range were identified based on our Bayesian framework analyses: KCNIP4 at 4p15.2 (rs6448050, P = 4.6×10(-7)) and MTMR2 at 11q21 (rs10501831, P = 3.1×10(-6)) with SCC, as well as GAREM at 18q12.1 (rs11662168, P = 3.4×10(-7)) with AC. Use of our prioritization methods validated two of the top three loci associated with SCC (P = 1.05×10(-4) for KCNIP4, represented by rs9799795) and AC (P = 2.16×10(-4) for GAREM, represented by rs3786309) in the independent fine mapping populations. This study highlights the utility of using prior functional data for sequence variants in prioritization analyses to search for robust signals in the suggestive range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Brenner
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada, Section of Genetics, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta T2T 5C7, Canada
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Genomic Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Yonathan Brhane
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Maria N Timofeeva
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Neil Caporaso
- Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yufei Wang
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - David C Christiani
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heike Bickeböller
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ping Yang
- Division of Health Sciences, Cancer Center and College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY 55905, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victoria L Stevens
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, Atlanta, GA 30301, USA
| | - Susan Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, Atlanta, GA 30301, USA
| | - James McKay
- Section of Genetics, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Population Sciences, Tisch Cancer Center and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - David Zaridze
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Russian N.N.Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, The M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw 02781, Poland
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Department of Health Risk Assessment, Regional Authority of Public Health, Banská Bystrica 97556, Slovak Republic
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest 050463, Romania
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno 65653, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | - Hans E Krokan
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Frank Skorpen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine and
| | - Maiken E Gabrielsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine and
| | - Lars Vatten
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7489, Norway
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromso, Tromso N-9037, Norway
| | - Chu Chen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gary Goodman
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tõnu Vooder
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Kristjan Välk
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway
| | - Mari Nelis
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Estonian Biocentre, Genotyping Core Facility, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Estonian Biocentre, Genotyping Core Facility, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Peter Broderick
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Timothy Eisen
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Genetics, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Margaret R Spitz
- Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yongyue Wei
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li Su
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dong Xie
- Division of Health Sciences, Cancer Center and College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY 55905, USA
| | - Jun She
- Division of Health Sciences, Cancer Center and College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY 55905, USA
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka City 819-0395, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ito
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-0021, Japan
| | - Angela Risch
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, DKFZ, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany, Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Albert Rosenberger
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Muley
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany, Translational Research Unit and
| | - Hendrik Dienemann
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik am Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John K Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Olaide Raji
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Ying Chen
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - John Gosney
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Triantafillos Liloglou
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Michael P A Davies
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Michael Marcus
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - John McLaughlin
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Irene Orlow
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Younghun Han
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Genomic Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Yafang Li
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Genomic Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Xuchen Zong
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Mattias Johansson
- Section of Genetics, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Medical Oncology and Haematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Keck School of Medicine, University of South California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0911, USA and
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Maria T Landi
- Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul Brennan
- Section of Genetics, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada,
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Taeger D, Pesch B, Kendzia B, Behrens T, Jöckel KH, Dahmann D, Siemiatycki J, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Peters S, Olsson A, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Stücker I, Guida F, Tardón A, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Richiardi L, Pohlabeln H, Ahrens W, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Pesatori AC, Mukeriya A, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Gustavsson P, Field J, Marcus MW, Fabianova E, 't Mannetje A, Pearce N, Rudnai P, Bencko V, Janout V, Dumitru RS, Foretova L, Forastiere F, McLaughlin J, Paul Demers PD, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Schüz J, Straif K, Brüning T. Lung cancer among coal miners, ore miners and quarrymen: smoking-adjusted risk estimates from the synergy pooled analysis of case-control studies. Scand J Work Environ Health 2015; 41:467-77. [PMID: 26153779 PMCID: PMC7334050 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Working in mines and quarries has been associated with an elevated lung cancer risk but with inconsistent results for coal miners. This study aimed to estimate the smoking-adjusted lung cancer risk among coal miners and compare the risk pattern with lung cancer risks among ore miners and quarrymen. METHODS We estimated lung cancer risks of coal and ore miners and quarrymen among 14 251 lung cancer cases and 17 267 controls from the SYNERGY pooled case-control study, controlling for smoking and employment in other at-risk occupations. RESULTS Ever working as miner or quarryman (690 cases, 436 controls) was associated with an elevated odds ratio (OR) of 1.55 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.34-1.79] for lung cancer. Ore miners (53 cases, 24 controls) had a higher OR (2.34, 95% CI 1.36-4.03) than quarrymen (67 cases, 39 controls; OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.21-3.05) and coal miners (442 cases, 297 controls; OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.18-1.67), but CI overlapped. We did not observe trends by duration of exposure or time since last exposure. CONCLUSIONS This pooled analysis of population-based studies demonstrated an excess lung cancer risk among miners and quarrymen that remained increased after adjustment for detailed smoking history and working in other at-risk occupations. The increase in risk among coal miners were less pronounced than for ore miners or quarrymen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Taeger
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA). Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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Delahaye-Sourdeix M, Anantharaman D, Timofeeva MN, Gaborieau V, Chabrier A, Vallée MP, Lagiou P, Holcátová I, Richiardi L, Kjaerheim K, Agudo A, Castellsagué X, Macfarlane TV, Barzan L, Canova C, Thakker NS, Conway DI, Znaor A, Healy CM, Ahrens W, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Fabianova E, Mates IN, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Curado MP, Koifman S, Menezes A, Wünsch-Filho V, Eluf-Neto J, Boffetta P, Fernández Garrote L, Polesel J, Lener M, Jaworowska E, Lubiński J, Boccia S, Rajkumar T, Samant TA, Mahimkar MB, Matsuo K, Franceschi S, Byrnes G, Brennan P, McKay JD. A rare truncating BRCA2 variant and genetic susceptibility to upper aerodigestive tract cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv037. [PMID: 25838448 PMCID: PMC4822523 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deleterious BRCA2 genetic variants markedly increase risk of developing breast cancer. A rare truncating BRCA2 genetic variant, rs11571833 (K3326X), has been associated with a 2.5-fold risk of lung squamous cell carcinoma but only a modest 26% increase in breast cancer risk. We analyzed the association between BRCA2 SNP rs11571833 and upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer risk with multivariable unconditional logistic regression adjusted by sex and combinations of study and country for 5942 UADT squamous cell carcinoma case patients and 8086 control patients from nine different studies. All statistical tests were two-sided. rs11571833 was associated with UADT cancers (odds ratio = 2.53, 95% confidence interval = 1.89 to 3.38, P = 3x10(-10)) and was present in European, Latin American, and Indian populations but extremely rare in Japanese populations. The association appeared more apparent in smokers (current or former) compared with never smokers (P het = .026). A robust association between a truncating BRCA2 variant and UADT cancer risk suggests that treatment strategies orientated towards BRCA2 mutations may warrant further investigation in UADT tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Delahaye-Sourdeix
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Devasena Anantharaman
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Maria N Timofeeva
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Valérie Gaborieau
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Amélie Chabrier
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Maxime P Vallée
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Ivana Holcátová
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Kristina Kjaerheim
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Antonio Agudo
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Xavier Castellsagué
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Tatiana V Macfarlane
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Luigi Barzan
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Cristina Canova
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Nalin S Thakker
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - David I Conway
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Ariana Znaor
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Claire M Healy
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - David Zaridze
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Neonilia Szeszenia-Dabrowska
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Ioan Nicolae Mates
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Lenka Foretova
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Vladimir Janout
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Maria Paula Curado
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Sergio Koifman
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Ana Menezes
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Victor Wünsch-Filho
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - José Eluf-Neto
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Leticia Fernández Garrote
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Jerry Polesel
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Marcin Lener
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Ewa Jaworowska
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Jan Lubiński
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Stefania Boccia
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Thangarajan Rajkumar
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Tanuja A Samant
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Manoj B Mahimkar
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Silvia Franceschi
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Graham Byrnes
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - Paul Brennan
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
| | - James D McKay
- : Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group (MDS, AC, MPV, JDM), Genetic Epidemiology Group (DA, MNT, VG, PBr), Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group (SF), and Biostatistics Group (GB), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK (MNT); Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece (PL); Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (IH, VB); University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy (LR); Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway (KK); Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (AA, XC); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain (XC); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK (TVM); General Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy (LB); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (CC); MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK (CC); University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, UK (NST); University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (DIC); Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia (AZ); Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland (CMH); Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany (WA); Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany (WA); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation (DZ); Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland (NSD); Department of Ca
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Chen D, Gaborieau V, Zhao Y, Chabrier A, Wang H, Waterboer T, Zaridze D, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Bencko V, Janout V, Foretova L, Mates IN, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Boffetta P, Pawlita M, Lathrop M, Gyllensten U, Brennan P, McKay JD. A systematic investigation of the contribution of genetic variation within the MHC region to HPV seropositivity. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2681-8. [PMID: 25616963 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk mucosal types of human papillomavirus (HPV) cause anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers, whereas cutaneous types (e.g. HPV8 and 77) are suspected to be involved in non-melanoma skin cancer. The antibody response to HPVs is a key determinant of protective immunity, but not all infected individuals seroconvert. Genetic variability of the host may have large impact on seroconversion. A previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) has identified a susceptibility locus (rs41270488) for HPV8 seropositivity within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. To further study this locus, we imputed alleles at classical leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci using HLA*IMP:02 with a reference panel from the HapMap Project and the 1958 Birth Cohort, and conducted an integrated analysis among 4811 central European subjects to assess the contribution of classical HLA alleles and gene copy number variation (CNV) at the hypervariable DRB locus within the MHC region to HPV seropositivity at both the individual HPV type level and the phylogenetic species level. Our study provides evidence that the association noted between rs41270488 and HPV8 seropositivity is driven by two independent variants, namely DQB1*0301 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.36-1.68, P = 1.0 × 10(-14)] and DRB1*1101 (OR = 1.89, 95%CI = 1.57-2.28, P = 1.5 × 10(-11)) within the HLA class II region. Additionally, we identified two correlated alleles DRB1*0701 (OR = 1.67, 95%CI = 1.41-1.98, P = 2.6 × 10(-9)) and DQA1*0201 (OR = 1.67, 95%CI = 1.38-1.93, P = 1.7 × 10(-8)), to be associated with HPV77 seropositivity. Comparable results were observed through imputation using SNP2HLA with another reference panel from the Type 1 diabetes Genetics Consortium. This study provides support for an important role of HLA class II alleles in antibody response to HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,
| | | | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Amélie Chabrier
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Huibo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group, Division of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis
| | - David Zaridze
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ioan Nicolae Mates
- St Mary General and Esophageal Surgery Clinic, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn Medical Institute, New York, USA and
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Virus-Host Interactions of Polyoma and Papilloma Viruses Group, Division of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Centre D'innovation Génome Québec et Université McGill, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - James D McKay
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Delahaye-Sourdeix M, Oliver J, Timofeeva MN, Gaborieau V, Johansson M, Chabrier A, Wozniak MB, Brenner DR, Vallée MP, Anantharaman D, Lagiou P, Holcátová I, Richiardi L, Kjaerheim K, Agudo A, Castellsagué X, Macfarlane TV, Barzan L, Canova C, Thakker NS, Conway DI, Znaor A, Healy CM, Ahrens W, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Fabianova E, Mates IN, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Curado MP, Koifman S, Menezes A, Wünsch-Filho V, Eluf-Neto J, Boffetta P, Garrote LF, Serraino D, Lener M, Jaworowska E, Lubiński J, Boccia S, Rajkumar T, Samant TA, Mahimkar MB, Matsuo K, Franceschi S, Byrnes G, Brennan P, McKay JD. The 12p13.33/RAD52 locus and genetic susceptibility to squamous cell cancers of upper aerodigestive tract. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117639. [PMID: 25793373 PMCID: PMC4368781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants located within the 12p13.33/RAD52 locus have been associated with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). Here, within 5,947 UADT cancers and 7,789 controls from 9 different studies, we found rs10849605, a common intronic variant in RAD52, to be also associated with upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) squamous cell carcinoma cases (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04-1.15, p = 6x10(-4)). We additionally identified rs10849605 as a RAD52 cis-eQTL inUADT(p = 1x10(-3)) and LUSC (p = 9x10(-4)) tumours, with the UADT/LUSC risk allele correlated with increased RAD52 expression levels. The 12p13.33 locus, encompassing rs10849605/RAD52, was identified as a significant somatic focal copy number amplification in UADT(n = 374, q-value = 0.075) and LUSC (n = 464, q-value = 0.007) tumors and correlated with higher RAD52 tumor expression levels (p = 6x10(-48) and p = 3x10(-29) in UADT and LUSC, respectively). In combination, these results implicate increased RAD52 expression in both genetic susceptibility and tumorigenesis of UADT and LUSC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Delahaye-Sourdeix
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group (GCS), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Javier Oliver
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group (GCS), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Maria N. Timofeeva
- Genetic Epidemiology group (GEP), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Gaborieau
- Genetic Epidemiology group (GEP), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Mattias Johansson
- Genetic Epidemiology group (GEP), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Amélie Chabrier
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group (GCS), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Magdalena B. Wozniak
- Genetic Epidemiology group (GEP), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Darren R. Brenner
- Genetic Epidemiology group (GEP), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Maxime P. Vallée
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group (GCS), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Devasena Anantharaman
- Genetic Epidemiology group (GEP), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Ivana Holcátová
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Agudo
- Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Castellsagué
- Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Cristina Canova
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nalin S. Thakker
- University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David I. Conway
- University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ariana Znaor
- Croatian National Cancer Registry, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - David Zaridze
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ioan Nicolae Mates
- Saint Mary General and Esophageal Surgery Clinic, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Sergio Koifman
- National School of Public Health/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Menezes
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Diego Serraino
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCSS, Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aviano, Italy
| | - Marcin Lener
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Jaworowska
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubiński
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Stefania Boccia
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Tanuja A. Samant
- Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Manoj B. Mahimkar
- Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Department of Health Promotion, Division of Oral Pathology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Silvia Franceschi
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology group (ICE), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Graham Byrnes
- Biostatistics group (BST), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Paul Brennan
- Genetic Epidemiology group (GEP), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - James D. McKay
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility group (GCS), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Malhotra J, Sartori S, Brennan P, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Świątkowska B, Rudnai P, Lissowska J, Fabianova E, Mates D, Bencko V, Gaborieau V, Stücker I, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P. Effect of occupational exposures on lung cancer susceptibility: a study of gene-environment interaction analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:570-9. [PMID: 25583949 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1143-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational exposures are known risk factors for lung cancer. Role of genetically determined host factors in occupational exposure-related lung cancer is unclear. METHODS We used genome-wide association (GWA) data from a case-control study conducted in 6 European countries from 1998 to 2002 to identify gene-occupation interactions and related pathways for lung cancer risk. GWA analysis was performed for each exposure using logistic regression and interaction term for genotypes, and exposure was included in this model. Both SNP-based and gene-based interaction P values were calculated. Pathway analysis was performed using three complementary methods, and analyses were adjusted for multiple comparisons. We analyzed 312,605 SNPs and occupational exposure to 70 agents from 1,802 lung cancer cases and 1,725 cancer-free controls. RESULTS Mean age of study participants was 60.1 ± 9.1 years and 75% were male. Largest number of significant associations (P ≤ 1 × 10(-5)) at SNP level was demonstrated for nickel, brick dust, concrete dust, and cement dust, and for brick dust and cement dust at the gene-level (P ≤ 1 × 10(-4)). Approximately 14 occupational exposures showed significant gene-occupation interactions with pathways related to response to environmental information processing via signal transduction (P < 0.001 and FDR < 0.05). Other pathways that showed significant enrichment were related to immune processes and xenobiotic metabolism. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that pathways related to signal transduction, immune process, and xenobiotic metabolism may be involved in occupational exposure-related lung carcinogenesis. IMPACT Our study exemplifies an integrative approach using pathway-based analysis to demonstrate the role of genetic variants in occupational exposure-related lung cancer susceptibility. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 570-9. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Malhotra
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | | | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Beata Świątkowska
- Department of Epidemiology, The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Department of Occupational Health, Specialized State Health Institute, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Isabelle Stücker
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and MF MU Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Bigert C, Gustavsson P, Straif K, Pesch B, Brüning T, Kendzia B, Schüz J, Stücker I, Guida F, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Pesatori AC, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Tse LA, Yu ITS, Siemiatycki J, Pintos J, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Simonato L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Tardón A, Zaridze D, Field J, 't Mannetje A, Pearce N, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Dumitru RS, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P, Forastiere F, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Peters S, Vermeulen R, Kromhout H, Olsson AC. Lung cancer risk among cooks when accounting for tobacco smoking: a pooled analysis of case-control studies from Europe, Canada, New Zealand, and China. J Occup Environ Med 2015; 57:202-9. [PMID: 25654522 PMCID: PMC7508228 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the risk of lung cancer among cooks, while controlling for smoking habits. METHODS We used data from the SYNERGY project including pooled information on lifetime work histories and smoking habits from 16 case-control studies conducted in Europe, Canada, New Zealand, and China. RESULTS Before adjustment for smoking, we observed an increased risk of lung cancer in male cooks, but not in female cooks. After adjusting, there was no increased risk and no significant exposure-response relationship. Nevertheless, subgroup analyses highlighted some possible excess risks of squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma in female cooks. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence that lung cancer risks among cooks may be confounded by smoking. After adjustment, cooks did not experience an increased risk of lung cancer overall. The subgroup analyses showing some excess risks among female cooks require cautious interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bigert
- From the Institute of Environmental Medicine (Drs Bigert and Gustavsson), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; International Agency for Research on Cancer (Drs Straif, Schüz, and Olsson), Lyon, France; Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) (Drs Pesch and Brüning, Mr Kendzia), Germany; Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP) (Drs Stücker and Guida), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, F-94807, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud (Drs Stücker and Guida), UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France; Institut für Epidemiologie I (Drs Brüske and Wichmann), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (Dr Pesatori), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; National Cancer Institute (Drs Landi and Caporaso), Bethesda, MD; Division of Occupational and Environmental Health (Drs Tse and Yu), School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of University of Montréal Hospital Centre (Drs Siemiatycki and Pintos), University of Montréal, Canada; Cancer Epidemiology Unit (Drs Merletti and Mirabelli), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy; Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health (Dr Simonato), University of Padua, Italy; Institute for Medical Informatics (Dr Jöckel), Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine (Drs Ahrens and Pohlabeln), Bremen, Germany; CIBERESP (Dr Tardón), University of Oviedo, Spain; Russian Cancer Research Centre (Dr Zaridze), Moscow, Russia; Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Cancer Research Centre (Dr Field), University of Liverpool, UK; Centre for Public Health Research (Drs Mannetje and Pearce), Massey University, Wellingt
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Consonni D, Matteis SD, Pesatori AC, Bertazzi PA, Olsson AC, Kromhout H, Peters S, Vermeulen RCH, Pesch B, Brüning T, Kendzia B, Behrens T, Stücker I, Guida F, Wichmann HE, Brüske I, Landi MT, Caporaso NE, Gustavsson P, Plato N, Tse LA, Yu ITS, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Simonato L, Forastiere F, Siemiatycki J, Parent MÉ, Tardón A, Boffetta P, Zaridze D, Chen Y, Field JK, 't Mannetje A, Pearce N, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Lissowska J, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Rudnai P, Fabiánová E, Stanescu Dumitru R, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Schüz J, Straif K. Lung cancer risk among bricklayers in a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Int J Cancer 2015; 136:360-71. [PMID: 24861979 PMCID: PMC4477910 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bricklayers may be exposed to several lung carcinogens, including crystalline silica and asbestos. Previous studies that analyzed lung cancer risk among these workers had several study design limitations. We examined lung cancer risk among bricklayers within SYNERGY, a large international pooled analysis of case-control studies on lung cancer and the joint effects of occupational carcinogens. For men ever employed as bricklayers we estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for study center, age, lifetime smoking history and employment in occupations with exposures to known or suspected lung carcinogens. Among 15,608 cases and 18,531 controls, there were 695 cases and 469 controls who had ever worked as bricklayers (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.28-1.68). In studies using population controls the OR was 1.55 (95% CI: 1.32-1.81, 540/349 cases/controls), while it was 1.24 (95% CI: 0.93-1.64, 155/120 cases/controls) in hospital-based studies. There was a clear positive trend with length of employment (p < 0.001). The relative risk was higher for squamous (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.42-1.98, 309 cases) and small cell carcinomas (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.44-2.20, 140 cases), than for adenocarcinoma (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.95-1.43, 150 cases) (p-homogeneity: 0.0007). ORs were still elevated after additional adjustment for education and in analyses using blue collar workers as referents. This study provided robust evidence of increased lung cancer risk in bricklayers. Although non-causal explanations cannot be completely ruled out, the association is plausible in view of the potential for exposure to several carcinogens, notably crystalline silica and to a lesser extent asbestos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda—Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilan, Italy
| | - Sara De Matteis
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Angela C Pesatori
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda—Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Pier Alberto Bertazzi
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda—Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Ann C Olsson
- International Agency for Research on CancerLyon, France
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment SciencesUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment SciencesUtrecht, The Netherlands
- Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western AustraliaPerth, Australia
| | | | - Beate Pesch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance—Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA)Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance—Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA)Bochum, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance—Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA)Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance—Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA)Bochum, Germany
| | - Isabelle Stücker
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer TeamVillejuif, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018Villejuif, Paris, France
| | - Florence Guida
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer TeamVillejuif, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018Villejuif, Paris, France
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institut für Epidemiologie I, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und UmweltNeuherberg, Germany
| | - Irene Brüske
- Institut für Epidemiologie I, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und UmweltNeuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Per Gustavsson
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Plato
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Lap Ah Tse
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Ignatius Tak-sun Yu
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-EssenEssen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPSBremen, Germany
- Institute for Statistics, University BremenBremen, Germany
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPSBremen, Germany
| | - Franco Merletti
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, CPO-PiemonteTurin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, CPO-PiemonteTurin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Simonato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Università degli Studi di PadovaPadua, Italy
| | | | - Jack Siemiatycki
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM) and School of Public HealthMontréal, Canada
| | - Marie-Élise Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-FrappierLaval, Canada
| | - Adonina Tardón
- Universidad de Oviedo and Ciber de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP)Oviedo, Spain
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY
- International Prevention Research InstituteLyon, France
| | | | - Ying Chen
- Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer MedicineLiverpool, United Kingdom
- Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Research Institute for Primary Care & Health Sciences, Keele UniversityStaffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - John K Field
- Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer MedicineLiverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea 't Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey UniversityWellington, New Zealand
| | - Neil Pearce
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care OntarioToronto, Canada
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of OncologyWarsaw, Poland
| | | | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles UniversityPrague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vladimir Janout
- Palacky University, Faculty of MedicineOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environment HealthBudapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - H B(as) Bueno-de-Mesquita
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), BilthovenThe Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical CentreUtrecht, The Netherlands
- The School of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on CancerLyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on CancerLyon, France
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Boraska V, Franklin CS, Floyd JAB, Thornton LM, Huckins LM, Southam L, Rayner NW, Tachmazidou I, Klump KL, Treasure J, Lewis CM, Schmidt U, Tozzi F, Kiezebrink K, Hebebrand J, Gorwood P, Adan RAH, Kas MJH, Favaro A, Santonastaso P, Fernández-Aranda F, Gratacos M, Rybakowski F, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Kaprio J, Keski-Rahkonen A, Raevuori A, Van Furth EF, Slof-Op 't Landt MCT, Hudson JI, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Knudsen GPS, Monteleone P, Kaplan AS, Karwautz A, Hakonarson H, Berrettini WH, Guo Y, Li D, Schork NJ, Komaki G, Ando T, Inoko H, Esko T, Fischer K, Männik K, Metspalu A, Baker JH, Cone RD, Dackor J, DeSocio JE, Hilliard CE, O'Toole JK, Pantel J, Szatkiewicz JP, Taico C, Zerwas S, Trace SE, Davis OSP, Helder S, Bühren K, Burghardt R, de Zwaan M, Egberts K, Ehrlich S, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Herzog W, Imgart H, Scherag A, Scherag S, Zipfel S, Boni C, Ramoz N, Versini A, Brandys MK, Danner UN, de Kovel C, Hendriks J, Koeleman BPC, Ophoff RA, Strengman E, van Elburg AA, Bruson A, Clementi M, Degortes D, Forzan M, Tenconi E, Docampo E, Escaramís G, Jiménez-Murcia S, Lissowska J, Rajewski A, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Slopien A, Hauser J, Karhunen L, Meulenbelt I, Slagboom PE, Tortorella A, Maj M, Dedoussis G, Dikeos D, Gonidakis F, Tziouvas K, Tsitsika A, Papezova H, Slachtova L, Martaskova D, Kennedy JL, Levitan RD, Yilmaz Z, Huemer J, Koubek D, Merl E, Wagner G, Lichtenstein P, Breen G, Cohen-Woods S, Farmer A, McGuffin P, Cichon S, Giegling I, Herms S, Rujescu D, Schreiber S, Wichmann HE, Dina C, Sladek R, Gambaro G, Soranzo N, Julia A, Marsal S, Rabionet R, Gaborieau V, Dick DM, Palotie A, Ripatti S, Widén E, Andreassen OA, Espeseth T, Lundervold A, Reinvang I, Steen VM, Le Hellard S, Mattingsdal M, Ntalla I, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Navratilova M, Gallinger S, Pinto D, Scherer SW, Aschauer H, Carlberg L, Schosser A, Alfredsson L, Ding B, Klareskog L, Padyukov L, Courtet P, Guillaume S, Jaussent I, Finan C, Kalsi G, Roberts M, Logan DW, Peltonen L, Ritchie GRS, Barrett JC, Estivill X, Hinney A, Sullivan PF, Collier DA, Zeggini E, Bulik CM. A genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:1085-94. [PMID: 24514567 PMCID: PMC4325090 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex and heritable eating disorder characterized by dangerously low body weight. Neither candidate gene studies nor an initial genome-wide association study (GWAS) have yielded significant and replicated results. We performed a GWAS in 2907 cases with AN from 14 countries (15 sites) and 14 860 ancestrally matched controls as part of the Genetic Consortium for AN (GCAN) and the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 3 (WTCCC3). Individual association analyses were conducted in each stratum and meta-analyzed across all 15 discovery data sets. Seventy-six (72 independent) single nucleotide polymorphisms were taken forward for in silico (two data sets) or de novo (13 data sets) replication genotyping in 2677 independent AN cases and 8629 European ancestry controls along with 458 AN cases and 421 controls from Japan. The final global meta-analysis across discovery and replication data sets comprised 5551 AN cases and 21 080 controls. AN subtype analyses (1606 AN restricting; 1445 AN binge-purge) were performed. No findings reached genome-wide significance. Two intronic variants were suggestively associated: rs9839776 (P=3.01 × 10(-7)) in SOX2OT and rs17030795 (P=5.84 × 10(-6)) in PPP3CA. Two additional signals were specific to Europeans: rs1523921 (P=5.76 × 10(-)(6)) between CUL3 and FAM124B and rs1886797 (P=8.05 × 10(-)(6)) near SPATA13. Comparing discovery with replication results, 76% of the effects were in the same direction, an observation highly unlikely to be due to chance (P=4 × 10(-6)), strongly suggesting that true findings exist but our sample, the largest yet reported, was underpowered for their detection. The accrual of large genotyped AN case-control samples should be an immediate priority for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Boraska
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK [2] University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - C S Franklin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - J A B Floyd
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK [2] William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - L M Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L M Huckins
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - L Southam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - N W Rayner
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK [3] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Oxford, UK
| | - I Tachmazidou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - K L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - J Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C M Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - U Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - F Tozzi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K Kiezebrink
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - J Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - P Gorwood
- 1] INSERM U894, Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris, France [2] Sainte-Anne Hospital (CMME), University of Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - R A H Adan
- 1] Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands [2] Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - M J H Kas
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Favaro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - P Santonastaso
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - F Fernández-Aranda
- 1] Department of Psychiatry and CIBERON, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain [2] Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Gratacos
- 1] Genomics and Disease Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain [2] Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain [3] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain [4] Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Rybakowski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Dmitrzak-Weglarz
- Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Kaprio
- 1] Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [2] Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [3] Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - A Raevuori
- 1] Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [2] Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E F Van Furth
- 1] Center for Eating Disorders Ursula, Leidschendam, The Netherlands [2] Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M C T Slof-Op 't Landt
- 1] Center for Eating Disorders Ursula, Leidschendam, The Netherlands [2] Molecular Epidemiology Section, Department of Medical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J I Hudson
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - T Reichborn-Kjennerud
- 1] Department of Genetics, Environment and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway [2] Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - G P S Knudsen
- Department of Genetics, Environment and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - P Monteleone
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy [2] Chair of Psychiatry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - A S Kaplan
- 1] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Karwautz
- Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Hakonarson
- 1] The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA [2] The Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W H Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Y Guo
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Li
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N J Schork
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine and The Scripps Translational Science Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - G Komaki
- 1] Department of Psychosomatic Research, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan [2] School of Health Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Ando
- Department of Psychosomatic Research, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Inoko
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - T Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - K Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - K Männik
- 1] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia [2] Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Metspalu
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia [2] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J H Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R D Cone
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J Dackor
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J E DeSocio
- Seattle University College of Nursing, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C E Hilliard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - J Pantel
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences - Inserm U894, Paris, France
| | - J P Szatkiewicz
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C Taico
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S Zerwas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S E Trace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - O S P Davis
- 1] Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK [2] Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, UCL Genetics Institute, London, UK
| | - S Helder
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Bühren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Clinics RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - R Burghardt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - M de Zwaan
- 1] Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany [2] Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - K Egberts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Ehrlich
- 1] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany [2] Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - B Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Clinics RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - W Herzog
- Departments of Psychosocial and Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Imgart
- Parklandklinik, Bad Wildungen, Germany
| | - A Scherag
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Universitätsklinikum Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S Scherag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S Zipfel
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Boni
- INSERM U894, Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - N Ramoz
- INSERM U894, Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - A Versini
- INSERM U894, Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - M K Brandys
- 1] Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands [2] Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - U N Danner
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - C de Kovel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Hendriks
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B P C Koeleman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R A Ophoff
- 1] Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA [2] Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A A van Elburg
- 1] Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Zeist, The Netherlands [2] Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Bruson
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Clementi
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - D Degortes
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Forzan
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E Tenconi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E Docampo
- 1] Genomics and Disease Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain [2] Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain [3] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain [4] Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Escaramís
- 1] Genomics and Disease Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain [2] Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain [3] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain [4] Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Jiménez-Murcia
- 1] Department of Psychiatry and CIBERON, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain [2] Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Lissowska
- M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Rajewski
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Lodz, Poland
| | - N Szeszenia-Dabrowska
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Lodz, Poland
| | - A Slopien
- Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - L Karhunen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - I Meulenbelt
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Department of Medical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P E Slagboom
- 1] Molecular Epidemiology Section, Department of Medical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Tortorella
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
| | - M Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
| | - G Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - D Dikeos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - F Gonidakis
- Eating Disorders Unit, 1st Department of Psychiatry, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - K Tziouvas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - A Tsitsika
- Adolescent Health Unit (A.H.U.), 2nd Department of Pediatrics - Medical School, University of Athens 'P. & A. Kyriakou' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - H Papezova
- Department of Psychiatry, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Slachtova
- Department of Pediatrics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Martaskova
- Department of Psychiatry, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J L Kennedy
- 1] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R D Levitan
- 1] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Z Yilmaz
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Huemer
- Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Koubek
- Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Merl
- Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Wagner
- Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Cohen-Woods
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Farmer
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P McGuffin
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Cichon
- 1] Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany [2] Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany [3] Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - I Giegling
- Klinikum der Medizinischen Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - S Herms
- 1] Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany [2] Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Rujescu
- Klinikum der Medizinischen Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - S Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - H-E Wichmann
- 1] Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany [2] Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - C Dina
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - R Sladek
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - G Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Columbus-Gemelly Hospitals, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - N Soranzo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Julia
- Unitat de Recerca de Reumatologia (URR), Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Marsal
- Unitat de Recerca de Reumatologia (URR), Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Rabionet
- 1] Genomics and Disease Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain [2] Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain [3] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain [4] Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Gaborieau
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - D M Dick
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - A Palotie
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK [2] The Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [3] The Program for Human and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Ripatti
- 1] The Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [2] Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Widén
- 1] The Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [2] Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O A Andreassen
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Espeseth
- 1] NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway [2] Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Lundervold
- 1] Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway [2] Kavli Research Centre for Aging and Dementia, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway [3] K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - I Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - V M Steen
- 1] Department of Clinical Science, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norwegian Centre For Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway [2] Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Le Hellard
- 1] Department of Clinical Science, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norwegian Centre For Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway [2] Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - M Mattingsdal
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - I Ntalla
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - V Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - V Janout
- Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Navratilova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - S Gallinger
- 1] University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Mount Sinai Hospital, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D Pinto
- Departments of Psychiatry, and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - H Aschauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Carlberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Schosser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Alfredsson
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Ding
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Klareskog
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine at the Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - L Padyukov
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine at the Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - P Courtet
- 1] Inserm, U1061, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France [2] Department of Emergency Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - S Guillaume
- 1] Inserm, U1061, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France [2] Department of Emergency Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - I Jaussent
- 1] Inserm, U1061, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France [2] Department of Emergency Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C Finan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Kalsi
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Roberts
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D W Logan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - L Peltonen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - G R S Ritchie
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK [2] European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge
| | - J C Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - X Estivill
- 1] Genomics and Disease Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain [2] Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain [3] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain [4] Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - P F Sullivan
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D A Collier
- 1] Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK [2] Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, UK
| | - E Zeggini
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - C M Bulik
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Denholm R, Schüz J, Straif K, Stücker I, Jöckel KH, Brenner DR, De Matteis S, Boffetta P, Guida F, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Siemiatycki J, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Zaridze D, Field JK, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Dumitru RS, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Kendzia B, Peters S, Behrens T, Vermeulen R, Brüning T, Kromhout H, C. Olsson A. Is previous respiratory disease a risk factor for lung cancer? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:549-59. [PMID: 25054566 PMCID: PMC4214084 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201402-0338oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous respiratory diseases have been associated with increased risk of lung cancer. Respiratory conditions often co-occur and few studies have investigated multiple conditions simultaneously. OBJECTIVES Investigate lung cancer risk associated with chronic bronchitis, emphysema, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and asthma. METHODS The SYNERGY project pooled information on previous respiratory diseases from 12,739 case subjects and 14,945 control subjects from 7 case-control studies conducted in Europe and Canada. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between individual diseases adjusting for co-occurring conditions, and patterns of respiratory disease diagnoses and lung cancer. Analyses were stratified by sex, and adjusted for age, center, ever-employed in a high-risk occupation, education, smoking status, cigarette pack-years, and time since quitting smoking. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Chronic bronchitis and emphysema were positively associated with lung cancer, after accounting for other respiratory diseases and smoking (e.g., in men: odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-1.48 and OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.21-1.87, respectively). A positive relationship was observed between lung cancer and pneumonia diagnosed 2 years or less before lung cancer (OR, 3.31; 95% CI, 2.33-4.70 for men), but not longer. Co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema and/or pneumonia had a stronger positive association with lung cancer than chronic bronchitis "only." Asthma had an inverse association with lung cancer, the association being stronger with an asthma diagnosis 5 years or more before lung cancer compared with shorter. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this large international case-control consortium indicate that after accounting for co-occurring respiratory diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema continue to have a positive association with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Denholm
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Stücker
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Darren R. Brenner
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Department of Population Health Research, Cancer Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sara De Matteis
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine, and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Florence Guida
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Irene Brüske
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jack Siemiatycki
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - John K. Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environment Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vladimir Janout
- Palacky University, Faculty of Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and
| | - Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ann C. Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Anantharaman D, Gheit T, Waterboer T, Halec G, Carreira C, Abedi-Ardekani B, McKay-Chopin S, Zaridze D, Mukeria A, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Mates D, Janout V, Foretova L, Bencko V, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Tjønneland A, Travis RC, Boeing H, Quirós JR, Johansson M, Krogh V, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Kotanidou A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Weiderpass E, Johansson M, Pawlita M, Scelo G, Tommasino M, Brennan P. No causal association identified for human papillomavirus infections in lung cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3525-34. [PMID: 24760422 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections have been implicated in lung carcinogenesis, but causal associations remain uncertain. We evaluated a potential causal role for HPV infections in lung cancer through an analysis involving serology, tumor DNA, RNA, and p16 protein expression. Association between type-specific HPV antibodies and risk of lung cancer was examined among 3,083 cases and 4,328 controls in two case-control studies (retrospective) and one nested case-control study (prospective design). Three hundred and thirty-four available tumors were subjected to pathologic evaluation and subsequent HPV genotyping following stringent conditions to detect all high-risk and two low-risk HPV types. All HPV DNA-positive tumors were further tested for the expression of p16 protein and type-specific HPV mRNA. On the basis of the consistency of the results, although HPV11 and HPV31 E6 antibodies were associated with lung cancer risk in the retrospective study, no association was observed in the prospective design. Presence of type-specific antibodies correlated poorly with the presence of the corresponding HPV DNA in the tumor. Although nearly 10% of the lung tumors were positive for any HPV DNA (7% for HPV16 DNA), none expressed the viral oncogenes. No association was observed between HPV antibodies or DNA and lung cancer survival. In conclusion, we found no supportive evidence for the hypothesized causal association between HPV infections and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tim Waterboer
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg
| | - Gordana Halec
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg
| | - Christine Carreira
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
| | - Behnoush Abedi-Ardekani
- Authors' Affiliations: Genetic Epidemiology Group; Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - David Zaridze
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anush Mukeria
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dana Mates
- Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | - Mikael Johansson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- The School of Public health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital; Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health team; University Paris Sud; IGR, Villejuif, France
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; and Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Michael Pawlita
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg
| | | | | | - Paul Brennan
- Authors' Affiliations: Genetic Epidemiology Group;
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37
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Wang Y, McKay JD, Rafnar T, Wang Z, Timofeeva M, Broderick P, Zong X, Laplana M, Wei Y, Han Y, Lloyd A, Delahaye-Sourdeix M, Chubb D, Gaborieau V, Wheeler W, Chatterjee N, Thorleifsson G, Sulem P, Liu G, Kaaks R, Henrion M, Kinnersley B, Vallée M, LeCalvez-Kelm F, Stevens VL, Gapstur SM, Chen WV, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Mates D, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Krokan HE, Gabrielsen ME, Skorpen F, Vatten L, Njølstad I, Chen C, Goodman G, Benhamou S, Vooder T, Valk K, Nelis M, Metspalu A, Lener M, Lubiński J, Johansson M, Vineis P, Agudo A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Trichopoulos D, Khaw KT, Johansson M, Weiderpass E, Tjønneland A, Riboli E, Lathrop M, Scelo G, Albanes D, Caporaso NE, Ye Y, Gu J, Wu X, Spitz MR, Dienemann H, Rosenberger A, Su L, Matakidou A, Eisen T, Stefansson K, Risch A, Chanock SJ, Christiani DC, Hung RJ, Brennan P, Landi MT, Houlston RS, Amos CI. Rare variants of large effect in BRCA2 and CHEK2 affect risk of lung cancer. Nat Genet 2014; 46:736-41. [PMID: 24880342 PMCID: PMC4074058 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We conducted imputation to the 1000 Genomes Project of four genome-wide association studies of lung cancer in populations of European ancestry (11,348 cases and 15,861 controls) and genotyped an additional 10,246 cases and 38,295 controls for follow-up. We identified large-effect genome-wide associations for squamous lung cancer with the rare variants BRCA2 p.Lys3326X (rs11571833, odds ratio (OR) = 2.47, P = 4.74 × 10(-20)) and CHEK2 p.Ile157Thr (rs17879961, OR = 0.38, P = 1.27 × 10(-13)). We also showed an association between common variation at 3q28 (TP63, rs13314271, OR = 1.13, P = 7.22 × 10(-10)) and lung adenocarcinoma that had been previously reported only in Asians. These findings provide further evidence for inherited genetic susceptibility to lung cancer and its biological basis. Additionally, our analysis demonstrates that imputation can identify rare disease-causing variants with substantive effects on cancer risk from preexisting genome-wide association study data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - James D. McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Thorunn Rafnar
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-9769, USA
| | - Maria Timofeeva
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Peter Broderick
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Xuchen Zong
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital. Toronto, Canada
| | - Marina Laplana
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yongyue Wei
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 617-432-1641, USA
| | - Younghun Han
- Center for Genomic Medicine Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 46 Centerra Parkway, Suite 330, Lebanon, NH 03766
| | - Amy Lloyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | | | - Daniel Chubb
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Valerie Gaborieau
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - William Wheeler
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-9769, USA
| | | | - Patrick Sulem
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Henrion
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ben Kinnersley
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Maxime Vallée
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | | | - Victoria L. Stevens
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, 30301, USA
| | - Susan M. Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, 30301, USA
| | - Wei V. Chen
- Department of Genetics, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David Zaridze
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw 02781, Poland
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska’ Bystrica 97556, Slovak Republic
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest 050463, Romania
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University in Prague, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno 65653, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hans E. Krokan
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7489, Norway
| | - Maiken Elvestad Gabrielsen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7489, Norway
| | - Frank Skorpen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Lars Vatten
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7489, Norway
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromso, Tromso 9037, Norway
| | - Chu Chen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gary Goodman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Tonu Vooder
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Kristjan Valk
- Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, 50410 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Marcin Lener
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubiński
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mattias Johansson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
- HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francoise Clavel-Chapelon
- INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women’s Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France
- IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - H.Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Trichopoulos
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, 23 Alexandroupoleos Street, Athens, GR-115 27, Greece
- Hellenic Health Foundation, 13 Kaisareias Street, Athens, GR-115 27, Greece
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Gerontology Unit Box 251, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Mikael Johansson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå universitet, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sverige, Sweden
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris 75010, France
| | - Ghislaine Scelo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-9769, USA
| | - Neil E. Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-9769, USA
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Margaret R. Spitz
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hendrik Dienemann
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albert Rosenberger
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Li Su
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 617-432-1641, USA
| | - Athena Matakidou
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Timothy Eisen
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hill’s Road Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Angela Risch
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-9769, USA
| | - David C. Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 617-432-1641, USA
| | - Rayjean J. Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital. Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-9769, USA
| | - Richard S. Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Christopher I. Amos
- Center for Genomic Medicine Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 46 Centerra Parkway, Suite 330, Lebanon, NH 03766
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Kim CH, Lee YCA, Hung RJ, McNallan SR, Cote ML, Lim WY, Chang SC, Kim JH, Ugolini D, Chen Y, Liloglou T, Andrew AS, Onega T, Duell EJ, Field JK, Lazarus P, Le Marchand L, Neri M, Vineis P, Kiyohara C, Hong YC, Morgenstern H, Matsuo K, Tajima K, Christiani DC, McLaughlin JR, Bencko V, Holcatova I, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Fabianova E, Foretova L, Janout V, Lissowska J, Mates D, Rudnai P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Mukeria A, Zaridze D, Seow A, Schwartz AG, Yang P, Zhang ZF. Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and lung cancer by histological type: a pooled analysis of the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO). Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1918-30. [PMID: 24615328 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
While the association between exposure to secondhand smoke and lung cancer risk is well established, few studies with sufficient power have examined the association by histological type. In this study, we evaluated the secondhand smoke-lung cancer relationship by histological type based on pooled data from 18 case-control studies in the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO), including 2,504 cases and 7,276 control who were never smokers and 10,184 cases and 7,176 controls who were ever smokers. We used multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, and study. Among never smokers, the odds ratios (OR) comparing those ever exposed to secondhand smoke with those never exposed were 1.31 (95% CI: 1.17-1.45) for all histological types combined, 1.26 (95% CI: 1.10-1.44) for adenocarcinoma, 1.41 (95% CI: 0.99-1.99) for squamous cell carcinoma, 1.48 (95% CI: 0.89-2.45) for large cell lung cancer, and 3.09 (95% CI: 1.62-5.89) for small cell lung cancer. The estimated association with secondhand smoke exposure was greater for small cell lung cancer than for nonsmall cell lung cancers (OR=2.11, 95% CI: 1.11-4.04). This analysis is the largest to date investigating the relation between exposure to secondhand smoke and lung cancer. Our study provides more precise estimates of the impact of secondhand smoke on the major histological types of lung cancer, indicates the association with secondhand smoke is stronger for small cell lung cancer than for the other histological types, and suggests the importance of intervention against exposure to secondhand smoke in lung cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Kim
- Department of Epidemiology Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 71-225 CHS, 650 Charles E Young Drive, South, Los Angeles, CA
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Vlaanderen J, Portengen L, Schüz J, Olsson A, Pesch B, Kendzia B, Stücker I, Guida F, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Consonni D, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Siemiatycki J, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Richiardi L, Gustavsson P, Plato N, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Tardón A, Zaridze D, Field JK, 't Mannetje A, Pearce N, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Stanescu Dumitru R, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P, Forastiere F, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Peters S, Brüning T, Kromhout H, Straif K, Vermeulen R. Effect modification of the association of cumulative exposure and cancer risk by intensity of exposure and time since exposure cessation: a flexible method applied to cigarette smoking and lung cancer in the SYNERGY Study. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179:290-8. [PMID: 24355332 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of the cumulative exposure metric (the product of intensity and duration of exposure) might bias reported associations between exposure to hazardous agents and cancer risk. To assess the independent effects of duration and intensity of exposure on cancer risk, we explored effect modification of the association of cumulative exposure and cancer risk by intensity of exposure. We applied a flexible excess odds ratio model that is linear in cumulative exposure but potentially nonlinear in intensity of exposure to 15 case-control studies of cigarette smoking and lung cancer (1985-2009). Our model accommodated modification of the excess odds ratio per pack-year of cigarette smoking by time since smoking cessation among former smokers. We observed negative effect modification of the association of pack-years of cigarette smoking and lung cancer by intensity of cigarette smoke for persons who smoked more than 20-30 cigarettes per day. Patterns of effect modification were similar across individual studies and across major lung cancer subtypes. We observed strong negative effect modification by time since smoking cessation. Application of our method in this example of cigarette smoking and lung cancer demonstrated that reducing a complex exposure history to a metric such as cumulative exposure is too restrictive.
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Kendzia B, Behrens T, Jöckel KH, Siemiatycki J, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Peters S, Van Gelder R, Olsson A, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Stücker I, Guida F, Tardón A, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Richiardi L, Pohlabeln H, Ahrens W, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Consonni D, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Gustavsson P, Marcus M, Fabianova E, 't Mannetje A, Pearce N, Tse LA, Yu ITS, Rudnai P, Bencko V, Janout V, Mates D, Foretova L, Forastiere F, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Boffetta P, Schüz J, Straif K, Pesch B, Brüning T. Welding and lung cancer in a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:1513-25. [PMID: 24052544 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiologic studies have indicated an increased risk of lung cancer among welders. We used the SYNERGY project database to assess welding as a risk factor for developing lung cancer. The database includes data on 15,483 male lung cancer cases and 18,388 male controls from 16 studies in Europe, Canada, China, and New Zealand conducted between 1985 and 2010. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals between regular or occasional welding and lung cancer were estimated, with adjustment for smoking, age, study center, and employment in other occupations associated with lung cancer risk. Overall, 568 cases and 427 controls had ever worked as welders and had an odds ratio of developing lung cancer of 1.44 (95% confidence interval: 1.25, 1.67) with the odds ratio increasing for longer duration of welding. In never and light smokers, the odds ratio was 1.96 (95% confidence interval: 1.37, 2.79). The odds ratios were somewhat higher for squamous and small cell lung cancers than for adenocarcinoma. Another 1,994 cases and 1,930 controls had ever worked in occupations with occasional welding. Work in any of these occupations was associated with some elevation of risk, though not as much as observed in regular welders. Our findings lend further support to the hypothesis that welding is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer.
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Olsson AC, Xu Y, Schüz J, Vlaanderen J, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Peters S, Stücker I, Guida F, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Consonni D, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Tse LA, Yu ITS, Siemiatycki J, Richardson L, Mirabelli D, Richiardi L, Simonato L, Gustavsson P, Plato N, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Tardón A, Zaridze D, Marcus MW, 't Mannetje A, Pearce N, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Dumitru RS, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P, Fortes C, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Kendzia B, Behrens T, Pesch B, Brüning T, Straif K. Lung cancer risk among hairdressers: a pooled analysis of case-control studies conducted between 1985 and 2010. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:1355-65. [PMID: 24068200 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased lung cancer risks among hairdressers were observed in large registry-based cohort studies from Scandinavia, but these studies could not adjust for smoking. Our objective was to evaluate the lung cancer risk among hairdressers while adjusting for smoking and other confounders in a pooled database of 16 case-control studies conducted in Europe, Canada, China, and New Zealand between 1985 and 2010 (the Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies on the Joint Effects of Occupational Carcinogens in the Development of Lung Cancer). Lifetime occupational and smoking information was collected through interviews with 19,369 cases of lung cancer and 23,674 matched population or hospital controls. Overall, 170 cases and 167 controls had ever worked as hairdresser or barber. The odds ratios for lung cancer in women were 1.65 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 2.35) without adjustment for smoking and 1.12 (95% CI: 0.75, 1.68) with adjustment for smoking; however, women employed before 1954 also experienced an increased lung cancer risk after adjustment for smoking (odds ratio = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.09, 6.47). The odds ratios in male hairdressers/barbers were generally not elevated, except for an increased odds ratio for adenocarcinoma in long-term barbers (odds ratio = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.02, 4.77). Our results suggest that the increased lung cancer risks among hairdressers are due to their smoking behavior; single elevated risk estimates should be interpreted with caution and need replication in other studies.
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Mravčík V, Strada L, Štolfa J, Bencko V, Groshkova T, Reimer J, Schulte B. Factors associated with uptake, adherence, and efficacy of hepatitis C treatment in people who inject drugs: a literature review. Patient Prefer Adherence 2013; 7:1067-75. [PMID: 24204126 PMCID: PMC3804540 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s49113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND METHODS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are highly prevalent amongst people who inject drugs (PWID). Despite well documented evidence of its effectiveness, suggested cost-effectiveness, and potential to reduce HCV prevalence rates, the uptake of antiviral HCV treatment by PWID is low. This nonsystematic literature review describes factors associated with the uptake, adherence, and efficacy of HCV treatment among PWID and discusses strategies to increase their uptake of treatment. RESULTS Low HCV treatment uptake among PWID is associated with a number of patient-related and provider-related barriers. Beliefs and fears about low efficacy and adverse effects on the patient's part are common. A substantial number of factors are associated with the chaotic lifestyle and altered social functioning of PWID, which are often associated with decompensation or relapsing into drug addiction. This may lead to perceived low adherence with treatment and low efficacy on the provider's part too, where lack of support, inadequate management of addiction, and other drug-related problems and poor treatment of side effects have been described. Practical issues such as the accessibility of treatment and finances also play a role. Strategies to improve the HCV treatment rate among PWID involve pretreatment management and assessment, a multidisciplinary approach, management of side effects, and enhanced education and counseling. CONCLUSION Specific factors are associated with poorer treatment outcomes in PWID on the side of both the patient and the treatment system. However, given that PWID can achieve treatment adherence and sustained virologic response rates comparable with those in nondrug users, drug use per se should not be considered a criterion for exclusion from treatment. Further development of measures leading to higher uptake of treatment and adherence in PWID and appropriate adaptation of HCV treatment guidelines represent important tools in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Mravčík
- National Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: Viktor Mravčík, National Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Office of the Government of the Czech Republic, Nábřeží E Beneše 4, 118 01 Prague 1, Czech Republic, Tel +420 296 153 354, Fax +420 296 153 264, Email
| | - Lisa Strada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Josef Štolfa
- Department of General Practice, Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of General Practice, Second Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Teodora Groshkova
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jens Reimer
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schulte
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Behrens T, Kendzia B, Treppmann T, Olsson A, Jöckel KH, Gustavsson P, Pohlabeln H, Ahrens W, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Richiardi L, Simonato L, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Rudnai P, Lissowska J, Fabianova E, Tardón A, Field J, Stanescu Dumitru R, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Siemiatycki J, Parent ME, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Peters S, Benhamou S, Stücker I, Guida F, Consonni D, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, 't Mannetje A, Pearce N, Tse LA, Yu ITS, Plato N, Boffetta P, Straif K, Schüz J, Pesch B, Brüning T. Lung cancer risk among bakers, pastry cooks and confectionary makers: the SYNERGY study. Occup Environ Med 2013; 70:810-4. [PMID: 23911873 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some studies have suggested increased lung cancer risks among bakers, however the results overall were inconsistent. The authors studied lung cancer risks among bakers and baking-related occupations in the SYNERGY pooled case-control database from 16 countries. METHODS Occupation in a baking-related job was identified from the subjects' job histories. ORs adjusted for log(age), study centre, smoking behaviour and ever employment in a job with known exposure to occupational lung carcinogens were calculated by unconditional logistic regression. Findings were stratified by sex, histological subtype of lung cancer and smoking status. RESULTS 19 366 cases (15 606 men) and 23 670 control subjects (18 528 men) were included. 473 cases (415 men, 58 women) and 501 controls (437 men, 64 women) had ever worked in baking or a related job. We did not observe an increased risk for men in baking (OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.18). No linear trends were observed for duration of employment. Some results suggested increased lung cancer risks for women, for example, for working as a baker for >30 years and in never-smokers, but after exclusion of one study these increased risks disappeared. DISCUSSION The findings from this study do not suggest increased lung cancer risks in baking-related professions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA) Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
In spring of 2012, students and staff at the First Faculty of Medicine at Charles University in Prague invited distinguished public health stakeholders and experts to engage in a Global Health Forum. The forum lasted an afternoon, was academically and clinically engaging and offered students and medical faculty a venue to discuss the most pressing global public health concerns. Main outcomes from the forum included describing outstanding public issues in public health policy and prevention, infectious disease and public health systems raised by the speakers, stakeholders and attendees. One major result of this forum is the establishment of the Prague Center for Global Health - an interdepartmental and interdisciplinary research collaborative to further the discussion and much needed field and academic research in global public health. The Prague Center for Global Health will include multiple international research centers and main function and results will include new courses at the university, publications based on best practices and research and a venue to learn, share and create in the academic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Quinn
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Purdue MP, Moore LE, Merino MJ, Boffetta P, Colt JS, Schwartz KL, Bencko V, Davis FG, Graubard BI, Janout V, Ruterbusch JJ, Beebe-Dimmer J, Cote ML, Shuch B, Mates D, Hofmann JN, Foretova L, Rothman N, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Matveev V, Wacholder S, Zaridze D, Linehan WM, Brennan P, Chow WH. An investigation of risk factors for renal cell carcinoma by histologic subtype in two case-control studies. Int J Cancer 2013; 132:2640-7. [PMID: 23150424 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether renal cell carcinoma (RCC) histologic subtypes possess different etiologies, we conducted analyses of established RCC risk factors by subtype (clear cell, papillary and chromophobe) in two case-control studies conducted in the United States (1,217 cases, 1,235 controls) and Europe (1,097 cases, 1,476 controls). Histology was ascertained for 706 U.S. cases (58% of total) and 917 European cases (84%) through a central slide review conducted by a single pathologist. For the remaining cases, histology was abstracted from the original diagnostic pathology report. Case-only analyses were performed to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) summarizing subtype differences by age, sex and race. Case-control analyses were performed to compute subtype-specific ORs for other risk factors using polytomous regression. In case-only analyses, papillary cases (N = 237) were older (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1-1.4 per 10-year increase), less likely to be female (OR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.4-0.8) and more likely to be black (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.8-3.9) as compared to clear cell cases (N = 1,524). In case-control analyses, BMI was associated with clear cell (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1-1.3 per 5 kg/m(2) increase) and chromophobe RCC (N = 80; OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1-1.4), but not papillary RCC (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 1.0-1.2; test versus clear cell, p = 0.006). No subtype differences were observed for associations with smoking, hypertension or family history of kidney cancer. Our findings support the existence of distinct age, sex and racial distributions for RCC subtypes, and suggest that the obesity-RCC association differs by histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Quinn J, Bencko V. Food insecurity: How to orchestrate a global health crisis. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.56141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Brenner DR, Boffetta P, Duell EJ, Bickeböller H, Rosenberger A, McCormack V, Muscat JE, Yang P, Wichmann HE, Brueske-Hohlfeld I, Schwartz AG, Cote ML, Tjønneland A, Friis S, Le Marchand L, Zhang ZF, Morgenstern H, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Zaridze D, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Foretova L, Janout V, Bencko V, Schejbalova M, Brennan P, Mates IN, Lazarus P, Field JK, Raji O, McLaughlin JR, Liu G, Wiencke J, Neri M, Ugolini D, Andrew AS, Lan Q, Hu W, Orlow I, Park BJ, Hung RJ. Previous lung diseases and lung cancer risk: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 176:573-85. [PMID: 22986146 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the role of previous lung diseases (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis) in the development of lung cancer, the authors conducted a pooled analysis of studies in the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Seventeen studies including 24,607 cases and 81,829 controls (noncases), mainly conducted in Europe and North America, were included (1984-2011). Using self-reported data on previous diagnoses of lung diseases, the authors derived study-specific effect estimates by means of logistic regression models or Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, and cumulative tobacco smoking. Estimates were pooled using random-effects models. Analyses stratified by smoking status and histology were also conducted. A history of emphysema conferred a 2.44-fold increased risk of lung cancer (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.64, 3.62 (16 studies)). A history of chronic bronchitis conferred a relative risk of 1.47 (95% CI: 1.29, 1.68 (13 studies)). Tuberculosis (relative risk = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.87 (16 studies)) and pneumonia (relative risk = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.22, 2.01 (12 studies)) were also associated with lung cancer risk. Among never smokers, elevated risks were observed for emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. These results suggest that previous lung diseases influence lung cancer risk independently of tobacco use and that these diseases are important for assessing individual risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Brenner
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Coté ML, Liu M, Bonassi S, Neri M, Schwartz AG, Christiani DC, Spitz MR, Muscat JE, Rennert G, Aben KK, Andrew AS, Bencko V, Bickeböller H, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Brenner H, Duell EJ, Fabianova E, Field JK, Foretova L, Friis S, Harris CC, Holcatova I, Hong YC, Isla D, Janout V, Kiemeney LA, Kiyohara C, Lan Q, Lazarus P, Lissowska J, Le Marchand L, Mates D, Matsuo K, Mayordomo JI, McLaughlin JR, Morgenstern H, Müeller H, Orlow I, Park BJ, Pinchev M, Raji OY, Rennert HS, Rudnai P, Seow A, Stucker I, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Dawn Teare M, Tjønnelan A, Ugolini D, van der Heijden HFM, Wichmann E, Wiencke JK, Woll PJ, Yang P, Zaridze D, Zhang ZF, Etzel CJ, Hung RJ. Increased risk of lung cancer in individuals with a family history of the disease: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:1957-68. [PMID: 22436981 PMCID: PMC3445438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Familial aggregation of lung cancer exists after accounting for cigarette smoking. However, the extent to which family history affects risk by smoking status, histology, relative type and ethnicity is not well described. This pooled analysis included 24 case-control studies in the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Each study collected age of onset/interview, gender, race/ethnicity, cigarette smoking, histology and first-degree family history of lung cancer. Data from 24,380 lung cancer cases and 23,305 healthy controls were analysed. Unconditional logistic regression models and generalised estimating equations were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Individuals with a first-degree relative with lung cancer had a 1.51-fold increase in the risk of lung cancer, after adjustment for smoking and other potential confounders (95% CI: 1.39, 1.63). The association was strongest for those with a family history in a sibling, after adjustment (odds ratios (OR) = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.62, 2.05). No modifying effect by histologic type was found. Never smokers showed a lower association with positive familial history of lung cancer (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.52), slightly stronger for those with an affected sibling (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.93), after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of lung cancer among never smokers and similar magnitudes of the effect of family history on lung cancer risk across histological types suggests familial aggregation of lung cancer is independent of those risks associated with cigarette smoking. While the role of genetic variation in the aetiology of lung cancer remains to be fully characterised, family history assessment is immediately available and those with a positive history represent a higher risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Coté
- Wayne State University School of Medicine and the Karmanos Cancer Institute, Michigan, USA.
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Timofeeva MN, Hung RJ, Rafnar T, Christiani DC, Field JK, Bickeböller H, Risch A, McKay JD, Wang Y, Dai J, Gaborieau V, McLaughlin J, Brenner D, Narod SA, Caporaso NE, Albanes D, Thun M, Eisen T, Wichmann HE, Rosenberger A, Han Y, Chen W, Zhu D, Spitz M, Wu X, Pande M, Zhao Y, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Mates D, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Krokan HE, Gabrielsen ME, Skorpen F, Vatten L, Njølstad I, Chen C, Goodman G, Lathrop M, Benhamou S, Vooder T, Välk K, Nelis M, Metspalu A, Raji O, Chen Y, Gosney J, Liloglou T, Muley T, Dienemann H, Thorleifsson G, Shen H, Stefansson K, Brennan P, Amos CI, Houlston R, Landi MT. Influence of common genetic variation on lung cancer risk: meta-analysis of 14 900 cases and 29 485 controls. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4980-95. [PMID: 22899653 PMCID: PMC3607485 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified common genetic variants at 5p15.33, 6p21-6p22 and 15q25.1 associated with lung cancer risk. Several other genetic regions including variants of CHEK2 (22q12), TP53BP1 (15q15) and RAD52 (12p13) have been demonstrated to influence lung cancer risk in candidate- or pathway-based analyses. To identify novel risk variants for lung cancer, we performed a meta-analysis of 16 GWASs, totaling 14 900 cases and 29 485 controls of European descent. Our data provided increased support for previously identified risk loci at 5p15 (P = 7.2 × 10(-16)), 6p21 (P = 2.3 × 10(-14)) and 15q25 (P = 2.2 × 10(-63)). Furthermore, we demonstrated histology-specific effects for 5p15, 6p21 and 12p13 loci but not for the 15q25 region. Subgroup analysis also identified a novel disease locus for squamous cell carcinoma at 9p21 (CDKN2A/p16(INK4A)/p14(ARF)/CDKN2B/p15(INK4B)/ANRIL; rs1333040, P = 3.0 × 10(-7)) which was replicated in a series of 5415 Han Chinese (P = 0.03; combined analysis, P = 2.3 × 10(-8)). This large analysis provides additional evidence for the role of inherited genetic susceptibility to lung cancer and insight into biological differences in the development of the different histological types of lung cancer.
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