Photo-induced structural dynamics of o-nitrophenol by ultrafast electron diffraction

The photo-induced dynamics of o-nitrophenol, particularly its photolysis, has garnered significant scientific interest as a potential source of nitrous acid in the atmosphere. Although the photolysis products and preceding photo-induced electronic structure dynamics have been investigated extensively, the nuclear dynamics accompanying the non-radiative relaxation of o-nitrophenol on the ultrafast timescale, which include an intramolecular proton transfer step, have not been experimentally resolved. Herein, we present a direct observation of the ultrafast nuclear motions mediating photo-relaxation using ultrafast electron diffraction. This work spatiotemporally resolves the loss of planarity which enables access to a conical intersection between the first excited state and the ground state after the proton transfer step, on the femtosecond timescale and with sub-Angstrom resolution. Our observations, supported by ab initio multiple spawning simulations, provide new insights into the proton transfer mediated relaxation mechanism in o-nitrophenol.

Cross-View Approximation on Grassmann Manifold for Multiview Clustering

In existing multiview clustering research, the comprehensive learning from multiview graph and feature spaces simultaneously remains insufficient when achieving a consistent clustering structure. In addition, a postprocessing step is often required. In light of these considerations, a cross-view approximation on Grassman manifold (CAGM) model is proposed to address inconsistencies within multiview adjacency matrices, feature matrices, and cross-view combinations from the two sources. The model uses a ratio-formed objective function, enabling parameter-free bidirectional fusion. Furthermore, the CAGM model incorporates a paired encoding mechanism to generate low-dimensional and orthogonal cross-view embeddings. Through the approximation of two measurable subspaces on the Grassmann manifold, the direct acquisition of the indicator matrix is realized. Furthermore, an effective optimization algorithm corresponding to the CAGM model is derived. Comprehensive experiments on four real-world datasets are conducted to substantiate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Antidepressant Exposure and DNA Methylation: Insights from a Methylome-Wide Association Study

Importance

Understanding antidepressant mechanisms could help design more effective and tolerated treatments.

Objective

Identify DNA methylation (DNAm) changes associated with antidepressant exposure.

Design

Case-control methylome-wide association studies (MWAS) of antidepressant exposure were performed from blood samples collected between 2006-2011 in Generation Scotland (GS). The summary statistics were tested for enrichment in specific tissues, gene ontologies and an independent MWAS in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). A methylation profile score (MPS) was derived and tested for its association with antidepressant exposure in eight independent cohorts, alongside prospective data from GS.

Setting

Cohorts; GS, NESDA, FTC, SHIP-Trend, FOR2107, LBC1936, MARS-UniDep, ALSPAC, E-Risk, and NTR.

Participants

Participants with DNAm data and self-report/prescription derived antidepressant exposure.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Whole-blood DNAm levels were assayed by the EPIC/450K Illumina array (9 studies, N exposed = 661, N unexposed = 9,575) alongside MBD-Seq in NESDA (N exposed = 398, N unexposed = 414). Antidepressant exposure was measured by self- report and/or antidepressant prescriptions.

Results

The self-report MWAS (N = 16,536, N exposed = 1,508, mean age = 48, 59% female) and the prescription-derived MWAS (N = 7,951, N exposed = 861, mean age = 47, 59% female), found hypermethylation at seven and four DNAm sites (p < 9.42x10 -8 ), respectively. The top locus was cg26277237 ( KANK1, p self-report = 9.3x10 -13 , p prescription = 6.1x10 -3 ). The self-report MWAS found a differentially methylated region, mapping to DGUOK-AS1 ( p adj = 5.0x10 -3 ) alongside significant enrichment for genes expressed in the amygdala, the "synaptic vesicle membrane" gene ontology and the top 1% of CpGs from the NESDA MWAS (OR = 1.39, p < 0.042). The MPS was associated with antidepressant exposure in meta-analysed data from external cohorts (N studies = 9, N = 10,236, N exposed = 661, f3 = 0.196, p < 1x10 -4 ).

Conclusions and Relevance

Antidepressant exposure is associated with changes in DNAm across different cohorts. Further investigation into these changes could inform on new targets for antidepressant treatments.

3 Key Points

Question: Is antidepressant exposure associated with differential whole blood DNA methylation?Findings: In this methylome-wide association study of 16,536 adults across Scotland, antidepressant exposure was significantly associated with hypermethylation at CpGs mapping to KANK1 and DGUOK-AS1. A methylation profile score trained on this sample was significantly associated with antidepressant exposure (pooled f3 [95%CI]=0.196 [0.105, 0.288], p < 1x10 -4 ) in a meta-analysis of external datasets. Meaning: Antidepressant exposure is associated with hypermethylation at KANK1 and DGUOK-AS1 , which have roles in mitochondrial metabolism and neurite outgrowth. If replicated in future studies, targeting these genes could inform the design of more effective and better tolerated treatments for depression.

High energy electron diffraction instrument with tunable camera length

Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) stands as a powerful technique for real-time observation of structural dynamics at the atomic level. In recent years, the use of MeV electrons from radio frequency guns has been widely adopted to take advantage of the relativistic suppression of the space charge effects that otherwise limit the temporal resolution of the technique. Nevertheless, there is not a clear choice for the optimal energy for a UED instrument. Scaling to beam energies higher than a few MeV does pose significant technical challenges, mainly related to the inherent increase in diffraction camera length associated with the smaller Bragg angles. In this study, we report a solution by using a compact post-sample magnetic optical system to magnify the diffraction pattern from a crystal Au sample illuminated by an 8.2 MeV electron beam. Our method employs, as one of the lenses of the optical system, a triplet of compact, high field gradients (>500 T/m), small-gap (3.5 mm) Halbach permanent magnet quadrupoles. Shifting the relative position of the quadrupoles, we demonstrate tuning the magnification by more than a factor of two, a 6× improvement in camera length, and reciprocal space resolution better than 0.1 Å-1 in agreement with beam transport simulations.

Electrochemical selective lithium extraction and regeneration of spent lithium iron phosphate

In this paper, a green, efficient and low-cost process for the selective recovery of lithium from spent LiFePO4 by anodic electrolysis is proposed. The leaching rates of Li, Fe and P under different conditions were explored and the optimal conditions are obtained. In the optimal conditions, Li, Fe and P leaching rates were 96.31%, 0.06% and 0.62% respectively. The Li/Fe selectivity was over 99.9%. The product obtained is isostructural FePO4 and retains the original particle morphology. The FePO4 obtained can be synthesised into LiFePO4/C by direct regeneration process or impurity removal regeneration process. The material synthesized by the latter process has a better electrochemical performance, with a discharge specific capacity of 144.5 mAh/g at 1.0C and a capacity retention of 92.0% over 500cycles. The superior performance can be attributed to an impurity removal process that reduced agglomeration and improved particle morphology.

[Mutation characteristics of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: an analysis of 75 cases]

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of gene mutations in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL). Methods: Seventy-five AITL cases diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China from June 2021 to June 2023 were included. Their formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded or fresh tissues were subject to targeted next generation sequencing (NGS). The sequencing data was collected, and the distribution and type of gene mutations were analyzed. Results: 492 potential driver mutations were identified in 74 out of the 84 genes. Targeted sequencing data for the 75 AITL patients showed that the genes with mutation frequencies of ≥10% were TET2 (89.3%), RHOA (57.3%), IDH2 (37.3%), DNMT3A (36.0%), KMT2C (21.3%), PLCG1 (12.0%), and KDM6B (10.7%). There were significant co-occurrence relationships between TET2 and RHOA, TET2 and IDH2, and RHOA and IDH2 gene mutations (P<0.05), respectively, while TET2 and KDM6B gene mutations were mutually exclusive (P<0.05). Conclusions: The study reveals the mutational characteristics of AITL patients using NGS technology, which would provide insights for molecular diagnosis and targeted therapy of AITL.

BnPLP1 Positively Regulates Flowering Time, Plant Height, and Main Inflorescence Length in Brassica napus

Protein prenylation mediated by the Arabidopsis thaliana PLURIPETALA (AtPLP) gene plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and environmental response by adding a 15-carbon farnesyl group or one to two 20-carbon geranylgeranyl groups onto one to two cysteine residues at the C-terminus of the target protein. However, the homologous genes and their functions of AtPLP in rapeseed are unclear. In this study, bioinformatics analysis and gene cloning demonstrated the existence of two homologous genes of AtPLP in the Brassica napus L. genome, namely, BnPLP1 and BnPLP2. Evolutionary analysis revealed that BnPLP1 originated from the B. rapa L. genome, while BnPLP2 originated from the B. oleracea L. genome. Genetic transformation analysis revealed that the overexpression of BnPLP1 in Arabidopsis plants exhibited earlier flowering initiation, a prolonged flowering period, increased plant height, and longer main inflorescence length compared to the wild type. Contrarily, the downregulation of BnPLP1 expression in B. napus plants led to delayed flowering initiation, shortened flowering period, decreased plant height, and reduced main inflorescence length compared to the wild type. These findings indicate that the BnPLP1 gene positively regulates flowering time, plant height, and main inflorescence length. This provides a new gene for the genetic improvement of flowering time and plant architecture in rapeseed.

Effects of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone on testicular development and reproduction-related gene expression in roosters

Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) plays a crucial role in regulating reproduction in the hypothalamus of poultry and has been intensely investigated since its discovery. This study aimed to assess the effects of GnIH on testicular development, as well as on reproduction-related hormone release and gene expression levels in roosters. The administration of exogenous GnIH resulted in a significant reduction in testis weight, testis volume and semen quality (p < 0.05). Additionally, exogenous GnIH significantly up-regulates the expression of GnIH, and down-regulates the expression of PRL (p < 0.05). GnIH application also decreased the GnRH, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and luteinizing hormone β subunit(LHβ)gene expression levels. Meanwhile, by neutralizing the effects of endogenous GnIH through immunization, testicular development on day 150 in roosters was significantly promoted. Compared to the control condition, GnIH immunization significantly down-regulated the expression of the VIP and PRL genes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we found that exogenous GnIH treatment inhibited testicular development, reduces PRL gene expression, and suppressed reproductive performance in roosters. Conversely, GnIH immunization down-regulated VIP and PRL genes, activates the reproductive system, and promotes the reproductive activity and testicular development of roosters.

Heterologous expression of the Glycine soja Kunitz-type protease inhibitor GsKTI improves resistance to drought stress and Helicoverpa armigera in transgenic Arabidopsis lines

Kunitz-like protease inhibitors (KTIs) have been identified to play critical roles in insect defense, but evidence for their involvement in drought stress is sparse. The aim of this study was to identify and functionally characterize a Kunitz-like protease inhibitor, GsKTI, from the wild soybean (Glycine soja) variety ED059. Expression patterns suggest that drought stress and insect herbivory may induce GsKTI transcript levels. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing GsKTI have been shown to exhibit enhanced drought tolerance by regulating the ABA signaling pathway and increasing xylem cell number. Transgenic Arabidopsis leaves overexpressing GsKTI interfered with insect digestion and thus had a negative effect on the growth of Helicoverpa armigera. It is concluded that GsKTI increases resistance to drought stress and insect attack in transgenic Arabidopsis lines.

[Spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Shanghai from 2013 to 2020]

Objective: To use the spatiotemporal distribution model and INLA algorithm to study the spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of tuberculosis in Shanghai and to provide a theoretical basis for formulating regional tuberculosis epidemic prevention and control measures. Methods: Based on the data of registered pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Shanghai during 2013-2020 derived from the tuberculosis management information system of China Disease Control and Prevention Information System, the hierarchical Bayesian model was adopted to fit the tuberculosis case data, identify the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of tuberculosis, and explore the potential socioeconomic characteristics and other factors related to health services and spatiotemporal characteristics. Results: From 2013 to 2020, 29 281 registered tuberculosis cases were reported in Shanghai, with an average annual incidence of 25.224/100 000. From 2013 to 2020, the incidence trend increased first and then decreased, the highest incidence was reported in 2014 (27.991/100 000). The incidence of tuberculosis in Shanghai is characterized by spatial clustering. Through the spatial characteristics and risk analysis of the reported incidence of tuberculosis, it is found that the high-risk area of tuberculosis in Shanghai is the suburban communities, whereas downtown communities are the low-risk areas. The incidence risk of pulmonary tuberculosis is associated with the gross domestic product per capita (RR=0.48), the number of beds per 10 000 persons (RR=0.56), the normalized vegetation index (RR=0.50), and the night light index (RR=0.80). Conclusions: With the steady progress of tuberculosis prevention and control in the central urban area of Shanghai, special attention should be paid to the prevention and control in the suburbs further to improve the social and economic level in the suburbs and increase the coverage rate of urban green space, to reduce the incidence of tuberculosis and reduce the disease burden of tuberculosis in Shanghai.

Prevalence, drivers and surveillance of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic use in rural China: Interdisciplinary study

This study aimed to characterise antibiotic prescribing and dispensing patterns in rural health facilities in China and determine the community prevalence of antibiotic resistance. We investigated patterns and drivers of antibiotic use for common respiratory and urinary tract infections (RTI/UTI) in community settings, examined relationships between presenting symptoms, clinical diagnosis and microbiological results in rural outpatient clinics, and assessed potential for using patient records to monitor antibiotic use. This interdisciplinary mixed methods study included: (i) Observations and exit interviews in eight village clinics and township health centres and 15 retail pharmacies; (ii) Urine, throat swab and sputum samples from patients to identify potential pathogens and test susceptibility; (iii) 103 semi-structured interviews with doctors, patients, pharmacy workers and antibiotic-purchasing customers; (iv) Assessment of completeness and accuracy of electronic patient records through comparison with observational data. 87.9% of 1123 recruited clinic patients were prescribed antibiotics (of which 35.5% contained antibiotic combinations and >40% were for intravenous administration), most of whom had RTIs. Antibiotic prescribing for RTIs was not associated with presence of bacterial pathogens but was correlated with longer duration of infection (OR = 3.33) and presence of sore throat (OR = 1.64). Fever strongly predicted prescription of intravenous antibiotics (OR = 2.87). Resistance rates in bacterial pathogens isolated were low compared with national data. 25.8% of patients reported antibiotics use prior to their clinic visit, but only 56.2% of clinic patients and 53% of pharmacy customers could confirm their prescription or purchase included antibiotics. Diagnostic uncertainty, financial incentives, understanding of antibiotics as anti-inflammatory and limited doctor-patient communication were identified as key drivers of antibiotic use. Completion and accuracy of electronic patient records were highly variable. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in this rural population is relatively low despite high levels of antibiotic prescribing and self-medication. More systematic use of e-records and in-service training could improve antibiotic surveillance and stewardship in rural facilities. Combining qualitative and observational anthropological methods and concepts with microbiological and epidemiological investigation of antibiotic resistance at both research design and analytic synthesis stages substantially increases the validity of research findings and their utility in informing future intervention development.

Analysis of the factors influencing male infertility of reproductive age in Jinan

OBJECTIVE

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines infertility as a person failing to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Infertility includes female infertility and male infertility. The aim of this paper is to study the etiology of infertility and related influencing factors in men of reproductive age in Jinan.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In this study, 172 male infertile patients who attended the Department of Assisted Reproduction of Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Shandong, China and the Infertility Clinic of Jinan Central Hospital in Shandong, China from August 2021 to April 2022 are selected as the study population (infertility group). A convenience sampling method is used to select 257 men from couples attending the Obstetrics Department of Qilu Hospital in Shandong, China, the Obstetrics Department of the Second Hospital of Shandong University in Shandong, China, and the Obstetrics Department of Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Shandong, China from October 2021 to February 2022 as the study subjects (control group). A self-designed questionnaire is used to conduct the survey, which includes basic personal information, lifestyle information, marital and family-related information, and one-way and multi-way logistic regression analyses are performed.

RESULTS

The average age of the case group and the control group are 34.03±5.13 years old and 33.61±8.18 years old; the average height is 175.80±5.91 cm and 176.78±5.25 cm; the average weight is 80.28±14.70 kg and 83.09±45.36 kg. The differences in age, height, and weight between the case group and the control group are not statistically significant by t-test. Moderate oligospermia is the predominant cause of infertility in men of reproductive age in Jinan. A multifactorial logistic regression analysis yields that academic qualifications (OR=2.518, 95% CI: 1.023 to 6.196), coffee consumption (OR=7.692, 95% CI: 1.623 to 36.460), living in a room that had been renovated within a period of time (OR=2.769, 95% CI: 1.104 to 6.949), stress level (OR=47.280, 95% CI: 23.656-94.494), quality of sexual life (OR=3.352, 95% CI: 1.331-8.442), and duration of couple separation (OR=3.851, 95% CI: 1.094-13.557) are the main risk factors for infertility in men of reproductive age in Jinan.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, a total of 6 risk factors are screened for male infertility in Jinan in the reproductive age, including high academic qualifications, coffee consumption, living in a room that has finished renovation within 3 months, high stress, poor quality of sexual life, and long spousal separation. Three factors can be controlled, avoided, or reduced through personal actions; the factors are coffee consumption, living in a room that has finished renovation within 3 months, and high stress, all of which may reduce the level of male reproductive health.

Energetic Electron Precipitation Driven by Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves from ELFIN's Low Altitude Perspective

We review comprehensive observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave-driven energetic electron precipitation using data collected by the energetic electron detector on the Electron Losses and Fields InvestigatioN (ELFIN) mission, two polar-orbiting low-altitude spinning CubeSats, measuring 50-5000 keV electrons with good pitch-angle and energy resolution. EMIC wave-driven precipitation exhibits a distinct signature in energy-spectrograms of the precipitating-to-trapped flux ratio: peaks at >0.5 MeV which are abrupt (bursty) (lasting ∼17 s, or Δ L ∼ 0.56 ) with significant substructure (occasionally down to sub-second timescale). We attribute the bursty nature of the precipitation to the spatial extent and structuredness of the wave field at the equator. Multiple ELFIN passes over the same MLT sector allow us to study the spatial and temporal evolution of the EMIC wave - electron interaction region. Case studies employing conjugate ground-based or equatorial observations of the EMIC waves reveal that the energy of moderate and strong precipitation at ELFIN approximately agrees with theoretical expectations for cyclotron resonant interactions in a cold plasma. Using multiple years of ELFIN data uniformly distributed in local time, we assemble a statistical database of ∼50 events of strong EMIC wave-driven precipitation. Most reside at L ∼ 5 - 7 at dusk, while a smaller subset exists at L ∼ 8 - 12 at post-midnight. The energies of the peak-precipitation ratio and of the half-peak precipitation ratio (our proxy for the minimum resonance energy) exhibit an L -shell dependence in good agreement with theoretical estimates based on prior statistical observations of EMIC wave power spectra. The precipitation ratio's spectral shape for the most intense events has an exponential falloff away from the peak (i.e., on either side of ∼ 1.45 MeV). It too agrees well with quasi-linear diffusion theory based on prior statistics of wave spectra. It should be noted though that this diffusive treatment likely includes effects from nonlinear resonant interactions (especially at high energies) and nonresonant effects from sharp wave packet edges (at low energies). Sub-MeV electron precipitation observed concurrently with strong EMIC wave-driven >1 MeV precipitation has a spectral shape that is consistent with efficient pitch-angle scattering down to ∼ 200-300 keV by much less intense higher frequency EMIC waves at dusk (where such waves are most frequent). At ∼100 keV, whistler-mode chorus may be implicated in concurrent precipitation. These results confirm the critical role of EMIC waves in driving relativistic electron losses. Nonlinear effects may abound and require further investigation.

Rehybridization dynamics into the pericyclic minimum of an electrocyclic reaction imaged in real-time

Electrocyclic reactions are characterized by the concerted formation and cleavage of both σ and π bonds through a cyclic structure. This structure is known as a pericyclic transition state for thermal reactions and a pericyclic minimum in the excited state for photochemical reactions. However, the structure of the pericyclic geometry has yet to be observed experimentally. We use a combination of ultrafast electron diffraction and excited state wavepacket simulations to image structural dynamics through the pericyclic minimum of a photochemical electrocyclic ring-opening reaction in the molecule α-terpinene. The structural motion into the pericyclic minimum is dominated by rehybridization of two carbon atoms, which is required for the transformation from two to three conjugated π bonds. The σ bond dissociation largely happens after internal conversion from the pericyclic minimum to the electronic ground state. These findings may be transferrable to electrocyclic reactions in general.

The identification and characterization of genome-wide long terminal repeat retrotransposon provide an insight into elucidating the trait evolution of five Rhododendron species

Rhododendron is well-known for its beauty and colorful corolla. Although some high-quality whole-genome sequencing of Rhododendron has been completed, there is lack of studies on long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons in Rhododendron, which limits our ability to elucidate the causes of genetic variations in Rhododendron species. The properties of the intact Rhododendron LTR retrotransposon were investigated at the genome-wide level. Based on the available data, the high-quality genomes from five species, i.e., R. griersonianum, R. simsii, R. henanense subsp. lingbaoense, R. mucronatum var. ripense and R. ovatum were selected as the identification targets with good assembly continuity. A total of 17,936 intact LTR retrotransposons were identified; they belong to the superfamilies Copia and Gypsy with 17 clades. The insertion time of these transposons was later than 120 million years ago, and the outbreak period was concentrated more recently than 30 million years ago. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that many LTR retrotransposons might originate from intraspecific duplication. The current evidences also suggests that most of the LTR retrotransposons were inserted in the interstitial part of the genes in R. griersonianum, R. simsii, R. henanense, and R. ovatum, and the functions of the inserted genes are mainly involved in starch metabolism and proteolysis etc. The effect of LTR retrotransposon on gene expression depends on its insertion site and activation. Highly expressed LTR retrotransposons tended to be younger. The activity of LTR retrotransposons may affect some stage-specific expression genes of flower development, such as leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase. The available results herein improve our knowledge of LTR retrotransposons in Rhododendron genomes and facilitate the further study of genetic variation and trait evolution in Rhododendron.

Modifiable predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus and roles of insulin resistance and β-cell function over a 6-year study and 30-year follow-up

PURPOSE

This study aimed to examine the modifiable predictors of T2DM and the roles of insulin resistance (IR) and β-cell function over a 6-year study and 30-year follow-up.

METHODS

A total of 462 non-diabetic participants, 282 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 180 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) were enrolled in this analysis. The Matsuda IR index and area under the curve of insulin-to-glucose ratio (AUCI/G-R) were used as IR and β-cell function indices in the analysis.

RESULTS

In all participants, multivariable analysis showed that BMI, glucose status, Matsuda IR index and systolic blood pressure (SBP) at baseline were independently associated with an increased risk of T2DM over 30 years, whereas lifestyle intervention and AUCI/G-R were inversely associated with this risk. The predictive effect of the Matsuda IR index and AUCI/G-R in participants with IGT was consistent with the results of all participants, whereas in those with NGT, only the Matsuda IR index, not the AUCI/G-R, predicted the development of T2DM (HR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.07-1.89 vs HR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.76-1.56). The predictive effect of the Matsuda IR index on T2DM existed even in participants with BMI < 25 (p = 0.049).

CONCLUSION

The modifiable predictors of T2DM in Chinese adults were high BMI, hypertension, mild hyperglycaemia, IR, and β-cell dysfunction. Both IR and β-cell function contributed to the development of T2DM in the long term; however, IR remains the initial and long-standing key risk factor for T2DM.

Octahedral Distortion and Displacement-Type Ferroelectricity with Switchable Photovoltaic Effect in a 3d^{3}-Electron Perovskite System

Because of the half-filled t_{2g}-electron configuration, the BO_{6} octahedral distortion in a 3d^{3} perovskite system is usually very limited. In this Letter, a perovskitelike oxide Hg_{0.75}Pb_{0.25}MnO_{3} (HPMO) with a 3d^{3} Mn^{4+} state was synthesized by using high pressure and high temperature methods. This compound exhibits an unusually large octahedral distortion enhanced by approximately 2 orders of magnitude compared with that observed in other 3d^{3} perovskite systems like RCr^{3+}O_{3} (R=rare earth). Essentially different from centrosymmetric HgMnO_{3} and PbMnO_{3}, the A-site doped HPMO presents a polar crystal structure with the space group Ama2 and a substantial spontaneous electric polarization (26.5  μC/cm^{2} in theory) arising from the off-center displacements of A- and B-site ions. More interestingly, a prominent net photocurrent and switchable photovoltaic effect with a sustainable photoresponse were observed in the current polycrystalline HPMO. This Letter provides an exceptional d^{3} material system which shows unusually large octahedral distortion and displacement-type ferroelectricity violating the "d^{0}-ness" rule.

White matter, cognition and psychotic-like experiences in UK Biobank

BACKGROUND

Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are risk factors for the development of psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia, particularly if associated with distress. As PLEs have been related to alterations in both white matter and cognition, we investigated whether cognition (g-factor and processing speed) mediates the relationship between white matter and PLEs.

METHODS

We investigated two independent samples (6170 and 19 891) from the UK Biobank, through path analysis. For both samples, measures of whole-brain fractional anisotropy (gFA) and mean diffusivity (gMD), as indications of white matter microstructure, were derived from probabilistic tractography. For the smaller sample, variables whole-brain white matter network efficiency and microstructure were also derived from structural connectome data.

RESULTS

The mediation of cognition on the relationships between white matter properties and PLEs was non-significant. However, lower gFA was associated with having PLEs in combination with distress in the full available sample (standardized β = -0.053, p = 0.011). Additionally, lower gFA/higher gMD was associated with lower g-factor (standardized β = 0.049, p < 0.001; standardized β = -0.027, p = 0.003), and partially mediated by processing speed with a proportion mediated of 7% (p = < 0.001) for gFA and 11% (p < 0.001) for gMD.

CONCLUSIONS

We show that lower global white matter microstructure is associated with having PLEs in combination with distress, which suggests a direction of future research that could help clarify how and why individuals progress from subclinical to clinical psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, we replicated that processing speed mediates the relationship between white matter microstructure and g-factor.

Genome Sequence Resource of Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica MR5, the Causative Agent of Apple Replant Disease

Apple replant disease (ARD) caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica (Fpmd) MR5 brings annual losses to apple production within China. However, the genomic information of the pathogen is not yet available. Here, we obtained the whole-genome sequence of the highly virulent Fpmd MR5 using the Illumina PE150 platform. The genome size was 42.76 Mb and consisted of 9,047 genes. The GC content was 48.80%, and several genes potentially associated with pathogenicity were identified, such as carbohydrate-active enzymes, secreted proteins, and secondary metabolite gene clusters. There were 260 specific virulence factor genes, mainly related to fungal vegetative growth and the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes. These data will aid future studies investigating host-pathogen interactions and help us develop suitable disease management strategies.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals candidate genes for seasonal breeding in the male Lion-Head goose

1. Due to seasonal breeding, geese breeds from Southern China have low egg yield. The genetic makeup underlying performance of local breeds is largely unknown, and few studies have investigated this problem. This study integrated 21 newly generated and 50 publicly existing RNA-seq libraries, representing the hypothalamus, pituitary and testis, to identify candidate genes and importantly related pathways associated with seasonal breeding in male Lion-Head geese.2. In total, 19, 119 and 302 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the hypothalamus, pituitary and testis, respectively, of male Lion-Head geese between non-breeding and breeding periods. These genes were significantly involved in the neuropeptide signalling pathway, gland development, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, JAK-STAT signalling pathway, cAMP signalling pathway, PI3K-Akt signalling pathway and Foxo signalling pathway.3. By integrating another 50 RNA-seq samples 4, 18 and 40 promising DEGs were confirmed in hypothalamus, pituitary and testis, respectively.4. HOX genes were identified as having important roles in the development of testis between non-breeding and breeding periods of male Lion-Head geese.

CircSUCO promotes proliferation and differentiation of chicken skeletal muscle satellite cells via sponging miR-15

1. In a previous high-throughput sequencing study, a novel circular RNA (circRNA) generated from a SUN domain containing ossification factor (SUCO) gene transcript (circSUCO) was differentially expressed during the embryonic muscle development. This study aimed to further explore the effect of circSUCO on chicken skeletal muscle development.2. The experiment analysed the expression patterns of circSUCO in Tianfu broilers and clarified its function in the chicken skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSC) after circSUCO knockdown. The qPCR results showed circSUCO was highly expressed in skeletal muscle and has different expression levels during various development periods.3. Mechanistically, a series of in vitro experiments showed that circSUCO interference suppressed proliferation and differentiation of SMSC. In addition, it was observed that circSUCO competitively binds with microRNAs such as miR-15a, miR-15b-5p, and miR-15c-5p according to the dual-luciferase assay and qPCR.4. Correlation was positive between the circSUCO expression level and the ratio of the breast muscle. The results revealed that circSUCO could play a positive role in proliferation and differentiation of SMSC via sponging miR-15a, miR-15b-5p, and miR-15c-5p, hence, may contribute to skeletal muscle development in chicken.

Integrated analysis of long non-coding RNAs and mRNA expression profiles identified potential interactions regulating melanogenesis in chicken skin

1. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in various physiological functions. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of lncRNAs in melanogenesis remain unclear. To determine the molecular mechanisms involved in skin melanogenesis, the present study depicted the expression profiles of lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in black- (B group) and white- (W group) skinned chickens using RNA sequencing.2. In total, 373 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs; 203 up-regulated and 170 down-regulated) and 253 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 152 up-regulated and 101 down-regulated) were identified between the B and W groups. A total of eight known melanogenesis-related genes were identified (KIT, TYRP1, DCT (TYRP2), SLC45A2, OCA2, EDNRB2, TRPM1 and RAB38).3. Functional annotation of the co-expressed DEGs and DELs was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. The co-expressed DEGs were mainly involved in melanogenesis and the co-expressed genes of 117 and 108 DELs were significantly enriched in the melanogenesis and tyrosine metabolism pathways, respectively.4. The DEL-DEG interaction network revealed that three lncRNAs (XR_003072387.1, XR_003075112.1, and XR_003077033.1) and DCT genes may have key roles in regulating melanogenesis in chicken skin. This data provides the groundwork for studying the lncRNA regulatory mechanisms of skin melanogenesis and suggested a new perspective on the modulation of melanogenesis in chicken skin based on a lncRNA-mRNA causal regulatory network.

Creep Behavior of A356 Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Stir Casting

Lightweight aluminum alloy components are often used to manufacture a variety of engineering components in many industries. In recent years, researchers have studied the effect of improving the mechanical properties of metal alloys by incorporating nano-carbon into its structure. In this study, the effect of the addition of 0.2, 0.5, and 1 wt% of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the stress-strain behavior and creep phenomenon of an A356 aluminum alloy were studied. The effect of nickel coating on 0.2 wt% MWCNTs was also investigated. Samples were prepared using the stir-casting method. The results revealed that the grain size became finer when MWCNT nano-particulates were introduced. Although the MWCNTs were distributed homogeneously in the A356 matrix, as confirmed by FESEM analysis, there were some agglomerations observed in a specific area with dimensions smaller than 100 nm. Nevertheless, the addition of MWCNTs was found to be beneficial in enhancing the hardness of alloys containing 0.2 wt%, 0.2 wt% nickel-coated, 0.5 wt%, and 1 wt% MWCNTs by 9%, 24%, 32%, and 15%, respectively, as compared with the unreinforced A345 matrix. It was also found that the 0.5 wt% MWCNT-A356 matrix exhibited an improvement in the creep lifetime by more than two orders of magnitude.

Functional network properties derived from wide-field calcium imaging differ with wakefulness and across cell type

To improve 'bench-to-bedside' translation, it is integral that knowledge flows bidirectionally-from animal models to humans, and vice versa. This requires common analytical frameworks, as well as open software and data sharing practices. We share a new pipeline (and test dataset) for the preprocessing of wide-field optical fluorescence imaging data-an emerging mode applicable in animal models-as well as results from a functional connectivity and graph theory analysis inspired by recent work in the human neuroimaging field. The approach is demonstrated using a dataset comprised of two test-cases: (1) data from animals imaged during awake and anesthetized conditions with excitatory neurons labeled, and (2) data from awake animals with different genetically encoded fluorescent labels that target either excitatory neurons or inhibitory interneuron subtypes. Both seed-based connectivity and graph theory measures (global efficiency, transitivity, modularity, and characteristic path-length) are shown to be useful in quantifying differences between wakefulness states and cell populations. Wakefulness state and cell type show widespread effects on canonical network connectivity with variable frequency band dependence. Differences between excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons are observed, with somatostatin expressing inhibitory interneurons emerging as notably dissimilar from parvalbumin and vasoactive polypeptide expressing cells. In sum, we demonstrate that our pipeline can be used to examine brain state and cell-type differences in mesoscale imaging data, aiding translational neuroscience efforts. In line with open science practices, we freely release the pipeline and data to encourage other efforts in the community.

[Impact and mechanism of CHL1 in insulin resistant adipocytes and insulin resistant mouse model induced by high glucose and high fat]

Objective: To investigate the role and mechanism of cell adhesion molecule L1 like (CHL1) in insulin resistant adipocytes and insulin resistant mouse model induced by high glucose and high fat. Methods: The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were randomly divided into control group (transfected with empty vector) and CHL1 overexpression group (transfected with CHL1 vector), cells were then induced to mature adipocytes by insulin, and insulin resistance was then induced by high sugar and high fat. The glucose content was measured to determine the glucose consumption of cells from the two groups. Protein expression levels of CHL1 and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT) phosphorylation levels were detected by Western blot (WB), the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). 24 C57BL/6 adult male mouse were randomly divided into conventional diet group (regular group), high-fat diet group (high-fat group), empty vector overexpression+high-fat group and CHL1 overexpression+high-fat group (n=6 each group). CHL1 overexpression was induced by tail vein injection of lentivirus. Four months later, mice were sacrificed, body weight was determined, and the epididymal white adipose tissue was collect. Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) was used to observe the pathology of mouse epididymal white adipose tissue, the expression of CHL1 was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining(IHC), RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of CHL1, TNF-α and IL-6 in mouse epididymal white adipose tissue. Results: In vitro, glucose consumption was significantly higher in the CHL1 overexpression group than in the control group (P<0.05), and the protein expressions of CHL1 and GLUT4 were higher in the CHL1 overexpression group than those in the control group (P<0.01), and the mRNA expressions levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were lower in the CHL1 overexpression group than those in the control group (P<0.01). In vivo, the body weight and epididymal white adipose tissue of mouse were higher in the high-fat group and the empty vector overexpression+high-fat group than those in the conventional group (P<0.01), which were lower in the CHL1 overexpression+high fat group than in the empty vector overexpression+high fat group (P<0.01). HE results showed that the volume of epididymal white adipocytes was larger in the high-fat group and the overexpression control+high-fat group than that in the conventional group, which was smaller in the CHL1 overexpression+high fat group than in the empty vector overexpression+high fat group (P<0.01). The mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in epididymal white adipose tissue of mice were higher in the high-fat group and the empty vector overexpression+high-fat group than those in the conventional group (P<0.01), which were lower in the CHL1 overexpression+high fat group than in the empty vector overexpression+high fat group (P<0.05). IHC results showed that protein expression of CHL1 in epididymal white adipose tissue was lower in the high-fat group and the empty vector overexpression+high-fat group than in regular group, which was upregulated in the CHL1 overexpression+high fat group than in the empty vector overexpression+high-fat group (P<0.01). RT-qPCR results showed that mRNA expression of CHL1 in epididymal white adipose tissue was lower in the high-fat group and the empty vector overexpression+high-fat group than in regular group (P<0.01), which was higher in the CHL1 overexpression+high fat group than in the empty vector overexpression+high fat group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Overexpression of CHL1 can improve insulin resistance in adipocytes and mouse insulin resistance model induced by high glucose and high fat, and the beneficial effects might be mediated by the inhibition of AKT activation and the reduction of related inflammatory responses.

Long-term use of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei N1115 from early life alleviates high-fat-diet-induced obesity and dysmetabolism in mice

Obesity has become one of the most serious public health problems worldwide, and an increasing number of studies indicate that the gut microbiota can affect host metabolism. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate whether long-term use of probiotics can alleviate host obesity and metabolism by altering gut microbiota. The high-fat diet (HFD) starting from weaned period led to higher levels of visceral fat and a significantly heavier liver in male mice. Moreover, HFD resulted in disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism, changes in insulin-resistance indices (IR), and an increase in serum insulin and leptin in mice. Of note, 15 weeks use of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei N1115 decreased visceral fat, liver weight, serum levels of insulin and leptin, and IR and alleviated lipid dysmetabolism. HFD resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of Bilophila, Lachnoclostridium, and Blautia and may decrease the faecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in mice; in turn, treatment with the potential probiotic strain L. paracasei N1115 protected mice from these negative effects. HFD significant impaired the physiology of the host especially in male mice and dramatically changed the composition of host gut microbiota. However, the use of potential probiotic strain, such as L. paracasei N1115, may prevent these impairments due to HFD via effecting the host gut microbiota and SCFA.

ProANP31-67 ameliorates adverse cardiac remodeling and improves systolic and diastolic functions in a preclinical model of cardiorenal syndrome

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (HSØ-RHF, Project No. 25674)

Background

The cardiac hormone proANP31-67, a linear fragment of the N-terminal Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, has known enhancing renal effects. More recently, we described the cardio protective effects of this hormone in a model of chronic hypertension. More specifically, independently of the blood pressure level, proANP31-67 improved diastolic function, attenuated cardiac fibrosis, and reduced hypertrophy.

Purpose

The current study was designed to assess the cardiorenal effects of proANP31-67 in a rodent model of hampered renal function, followed by cardiac injury produced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).

Methods

Right uninephrectomy (UNX) was performed in Wistar rats (n=28). Sixteen weeks after UNX, rats underwent cardiac I/R injury and randomly assigned to proANP31-67 (50 ng/kg/day s.c., n=15) or Vehicle (n=13) for four weeks post I/R. Echocardiographic examinations were performed at baseline (before UNX), 16 weeks after UNX, and four weeks after I/R. At the end of the study, cardiomyocytes were isolated and tissue samples were collected.

Results

Chronic UNX resulted in diastolic impairment (E/A: 1.47±0.08 at baseline vs 0.98±0.14 at 16 wks post UNX, p=0.0010). I/R further accentuated the development of the cardiorenal syndrome, and induced a mild systolic dysfunction in the placebo treated animals. However, four weeks of treatment with proANP31-67 preserved systolic function (EF: 62±3% placebo vs 74±2% proANP31-67, p&lt;0.0001), and reverted the diastolic dysfunction (E/A: 0.72±0.15 placebo vs 1.24±0.11 proANP31-67, p=0.0134). ProANP31-67 ameliorated the adverse cardiac remodeling (i.e., reduction in the cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area and interstitial fibrosis), enhanced Ca2+ handling, and improved cardiomyocyte t-tubules´ structural changes compared to vehicle. At the cellular level, in vitro experiments demonstrated the direct effect of proANP31-67 on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (assessed by [3H]-leucine incorporation) induced by endothelin 1 and angiotensin II.

Conclusion

ProANP31-67 has a direct cardiomyocyte protective effect, leading to an improvement in Ca2+ homeostasis and t-tubules´ structures and, prevents the development of systolic and diastolic dysfunction in a pre-clinical model of cardiorenal syndrome.

AB0012 IDENTIFICATION OF NEW BIOMARKERS FOR SINOMENINE TREATMENT IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS BASED ON BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS

Background

Sinomenine (SIN) were extracted from Caulis Sinomenii and achieved an remarkable therapeutic effect for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). However, the mechanism of SIN acting on RA is not clear yet.

Objectives

To excavate potential targets and mechanisms of SIN for RA through bioinformatics.

Methods

The microarray data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. GEO2R was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the unique value was retained. The potential targets of active compounds from various databases were screened. Based on the overlapping genes, Cytoscape 3.7.2 software was used to construct a protein-protein interactions (PPI) network and to visualize the mechanisms of the treatment by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis by DAVID database. Finally, we used AutoDockTools 1.5.6 for molecular docking.

Results

A total of 5053 DEGs and 1070 intersections were obtained, including 486 up-regulated and 584 down-regulated targets. 298 SIN targets were collected from various databases, 84 potential targets were obtained by intersecting with DEGs. There are 80 nodes and 305 edges were obtained in PPI network. Based on the degree, the top 10 target genes were AKT1, RGFR, MTOR, JAK2, NOS3, IL2, IL6, MMP9, MAPK8, HSP9OAA1. The core targets was most relevant to protein phosphorylation, signal transduction though GO analysis. The results of the KEGG enrichment analysis included PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Following analysis found that AKT1, EGFR, MTOR and JAK2 existed in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Molecular docking was used to confirm that the binding energy of AKT1 was -7.68 kJ mol -1, EGFR was -5.33kJ mol-1, and MTOR was -4.77 kJ mol-1,JAK2 was -3.25 KJ mol-1. AKT1 and EGFR was further identified as the core targets.

Conclusion

Present study show that AKT1 and EGFR may be the key targets of SIN acting on the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the progression of disease and improving RA.

Keywords: Sinomenine; Rheumatoid Arthritis; bioinformatics;

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

Funding

This project was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81703783 and 81503415);

Identification of new biomarkers for Sinomenine treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritis based on bioinformatics analysis

XL Shen1, 2L,YQ L1, 2Y,X Guo1, 2,LF Wang1, 2,JK Zhang1, 2,ZT Feng1, 2*

1. Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China

2. Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China

†These authors contributed equally to this work.

*Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:

Correspondence: Zhitao Feng

E-mail: zhitao.feng@ctgu.edu.cn (Zhitao Feng)

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

AB0082 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF TOTAL SAPONINS OF PANAX JAPONICUS ON RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease with inflammation[1]. Total saponins of Panax japonicus (TSPJs) are effective components extracted from Panax japonicus[2]. They are known to exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressoive properties, but their effect of anti-inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) remains unclear.

Objectives

To investigate the anti-inflammatory targets of TSPJ predicted by bioinformatics and the verification in CIA mice.

Methods

The targets of RA are obtained in the GeneCards database. we used Cytoscape 3.7.2 software to construct a protein-protein interactions (PPI) network and obtain the hub genes. There are four effective components of TSPJ: Araloside A, chikusetsusaponin IVa, ginsenoside Rg2, and ginsenoside Ro. Through molecular docking between the screened hub genes and the four effective components of TSPJ, the possibility of TSPJ treating CIA mice can be predicted. The collagen II (CII) and complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) were used to induce the CIA model. After establishing the model, 32 DBA1/J mice were divided into C group (n=8), M group (n=8), L group(n=8), and H group(n=8). The L and H groups were gavaged with TSPJ at 30 mg/kg or 150 mg/kg, and the C and M groups were gavaged with normal saline. The thickness of the hind paw, number of swollen joints, and arthritis index were evaluated. After 11 days of treatment, all the mice were sacrificed after anesthesia. Sera were collected to centrifuge tubes and the levels of inflammatory factor were determined by the ELISA kit following the instruction.

Results

A gene list that enriches 263 genes was obtained by searching RA from the GeneCards database. The hub genes of the top 3 obtained from Cytoscape 3.7.2 software were tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In addition, interleukin-17A (IL-17A), a classical inflammatory index in the top 10, was selected and included in the predicted target. The results of molecular docking between the predicted target and the components of TSPJ showed that the combined pose has good stability. The numerical value of hind paw thickness, swollen joint counts, and arthritis index in the intervention groups were lower than those in the M group, suggesting TSPJ played a critical role in improving pathological changes. Compared to those of the C group, the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A were increased in the M group. Compared to those of the M group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A in the L and H groups were decreased. Compared to those of the L group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A in the H group were decreased. The results suggested that TSPJ may decrease the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A in CIA mice. These results suggest that TSPJ may inhibit the inflammatory effects of CIA mice.

Conclusion

Current study demonstrated a novel inhibitory effect of TSPJ on inflammation in CIA mice, and TSPJ can act on the targets predicted by bioinformatics of CIA mice, suggesting the potential of TSPJ as a therapeutic agent for RA and providing new ideas for the clinical treatment of RA.

References

[1]Scherer HU, Haupl T, Burmester GR. The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun[J]. 2020;110:102400

[2]Guo X, Ji J, Jose Kumar Sreena GS, et al. Computational Prediction of Antiangiogenesis Synergistic Mechanisms of Total Saponins of Panax japonicus Against Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Pharmacol[J]. 2020;11:566129

Acknowledgements

Jingkai Zhang: Preparation, data presentation, and specifically writing the initial draft. Xiang Guo: Application of statistical, Verification. Qinpeng Bu and Xiaolan Shen: Conducting a research and investigation process, Provision of study materials. Zhitao Feng: Ideas, Design of methodology, and including mentorship external to the core team.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

[Evaluation of the level of carotid bifurcation and the morphology of extracranial internal carotid artery in patients with carotid stenosis by color doppler ultrasound and digital subtraction angiography]

Objective: To evaluate the value of color Doppler ultrasound and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in evaluating the level of carotid bifurcation and the morphology of extracranial internal carotid artery in patients with atherosclerotic carotid stenosis. Methods: The carotid artery examination data of 186 patients with atherosclerotic carotid stenosis who underwent carotid DSA and color Doppler ultrasound in Shanghai Changzheng Hospital from July 2017 to June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, including 154 males and 32 females, with ages ranging from 36 to 84 (66±8) years old. The correlation between the position of carotid bifurcation and the level of cervical spine, the distance from the position of carotid bifurcation to mandibular angle, the correlation of the level of bifurcation with the length of neck, and the incidence of carotid distortion were analyzed. Results: DSA showed that the most common position of carotid bifurcation was at C3 level on the left [37.3% (56/150)], and at C3-C4 level on the right [33.6% (42/125)], and the highest position was at C2 level on the left, and at C2-C3 levels on the right, while the lowest level on both sides was at C5 level. The incidence of high bifurcation of left carotid artery (C3 and above) was 46% (69/150), which was higher than that of right carotid artery [21.6% (27/125), P<0.001]. The incidence of high carotid bifurcation in men and women was 33.2% (76/229) and 43.5% (20/46), respectively, with no significant difference (P = 0.182). Carotid ultrasound showed that the distance between the left carotid bifurcation and the mandibular angle was (3.0±1.3) cm, which was shorter than that on the right [(3.4±1.2) cm] (P<0.001). The distance between carotid bifurcation and mandibular angle in men and women was (3.2±1.2) cm and (3.3±1.0) cm, respectively, with no significant difference (P = 0.093). There was no significant correlation between carotid bifurcation level and carotid length (right: r = 0.02, P = 0.091; left: r = 0.01, P = 0.927). The incidence of carotid artery distortion was 28.1% (9/32) in women and 15.6% (24/154) in men, with no significant difference (P = 0.091). The incidence of right carotid artery distortion in high bifurcation group was 59.3% (16/27), which was higher than that in non-high bifurcation group [3.1% (3/98)] (P<0.001). Likewise, the incidence of left carotid artery distortion in high bifurcation group was 30.4% (21/69), which was higher than that in non-high bifurcation group [2.5% (2/81)] (P<0.001). Conclusions: The bifurcation position of left carotid artery in patients with atherosclerotic carotid stenosis is higher than that of the right. Patients with high bifurcation of carotid artery are more likely to be complicated with carotid distortion. Preoperative color doppler ultrasound combined with DSA can evaluate the distortion of extracranial carotid artery, thereby providing reference for the selection of surgical methods.

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeted Mutagenesis of GmUGT Enhanced Soybean Resistance Against Leaf-Chewing Insects Through Flavonoids Biosynthesis

Leaf-chewing insects are important pests that cause yield loss and reduce seed quality in soybeans (Glycine max). Breeding soybean varieties that are resistant to leaf-chewing insects can minimize the need for insecticide use and reduce yield loss. The marker gene for QTL-M, Glyma.07g110300 (LOC100775351) that encodes a UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) is the major determinant of resistance against leaf-chewing insects in soybean; it exhibits a loss of function in insect-resistant soybean germplasms. In this study, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation introduced the CRISPR/Cas9 expression vector into the soybean cultivar Tianlong No. 1 to generate Glyma.07g110300-gene mutants. We obtained two novel types of mutations, a 33-bp deletion and a single-bp insertion in the GmUGT coding region, which resulted in an enhanced resistance to Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura. Additionally, overexpressing GmUGT produced soybean varieties that were more sensitive to H. armigera and S. litura. Both mutant and overexpressing lines exhibited no obvious phenotypic changes. The difference in metabolites and gene expression suggested that GmUGT is involved in imparting resistance to leaf-chewing insects by altering the flavonoid content and expression patterns of genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis and defense. Furthermore, ectopic expression of the GmUGT gene in the ugt72b1 mutant of Arabidopsis substantially rescued the phenotype of H. armigera resistance in the atugt72b1 mutant. Our study presents a strategy for increasing resistance against leaf-chewing insects in soybean through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of the UGT genes.

[Clinicopathological features and prognosis of high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and bcl-2 and/or bcl-6 rearrangements]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of high-grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL) involving combined rearrangements of MYC, bcl-2 and bcl-6. Methods: A total of 1 138 cases of large B cell lymphoma (LBL) that were treated at the Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from January 2017 to September 2020 were analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes against MYC, bcl-2 and bcl-6. The clinical and pathological data of the 45 patients with HGBL that had rearrangements of MYC and bcl-2 and/or bcl-6 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Results: Among the 1 138 LBL, 45 (4.0%) cases had combined rearrangements of MYC, bcl-2 and/or bcl-6 that included 6 HGBL cases with MYC, bcl-2 and bcl-6 rearrangements, 14 HGBL cases with MYC and bcl-2 rearrangements, and 25 HGBL cases with MYC and bcl-6 rearrangements. Of these 45 patients, 29 patients were male, and 16 patients were female, aged 29 to 83 years. HGBL with MYC, bcl-2 and bcl-6 rearrangements and HGBL with MYC and bcl-2 rearrangement were reclassified as the germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtype using the Hans algorithm. HGBL with MYC and bcl-6 rearrangement were reclassified as the GCB subtype (68.0%) and the non-GCB subtype (32.0%). The vast majority of HGBL cases had a high Ki-67 proliferation index. Most HGBL patients had advanced stage disease with a high IPI score and an increased LDH level. Also, some patients had clinical features including elevated plasma β2-microglobulin levels, B symptoms, and bone marrow involvement. The IPI scores and LDH levels were significantly different between the HGBL cases with MYC, bcl-2 and bcl-6 rearrangements and the HGBL cases with MYC and bcl-6 rearrangements (P<0.05). Compared with the HGBL cases with MYC, bcl-2 and bcl-6 rearrangements, the HGBL cases with MYC and bcl-2 or bcl-6 rearrangements had a lower incidence of bone marrow involvement (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the prognosis among HGBL cases with MYC, bcl-2 and bcl-6 rearrangements, the cases with MYC and bcl-2 rearrangements, and the cases with MYC and bcl-6 rearrangements (P>0.05). Conclusions: HGBL with MYC, bcl-2 and/or bcl-6 rearrangements are rare types of B-cell lymphoma with high degree of malignancy and have a short overall survival. To reduce misdiagnosis and improve diagnostic accuracy, it is necessary to assess the patients' clinical features and conduct histopathological, immunohistochemical and FISH analyses.

PERK signaling activation restores nucleus pulposus degeneration by activating autophagy under hypoxia environment

OBJECTIVES

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is an important disease with no efficient biological therapy identified. Autophagy, a wildly known therapeutic target for human disease, has been demonstrated to be activated under hypoxia, with underlying mechanism remains elusive. Thus, this study aims to specify the role of autophagy in IVD degeneration, the regulating mechanism of hypoxia-inducing autophagy, and the therapeutic value of autophagy for IVD degeneration.

METHODS

RNA-seq was used to screen the primary pathway affected in NP cells under hypoxia, the specific link between hypoxia and autophagy were investigated using ChIP-seq and dual luciferase reporter assay. Conditional ATG7 knockout mice (ATG7^-/-) were constructed for assessing the effect of autophagy on IVD degeneration, and puncture induced mice model of IVD degeneration were used for intradiscal injection to evaluate the therapeutic value of autophagy.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that hypoxia induces autophagy by transcriptional activation of autophagic gene LC3B and ATG7, which is controlled by PERK signaling. Then, we observed that inhibiting autophagy or PERK signaling leads to impaired NP cell viability and function, furthermore, using ATG7 knockout (ATG7^-/-) mice, we identified the protective role of autophagy in IVD. Furthermore, we found that intradiscal injection of PERK signaling agonist, CCT020312, significantly restores the degeneration level of needle punctured mice IVD.

CONCLUSION

We showed that the activation of PERK signaling upon hypoxia serves as a vital mechanism to induce autophagy and identified the therapeutic value of PERK signaling agonist for IVD degeneration treatment.

Assessing the impact of organ-specific lesion dynamics on survival in patients with recurrent urothelial carcinoma treated with atezolizumab or chemotherapy

Background

Tumor dynamics typically rely on the sum of the longest diameters (SLD) of target lesions, and ignore heterogeneity in individual lesion dynamics located in different organs.

Patients and methods

Here we evaluated the benefit of analyzing lesion dynamics in different organs to predict survival in 900 patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma treated with atezolizumab or chemotherapy (IMvigor211 trial).

Results

Lesion dynamics varied largely across organs, with lymph nodes and lung lesions showing on average a better response to both treatments than those located in the liver and locoregionally. A benefit of atezolizumab was observed on lung and liver lesion dynamics that was attributed to a longer duration of treatment effect as compared to chemotherapy (P value = 0.043 and 0.001, respectively). The impact of lesion dynamics on survival, assessed by a joint model, varied greatly across organs, irrespective of treatment. Liver and locoregional lesion dynamics had a large impact on survival, with an increase of 10 mm of the lesion size increasing the instantaneous risk of death by 12% and 10%, respectively. In comparison, lymph nodes and lung lesions had a lower impact, with a 10-mm increase in the lesion size increasing the instantaneous risk of death by 7% and 5%, respectively. Using our model, we could anticipate the benefit of atezolizumab over chemotherapy as early as 6 months before the end of the study, which is 3 months earlier than a similar model only relying on SLD.

Conclusion

We showed the interest of organ-level tumor follow-up to better understand and anticipate the treatment effect on survival.

•

Nine hundred metastatic urothelial carcinoma patients from the IMvigor211 phase III trial were treated with atezolizumab versus chemotherapy.

•

A total of 4489 organ-specific measurements were made: 1544 measurements in the lymph, 999 in the lung, 691 in the liver, and 559 locoregionally.

•

Longer treatment effect was observed in the lung (P value = 0.043) and liver (P = 0.001) lesions under atezolizumab compared to chemotherapy.

•

Those with a 10-mm growth of liver lesion had their instantaneous risk of death increased by 12%, compared to 5% in the lung.

•

Treatment effect on overall survival could be predicted based on early organ-specific tumor data 6 months after last patient inclusion.

Multifunctionality of cerium decoration in enhancing the cycling stability and rate capability of a nickel-rich layered oxide cathode

The structural collapse and surface chemical degradation of nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes (NCM) of lithium-ion batteries during operation, which result in severe capacity attenuation, are the major challenges that hinder their commercial development. To improve the cycle and rate performances of LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ (NCM811), in this study, we have constructed a double-shell structure protective layer with a surface CeO_2-x coating and interfacial spinel-like phase, which mitigate particle microcrack formation and isolate the NCM811 particles from electrolyte erosion. Additionally, during heat-treatment calcination, tetravalent cerium ions with strong oxidation ability can be partially doped into the material, which causes partial oxidation of Ni²⁺ to Ni³⁺, thereby reducing the Li⁺/Ni²⁺ mixing. The strong Ce-O bonds formed in the lattice help to improve the stability of the structure in the highly de-lithiated state. Thus, the synergy of multifunctional cerium modification effectively improves the structural stability and electrochemical kinetics of the material during cycling. Impressively, the obtained Ce-NCM811 exhibits capacity retention of 80.3% at a high discharge rate of 8 C after 500 cycles, which is much higher than that of the pristine cathode (only 44.3%). This work successfully designed a material with multi-functional Ce modification to provide a basis for Ni-rich cathode materials, which is crucial as it effectively improves the electrochemical performance.

ac4C acetylation of RUNX2 catalyzed by NAT10 spurs osteogenesis of BMSCs and prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss

N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) is the key enzyme for N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification of mRNA, which participates in various cellular processes and is related to many diseases. Here, we explore the relationships among osteoblast differentiation, NAT10, and ac4C, and we found that NAT0 expression and the ac4C level of total RNA were decreased in the bone tissues of bilateral ovariectomized (OVX) mice and osteoporosis patients. Adenoviruses overexpressing NAT10 reversed bone loss, and Remodelin, an NAT10 inhibitor, enhanced the loss of bone mass in OVX mice. Moreover, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) with low-level ac4C modification formed fewer calcium nodules in vitro with NAT10 silencing, whereas BMSCs with high-level ac4C modification formed more calcium nodules with NAT10 overexpression. Moreover, we demonstrated that the ac4C level of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) mRNA was increased after BMSCs were cultured in osteogenic medium (OM) and decreased after NAT10 silencing. The RUNX2 mRNA half-life and protein expression decreased after silencing NAT10 in BMSCs. Therefore, NAT10-based ac4C modification promotes the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by regulating the RUNX2 ac4C level. Because abnormal levels of NAT10 are probably one of the mechanisms responsible for osteoporosis, NAT10 is a new potential therapeutic target for this disease.

Enhanced ultra-wide NIR fluorescence in tellurite glass doped with Er3+-Tm3+-Nd3+-Ag NPs

Tellurite glasses with combination of Er³⁺/Tm³⁺/Nd³⁺ ions and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were prepared by using single-step melt-quenching technology, and the enhanced effect of Ag NPs on the ultra-broadband near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence was studied. Under the 808 nm LD excitation, two ultra-broadband NIR fluorescence of 1300-1600 nm and 1600-2100 nm underwent an obvious enhancement of about 52% compared to the tri-doping tellurite glass free of Ag NPs. The intensified local electric field induced by Ag NPs together with the energy transfer from Ag species to doped ions is responsible for this enhancement. The enhanced ultra-broadband NIR fluorescence of 1300-1600 nm with the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 230 nm, originating from the spectral overlapping of 1.34 µm (⁴F_3/2→⁴I_13/2 of Nd³⁺), 1.47 µm (³H₄→³F₄ of Tm³⁺) and 1.53 µm (⁴I_13/2→⁴I_15/2 of Er³⁺) three bands, is promising in developing new ultra-broadband photonic devices such as fiber amplifiers and tunable lasers.

Prevalence and diagnostic yield of investigating t wave inversion in a large unselected pre-participation cohort of young Asian males

Background/Introduction

T wave inversion (TWI) is a potentially abnormal finding on pre-participation screening electrocardiography (ECG), as it may suggest an underlying cardiomyopathy that should be risk stratified appropriately to minimise the risk of sports-related sudden cardiac death. Existing international guidelines prescribe criteria for investigating TWI in athletes. However, it is not established if these criteria can be extrapolated to screening unselected individuals. There is also evidence recommending against investigating specific patterns of anterior TWI in certain subsets of athletes due to low diagnostic yield; whether these exemptions may apply to non-athletes is uncertain. Given the importance of physical activity for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in the general population, more evidence to guide pre-participation ECG screening of unselected individuals is needed.

Purpose

Firstly, to determine the epidemiology of abnormal TWI in a large unselected pre-participation cohort of young males of predominantly Asian ethnicity. Secondly, to determine the diagnostic yield of an echocardiography-guided approach to investigating individuals with abnormal TWI for a cardiomyopathy.

Methods

All individuals who attended a national centre for pre-enlistment cardiac screening over 39 months from 2017 were examined. Demographic data, anthropometric data and standardised physical fitness test scores were collected. Resting 12-lead ECG was performed for all individuals. Those with abnormal TWI, defined as a negatively deflected T wave of at least 0.1 mV amplitude in two contiguous leads, were referred to tertiary centres for echocardiography.

Results

69,714 consecutive males of mean age 17.9±1.1 years were screened. 562 individuals (0.8%) displayed abnormal TWI. Better aerobic fitness, but not muscular strength, was associated with a higher prevalence of abnormal TWI in general and specifically in the anterior territory, although not beyond leads V1-V2. Aerobic fitness had no association with abnormal TWI in the inferior territory or lateral territory. Of those with abnormal TWI, 12 individuals (2.1%) were newly diagnosed with a cardiomyopathy. Significant factors associated with a cardiomyopathy diagnosis were abnormal TWI in the lateral territory, abnormal TWI in the anterior territory beyond lead V2, deeper maximum TWI depth, presence of hypertension and higher body mass index. No individual presenting with TWI restricted to solely leads V1-V2 and/or two inferior leads without abnormal TWI in other contiguous leads was diagnosed with a cardiomyopathy.

Conclusion

Investigating abnormal TWI in an unselected pre-participation cohort of young Asian males had a significant yield, particularly in individuals manifesting abnormal TWI in the lateral territory and the anterior territory beyond lead V2. The ECG finding of anterior TWI in an unselected population may not be as benign as that in athletic populations.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None. Abnormal TWI: Prevalence and Yield

Conformer-specific photochemistry imaged in real space and time

[Figure: see text].

Methionine supplementation during a hydrogen peroxide challenge alters components of insulin signaling and antioxidant proteins in subcutaneous adipose explants from dairy cows

Enhanced postruminal supply of methionine (Met) during the peripartal period alters protein abundance of insulin, AA, and antioxidant signaling pathways in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Whether SAT is directly responsive to supply of Met and can induce molecular alterations is unknown. Our objective was to examine whether enhanced Met supply during an oxidative stress challenge in vitro alters insulin, AA, inflammation, and antioxidant signaling-related protein networks. Four late-lactation Holstein cows (average 27.0 kg of milk per day) were used for SAT collection. Tissue was incubated in duplicate for 4 h in a humidified incubator with 5% CO₂ at 37°C according to the following experimental design: control medium with an "ideal" profile of essential AA (CTR; Lys:Met 2.9:1), CTR plus 100 μM H₂O₂ (HP), or CTR with greater Met supply plus 100 μM H₂O₂ (HPMET; Lys:Met 2.5:1). Molecular targets associated with insulin signaling, lipolysis, antioxidant nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (NFE2L2), inflammation, and AA metabolism were determined through reverse-transcription quantitative PCR and western blotting. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.). Among proteins associated with insulin signaling, compared with CTR, HP led to lower abundance of phosphorylated AKT serine/threonine kinase (p-AKT) and solute carrier family 2 member 4 (SLC2A4; insulin-induced glucose transporter). Although incubation with HPMET restored abundance of SLC2A4 to levels in the CTR and upregulated abundance of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and phosphorylated 5'-prime-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), it did not alter p-AKT, which remained similar to HP. Among proteins associated with AA signaling, compared with CTR, challenge with HP led to lower abundance of phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (p-MTOR), and HPMET did not restore abundance to CTR levels. Among inflammation-related targets studied, incubation with HPMET led to greater protein abundance of nuclear factor kappa B subunit p65 (NFKB-RELA). The response in NFKB observed with HPMET was associated with a marked upregulation of the antioxidant transcription regulator NFE2L2 and the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1). No effects of treatment were detected for mRNA abundance of proinflammatory cytokines or antioxidant enzymes, underscoring the importance of post-transcriptional regulation. Overall, data indicated that short-term challenge with H₂O₂ was particularly effective in reducing insulin and AA signaling. Although a greater supply of Met had little effect on those pathways, it seemed to restore the protein abundance of the insulin-induced glucose transporter. Overall, the concomitant upregulation of key inflammation and antioxidant signaling proteins when a greater level of Met was supplemented to oxidant-challenged SAT highlighted the potential role of this AA in regulating the inflammatory response and oxidant status. Further studies should be conducted to assess the role of postruminal supply of Met and other AA in the regulation of immune, antioxidant, and metabolic systems in peripartal cow adipose tissue.

Imaging the short-lived hydroxyl-hydronium pair in ionized liquid water

[Figure: see text].