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Tsopgni WDT, Ehawa Essoung FR, Makam Kuetche P, Azebaze AGB, Ajeck MJ, Meli AL, Sewald N, Wansi JD, Kamdem Waffo AF, Tcho AT. Bioactive constituents from Flacourtia vogelii Hook.f. ( Flacourtiaceae). Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:4188-4198. [PMID: 36775582 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2177287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The chemical investigation of the methanolic root extract of Flacourtia vogelii led to the isolation of a new arylbenzoate derivative, vogelinal (1), together with thirteen known compounds (2-14). The structures of the isolates were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses (1D and 2D NMR, ESI-MS) and by comparison with previously reported data. All the compounds were tested for their antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial activities. Compound 7 exhibited the highest antioxidant potential, with RSa50of 11.80 ± 2.13 µg/mL, RSa50of 42.60 ± 6.32 µg/mL and RC50 of 51.60 ± 7.71 µg/mL for the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay, respectively. Compound 13 displayed weak antifungal effect with MIC value of 125 μg/mL against Candida parapsilosis. Compound 8 showed weak antibacterial effect with MIC value of 125 μg/mL, against Shigella dysenteria. The present study, conclude that this species could be a promising source of antioxidant and antibacterial constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phalonne Makam Kuetche
- Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Anatole Guy Blaise Azebaze
- Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Mbah James Ajeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, Faculty of Sciences, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Alain Lannang Meli
- School of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Industries, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jean Duplex Wansi
- Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Alain Tadjong Tcho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, Faculty of Sciences, Buea, Cameroon
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Ngnokam Jouogo DC, Eckhardt P, Tamokou JDD, Matsuete Takongmo G, Voutquenne-Nazabadioko L, Opatz T, Tapondjou LA, Ngnokam D, Teponno RB. A new phenolic glycoside from the leaves of Flacourtia flavescens Willd. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37405859 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2232078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical study of the methanol extract from the leaves of Flacourtia flavescens led to the isolation of a new phenolic glucoside (1) along with fifteen known secondary metabolites namely shanzhiside methyl ester (2), aurantiamide acetate (3), caffeic acid methyl ester (4), caffeic acid (5), apigenin (6), luteolin (7), kaempferol (8), quercetin (9), gyrophoric acid (10), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), luteolin-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12), kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (13), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (14), kaempferol-3,7-O-α-L-dirhamnopyranoside (15) and (2S,3S,4R,8E)-2-((2'R)-2'-hydroxy-octadecanoylamino)-lignocerane-1,3,4-triol-8-ene (16). Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR analysis and mass spectrometry. The extracts and the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities. The EtOAc extract was highly active (MIC = 32 and 64 µg/mL) against E. coli and E. faecalis, respectively. Compounds 1, 2, 2b, 5, 8, 9, and 12 (MIC = 16-32 µg/mL) were moderately active against some tested bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darille Claudia Ngnokam Jouogo
- Research Unit of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Paul Eckhardt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jean-De-Dieu Tamokou
- Research Unit of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Germaine Matsuete Takongmo
- Research Unit of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Léon Azefack Tapondjou
- Research Unit of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - David Ngnokam
- Research Unit of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Rémy Bertrand Teponno
- Research Unit of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
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Li R, Sun XR, He XT, Zhou XM, Wu XW, Zhang RH, Zhang XJ, Li XL, Xiao WL. 16,17-dinor-abietane diterpenoids from Casearia kurzii. Fitoterapia 2023; 168:105519. [PMID: 37121407 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Eleven undescribed 16,17-dinor-abietane diterpenoids, caseazins A-K (1-11), and ten known diterpenoids (12-21) were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Casearia kurzii (Flacourtiaceae). Caseazins A-K were the first abietane -type dinorditerpenoids to have been isolated from the plant of Casearia kurzii. Their chemical structures were elucidated using a combination of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The absolute configurations of 5 and 10 were established by electronic circular dichroism calculations. Moreover, compounds 2, 3, 13, 14, and 18 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 values of 0.17, 0.36, 6.55, 1.30, and 4.53 μM, respectively. IL-1β and caspase-1 analyses suggested that compound 14 inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and blocked macrophage pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Rong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ting He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Wen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Lie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China.
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Shi GR, Liang RL, Yu SS. Five new cyclopentenyl fatty acid derivatives from the seeds of Hydnocarpus anthelminthica. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2022; 24:303-310. [PMID: 35142236 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2022.2027373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Five new fatty acids with a terminal 3-oxo-cyclopentene ring, cyclopentenone acids A-E (1-5), were isolated from the ethanol extract of the seeds of Hydnocarpus anthelminthica. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic data and chemical evidence. Compounds 1-3 were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity based on the inhibition of NO production in microglial BV2 cells, and all of them showed weak anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ru Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Rui-Lan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Zhang Y, Kong J, Zhang JH, Wang L, Zhang W, Liu B, Jiang YY. Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Family Flacourtiaceae: A Class of Important Phytomedicine. Am J Chin Med 2020; 48:287-328. [PMID: 32160758 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Flacourtiaceae plants are widely used as folk medicines in traditional medicine systems for its chemical diversity and pharmacological activities. In many different areas, Flacourtiaceae plants are used as traditional medicines for the treatment of ulcers, malaria, rheumatism. The Flacourtiaceae plants contain a very plentiful chemical composition, and phytochemical studies show that the Flacourtiaceae plants contained terpenoids, aromatic glycosides, flavnoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, fatty hydrocarbon, and other compounds. In pharmacological studies, various extract and isolated individual compounds exhibited antitumor, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammatory activities. In this review, the literature data on the chemical constituents and pharmacological investigations of the Flacourtiaceae plants are summarized, to provide information about a more comprehensive chemical composition and detailed pharmacological activities of Flacourtiaceae plants, with a view of further development of clinical medication. However, research on quantitative analysis, toxicity, and drug safety in vitro and in vivo is still insufficient, and further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Jing Kong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Hua Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
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Liang RL, Shi GR, Yu SS. [Lignans from seed of Hydnocarpus anthelminthica]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2019; 44:1397-1402. [PMID: 31090297 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190118.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This project is to investigate lignans from the seed of Hydnocarpus anthelminthica. Thirteen lignans were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the seed of H. anthelminthica, by polyamide resin, Sephadex LH-20, ODS column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated as(+)-syringaresinol(1), lirioresinol A(2),(+)-medioresinol(3),(7R,8R,8'R)-4'-guaiacylglyceryl-evofolin B(4), leptolepisol C(5),(-)-(7R,7'R,7″R,8S,8'S,8″S)-4',4″-dihydroxy-3,3',3″,5,5',5″-hexamethoxy-7,9':7',9-diepoxy-4,8″-oxy-8,8'-sesquineolignan-7″,9″-diol(6),(-)-(7R,7'R,7″R,8S,8'S,8″S)-4',4″-dihydroxy-3,3',3″,5,5'-pentamethoxy-7,9':7',9-diepoxy-4,8″-oxy-8,8'ses-quineolignan-7″,9″-diol(7), ceplignan(8), hydnocarpusol(9), isohydnocarpin(10),(-)-hydnocarpin(11), hydnocarpin(12), and hydnocarpin-D(13) by spectroscopic data analysis. Compounds 1-8 were obtained from the genus Hydnocarpus for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Lan Liang
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200, China
| | - Guo-Ru Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050, China
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Balogun OS, Ajayi OS, Lawal OS. Isolation and Cytotoxic Investigation of Flacourtin from Oncoba spinosa. Medicines (Basel) 2016; 3:E31. [PMID: 28930141 DOI: 10.3390/medicines3040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background:Oncoba spinosa, an endangered medicinal plant whose secondary metabolites have not been extensively profiled, and which is hitherto yet to be examined for cytotoxicity, is being investigated in this study. Methods: Leaves of Oncoba spinosa (800 g) were extracted with 95% aqueous methanol. The crude extract was partitioned with n-hexane and the resultant defatted extract was extensively chromatographed on silica gel to yield compound 1 which was subjected to spectroscopic analysis. A brine shrimps lethality test was used to establish the cytotoxicity potentials of the isolated compound and the plant extracts. Results: Compound 1 was elucidated as flacourtin, 3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethylphenyl-6-O-benzoyl-β-d-glucopyranoside. The LD50 values obtained were less than 1000 µg/mL for flacourtin and the plant extracts. Conclusion: Flacourtin is being reported for the first time in the O. spinosa. The preliminary toxicity assay indicated that flacourtin and the plant extracts were not cytotoxic; thus, the tradomedicinal uses of the plant may portend no danger.
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Bittencourt F, Alves JS, Gaiotto FA. Microsatellites for Carpotroche brasiliensis ( Flacourtiaceae), a useful species for agroforestry and ecosystem conservation. Appl Plant Sci 2015; 3:apps1500068. [PMID: 26697275 PMCID: PMC4683040 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1500068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY We developed microsatellite markers for Carpotroche brasiliensis (Flacourtiaceae), a dioecious tree that is used as a food resource by midsize animals of the Brazilian fauna. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed 30 primer pairs using next-generation sequencing and classified 25 pairs as polymorphic. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.5 to 1.0, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.418 to 0.907. The combined probability of exclusion was greater than 0.999 and the combined probability of identity was less than 0.001, indicating that these microsatellites are appropriate for investigations of genetic structure, individual identification, and paternity testing. CONCLUSIONS The developed molecular tools may contribute to future studies of population genetics, answering ecological and evolutionary questions regarding efficient conservation strategies for C. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Bittencourt
- Laboratório de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, 45662-900 Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jackeline S. Alves
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Rodovia BR 415, Km 03 s/n, 45700-000 Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A. Gaiotto
- Laboratório de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, 45662-900 Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
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Frediani Brant NM, Mourão Gasparotto F, de Oliveira Araújo V, Christian Maraschin J, Lima Ribeiro RDC, Botelho Lourenço EL, Cardozo Junior EL, Gasparotto Junior A. Cardiovascular protective effects of Casearia sylvestris Swartz in Swiss and C57BL/6 LDLr-null mice undergoing high fat diet. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 154:419-427. [PMID: 24747027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Although Casearia sylvestris Swartz is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat obesity, no study has been conducted to evaluate the effects of this species in an experimental model of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate possible hypolipemiant and antiatherogenic activity of the methanolic extract obtained from Casearia sylvestris (MECS) using Swiss and C57BL/6 LDLr-null mice undergoing high fat diet (HFD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Dyslipidemia and atherogenesis were induced by the administration of commercial HFD for 4 weeks. The MECS was administered orally at doses of 250 and 500mg/kg, once a day, for two weeks, starting from the 2nd week of HFD. The gain in body weight and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured weekly over the four week study. At the end of the experiments the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) were measured by colorimetric method. Aldosterone, vasopressin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity were also evaluated in collected serum. The renal function, atherogenic index serum (AIS) and in vitro antiplatelet activity were investigated. Additionally, histopathological analyzes were performed to determine the intima-media thickness (IMT) and intima media ratio (IMR) in aorta samples. RESULTS The HFD induced dyslipidemia and major structural changes in the aortic wall, including raising of the systolic blood pressure in LDLr-null mice. In addition, we observed an increase in lipid peroxidation accompanied by a reduction of serum nitrite. The treatment with MECS was able to prevent the increase of SBP, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C and triglycerides levels and increase HDL-C in Swiss and LDLr-null mice. These effects were accompanied by a significant reduction in oxidative stress. Moreover, AIS, IMT and IMR were significantly reduced in MECS-treated mice, and the extract was able to reduce platelet aggregation in vitro. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that MECS reduces the serum lipids and oxidative stress when orally administered to Swiss and LDLr-null mice. In addition, it was able to prevent arterial thickening induced by HFD and to inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rita de Cassia Lima Ribeiro
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Agrárias, Tecnológicas e Geociências, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Médicas e da Saúde, Universidade Paranaense, PR, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brasil.
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