Designing of Multi-Epitope Peptide Vaccine Based on Outer Membrane Proteins OmpF, OmpC, and PgtE of Salmonella entericaTyphi

Consumption of contaminated water and foods by Salmonella Typhi cause the most common enteric disease known as Typhoid fever in both humans and animals. Despite the existence of various vaccines but infectious diseases remain a major cause of mortality worldwide. Nowadays, in-silico tools design a reliable and stable vaccine to combat such infections. The study aimed to design and evaluate a multi-epitope vaccine based on the outer-membrane proteins of Salmonella Typhi. B-cells and T-cells epitopes were predicted. Predicted epitopes were connected by AAY, KK, and GPGPG linkers. Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin Adhesin (HBHA) has been attached to the N-terminal of the final vaccine as a potent immune adjuvant. Epitope's antigenicity, allergenicity, immunogenicity, and physicochemical characteristics were defined using in-silico tools. Molecular docking of vaccine-TLR4 was done. ∆G of vaccine-TLR4 is -3.91×104 Kcal mol-1 with 1.93 RMSD. The results indicated protein was stable and non-allergen. In conclusion, the multi-epitope vaccine base on outer membrane proteins of the Salmonella Typhi bacterium might be considered to combat typhoid fever.

Bac to Bac System Efficiency for Preparing HPV Type 16 Virus-Like Particle Vaccine

Today, the human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 protein is the main target in the construction of prophylactic HPV vaccines. The production of virus-like particles (VLPs) that closely resemble the natural structure of the HPV16 virus and induce high levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies in animals and humans is facilitated by the expression of HPV16-L1 protein in eukaryotic cells. The Bac-to-Bac system has been previously used to produce high levels of recombinant proteins. In this study, we utilized this expression system to generate HPV16-L1 VLPs in Spodoptra frugipedra (Sf9) insect cells. The wild-type L1 gene of papillomavirus type 16 was selected from Gene Bank and placed in bacmid structure after codon optimization using pFast Bac vector. The recombinant baculovirus containing HPV-16/L1 gene was then provided using the Bac-to-Bac system. It should be mentioned that the vector was transfected into the Sf9 cell. The cells were then lysed and the expression of L1 protein was revealed by SDS-PAGE and confirmed by Western Blot. The L1 purification was performed through Ni-NTA chromatography. The VLP formation of papillomavirus L1 protein was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. The expressed recombinant L1 was ~60 KD on SDS-PAGE which was identified in western blot by a specific anti-L1 monoclonal antibody. The electron microscopy confirmed the assembly of VLPs. Results of this study showed that the production of this protein at the industrial level can be optimized using a baculovirus/Sf9 system. The characteristics and advantages of this system are promising and it is a suitable candidate for protein synthesis.

Comparison of Three Different Methods of Transfection for the Production of Recombinant Adenovirus Expressing Human Carcinoembryonic Antigen Gene

Adenoviral vectors (AdVs) are widely used as a gene delivery vehicle and vaccine design due to their genetic stability, transfer capacity of large genes, production at high titers, and remarkable efficacy of transduction. One of the most important applications of AdVs is in cancer immunotherapy. Tumor-associated antigens are overexpressed in cancer cells; however, they cannot induce immune responses sufficiently. Therefore, the immune system must be stimulated against these antigens to kill the cancer cells. This study described the construction steps of a recombinant AdV expressing human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene. Furthermore, in order to achieve a high titer of the virus, an efficient transfection was required. Three various transfection reagents were compared to achieve the best method of transfection. Carcinoembryonic antigen was cloned into the pAdV and transfected into the A293 cells using three different reagents, including polyethylenimine (PEI), calcium phosphate, and DMRIE-C. The PEI had the highest transfection efficiency, which was selected for the transfection of the recombinant plasmid. It has low toxicity for cells and is suitable for large-scale transfection. The virus produced in this study can be applied as a vaccine in cancer immunotherapy for stimulating the immune system against CEA-expressing tumors.

Monitoring of Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine Strain Replication in Embryonated Chicken Eggs by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction

The knowledge of virus and replication kinetics plays a key role in developing a vaccine. This study aimed to monitor the replication process and determine the best harvesting time of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) V4 vaccine strain in the allantoic fluids of specific pathogen-free (SPF)-embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), hemagglutination (HA), and egg infective dose 50% (EID₅₀) tests. For this purpose, the V4 vaccine strain of the virus was intra-allantoically inoculated into 96 10-day-old SPF-ECEs at the rate of 0.1 mL/ECE. The allantoic fluids of the inoculated eggs were collected from six eggs at six-hour intervals up to 96 hours post-infection (hpi). The harvested suspensions were confirmed to contain the NDV by the mentioned serologic and molecular techniques. Based on the results, the virus was first detected at 36 hpi in ECEs by RT-PCR. The peak of HA and EID₅₀ titers in allantoic fluids started at 42 hpi, and the titers were at the highest level until the end of the experiment. The results indicated that the best virus harvesting time for the NDV V4 vaccine strain in ECEs is between 42-60 hpi. These findings pave the way for adequate and enhanced production rate, immunogenicity, and cost-related parameters in the V4 Newcastle vaccine development.

Immune Response and Histological Changes in Broilers Chickens Vaccinated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccines

Mycoplasma is unique among prokaryotes because of its small size, small genomes, and complete lack of cell walls, which makes them cell wall-less prokaryotes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vaccinating one-day-old chicks with inactivated and live vaccines (CRDF) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) on their humoral immune response and immune organs. The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay was used to measure Ab titers and investigate histopathological changes. A total of 130 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups of 30. The groups were treated as follows: G1 included the chicks vaccinated with live F-strain MG vaccine (on eye drop of 0.03ml/dose), G2 included the chicks vaccinated with inactivated MG (0.3 ml s.c) vaccine, G3 included the chicks vaccinated with inactivated and live MG vaccines, and G4 was considered the control group, in which the chicks were not vaccinated. Blood samples were collected on days 21 and 35 of the chick's life to measure the titers of specific antibodies. On day 35, the chicks were dissected, and the bursa of Fabricius, as well as the spleen, were removed for histological evaluations. On day 21, the results showed a significant difference (P≤0.05) between all vaccinated groups in Ab titers, compared to G4, with the highest mean in G3, followed by G2 and G1, in descending order. On day 35, there was a significant difference (P≤0.05) between G3 and other vaccinated groups (G2 and G1), as well as G4. In addition, there was a significant increase in all vaccinated groups on day 35, compared to day 21. In G1, histopathological examination results showed a moderate lymphocytic hyperplasia bursal follicle. In G2, varying degrees of lymphoproliferative were observed in the major bursal follicle, and in G3, a marked lymphocytic hyperplasia bursal follicle was observed. In G4, on the other hand, no obvious histopathological findings were recorded. The results of the spleen histopathological evaluation showed various degrees of lymphoproliferative and moderate neutrophilic infiltrate in the red pulp in G1, and mild sinus congestion with scattered lymphocytes was recorded in the lumen in G2. In the spleen of the chicks in G3, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia was observed. In contrast to the groups mentioned above, in G4, the spleen structure showed a typical structure. It was concluded that the chicks vaccinated with inactivated and live MG vaccines experienced increased production of Ab titers and the immune stimulation of immune organs.

A History of Smallpox Vaccination in Modern China: Vaccine Techniques, Instruments, and Localization

This paper examines how smallpox vaccination has been implemented in China from a technological perspective. It is an attempt not only to investigate the impact of technology and instruments on medical advances, but also to deepen the understanding of modern Chinese society through smallpox vaccination. Smallpox vaccination helps people develop immunity to smallpox by inoculating into them pus from cowpox which is an infectious disease that affects cows. In 1805, Alexander Pearson succeeded in smallpox vaccination using the arm-to-arm transfer method for the first time in China thanks to the arrival of the vaccine in Macao. As Pearson and Quixi, who followed in the footsteps of Pearson, used the arm-to-arm method, they did not have much interest in vaccine containers. However, the vaccine administration technique changed: the vaccine obtained from people was inoculated into cows, and then again, into people. It thus resulted in the manufacturing of various vaccine containers including glass vials and tubes. The development of tools contributed to the expansion of cowpox vaccination. In addition, cowpox vaccines were imported directly from foreign countries. Advertisements which remain to date indicate that vaccines were widely imported. Pharmacies promoted vaccines, contending that the sale and import of vaccines was for the Chinese people. On the other hand, there were voices against imported vaccines, saying that they were expensive and foreign-made. Under the banner of patriotism and nationalism, people demanded that vaccines be made in China, which led to the production of vaccines in large cities such as Shanghai and Beijing. Along with the aforementioned efforts to obtain vaccines, techniques for smallpox vaccination can also be understood in the Chinese context. For example, traditional Chinese medicine maintains that acupuncture can be used as a vaccination lancet. Since traditional Chinese medicine already embraced the use of cowpox for protection against smallpox, they advocated using acupuncture instead of western instruments in order to expand the influence of traditional Chinese medicine. The belief that inoculation should be done into acupuncture points in the upper arms shows the significant influence of traditional Chinese medicine. On the other hand, Chinese people being reluctant to leave vaccine marks show the general view of what was considered as beautiful at the time, rather than the Chinese traditional perspective. Consequently, smallpox vaccine techniques in China, while following the technological advancement in general, could not help but be adapted to the Chinese context under the influence of modern Chinese society. Thus, smallpox vaccine techniques provide clues for understanding modern Chinese society. As such, historians who conduct research mainly with literature should also take interest in medical technology and instruments as well.

Comparison of IgA Antibody Titer Induced by Human-Bovine Rotavirus Candidate Vaccine with Bovine Rotavirus and Rotarix

Rotavirus (RV) is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in early childhood worldwide. Gastroenteritis is a preventable disease by the vaccine, and vigorous efforts were made to produce attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines. In recent years, despite the existence of three types of live attenuated rotavirus vaccines, several countries, such as China and Vietnam, have intended to produce indigenous vaccines based on rotavirus serotypes circulating among their population. In this study, the immunogenicity of homemade human-bovine reassortant RV candidate vaccine was tested in an animal model. Rabbits were randomly distributed into eight experimental groups with three animals per group. Afterward, three rabbits in each test group designated as P1, P2, and P3 were experimentally inoculated with the 106, 107, and 108 tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) of the reassortant virus, respectively. The N1 group received the reassortant rotavirus vaccine containing 107 TCID50+zinc. The N2, N3, and N4 groups received rotavirus vaccine strain, RV4 human rotavirus, and bovine rotavirus strain, respectively, and the control group received phosphate-buffered saline. It is noteworthy that three rabbits have been included in each group. The IgA total antibody titer was measured and evaluated by non-parametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The antibody titer produced in the studied groups did not significantly differ. The candidate vaccine showed immunogenicity, protectivity, stability, and safety. The findings of this study indicated a critical role of IgA production, which can induce immunity against a gastroenteritis viral pathogen. Regardless of purification, candidate reassortant vaccine and cell adapted animal strains could be used as a vaccine candidate for production.

A Review of the Establishment of the Seed Lot System in the Production of Biological Products and Its Importance

Today, due to the importance of diseases controlled by vaccination, the production of biological products is of great importance in ensuring public health, so producing high-quality biological products plays an important role in maintaining public health. One of the most important principles of manufacturing high-quality and efficient biological products is using suitable seeds based on standard principles. To produce a suitable seed for continuous use for mass production of biological products, the seed must be defined according to certain principles and foundations. These principles are formed in the form of a seed lot system. In this review article, all the requirements for the establishment of a seed to produce a biological product include general seed information, including basic and seed information and microorganisms, seed-specific information including seed passage levels, propagation method, seed storage conditions, coding and labeling, identification information and design of suitable laboratories for passage, seed propagation, and storage, determination of seed characteristics including all necessary tests to determine seed identity, purity, potency, efficacy, stability, safety and also all the necessary information for documenting and storing seeds has been studied. Also, this study discusses the method of preparing all the necessary information for establishing a seed lot system, especially determining the characteristics of seeds. Based on the study's results, a complete and comprehensive seed lot system has been formed that can be used to prepare, propagate, passage, and store seeds used in the production of biological products.

Production of a Novel Multi-Epitope Peptide Vaccine against Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the prevalent cancers in the world with a high recurrence rate. In recent years, different researches have focused on designing efficient multi-epitope peptide vaccines against HCC. In designing these vaccines, over-expressed antigens in HCC patients, such as α- fetoprotein (AFP) and glypican-3 (GPC-3), have been employed. In our previous study, a multi-epitope peptide vaccine for HCC was designed by in-silico methods. The designed vaccine construct included the AFP, GPC-3, and aspartyl-β-hydroxylase (ASPH) as CytoLoxic T cell Lymphocytes (CTL), one epitope from Tetanus Toxin Fragment C (TTFrC) as Helper T cell Lymphocytes (HTL), and a segment of microbial heat shock protein (HSP70) peptide_407-426 as an adjuvant. All the mentioned parts were connected by appropriate linkers. The aim of this study is the production of the designed vaccine.

METHODS

This research is experimental and was carried out in Fasa, Iran, in 2017. The designed vaccine construct gene was transformed to the Escherchia coli BL21 (DE3) strain and expressed in different isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) concentrations (0.6 and 1 mM), times (4, 6, 8, 16 hours), and temperatures (25 and 37 °C). Then, the expressed protein was analyzed by Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the Western blot methods.

RESULTS

The best conditions for protein expression were obtained in the Super Optimal Broth (SOB) medium at 37 °C after the induction of expression by 1 mM IPTG for six hour.

CONCLUSION

The recombinant HCC vaccine was produced with a proper concentration.

Detection of clinical and subclinical Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle in Al-Najaf Province

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly transmissible disease caused by Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae. This study aimed to investigate the serological approach (non-structural protein [NSP] analysis) of 3ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to diagnose FMD cattle in vaccinated and unvaccinated animals. A total of 84 serum specimens, including non-vaccinated, single-vaccinated, and multi-vaccinated samples, were collected from four districts in Baghdad Province, Iraq, to evaluate the antibodies to NSP of the FMD virus. The ELISA was used to detect antibodies (NSP) of FMDV in the serum of cattle. The result showed that the seroprevalence was estimated at 34% (29/84) in farm animals. The seroprevalence rates of FMD in relation to the age of infected animals were obtained at 21%, 7%, and 6% in 9-23-, 24-36-, and ≥ 36-month-old groups, respectively. The consequences of the examination of the sera from naive, immunized, and non-immunized infected farm animals applying 3ABC-ELISA were presented; accordingly, the incidence rates of FMD infection in non-vaccinated and vaccinated animals were 18 (75%) and 11 (18%) respectively. Negative results were recorded in the immunized group 49 (82%) higher than in the non-immunized group 6 (25%). Evaluation of NSP antibodies to isolate vaccinated animals from infected ones showed that the application of these assays was significantly useful for FMD prevention and control management programs in infected areas.

Evaluation of Cholera Toxin Adjuvanticity Effect on the Production of Specific Antibodies Induced by Avian Infectious Bronchitis Vaccine in Chickens

Cholera toxin (CT) is one of the most well-known immunostimulants. Mammalian studies have shown that CT can generate immune responses against antigen. However, it has not exhibited a definite effect on poultry yet. In this study, focusing on a cost-effective method, the effect of different concentrations of CT obtained from Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor and serotype Inaba was investigated on the immunogenicity of infectious bronchitis vaccine. After culturing and concentrating CT, different concentrations of CT (0.1, 1, 2, and 5 micrograms) were combined with avian infectious bronchitis vaccine strain H120 produced by Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI) and, at 7 days of age, inoculated via the eye drop administration in 42 specific-pathogen-free chickens (seven groups of six chicks that included four experimental groups, two negative control groups (PBS and toxin), and one positive control group). Blood samples were taken weekly from the wing veins of the chickens, and the immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer was checked by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that 2 µg of CT in comparison with other concentrations caused a significant increase in the antibody titer against avian infectious bronchitis in the blood serums of the chickens. One-way ANOVA test showed that all the results of this study were significant at P<0.05 level. Our data show that CT has the potential to further stimulate the immune system of chickens and may increase the immunogenicity of the infectious bronchitis vaccine. However, more research is needed to examine all aspects of the use of this toxin in animal vaccines.

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus: A Devastating Disease Coming Back with Vengeance or Finding Its Nemesis?

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus is a frequent, painful, and debilitating condition caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus alongside the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. Twenty-five percent of adults will develop the disease during their lifetime with the risk increasing to one in two over the age of 50. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus presents with a plethora of ocular manifestations ranging from the characteristic rash in the distribution of the ophthalmic branch of the fifth cranial nerve to more severe keratouveitis, disciform keratitis, and even retinal necrosis. Up to 20% of affected patients develop post-herpetic neuralgia which can persist for years after the acute episode, resulting in potentially devastating consequences for the patient's social, financial, and professional circumstances, as well as their quality of life and daily activities. Shingles prevention studies indicated that the herpes zoster vaccine markedly reduces the burden of the disease, as well as the incidence of both infection and post-herpetic neuralgia. Here we review the vaccinations available for herpes zoster, the reasons behind their limited adoption so far, as well as the future perspectives and challenges associated with this debilitating disease in the era of herpes zoster vaccination and coronavirus disease pandemic.

Prevention of Bovine Mastitis through Vaccination

Cow mastitis is one of the main factors of economic damage in modern animal husbandry. It is registered to affect almost everywhere, taking into account the subclinical form from 30% to 50% of the livestock per year. Economic losses of farms from the diseases of cows with mastitis are due to a decrease in milk productivity, precocious cow disposal, a decrease in the grade and sale price of market milk, and treatment costs. This study aimed to use a safer method in the prevention and control of mastitis in cows, and vaccinations could be a solution to this problem. Vaccination promotes acquired immunity to a specific pathogen and also has few side effects. A bacteriological study of clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis was conducted to study the etiology of mastitis in cows in various farms of Kazakhstan. A total of 1,068 milk samples from 767 cows were examined. The studies were carried out according to "Guidelines for bacteriological studies of milk and udder secretions of cows". The primary selection of cultures was carried out based on growth characteristics on media and microscopy of preparations from individual colonies. Morphological, cultural, and biochemical properties of the isolated cultures were studied according to generally accepted schemes. Identification of the selected cultures was carried out using Bergey's determinant. The strain numbers of Staphylococci, Streptococci, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Diplococci, and Protea were 590 (55.2%), 240 (22.4%), 151 (14.1%), 50 (4.7%), 24 (2.3%), and 13 (1.3%), respectively. The greatest strain numbers of Staphylococci (n=351) and Streptococci (n=129) were isolated from cow's milk with subclinical mastitis. The effectiveness of the polyvalent vaccine used was determined by the manifestation of clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis. Out of 600 immunized cows, 9 (1.5%) and 13 (2.3%) animals developed subclinical and clinical mastitis, respectively. Furthermore, out of 150 cows taken into control, 12 (8%) and 10 (6.6%) animals developed subclinical and clinical mastitis, respectively. Furthermore, out of 12 cows with clinical mastitis, 5 cows previously had a subclinical form. Vaccination takes a significant place in the control of infectious diseases. The success of vaccine prevention depends on the quality of vaccines and timely vaccination coverage of threatened populations. Modern immunology and vaccine prevention have summed up the theoretical basis and outlined ways to improve vaccines in the direction of creating new harmless effective vaccines.

In silico Design of a Vaccine Candidate for SAR S-CoV-2 Based on Multiple T-cell and B-cell Epitopes

Coronaviruses (2019-nCoV) are large single-stranded RNA viruses that usually cause respiratory infections with a crude lethality ratio of 3.8% and high levels of transmissibility. There is yet no applicable clinical evaluation to assess the efficacy of various therapeutic agents that have been suggested as investigational drugs against the viruses despite their respective supposed hypothetical claims due to their antiviral potentials. Moreover, the development of a safe and effective vaccine has been suggested as an intervention to control the 2019-nCoV pandemic. However, a major concern in the development of a 2019-nCoV vaccine is the possibility of stimulating a corresponding immune response without enhancing the induction of the disease and associated side effects. The present investigation was carried out by predicting the antigenicity of the primary sequences of 2019-nCoV structural proteins and identification of B-cell and T-cell epitopes through the Bepipred and PEPVAC servers, respectively. The peptides of the vaccine construct include the selected epitopes based on the VaxiJen score with a threshold of 1.0 and β-defensinas an adjuvant. The putative binding of the vaccine constructs to intracellular toll-like receptors (TLRs) was assessed through molecular docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. The selected epitopes for the final vaccine construct are DPNFKD, SPLSLN, and LELQDHNE as B-cell epitopes and EPKLGSLVV, NFKDQVILL, and SSRSSSRSR as T-cell epitopes. The molecular docking analysis showed the vaccine construct could have favorable interactions with TLRs as indicated by the negative values of the computed binding energies. The constructed immunogen based on the immune informatics study could be employed in the strategy to develop potential vaccine candidates against 2019-nCoV.

Correlation Study of the Most Important Environmental Influencing Factors on the Razi MMR Vaccine

Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) are among the most important viral infectious diseases in Iran and neighboring countries. After using a trivalent vaccine for these three diseases for a long time, in recent years, these diseases have been significantly controlled in Iran. One of the important points of storing the vaccine is that the vaccine strains are highly temperature-sensitive viruses. Due to tropical climatic conditions in Iran, the cold chain may not be achievable during the storage and transmission of the MMR vaccine. Therefore, the efficacy of the vaccine may be affected. This study aimed to evaluate the MMR vaccine potency at different temperatures (stress tests) and frequent light exposures. All quality control tests in the form of stability studies were performed on the samples from three consecutive batches produced during a full-scale Razi production. The samples were stored at 2-8, 22-25, 35-37, and 42-45°C in specific time intervals, exposed to frequent light, and underwent freezing/thawing conditions. According to the results, the storage of the vaccine at high temperatures caused a decrease in potency and increased moisture content in the vaccine vials. The best temperature for maintenance and transportation of MMR is 2-8°C. The time and frequency of light exposure may affect the vaccine potency. Based on the sensitivity of the vaccine strains to environmental conditions, the development of plans for storage and transportation of vaccines in different situations and training the vaccine injection staff seem necessary.

Effects of Selected Adjuvants on Immunogenicity and Protectivity of Pasteurella multocida Bacterin Vaccine in Chickens

Avian pasteurellosis (fowl cholera) is an important disease affecting domestic and wild birds all over the world. Although the capsular type A of Pasteurella multocida is mostly involved, other capsular types are occasionally incriminated. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of some adjuvants on immunogenicity and protectivity of P. multocida bacterin in chickens, compared to an Iranian commercial vaccine. Eight-week-old chicken pullets were double vaccinated with an interval of three weeks. Vaccine immunogenicity testing was conducted using an in-house indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and assessing serum antibody titers at 7, 14, and 21 days post-primary and 14 days post-secondary immunization. The possible adverse effects were recorded by a poultry-disease expert. For evaluating the vaccine protection rate, chickens were subjected to 2×Lethal Dose 50%of a virulent P. multocida strain two weeks post-secondary immunization. The rate of live and normal animals was regarded as protection rate 7days after the exposure. The findings showed that oil adjuvants Montanide ISA 70-and Montanide ISA 71-containingvaccines (with or without saponin) caused a powerful immune reaction than the aluminum adjuvanted vaccine and commercial vaccine (P<0.05). Significant protection against challenge was merely induced by the oil adjuvanted vaccines (P<0.05). The majority of the studied chickens showed inflammation at the injection site (yellow) throughout the trial. Vaccines made by Montanide ISA 70 and Montanide ISA 71 are novel and effective inactivated vaccines that are able to cause significant protection to fowl cholera disease.