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Aryal YP, Neupane S, Kwak HJ, An CH, Sohn WJ, Yamamoto H, Kwon TY, Min BK, Kim JY, Cho SJ. Unraveling the structure, chemical composition, and conserved signaling in leech teeth. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2024; 28:272-282. [PMID: 38741948 PMCID: PMC11089927 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2024.2350736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Unlike vertebrates, the number of toothed taxa in invertebrates is very few, with leeches being the only tooth-bearing organisms in the phylum Annelida. Copious studies have been conducted regarding vertebrate teeth; however, studies regarding the structure and function of invertebrate teeth are limited. In this study, the tooth structure of leeches, specifically Hirudo nipponia and Haemadipsa rjukjuana, was revealed, which showed sharp and pointed teeth along the apex of three jaws. Understanding conserved signaling regulations among analogous organs is crucial for uncovering the underlying mechanisms during organogenesis. Therefore, to shed light on the evolutionary perspective of odontogenesis to some extent, we conducted de novo transcriptome analyses using embryonic mouse tooth germs, Hirudo teeth, and Helobdella proboscises to identify conserved signaling molecules involved in tooth development. The selection criteria were particularly based on the presence of tooth-related genes in mice, Hirudo teeth, and Helobdella proboscis, wherein 4113 genes were commonly expressed in all three specimens. Furthermore, the chemical nature of leech teeth was also examined via TEM-EDS to compare the chemical composition with vertebrate teeth. The examination of tissue-specific genetic information and chemical nature between leeches and mice revealed chemical similarities between leech and mice teeth, as well as conserved signaling molecules involved in tooth formation, including Ptpro, Prickle2, and Wnt16. Based on our findings, we propose that leech teeth express signaling molecules conserved in mice and these conserved tooth-specific signaling for dental hard tissue formation in mice would corresponds to the structural formation of the toothed jaw in leeches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Hee-Jin Kwak
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Pre-Major of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tae-Yub Kwon
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Bong-Ki Min
- Center for Research Facilities, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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2
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Aryal YP, Han SY, Rana B, Neupane S, Kim TY, Pokharel E, Ha JH, Jung JK, An CH, Kim JY, Yamamoto H, Lee Y, An SY, Suh JY, Kim JY, Sohn WJ. Prohibitin modulates periodontium differentiation in mice development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1369634. [PMID: 38756696 PMCID: PMC11096493 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1369634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Prohibitin (PHB) is an essential scaffold protein that modulates signaling pathways controlling cell survival, metabolism, inflammation, and bone formation. However, its specific role in periodontium development remains less understood. This study aims to elucidate the expression pattern and function of PHB in periodontium development and its involvement in alveolar bone formation. Methods: Immunolocalization of PHB in the periodontium of postnatal (PN) mice were examined. Phb morpholino was micro-injected into the right-side mandible at PN5, corresponding to the position where the alveolar bone process forms in relation to the lower first molar. The micro-injection with a scramble control (PF-127) and the left-side mandibles were used as control groups. Five days post-micro-injection, immunohistochemical analysis and micro-CT evaluation were conducted to assess bone mass and morphological changes. Additionally, expression patterns of signaling molecules were examined following Phb downregulation using 24-h in vitro cultivation of developing dental mesenchyme at E14.5. Results: The immunostaining of PHB showed its localization in the periodontium at PN5, PN8, and PN10. The in vitro cultivation of dental mesenchyme resulted in alterations in Bmps, Runx2, and Wnt signalings after Phb knock-down. At 5 days post-micro-injection, Phb knocking down showed weak immunolocalizations of runt-related transcription factor (RUNX2) and osteocalcin (OCN). However, knocking down Phb led to histological alterations characterized by decreased bone mass and stronger localizations of Ki67 and PERIOSTIN in the periodontium compared 1 to control groups. The micro-CT evaluation showed decreased bone volume and increased PDL space in the Phb knock-down specimens, suggesting its regulatory role in bone formation. Discussion: The region-specific localization of PHB in the margin where alveolar bone forms suggests its involvement in alveolar bone formation and the differentiation of the periodontal ligament. Overall, our findings suggest that Phb plays a modulatory role in alveolar bone formation by harmoniously regulating bone-forming-related signaling molecules during periodontium development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yi Han
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bandana Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United Sates
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Elina Pokharel
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hong Ha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Toky, Japan
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo-Young Suh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- College of K-Biohealth, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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3
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Kim TY, Kim A, Aryal YP, Sung S, Pokharel E, Neupane S, Choi SY, Ha JH, Jung JK, Yamamoto H, An CH, Suh JY, Sohn WJ, Lee Y, Jang IH, Norman DD, Tigyi GJ, An SY, Kim JY. Functional modulation of lysophosphatidic acid type 2 G-protein coupled receptor facilitates alveolar bone formation. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:112-123. [PMID: 38149778 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Lipid biosynthesis is recently studied its functions in a range of cellular physiology including differentiation and regeneration. However, it still remains to be elucidated in its precise function. To reveal this, we evaluated the roles of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling in alveolar bone formation using the LPA type 2 receptor (LPAR2) antagonist AMG-35 (Amgen Compound 35) using tooth loss without periodontal disease model which would be caused by trauma and usually requires a dental implant to restore masticatory function. In this study, in vitro cell culture experiments in osteoblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts revealed cell type-specific responses, with AMG-35 modulating osteogenic differentiation in osteoblasts in vitro. To confirm the in vivo results, we employed a mouse model of tooth loss without periodontal disease. Five to 10 days after tooth extraction, AMG-35 facilitated bone formation in the tooth root socket as measured by immunohistochemistry for differentiation markers KI67, Osteocalcin, Periostin, RUNX2, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and SMAD2/3. The increased expression and the localization of these proteins suggest that AMG-35 elicits osteoblast differentiation through TGF-β1 and SMAD2/3 signaling. These results indicate that LPAR2/TGF-β1/SMAD2/3 represents a new signaling pathway in alveolar bone formation and that local application of AMG-35 in traumatic tooth loss can be used to facilitate bone regeneration and healing for further clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Anna Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shijin Sung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Elina Pokharel
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - So-Young Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hong Ha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jo-Young Suh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Department of K-Beauty Business, College of Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals, Daegu Hanny University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Il-Ho Jang
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gabor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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4
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Neupane S, Aryal YP, Kwak HJ, Lee SG, Kim TY, Pokharel E, Kim JY, Kim JH, Sohn WJ, An SY, An CH, Jung JK, Ha JH, Yamamoto H, Cho SW, Lee S, Lee Y, Park KK, Min BK, Park C, Kwon TY, Cho SJ, Kim JY. Developmental roles of glomerular epithelial protein-1 in mice molar morphogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 395:53-62. [PMID: 37985496 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular epithelial protein-1 (Glepp1), a R3 subtype family of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases, plays important role in the activation of Src family kinases and regulates cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In this study, we firstly examined the functional evaluation of Glepp1 in tooth development and morphogenesis. The precise expression level and developmental function of Glepp1 were examined by RT-qPCR, in situ hybridization, and loss and gain of functional study using a range of in vitro organ cultivation methods. Expression of Glepp1 was detected in the developing tooth germs in cap and bell stage of tooth development. Knocking down Glepp1 at E13 for 2 days showed the altered expression levels of tooth development-related signaling molecules, including Bmps, Dspp, Fgf4, Lef1, and Shh. Moreover, transient knock down of Glepp1 revealed alterations in cellular physiology, examined by the localization patterns of Ki67 and E-cadherin. Similarly, knocking down of Glepp1 showed disrupted enamel rod and interrod formation in 3-week renal transplanted teeth. In addition, due to attrition of odontoblastic layers, the expression signals of Dspp and the localization of NESTIN were almost not detected after knock down of Glepp1; however, their expressions were increased after Glepp1 overexpression. Thus, our results suggested that Glepp1 plays modulating roles during odontogenesis by regulating the expression levels of signaling molecules and cellular events to achieve the proper structural formation of hard tissue matrices in mice molar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kwak
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sung-Gwon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Elina Pokharel
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyeuk Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Pre-Major of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung-Hong Ha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sung-Won Cho
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sanggyu Lee
- School of Life Science, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kwang-Kyun Park
- Professor Emeritus Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Ki Min
- Center for Research Facilities, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Chungoo Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Tae-Yub Kwon
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
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5
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Pokharel E, Aryal YP, Kim TY, Kim A, Jung JK, An SY, Kwon TY, Min BK, Yamamoto H, Cho SW, Sohn WJ, An CH, Lee Y, Kim DY, Ha JH, Kim JY. The role of O-GlcNAcylation mediated by OGT during tooth development. J Cell Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37098720 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
To understand the mechanisms underlying tooth morphogenesis, we examined the developmental roles of important posttranslational modification, O-GlcNAcylation, which regulates protein stability and activity by the addition and removal of a single sugar (O-GlcNAc) to the serine or threonine residue of the intracellular proteins. Tissue and developmental stage-specific immunostaining results against O-GlcNAc and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) in developing tooth germs would suggest that O-GlcNAcylation is involved in tooth morphogenesis, particularly in the cap and secretory stage. To evaluate the developmental function of OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation, we employed an in vitro tooth germ culture method at E14.5, cap stage before secretory stage, for 1 and 2 days, with or without OSMI-1, a small molecule OGT inhibitor. To examine the mineralization levels and morphological changes, we performed renal capsule transplantation for one and three weeks after 2 days of in vitro culture at E14.5 with OSMI-1 treatment. After OGT inhibition, morphological and molecular alterations were examined using histology, immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, scanning electron microscopy, and ground sectioning. Overall, inhibition of OGT resulted in altered cellular physiology, including proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial rearrangements, with significant changes in the expression patterns of β-catenin, fibroblast growth factor 4 (fgf4), and sonic hedgehog (Shh). Moreover, renal capsule transplantation and immunolocalizations of Amelogenin and Nestin results revealed that OGT-inhibited tooth germs at cap stage exhibited with structural changes in cuspal morphogenesis, amelogenesis, and dentinogenesis of the mineralized tooth. Overall, we suggest that OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation regulates cell signaling and physiology in primary enamel knot during tooth development, thus playing an important role in mouse molar morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Pokharel
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yam P Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Anna Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tae-Yub Kwon
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry and Institute for Biomaterials Research & Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Bong-Ki Min
- Center for Research Facilities, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sung-Won Cho
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Department of K-Beauty, College of Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals, Daegu Hanny University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hong Ha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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6
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Lee ES, Aryal YP, Kim TY, Pokharel E, Kim JY, Yamamoto H, An CH, An SY, Jung JK, Lee Y, Ha JH, Sohn WJ, Kim JY. The effects of 4-Phenylbutyric acid on ER stress during mouse tooth development. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1079355. [PMID: 36685173 PMCID: PMC9848431 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1079355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: During tooth development, proper protein folding and trafficking are significant processes as newly synthesized proteins proceed to form designated tissues. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs inevitably in tooth development as unfolded and misfolded proteins accumulate in ER. 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4PBA) is a FDA approved drug and known as a chemical chaperone which alleviates the ER stress. Recently, several studies showed that 4PBA performs therapeutic effects in some genetic diseases due to misfolding of proteins, metabolic related-diseases and apoptosis due to ER stress. However, the roles of 4PBA during odontogenesis are not elucidated. This study revealed the effects of 4PBA during molar development in mice. Methods: We employed in vitro organ cultivation and renal transplantation methods which would mimic the permanent tooth development in an infant period of human. The in vitro cultivated tooth germs and renal calcified teeth were examined by histology and immunohistochemical analysis. Results and Discussion: Our results revealed that treatment of 4PBA altered expression patterns of enamel knot related signaling molecules, and consequently affected cellular secretion and patterned formation of dental hard tissues including dentin and enamel during tooth morphogenesis. The alteration of ER stress by 4PBA treatment during organogenesis would suggest that proper ER stress is important for pattern formation during tooth development and morphogenesis, and 4PBA as a chemical chaperone would be one of the candidate molecules for dental and hard tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | | | - Jung-Hong Ha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Department of K-Beauty Business, College of Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Daegu, South Korea,*Correspondence: Jae-Young Kim,
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7
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Bae JE, Hwang SM, Aryal YP, Kim TY, Sohn WJ, An SY, Kim JY, An CH, Lee Y, Kim YG, Park JW, Lee JM, Kim JY, Suh JY. Effects of erythropoietin on osteoblast in the tooth extraction socket in mice periodontitis model. Front Physiol 2022; 13:987625. [PMID: 36277197 PMCID: PMC9582603 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.987625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an excessive inflammatory event in tooth-supporting tissues and can cause tooth loss. We used erythropoietin (EPO), which has been reported to play an important role in bone healing and modulation of angiogenesis, as a therapeutic agent in vivo and in vitro experimental models to analyze its effect on periodontitis. First, EPO was applied to in vitro MC3T3-E1 cells and human periodontal ligament fibroblast (hPDLF) cells to examine its function in altered cellular events and gene expression patterns. In vitro cultivation of MC3T3-E1 and hPDLF cells with 10 IU/ml EPO at 24 and 48 h showed an obvious increase in cell proliferation. Interestingly, EPO treatment altered the expression of osteogenesis-related molecules, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and osteocalcin (OC) in MC3T3-E1 cells but not in hPDLF cells. In particular, MC3T3-E1 cells showed increased expression of ALP, BMP-2, and OC on day 5, while hPDLF cells showed increased expression of BMP-2, and OC on day 14. Based on the in vitro examination, we evaluated the effect of EPO on bone formation using an experimentally-induced animal periodontitis model. After the induction of periodontitis in the maxillary left second M, 10 IU/ml of EPO was locally applied to the extraction tooth sockets. Histomorphological examination using Masson’s trichrome (MTC) staining showed facilitated bone formation in the EPO-treated groups after 14 days. Similarly, stronger positive reactions against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and osteocalcin (OC) were detected in the EPO-treated group compared to the control. Meanwhile, myeloperoxidase, an inflammatory marker, was decreased in the EPO-treated group on days 1 and 5. Overall, EPO facilitates bone healing and regeneration through altered signaling regulation and modulation of inflammation in the osteoblast cell lineage and to a lesser extent in hPDLF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Eun Bae
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sung-Min Hwang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Pre-Major of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong-Gun Kim
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Mok Lee
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae-Young Kim, ; Jo-Young Suh,
| | - Jo-Young Suh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae-Young Kim, ; Jo-Young Suh,
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Lee ES, Aryal YP, Kim TY, Kim JY, Yamamoto H, An CH, An SY, Lee Y, Sohn WJ, Jung JK, Ha JH, Kim JY. Facilitation of Reparative Dentin Using a Drug Repositioning Approach With 4-Phenylbutric Acid. Front Physiol 2022; 13:885593. [PMID: 35600310 PMCID: PMC9114641 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.885593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For hard tissue formation, cellular mechanisms, involved in protein folding, processing, and secretion play important roles in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In pathological and regeneration conditions, ER stress hinders proper formation and secretion of proteins, and tissue regeneration by unfolded protein synthesis. 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4PBA) is a chemical chaperone that alleviates ER stress through modulation in proteins folding and protein trafficking. However, previous studies about 4PBA only focused on the metabolic diseases rather than on hard tissue formation and regeneration. Herein, we evaluated the function of 4PBA in dentin regeneration using an exposed pulp animal model system via a local delivery method as a drug repositioning strategy. Our results showed altered morphological changes and cellular physiology with histology and immunohistochemistry. The 4PBA treatment modulated the inflammation reaction and resolved ER stress in the early stage of pulp exposure. In addition, 4PBA treatment activated blood vessel formation and TGF-β1 expression in the dentin-pulp complex. Micro-computed tomography and histological examinations confirmed the facilitated formation of the dentin bridge in the 4PBA-treated specimens. These results suggest that proper modulation of ER stress would be an important factor for secretion and patterned formation in dentin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Seon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Pre-Major of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung-Hong Ha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae-Young Kim, , orcid.org/0000-0002-6752-5683; Jung-Hong Ha, , orcid.org/0000-0002-0469-4324
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae-Young Kim, , orcid.org/0000-0002-6752-5683; Jung-Hong Ha, , orcid.org/0000-0002-0469-4324
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9
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Aryal YP, Yeon CY, Kim TY, Lee ES, Sung S, Pokharel E, Kim JY, Choi SY, Yamamoto H, Sohn WJ, Lee Y, An SY, An CH, Jung JK, Ha JH, Kim JY. Facilitating Reparative Dentin Formation Using Apigenin Local Delivery in the Exposed Pulp Cavity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:773878. [PMID: 34955887 PMCID: PMC8703200 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.773878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Apigenin, a natural product belonging to the flavone class, affects various cell physiologies, such as cell signaling, inflammation, proliferation, migration, and protease production. In this study, apigenin was applied to mouse molar pulp after mechanically pulpal exposure to examine the detailed function of apigenin in regulating pulpal inflammation and tertiary dentin formation. In vitro cell cultivation using human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and in vivo mice model experiments were employed to examine the effect of apigenin in the pulp and dentin regeneration. In vitro cultivation of hDPSCs with apigenin treatment upregulated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)- and osteogenesis-related signaling molecules such as BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, bone sialoprotein (BSP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and osteocalcin (OCN) after 14 days. After apigenin local delivery in the mice pulpal cavity, histology and cellular physiology, such as the modulation of inflammation and differentiation, were examined using histology and immunostainings. Apigenin-treated specimens showed period-altered immunolocalization patterns of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, myeloperoxidase (MPO), NESTIN, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 at 3 and 5 days. Moreover, the apigenin-treated group showed a facilitated dentin-bridge formation with few irregular tubules after 42 days from pulpal cavity preparation. Micro-CT images confirmed obvious dentin-bridge structures in the apigenin-treated specimens compared with the control. Apigenin facilitated the reparative dentin formation through the modulation of inflammation and the activation of signaling regulations. Therefore, apigenin would be a potential therapeutic agent for regenerating dentin in exposed pulp caused by dental caries and traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang-Yeol Yeon
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eui-Seon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shijin Sung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Elina Pokharel
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Pre-major of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hong Ha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Aryal YP, Kim TY, Lee ES, An CH, Kim JY, Yamamoto H, Lee S, Lee Y, Sohn WJ, Neupane S, Kim JY. Signaling Modulation by miRNA-221-3p During Tooth Morphogenesis in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:697243. [PMID: 34513833 PMCID: PMC8424101 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.697243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are conserved short non-coding RNAs that play a role in the modulation of various biological pathways during tissue and organ morphogenesis. In this study, the function of miRNA-221-3p in tooth development, through its loss or gain in function was evaluated. A variety of techniques were utilized to evaluate detailed functional roles of miRNA-221-3p during odontogenesis, including in vitro tooth cultivation, renal capsule transplantation, in situ hybridization, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Two-day in vitro tooth cultivation at E13 identified altered cellular events, including cellular proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, and cytoskeletal arrangement, with the loss and gain of miRNA-221-3p. qPCR analysis revealed alterations in gene expression of tooth-related signaling molecules, including β-catenin, Bmp2, Bmp4, Fgf4, Ptch1, and Shh, when inhibited with miRNA-221-3p and mimic. Also, the inhibition of miRNA-221-3p demonstrated increased mesenchymal localizations of pSMAD1/5/8, alongside decreased expression patterns of Shh and Fgf4 within inner enamel epithelium (IEE) in E13 + 2 days in vitro cultivated teeth. Moreover, 1-week renal transplantation of in vitro cultivated teeth had smaller tooth size with reduced enamel and dentin matrices, along with increased cellular proliferation and Shh expression along the Hertwig epithelial root sheath (HERS), within the inhibitor group. Similarly, in 3-week renal calcified teeth, the overexpression of miRNA-221-3p did not affect tooth phenotype, while the loss of function resulted in long and slender teeth with short mesiodistal length. This study provides evidence that a suitable level of miRNA-221-3p is required for the modulation of major signaling pathways, including Wnt, Bmp, and Shh, during tooth morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eui-Seon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sanggyu Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Pre-Major of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
| | - Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Adhikari N, Prasad Aryal Y, Jung JK, Ha JH, Choi SY, Kim JY, Lee TH, Kim SH, Yamamoto H, Suh JY, An CH, Lee Y, Sohn WJ, An SY, Kim JY. Resveratrol enhances bone formation by modulating inflammation in the mouse periodontitis model. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:735-745. [PMID: 33682929 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of resveratrol on periodontal bone regeneration after local delivery and to determine its effect on inflammatory mediators. BACKGROUND Resveratrol is considered an anti-inflammatory polyphenolic stilbene involved in the modulation of inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Periodontitis was induced in mouse molars using a 5-day ligature model followed by the left second molar extraction and 50 µM resveratrol treatment for 1 and 2 weeks. We then examined specimens treated for 1 week histologically and with immunostaining. Microfocus-computed tomography (micro-CT) was used to examine the bone volume formation. RESULTS After 1 week of treatment, proinflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-alpha and IL6), cells exhibiting neutrophil and macrophage marker (MPO), cell proliferation marker (Ki67), and preosteoblastic marker (RUNX2) reactivity decreased in the resveratrol-treated specimens compared to the control group. In contrast, we observed a higher number of CD31-, F4/80-, and osteocalcin- (OCN-) positive cells in the resveratrol-treated specimens. After 2 weeks, micro-CT confirmed an increased bone mass in the region of the extraction socket in the resveratrol-treated group. CONCLUSION After 1 week, the resveratrol-treated specimens revealed evidence of inflammation modulation compared to the control group. These data suggest that resveratrol not only affects inflammation control but also is useful for treating periodontitis-related tissue defects and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirpesh Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung-Hong Ha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jo-Young Suh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Division of Biotechnology and Convergence, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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12
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Kim JY, Kim TY, Lee ES, Aryal YP, Pokharel E, Sung S, Sohn WJ, Kim JY, Jung JK. Implications of the specific localization of YAP signaling on the epithelial patterning of circumvallate papilla. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:313-320. [PMID: 33420594 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Circumvallate papilla (CVP) is a distinctively structured with dome-shaped apex, and the surrounding trench which contains over two hundred taste buds on the lateral walls. Although CVP was extensively studied to determine the regulatory mechanisms during organogenesis, it still remains to be elucidated the principle mechanisms of signaling regulations on morphogenesis including taste buds formation. The key role of Yes-associated protein (YAP) in the regulation of organ size and cell proliferation in vertebrates is well understood, but little is known about the role of this signaling pathway in CVP development. We aimed to determine the putative roles of YAP signaling in the epithelial patterning during CVP morphogenesis. To evaluate the precise localization patterns of YAP and other related signaling molecules, including β-catenin, Ki67, cytokeratins, and PGP9.5, in CVP tissue, histology and immunohistochemistry were employed at E16 and adult mice. Our results suggested that there are specific localization patterns of YAP and Wnt signaling molecules in developing and adult CVP. These concrete localization patterns would provide putative involvements of YAP and Wnt signaling for proper epithelial cell differentiation including the formation and maintenance of taste buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Gachon University, Inchoen, Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Eui-Seon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Elina Pokharel
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Shijin Sung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Pre-Major of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, 38610, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea.
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea.
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Aryal YP, Lee ES, Kim TY, Sung S, Kim JY, An SY, Jung JK, Ha JH, Suh JY, Yamamoto H, Sohn WJ, Cho SW, Lee Y, An CH, Kim JY. Stage-specific expression patterns of ER stress-related molecules in mice molars: Implications for tooth development. Gene Expr Patterns 2020; 37:119130. [PMID: 32758541 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2020.119130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a site where protein folding and posttranslational modifications occur, but when unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER lumen, an unfolded protein response (UPR) occurs. A UPR activates ER-stress signalling genes, including inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (Ire1), activating transcription factor 6 (Atf6), and double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (Perk), to maintain homeostasis. The involvement of ER stress molecules in metabolic disease and hard tissue matrix formation has been established; however, an understanding of the role of ER-stress signalling molecules in tooth development is lacking. The aims of this study are to define the stage-specific expression patterns of ER stress-related molecules and to elucidate their putative functions in the organogenesis of teeth. This study leverages knowledge of the tissue morphology and expression patterns of a range of signalling molecules during tooth development. RT-qPCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed to determine the stage-specific expression patterns of ER-stress-related signalling molecules at important stages of tooth development. RT-qPCR analyses showed that Atf6 and Perk have similar expression levels during all stages of tooth development; however, the expression levels of Ire1 and its downstream target X-box binding protein (Xbp1) increased significantly from the cap to the secretory stage of tooth development. In situ hybridization results revealed that Atf6 and Xbp1 were expressed in cells that form the enamel knot at cap stage and ameloblasts and odontoblasts at secretory stage in stage-specific patterns. In addition, Atf6, Ire1, and Xbp1 expression exhibited distinct localization patterns in secretory odontoblasts and ameloblasts of PN0 molars. Overall, our results strongly suggest that ER-stress molecules are involved in tooth development in response to protein overload that occurs during signaling modulations from enamel knots at cap stage and extracellular matrix secretion at secretory stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177, Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
| | - Eui-Seon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177, Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177, Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
| | - Shijin Sung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177, Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177, Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177, Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hong Ha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177, Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
| | - Jo-Young Suh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177, Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Pre-Major of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Sung-Won Cho
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177, Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177, Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177, Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41940, South Korea.
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Neupane S, Aryal YP, Kim TY, Yeon CY, An CH, Kim JY, Yamamoto H, Lee Y, Sohn WJ, Kim JY. Signaling Modulations of miR-206-3p in Tooth Morphogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5251. [PMID: 32722078 PMCID: PMC7432545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of naturally occurring small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in organisms. Most mammalian miRNAs influence biological processes, including developmental changes, tissue morphogenesis and the maintenance of tissue identity, cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolism. The miR-206-3p has been correlated with cancer; however, developmental roles of this miRNA are unclear. In this study, we examined the expression pattern and evaluated the developmental regulation of miR-206-3p during tooth morphogenesis using ex-vivo culture method. The expression pattern of miR-206-3p was examined in the epithelium and mesenchyme of developing tooth germ with stage-specific manners. Perturbation of the expression of miR-206-3p clearly altered expression patterns of dental-development-related signaling molecules, including Axin2, Bmp2, Fgf4, Lef1 and Shh. The gene expression complemented with change in cellular events including, apoptosis and proliferation which caused altered crown and pulp morphogenesis in renal-capsule-calcified teeth. Especially, mislocalization of β-Catenin and SMAD1/5/8 were observed alongside dramatic alterations in the expression patterns of Fgf4 and Shh. Overall, our data suggest that the miR-206-3p regulate the cellular physiology during tooth morphogenesis through modulation of the Wnt, Bmp, Fgf, and Shh signaling pathways to form proper tooth pulp and crown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (Y.P.A.); (T.-Y.K.); (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (Y.P.A.); (T.-Y.K.); (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (Y.P.A.); (T.-Y.K.); (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chang-Yeol Yeon
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (Y.P.A.); (T.-Y.K.); (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea;
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan;
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (Y.P.A.); (T.-Y.K.); (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Pre-Major of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea;
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (Y.P.A.); (T.-Y.K.); (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
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Min KK, Neupane S, Adhikari N, Sohn WJ, An SY, Kim JY, An CH, Lee Y, Kim YG, Park JW, Lee JM, Kim JY, Suh JY. Effects of resveratrol on bone-healing capacity in the mouse tooth extraction socket. J Periodontal Res 2019; 55:247-257. [PMID: 31797379 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE After tooth extraction, the extraction socket undergoes several steps of soft and hard tissue healing. The healing process of the extraction socket is modulated by a range of signaling factors and biochemical agents. It has been reported that resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound, exhibits various biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, and anti-aging effects, and protects cardiovascular and bone tissues. In this study, we examined the cellular effects of resveratrol on human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells and osteoblast-like (MC3T3-E1) cells and evaluated the bone-healing capacity of tooth extraction sockets in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Resveratrol was applied to hPDL and MC3T3-E1 cells to detect cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and qPCR was employed to understand the gene expression level in vitro. For in vivo experiment, six-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into control (n = 15) and experimental (n = 15) groups and maxillary first molars were extracted by surgery. Experimental groups received 50-µM resveratrol on extraction sockets and analyzed the degree of new bone formation. RESULTS Treatment of hPDL and MC3T3-E1 cells with resveratrol increased the cell proliferation and ALP activity and enhanced the expression of ALP, BMP-2, BMP-4, and OC genes. Resveratrol enhanced new bone formation in the lingual extraction socket in mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that resveratrol increases the cellular physiology of PDL and osteoblast including their proliferation and differentiation and may play an important role in bone-healing capacity after tooth extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Kon Min
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Nirpesh Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Pre-Major of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong-Gun Kim
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Mok Lee
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jo-Young Suh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Adhikari N, Neupane S, Aryal YP, Choi M, Sohn WJ, Lee Y, Jung JK, Ha JH, Choi SY, Suh JY, Kim JY, Rho MC, Lee TH, Yamamoto H, An CH, Kim SH, An SY, Kim JY. Effects of oleanolic acid acetate on bone formation in an experimental periodontitis model in mice. J Periodontal Res 2019; 54:533-545. [PMID: 30982986 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the role of oleanolic acid acetate (OAA), a triterpenoid commonly used in the treatment of liver disorders, inflammatory diseases, and metastasis, in bone formation after tooth loss by periodontitis. BACKGROUND Periodontitis causes the sequential degradation of the alveolar bone and associated structures, resulting in tooth loss. Several studies have attempted to regenerate the bone for implantation following tooth loss. METHODS Maxillary left second molar was extracted from 8-week-old male mice following induction of periodontitis by ligature for 5 days. The extraction socket was treated with 50 ng/µL OAA for 1, 2, and 3 weeks. Detailed morphological changes were examined using Masson's trichrome staining, and the precise localization patterns of various signaling molecules, including CD31, F4/80, interleukin (IL)-6, and osteocalcin, were observed. The volume of bone formation was examined by Micro-CT. Osteoclasts were enumerated using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. For molecular dissection of signaling molecules, we employed the hanging-drop in vitro cultivation method at E14 for 1 day and examined the expression pattern of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily and Wnt signaling genes. RESULTS Histomorphometrical examinations showed facilitated bone formation in the extraction socket following OAA treatment. In addition, OAA-treated specimens showed the altered localization patterns of inflammatory and bone formation-related signaling molecules including CD31, F4/80, IL-6, and osteocalcin. Also, embryonic tooth germ mesenchymal tissue cultivation with OAA treatment showed the significant altered expression patterns of signaling molecules such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily and Wnt signaling. CONCLUSIONS Oleanolic acid acetate induces bone formation and remodeling through proper modulation of osteoblast, osteoclast, and inflammation with regulations of TGF-β and Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirpesh Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Pre-Major of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hong Ha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jo-Young Suh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Mun-Chual Rho
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Neupane S, Jung HG, Sohn WJ, Yamamoto H, Kim JY, Byun JS, Lee Y, Bae YC, Choi JK, Kim JY, Jung JK. Focal localization of inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophins in a tongue chronic injury model. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 99:22-30. [PMID: 30590230 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic injury in tongue causes the variety of reactions in the oral cavity, frequently leading to its functional and structural disintegrity including inflammation and sensory dysfunction, but its detailed profiles were not elucidated yet. One of the chronically injured tongue such as tongue piercing, as a pathological aspect, is currently popular among younger people but may be associated with severe side effects, leading to pathophysiological complications. However, the pathophysiological aspects and related cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tongue injury are not clearly understood. DESIGN In this study, we designed an experimental model system using C57BL/6 male mice that mimics a chronically injured situation by penetrating the middle part of tongue with silk suture. After 5 and 10 days mice were sacrificed and tongues were collected and processed for histological evaluation and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We found that the anterior tongue showed localization of neuro-inflammatory signaling molecules such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nerve growth factor, and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) without any apparent inflammation in temporal manner. In addition, the signal for AM1-43, an activity-dependent nerve terminal probe, decreased within the fungiform papillae on the anterior tongue after injury. CONCLUSIONS These results implied that the distinct localizations of inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophin would contribute altered sensory function in anterior tongue following the chronic injury. Our study indicates the possible pathophysiologic mechanism underlying neuro-inflammation following chronically injury of tongue. In addition, it could be cautiously postulated that mechanical injury should be avoided to prevent chronic pain disorders from being triggered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Guek Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Pre-Major of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Byun
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kap Choi
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Adhikari N, Neupane S, Roh J, Aryal YP, Lee ES, Jung JK, Yamamoto H, Lee Y, Sohn WJ, Kim JY, Kim JY. Gene profiling involved in fate determination of salivary gland type in mouse embryogenesis. Genes Genomics 2018; 40:10.1007/s13258-018-0715-z. [PMID: 29934934 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Salivary gland (SG) development involves dynamic epithelial-mesenchymal interactions resulting in the formation of highly branched epithelial structures that produce and secrete saliva. The SG epithelium differentiates into saliva-producing terminal buds, i.e., acini, and transporting ducts. Most studies on the salivary gland have focused on branching morphogenesis; however, acinar cell differentiation underlying the determination of serous or mucous salivary glands is unclear. The objective of this study was to identify the mesenchymal signaling molecules involved in the epithelial differentiation of the salivary gland type as serous or mucous. Salivary glands undergoing stage-specific development, including the parotid gland (PG) and the sublingual gland (SLG) at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) were dissected. The glands were treated with dispase II to separate the epithelium and the mesenchyme. RNA from mesenchyme was processed for microarray analysis. Thereafter, microarray data were analyzed to identify putative candidate molecules involved in salivary gland differentiation and confirmed via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The microarray analysis revealed the expression of 31,873 genes in the PG and SLG mesenchyme. Of the expressed genes 21,026 genes were found to be equally expressed (Fold change 1.000) in both PG and SLG mesenchyme. The numbers of genes expressed over onefold in the PG and SLG mesenchyme were found to be 5247 and 5600 respectively. On limiting the fold-change cut off value over 1.5 folds, only 214 and 137 genes were expressed over 1.5 folds in the PG and the SLG mesenchyme respectively. Our findings suggest that differential expression patterns of the mesenchymal signaling molecules are involved in fate determination of the salivary acinar cell types during mouse embryogenesis. In the near future, functional evaluation of the candidate genes will be performed using gain- and loss-of-function mutation studies during in vitro organ cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirpesh Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Roh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eui-Seon Lee
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Division of Biotechnology and Convergence, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea.
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Adhikari N, Neupane S, Roh J, Jun JH, Jung JK, Sohn WJ, Kim JY, Kim JY. Immunolocalization patterns of cytokeratins during salivary acinar cell development in mice. J Mol Histol 2017; 49:1-15. [PMID: 29181608 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development of the mouse salivary glands begins with epithelial thickening and continues with sequential changes from the pre-bud to terminal bud stages. After birth, morphogenesis proceeds, and the glands develop into a highly branched epithelial structure that terminates with saliva-producing acinar cells at the adult stage. Acinar cells derived from the epithelium are differentiated into serous, mucous, and seromucous types. During differentiation, cytokeratins, intermediate filaments found in most epithelial cells, play vital roles. Although the localization patterns and developmental roles of cytokeratins in different epithelial organs, including the mammary glands, circumvallate papilla, and sweat glands, have been well studied, their stage-specific localization and morphogenetic roles during salivary gland development have yet to be elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the stage and acinar cell type-specific localization pattern of cytokeratins 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 18, and 19 in the major salivary glands (submandibular, sublingual, and parotid glands) of the mouse at the E15.5, PN0, PN10, and adult stages. In addition, cell physiology, including cell proliferation, was examined during development via immunostaining for Ki67 to understand the cellular mechanisms that govern acinar cell differentiation during salivary gland morphogenesis. The distinct localization patterns of cytokeratins in conjunction with cell physiology will reveal the roles of epithelial cells in salivary gland formation during the differentiation of serous, mucous or seromucous salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirpesh Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Roh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Jun
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea.
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Jung JK, Gwon GJ, Neupane S, Sohn WJ, Kim KR, Kim JY, An SY, Kwon TY, An CH, Lee Y, Kim JY, Ha JH. Bortezomib Facilitates Reparative Dentin Formation after Pulp Access Cavity Preparation in Mouse Molar. J Endod 2017; 43:2041-2047. [PMID: 29032823 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro and ex vivo roles of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor that binds to the active site of the 26S proteasome, in tertiary dentin formation. METHODS We established pulpal access cavity preparation that was treated with or without bortezomib before direct pulp capping with a calcium hydroxide-based material. We also analyzed bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp)- and Wnt-related signaling molecules using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In the short-term observation period, the bortezomib-treated pulp specimens showed the period-altered immunolocalization patterns of nestin, CD31, and myeloperoxidase, whereas the control specimens did not. The bortezomib-treated group showed a complete dentin bridge with very few irregular tubules after 42 days. The micro-computed tomographic images showed more apparent dentin bridge structures in the treated specimens than were in the controls. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed up-regulated Bmp and Wnt. CONCLUSIONS These findings revealed that treatment with 1 μmol/L bortezomib induced reparative dentin formation that facilitated the maintenance of the integrity of the remaining pulpal tissue via early vascularization and regulation of Bmp and Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Gi-Jeong Gwon
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Institute for Hard Tissue and Bone Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Institute for Hard Tissue and Bone Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Institute for Hard Tissue and Bone Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ki-Rim Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Gachon University College of Health Science, Incheon, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae-Yub Kwon
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Institute for Hard Tissue and Bone Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Institute for Hard Tissue and Bone Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hong Ha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Institute for Hard Tissue and Bone Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
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Adhikari N, Neupane S, Gwon GJ, Kim JY, An SY, An CH, Lee S, Sohn WJ, Lee Y, Kim JY. Grhl3 modulates epithelial structure formation of the circumvallate papilla during mouse development. Mech Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Adhikari N, Neupane S, Aryal YP, Kim TY, Yeon CY, An CH, Lee S, Sohn WJ, Lee Y, Kim JY, Kim JY. Immunolocalization patterns of cytokeratins during mouse salivary gland morphogenesis. Mech Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Neupane S, Adhikari N, Yeon CY, Kim TY, Aryal YP, An CH, Jung JK, Jun JH, Suh JY, Lee Y, Sohn WJ, Kim JY. Developmental roles of Meox2 in palatal mucosa differentiation. Mech Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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An SY, Lee YJ, Neupane S, Jun JH, Kim JY, Lee Y, Choi KS, An CH, Suh JY, Shin HI, Sohn WJ, Kim JY. Effects of vascular formation during alveolar bone process morphogenesis in mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 148:435-443. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Sohn WJ, Kim JY, Kim D, Park JA, Lee Y, Kwon HJ. Expression and characterization of transmembrane and coiled-coil domain family 3. BMB Rep 2017; 49:629-634. [PMID: 27697108 PMCID: PMC5346324 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.11.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane and coiled-coil domain family 3 (TMCC3) has been reported to be expressed in the human brain; however, its function is still unknown. Here, we found that expression of TMCC3 is higher in human whole brain, testis and spinal cord compared to other human tissues. TMCC3 was expressed in mouse developing hind brain, lung, kidney and somites, with strongest expression in the mesenchyme of developing tongue. By expression of recombinant TMCC3 and its deletion mutants, we found that TMCC3 proteins self-assemble to oligomerize. Immunostaining and confocal microscopy data revealed that TMCC3 proteins are localized in endoplasmic reticulum through transmembrane domains. Based on immunoprecipitation and mass spectroscopy data, TMCC3 proteins associate with TMCC3 and 14-3-3 proteins. This supports the idea that TMCC3 proteins form oligomers and that 14-3-3 may be involved in the function of TMCC3. Taken together, these results may be useful for better understanding of uncharacterized function of TMCC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern-Joo Sohn
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
| | - Dongbum Kim
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jeong-A Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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Jung JK, Jung HI, Neupane S, Kim KR, Kim JY, Yamamoto H, Cho SW, Lee Y, Shin HI, Sohn WJ, Kim JY. Involvement of PI3K and PKA pathways in mouse tongue epithelial differentiation. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:92-98. [PMID: 27939449 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In mice, tongue epithelial differentiation is mainly regulated by the interactions among various signalling molecules including Fgf signalling pathways. However, the subsequent signalling modulations for epithelial maturation, initiated by Fgf signalling, remain to be elucidated. Therefore, we employed an in vitro tongue organ cultivation system along with the applications of various pharmacological inhibitors against the intracellular signalling molecules of Fgf signalling pathways, including H89, LY294002, PD98059, and U0126. Following treatments with LY294002 and H89, inhibitors for PI3K and PKA, respectively, the decreased thickness of the tongue epithelium was observed along with the alteration in cell proliferative and apoptotic patterns. Meanwhile, cultivated tongues treated with MEK inhibitor U0126 or PD98059 showed significantly decreased cell proliferation in the tongue epithelium and the mesenchyme. Based on these results, we suggest that the tongue epithelium is differentiated into multiple epithelial cell layers via the PI3K and PKA pathways in tissue-specific manner during the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hye-In Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ki-Rim Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Gachon University College of Health Science, Incheon, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sung-Won Cho
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hong-In Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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Abstract
The molecular and cellular effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody (bevacizumab) on lens epithelial cells (LECs) were examined using both an immortalized human lens epithelial cell line and a porcine capsular bag model. After treatment with various concentrations of bevacizumab, cell viability and proliferation patterns were evaluated using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The scratch assay and Western blot analysis were employed to validate the cell migration pattern and altered expression levels of signaling molecules related to the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Application of bevacizumab induced a range of altered cellular events in a concentration-dependent manner. A 0.1–2 mg/mL concentration demonstrated dose-dependent increase in proliferation and viability of LECs. However, 4 mg/mL decreased cell proliferation and viability. Cell migrations displayed dose-dependent retardation from 0.1 mg/mL bevacizumab treatment. Transforming growth factor-β2 expression was markedly increased in a dose-dependent manner, and α-smooth muscle actin, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and vimentin expression levels showed dose-dependent changes in a B3 cell line. Microscopic observation of porcine capsular bag revealed changes in cellular morphology and a decline in cell density compared to the control after 2 mg/mL treatment. The central aspect of posterior capsule showed delayed confluence, and the factors related to EMT revealed similar expression patterns to those identified in the cell line. Based on these results, bevacizumab modulates the proliferation and viability of LECs and induces morphological alterations through the modulation of expression patterns of specific factors related to the EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwa Jun
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Neupane S, Sohn WJ, Gwon GJ, Kim KR, Lee S, An CH, Suh JY, Shin HI, Yamamoto H, Cho SW, Lee Y, Kim JY. The role of APCDD1 in epithelial rearrangement in tooth morphogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:377-87. [PMID: 26170146 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenomatosis polyposis coli downregulated 1 (APCDD1), a negative regulator of Wnt signaling, was examined to understand detailed mechanisms underlying Wnt signaling tooth development. In situ hybridization showed that Apcdd1 was expressed in the condensed mesenchyme at the bud stage, and in the inner enamel epithelium (IEE), including enamel knot (EK) at the cap stage. In vitro organ cultivation by using Apcdd1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides was performed at E13.5 for 2 days to define the developmental functions of APCDD1 during tooth development. Analysis of histogenesis and cellular events such as cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis and epithelial rearrangement after Apcdd1 knockdown showed altered morphogenesis of the tooth germ with decreased cell proliferation and altered localization of cell adhesion molecules. Actin filament staining and 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) labeling of IEE cells showed that Apcdd1 knockdown enhanced epithelial rearrangement in the IEE and EK. To understand the precise signaling regulations of Apcdd1, we evaluated the altered expression patterns of signaling molecules, related with Wnt and enamel knot signalings using RT-qPCR. Tooth germs at cap stage were transplanted into the kidney capsules and were allowed to develop into calcified teeth for 3 weeks. Apcdd1 knockdown increased the number of ectopic cusps on the mesial side of the tooth. Our results suggested that APCDD1 modulates the gene expression of Wnt- and EK-related signaling molecules at the cap stage of tooth development, and is involved in tooth cusp patterning by modulating the epithelial rearrangement in the IEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 700-412, Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 700-412, Korea
| | - Gi-Jeong Gwon
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 700-412, Korea
| | - Ki-Rim Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sanggyu Lee
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jo-Young Suh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hong-In Shin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sung-Won Cho
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 700-412, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Joong-gu, Daegu, 700-412, Korea.
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Hirayama Y, Watanabe T, Yokoyama M, Fujiseki M, Yamazaki T, Sohn WJ, Kim JY, Yamamoto H. Histological Observation of the Jaws and Teeth of the Green Spotted Pufferfish (Tetraodon Nigroviridis). J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.24.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Hirayama
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Tae Watanabe
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Megumi Yokoyama
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Motoya Fujiseki
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Takaki Yamazaki
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College
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Neupane S, Sohn WJ, Rijal G, Lee YJ, Lee S, Yamamoto H, An CH, Cho SW, Lee Y, Shin HI, Kwon TY, Kim JY. Developmental regulations of Perp in mice molar morphogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:109-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Jung JK, Sohn WJ, Lee Y, Bae YC, Choi JK, Kim JY. Morphological and cellular examinations of experimentally induced malocclusion in mice mandibular condyle. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 355:355-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Yamazaki T, Yokoyama M, Fujiseki M, Moriguchi M, Miake Y, Sawada T, Sohn WJ, Kim JY, Yamamoto H. Histological Observation of the Palate in Alligator Mississippiensis. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.22.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lee JW, Kim HS, Hwang J, Kim YH, Lim GY, Sohn WJ, Yoon SR, Kim JY, Park TS, Oh SH, Park KM, Choi SU, Ryoo ZY, Lee S. Regulation of HOXA9 activity by predominant expression of DACH1 against C/EBPα and GATA-1 in myeloid leukemia with MLL-AF9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:299-305. [PMID: 22902925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although MLL-AF9 caused by the chromosomal translocation t(9;11) has a critical role in acute myeloid leukemia, the molecular pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we identified that the cell fate determination factor DACH1 is directly up-regulated by MLL-AF9. Recently we showed that the forced expression of DACH1 in myeloid cells induced p27(Kip1) and repressed p21(Cip1), which is a pivotal characteristic of the myeloid progenitor. Consistent with our previous study, ectopic expression of DACH1 contributed to the maintenance of colonogenic activity and blocked the differentiation of myeloid progenitors. Moreover, we here identified an endogenous HOXA9-DACH1 complex mediated by the carboxyl terminus of DACH1 in t(9;11) leukemia cells. qRT-PCR revealed that DACH1 has a stronger transcription-promoting activity with HOXA9 than does PBX2 with HOXA9. Furthermore, C/EBPα and GATA-1 can directly bind to the promoter of DACH1 and act as a transcriptional suppressor. Expression of DACH1 is down-regulated during myeloid differentiation and shows an inverse pattern compared to C/EBPα and GATA-1 expression. However, ectopic expression of C/EBPα and/or GATA-1 could not abrogate the over-expression of DACH1 induced by MLL-AF9. Therefore, we postulate that the inability of C/EBPα and GATA-1 to down-regulate DACH1 expression induced by MLL-AF9 during myeloid differentiation may contribute to t(9;11) leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Woong Lee
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Chae YM, Jin YJ, Kim HS, Gwon GJ, Sohn WJ, Kim SH, Kim MO, Lee SG, Suh JY, Kim JY. Proteome analysis of developing mice diastema region. BMB Rep 2012; 45:337-41. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.6.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sohn WJ, Gwon GJ, An CH, Moon C, Bae YC, Yamamoto H, Lee S, Kim JY. Morphological evidences in circumvallate papilla and von Ebners' gland development in mice. Anat Cell Biol 2011; 44:274-83. [PMID: 22254156 PMCID: PMC3254881 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2011.44.4.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In rodents, the circumvallate papilla (CVP), with its underlying minor salivary gland, the von Ebners' gland (VEG), is located on the dorsal surface of the posterior tongue. Detailed morphological processes to form the proper structure of CVP and VEG have not been properly elucidated. In particular, the specific localization patterns of taste buds in CVP and the branching formation of VEG have not yet been elucidated. To understand the developmental mechanisms underlying CVP and VEG formation, detailed histological observations of CVP and VEG were examined using a three-dimensional computer-aided reconstruction method with serial histological sections and pan-Cytokeratins immunostainings. In addition, to define the developmental processes in CVP and VEG formation, we examined nerve innervations and cell proliferation using microinjections of AM1-43 and immunostainings with various markers, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Ki-67, PGP9.5, and Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UEA1). Results revealed specific morphogenesis of CVP and VEG with nerve innervations patterns, evaluated by the coincided localization patterns of AM1-43 and UEA1. Based on these morphological and immunohistochemical results, we suggest that nerve innervations and cell proliferations play important roles in the positioning of taste buds in CVP and branching morphogenesis of VEG in tongue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern-Joo Sohn
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Institute for Hard Tissue and Bio-tooth Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Sohn WJ, Yamamoto H, Shin HI, Ryoo ZY, Lee S, Bae YC, Jung HS, Kim JY. Importance of region-specific epithelial rearrangements in mouse rugae development. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 344:271-7. [PMID: 21400215 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial appendages on palatal rugae develop during mouse palatogenesis through epithelial thickening and pattern formation. Recently, the patterned formation of nine rugae was observed together with the specific expression patterns of Shh in rodents. However, no crucial evidence was found for a direct association between Shh expression and the distinct structural formation of rugae. In order to reveal possible relationships, we investigated the morphological changes of rugae and expression patterns of Shh directly by in vitro organ culture at embryonic day 13 (E13) for 2 days. To compare and examine the diverse growing aspects of the palate and rugae, we carefully observed the detailed morphogenesis, with cell proliferation of the rugae occurring between E13 and E14.5. After 2 days of cultivation at E13, DiI micro-injections revealed that the middle part of the palate, adjacent to the upper molar-forming region, contributed to the formation of the subsequent structure of rugae by extensive cell rearrangement and proliferation within the epithelium in the preferred anteroposterior direction. The results also defined the intimate relationship between Shh expression and rugae formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern-Joo Sohn
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Yamamoto H, Muramatsu T, Shibukawa Y, Sohn WJ, Kim JY, Tazaki M. Alteration of the Cytokeratin Expression During Palatine Rugae Development in Mice. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.20.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Choi MA, Sohn WJ, Jung HI, Shin HI, Lee SG, Jung HS, Kim JY. 03-P103 Morphogenesis and cellular mechanisms in mice molar root development. Mech Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.06.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kim D, Rhee JW, Kwon S, Sohn WJ, Lee Y, Kim DW, Kim DS, Kwon HJ. Immunostimulation and anti-DNA antibody production by backbone modified CpG-DNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 379:362-7. [PMID: 19103173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG-DNA) have gained attention as potentially useful therapeutics. However, the phosphorothioate-modified CpG-DNAs (PS-ODN) can induce backbone-related side effects. Here, we compared the immunostimulatory activity of natural phosphodiester CpG-DNA (PO-ODN) from Mycobacterium bovis and PS-ODN in mice. Both PO-ODN and PS-ODN induced production of IL-12. PS-ODN increased spleen weights, spleen cell numbers, and the migration of macrophages into the peritoneal cavity in the mice in a CG sequence-dependent manner. PS-ODN induced anti-PS-ODN antibody production in the mice, and the PS-ODN-specific IgM was cross-reactive with other PS-ODNs in a CG sequence-independent manner. In contrast, PO-ODN did not affect on spleen weights, cell numbers, or IgM production. These results may provide an explanation for the side effects in immunotherapeutic application of PS-ODN. They also suggest that PO-ODN may be more optimal than PS-ODN to enhance innate immune responses without severe side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbum Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-do 200-702, Republic of Korea
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Sohn WJ, Kim D, Lee KW, Kim MS, Kwon S, Lee Y, Kim DS, Kwon HJ. Novel transcriptional regulation of the schlafen-2 gene in macrophages in response to TLR-triggered stimulation. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3273-82. [PMID: 17434208 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Schlafen-2 (slfn-2) is a member of slfn family, regulators of T cell development and its expression is altered during infection by microbial pathogens. However, the molecular mechanism involved in slfn expression is still to be determined. In this study, we isolated slfn-2 as a LPS-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RAW 264.7 cells and examined expression and regulation of slfn-2 in CpG-DNA-treated and LPS-treated macrophages. We defined a transcriptional start site in the slfn-2 gene. To examine the promoter organization of the slfn-2 gene, we cloned a approximately 1.8 kb region upstream of the transcription start site. Sequence analysis indicates consensus sites for AP-1 and NF-kappaB. Comprehensive mutant analyses, ELISA-based transcription factor activation assay, and ChIP assays reveal that functional interaction of AP-1 and NF-kappaB with the promoter element is necessary for the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated slfn-2 gene expression by CpG-DNA and LPS treatment in macrophages. In summary, we identified a slfn-2 promoter for the first time and demonstrated that CpG-DNA and LPS triggers slfn-2 gene expression by activating NF-kappaB and AP-1 pathways in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern-Joo Sohn
- Center for Medical Science Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon Gangwon-do 200-702, Republic of Korea
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Rhee JW, Lee KW, Sohn WJ, Lee Y, Jeon OH, Kwon HJ, Kim DS. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene expression and cell migration by NF-kappa B in response to CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides in RAW 264.7 cells. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:1393-400. [PMID: 16780951 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a secreted type IV collagenase that plays an important role in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the migration of normal and tumor cells. We have shown that CpG-ODN-induced migration of RAW 264.7 cell is regulated by MMP-9 activity by using tissue inhibitors of MMP-1 (TIMP-1). The MMP-9 gene expression was transcriptionally induced by CpG-ODN in a time-dependent manner. An MMP-9 promoter-reporter was activated by the stimulation of CpG-ODN and ectopical expression of NF-kappaB transcription factor. Inhibition of NF-kappaB nuclear localization by co-expression of a mutant IkappaBalpha protein blocked the CpG-ODN-induced MMP-9 promoter activation. BMS-345541, an IKK-2 inhibitor also inhibited the expression of MMP-9 gene induced by CpG-ODN. Direct binding of NF-kappaB protein to the promoter region of the MMP-9 was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation using NF-kappaB antibody. These results lead us to a conclusion that NF-kappaB activation is required for MMP-9 gene expression. In summary, our data suggest that NF-kappaB-dependent expression of MMP-9 in response to CpG-ODN plays an important role in the recruitment of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Rhee
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Sohn WJ, Lee KW, Choi SY, Chung E, Lee Y, Kim TY, Lee SK, Choe YK, Lee JH, Kim DS, Kwon HJ. CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide protects immune cells from gamma-irradiation-induced cell death. Mol Immunol 2005; 43:1163-71. [PMID: 16122803 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) and bacterial DNA containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in the context of particular base sequences (CpG motifs) are known to inhibit anti-IgM-induced growth arrest and apoptosis of WHEI 231 B lymphocytes, and spontaneous apoptosis of mature spleen B cells in a sequence-specific fashion of the CpG-ODN. Here we report that CpG-ODN protects from the cell death induced by gamma-irradiation of primary mouse spleen cells as well as mouse RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and human RPMI 8226 B cells. Experimental results showed that CpG-ODN promotes growth of the cells, and protects the cells from gamma-irradiation-induced cell death accompanying Bcl-xS/L and Bcl-2 upregulation. Furthermore, survival of macrophages was enhanced when splenocytes were pretreated with CpG-ODN. Our results suggest the potential application of CpG-ODNs for more efficient cancer radiotherapy by enhancing survival of normal immune cells after radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern-Joo Sohn
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea
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Sohn WJ, Lee KW, Lee Y, Han JH, Choe YK, Kim DS, Kwon HJ. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-induced macrophage inflammatory protein-2 gene expression is NF-kappaB-independent but c-Jun-dependent in macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:1165-75. [PMID: 15829306 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is a stable compound that acts as antioxidant or prooxidant, and is widely used to inhibit the activation of NF-kappaB. PDTC was also reported to activate NF-kappaB depending on its dose and metal ions in PC12 cells. In this work, we demonstrated a working mechanism of PDTC and its effects on the proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in a mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. PDTC alone induced NF-kappaB-independent MIP-2 promoter activation that can be assessed by transient transfection and confocal image analysis. The involvement of AP-1 transcription factor was noticed by promoter deletion/site-specific mutation analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Among three different mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways tested, only the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway was significantly activated in RAW 264.7 cells after the stimulation with PDTC. Using pathway-specific inhibitors, we found that the SAPK/JNK pathway is clearly associated with PDTC-induced MIP-2 gene expression. Our experimental results indicate that PDTC-induced proinflammatory cytokine expressions are mediated by SAPK/JNK pathway, which activates AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern-Joo Sohn
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Science, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemoon-Gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Lee Y, Sohn WJ, Kim DS, Kwon HJ. NF-kappaB- and c-Jun-dependent regulation of human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene enhancer/promoter in response to lipopolysaccharide and bacterial CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides in macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:1094-105. [PMID: 15009188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The cytomegalovirus immediate-early (CMV IE) gene enhancer/promoter regulates the expression of immediate-early gene products and initiation of CMV replication. TNF-alpha and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) strongly activate the promoter, possibly involving NF-kappaB. CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs), which contain unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in the context of particular base sequences, have gained attention because of their stimulating effects, via NF-kappaB, which have a strong innate immune response. To study the effects of LPS and CpG-ODNs, as well as the mechanisms of their actions regarding CMV IE enhancer/promoter activation, we used a macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. Stimulation of the cells with LPS or CpG-ODNs resulted in the activation of the CMV IE enhancer/promoter. We examined the involvement of NF-kappaB and c-Jun transcription factors by promoter deletion/site-specific mutation analysis and ectopic expression, and found them to have additive effects. Involvement of myeloid differentiation protein, an upstream regulator of NF-kappaB and c-Jun, was also investigated. Experimental results indicate that both LPS-induced and CpG-ODN-induced activations of CMV IE enhancer/promoter are mediated by Toll-like receptor signaling molecules. Several lines of evidence suggest the potential contribution of bacterial infection in CMV reactivation along with the potential application of CpG-ODNs in gene therapy as a stimulator for the optimal expression of target genes under the control of the CMV IE enhancer/promoter.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cytomegalovirus/drug effects
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/drug effects
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics
- Genes, Immediate-Early/drug effects
- Genes, Immediate-Early/genetics
- Humans
- I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Plasmids/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Sequence Deletion/genetics
- Transcription Factor RelA
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghee Lee
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yusong, Daejon, Korea
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