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Guo L, Bai L, Liu Y, Yang Y, Guo X. Research on the impact of COVID-19 on the spatiotemporal distribution of carbon dioxide emissions in China. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13963. [PMID: 36855647 PMCID: PMC9951609 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19 at the end of 2019, the Chinese government has imposed strict control measures on affected cities, which may have impacted the spatial and temporal pattern of carbon dioxide emissions. This paper follows the quantitative analysis method, experimental method, mathematical method, etc., and quantitatively studies the impact of the epidemic on China's carbon emissions. The combination model of ARIMA and BP neural network is used to predict the actual impact of epidemic situation on China's carbon emissions in 2020, and the spatial autocorrelation analysis method is used to analyze the spatial characteristics of China's provincial carbon emissions, which indicate that China's carbon emissions have consistently maintained a growth trend, from 2.05 billion tons in 2005 to 3.89 billion tons in 2019. Furthermore, the growth rate of carbon emissions and the changing trend of the emission intensity are the same, dropping from 12% in 2005 to 3% in 2019. The emission intensity also dropped from 1.1 in 2005 to 0.6 in 2019, indicating that the trend of increasing carbon emissions in northern provinces and Xinjiang changed significantly from 2005 to 2019. The overall carbon emissions of the 30 provinces in 2020 are predicted to be 4.068 billion tons, while the actual energy carbon emissions will be 3.921 billion tons, suggesting that the pandemic significantly reduced carbon emissions. Among affected provinces, carbon emissions from Hubei, Jiangsu, Shandong, Shanghai, and other places changed significantly, from 0.99, 0.25, 0.43, and 76 million tons in 2019 to 0.88, 0.24, 0.42, and 72 million tons in 2020, respectively. The results show a positive spatial correlation between China's provincial carbon emissions; the high-high and bottom-high agglomeration are mainly among the provinces, mainly distributed in North China and East China. Although the pandemic seriously impacts China's carbon emissions, each province's spatial relationship has not changed significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Lifang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China
| | - Yuzheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China,Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xianhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China,Faculty of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0808,Japan,Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China
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Liu J, Liu M, Chai Z, Li C, Wang Y, Shen M, Zhuang G, Zhang L. Projected rapid growth in diabetes disease burden and economic burden in China: a spatio-temporal study from 2020 to 2030. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2023; 33:100700. [PMID: 36817869 PMCID: PMC9932123 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background This study projects the trend of disease burden and economic burden of diabetes in 33 Chinese provinces and nationally during 2020-2030 and investigates its spatial disparities. Methods Time series prediction on the prevalence and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) rates of diabetes was conducted using a Bayesian modelling approach in 2020-2030. The top-down method and the human capital method were used to predict the direct and indirect costs of diabetes for each Chinese province. Global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses were used to identify geographic clusters of low-or high-burden areas. Findings Diabetes prevalence in Chinese adults aged 20-79 years was projected to increase from 8.2% to 9.7% during 2020-2030. During the same period, the total costs of diabetes would increase from $250.2 billion to $460.4 billion, corresponding to an annual growth rate of 6.32%. The total costs of diabetes as a percentage of GDP would increase from 1.58% to 1.69% in China during 2020-2030, suggesting a faster growth in the economic burden of diabetes than China's economic growth. Consistently, the per-capita economic burden of diabetes would increase from $231 to $414 in China during 2020-2030, with an annual growth rate of 6.02%. High disease and economic burden areas were aggregated in Northeast and/or North China. Interpretation Our study projects a significant growth of disease and economic burden of diabetes in China during 2020-2030, with strong spatial aggregation in northern Chinese regions. The increase in the economic burden of diabetes will exceed that of GDP. Funding National Natural Science Foundation of China, Outstanding Young Scholars Funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Liu
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Liu
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonglin Chai
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chao Li
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Med-X Institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingwang Shen
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guihua Zhuang
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, China,Corresponding author. China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, China,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Corresponding author. School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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Alberto NRI, Alberto IRI, Puyat CVM, Antonio MAR, Ho FDV, Dee EC, Mahal BA, Eala MAB. Disparities in access to cancer diagnostics in ASEAN member countries. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2023; 32:100667. [PMID: 36785859 PMCID: PMC9918780 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostics, including laboratory tests, medical and nuclear imaging, and molecular testing, are essential in the diagnosis and management of cancer to optimize clinical outcomes. With the continuous rise in cancer mortality and morbidity in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), there exists a critical need to evaluate the accessibility of cancer diagnostics in the region so as to direct multifaceted interventions that will address regional inequities and inadequacies in cancer care. This paper identifies existing gaps in service delivery, health workforce, health information systems, leadership and governance, and financing and how these contribute to disparities in access to cancer diagnostics in ASEAN member countries. Intersectoral health policies that will strengthen coordinated laboratory services, upscale infrastructure development, encourage health workforce production, and enable proper appropriation of funding are necessary to effectively reduce the regional cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Edward Christopher Dee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brandon A. Mahal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michelle Ann B. Eala
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Corresponding author.
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Ayares G, Idalsoaga F, Arnold J, Fuentes-López E, Arab JP, Díaz LA. Public Health Measures and Prevention of Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:1480-1491. [PMID: 36340308 PMCID: PMC9630023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hazardous alcohol consumption causes approximately 4% of deaths globally, constituting one of the leading risk factors for the burden of the disease worldwide. Alcohol has several health consequences, such as alcohol-associated liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, nonliver neoplasms, physical injury, cardiac disease, and psychiatric disorders. Alcohol misuse significantly affects workforce productivity, with elevated direct and indirect economic costs. Due to the high impact of alcohol consumption on the population, public health has led to the development of a range of strategies to reduce its harmful effects. Regulatory public health policies (PHP) for alcohol can exist at the global, regional, international, national, or subnational levels. Effective strategies incorporate a multilevel, multicomponent approach, targeting multiple determinants of drinking and alcohol-related harms. The World Health Organization categorizes the PHP into eight categories: national plan to fight the harmful consequences of alcohol, national license and production and selling control, taxes control and pricing policies, limiting drinking age, restrictions on alcohol access, driving-related alcohol policies, control over advertising and promotion, and government monitoring systems. These policies are supported by evidence from different populations, demonstrating that determinants of alcohol use depend on several factors such as socioeconomic level, age, sex, ethnicity, production, availability, marketing, and others. Although most policies have a significant individual effect, a higher number of PHP are associated with a lower burden of disease due to alcohol. The excessive consequences of alcohol constitute a call for action, and clinicians should advocate for developing and implementing a new PHP on alcohol consumption.
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Key Words
- ACLF, Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure
- ALD, Alcohol-associated Liver Disease
- AUC, Area Under the Curve
- AUD, Alcohol Use Disorder
- AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
- AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Concise
- AVT, Alcohol Volumetric Tax
- BAC, Blood Alcohol Concentration
- DALYs, Disability-adjusted life years
- GDP, Gross domestic product
- PHP, Public Health Policies
- PNPLA3, Patatin-like Phospholipase Domain-containing 3
- USA, United States
- USD, United States Dollars
- WHO, World Health Organization
- alcohol use disorders
- alcohol-associated hepatitis
- cirrhosis
- fatty liver disease
- steatosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ayares
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Idalsoaga
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Arnold
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Fuentes-López
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan P. Arab
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A. Díaz
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Seiti H, Makui A, Hafezalkotob A, Khalaj M, Hameed IA. R.Graph: A new risk-based causal reasoning and its application to COVID-19 risk analysis. Process Saf Environ Prot 2022; 159:585-604. [PMID: 35035118 PMCID: PMC8752193 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Various unexpected, low-probability events can have short or long-term effects on organizations and the global economy. Hence there is a need for appropriate risk management practices within organizations to increase their readiness and resiliency, especially if an event may lead to a series of irreversible consequences. One of the main aspects of risk management is to analyze the levels of change and risk in critical variables which the organization's survival depends on. In these cases, an awareness of risks provides a practical plan for organizational managers to reduce/avoid them. Various risk analysis methods aim at analyzing the interactions of multiple risk factors within a specific problem. This paper develops a new method of variability and risk analysis, termed R.Graph, to examine the effects of a chain of possible risk factors on multiple variables. Additionally, different configurations of risk analysis are modeled, including acceptable risk, analysis of maximum and minimum risks, factor importance, and sensitivity analysis. This new method's effectiveness is evaluated via a practical analysis of the economic consequences of new Coronavirus in the electricity industry.
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Key Words
- ANP, Analytic network process
- AR, Acceptable risk
- AXIOM, The advanced cross-impact option method
- BASICS, Batelle scenario inputs to corporate strategies
- BM, Bayesian model
- BN, Bayesian network
- BWM, Best-worst method
- CAST, Causal analysis based on systems theory
- CIAM, Cross impact analysis model
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease of 2019
- Causal chain
- DBN, Dynamic Bayesian network
- DEMATEL, Decision-making trial and evaluation
- EXIT, Express cross-impact technique
- GDP, Gross domestic product
- HAZOP, Hazard and operability study
- HWA, Hybrid weighted averaging
- INTERAX, The acronym for the futures research process
- ISM, Interpretive structural modeling
- MCM, Multi-criteria based model
- MICMAC, Cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification
- OECD, The organization for economic co-operation and development
- OWA, Ordered weighted averaging
- QFD, Quality function deployment
- R.Graph
- RBA, Risk-based approach
- Risk analysis
- SARS, Severe acute respiratory syndrome
- SCC, Spearman’s correlation coefficient
- SMIC, Cross impact systems and matrices
- STAMP, Systems-theoretic accident model and processes
- WAA, Weighted arithmetical averaging
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Seiti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Makui
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Hafezalkotob
- College of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Khalaj
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Robat Karim Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ibrahim A Hameed
- Department of ICT and Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 6009 Alesund, Norway
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Crouch SH, Soepnel LM, Kolkenbeck-Ruh A, Maposa I, Naidoo S, Davies J, Norris SA, Ware LJ. Paediatric Hypertension in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 43:101229. [PMID: 34917909 PMCID: PMC8665406 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hypertension is rapidly increasing in low- and middle-income countries. This is evident not only in adults, but also in children. Recent estimates of prevalence in children are lacking, particularly in Africa. As such, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide updated estimates of paediatric hypertension in Africa. METHODS We searched PubMed and EBSCO to identify articles published from January 2017 to November 2020. Studies were assessed for quality. We combined results for meta-analyses using a random effects model (Freeman-Tukey arcsine transformation). Heterogeneity was quantified using the I2 statistic. FINDINGS In the narrative synthesis of 53 studies, publication bias was low for 28, moderate for 24, and high for one study. Hypertension prevalence ranged substantially (0·2%-38·9%). Meta-analysis included 41 studies resulting in data on 52918 participants aged 3 to 19 years from ten countries. The pooled prevalence for hypertension (systolic/diastolic BP≥95th percentile) was 7·45% (95%CI 5·30-9·92, I2=98.96%), elevated blood pressure (BP, systolic/diastolic BP≥90th percentile and <95th percentile) 11·38% (95%CI 7·94-15·33, I2=98.97%) and combined hypertension/elevated BP 21·74% (95%CI 15·5-28·69, I2=99.48%). Participants categorized as overweight/with obesity had a higher prevalence of hypertension (18·5% [95%CI 10·2-28·5]) than those categorized as underweight/normal (1·0% [95%CI 0·1-2·6], 4·8% [95%CI 2·9-7·1], p<0·001). There were significant differences in hypertension prevalence when comparing BP measurement methods and classification guidelines. INTERPRETATION Compared to a previous systematic review conducted in 2017, this study suggests a continued increase in prevalence of paediatric hypertension in Africa, and highlights the potential role of increasing overweight/obesity. FUNDING This research was funded in part by the Wellcome Trust [Grant number:214082/Z/18/Z]. LJW and SAN are supported by the DSI-NRF Centre of Human Development at the University of the Witwatersrand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone H. Crouch
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Larske M. Soepnel
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence and reprint to: Dr. Larske M. Soepnel. Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Huispost nr. STR 6.131 P.O. Box 85500 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Kolkenbeck-Ruh
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Innocent Maposa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa School of Public Health
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Justine Davies
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shane A. Norris
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Health and Human Development, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J. Ware
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Shalimar, Elhence A, Bansal B, Gupta H, Anand A, Singh TP, Goel A. Prevalence of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:818-829. [PMID: 35677499 PMCID: PMC9168741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) contributes to a large proportion of liver disease burden in the world. Several groups have studied the prevalence of NAFLD in the Indian population. AIM A systematic review of the published literature and meta-analysis was carried out to estimate the prevalence of NAFLD in the Indian population. METHODS English language literature published until April 2021 was searched from electronic databases. Original data published in any form which had reported NAFLD prevalence in the Indian population were included. The subgroup analysis of prevalence was done based on the age (adults or children) and risk category, i.e., average-risk group (community population, participants of control arm, unselected participants, hypothyroidic individuals, athletes, aviation crew, and army personnel) and high-risk group (obesity or overweight, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, etc.). The prevalence estimates were pooled using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed with I2. RESULTS Sixty-two datasets (children 8 and adults 54) from 50 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of NAFLD was estimated from 2903 children and 23,581 adult participants. Among adults, the estimated pooled prevalence was 38.6% (95% CI 32-45.5). The NAFLD prevalence in average-risk and high-risk subgroups was estimated to be 28.1% (95% CI 20.8-36) and 52.8% (95% CI 46.5-59.1), respectively. The estimated NAFLD prevalence was higher in hospital-based data (40.8% [95% CI 32.6-49.3%]) than community-based data (28.2% [95% CI 16.9-41%]). Among children, the estimated pooled prevalence was 35.4% (95% CI 18.2-54.7). The prevalence among non-obese and obese children was 12.4 (95% CI 4.4-23.5) and 63.4 (95% CI 59.4-67.3), respectively. CONCLUSION Available data suggest that approximately one in three adults or children have NAFLD in India.
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Key Words
- ALT, Alanine aminotransferase
- AST, Aspartate aminotransferase
- BMI, Body mass index
- CAD, Coronary artery disease
- CI, Confidence interval
- DM, Diabetes mellitus
- GBD, Global burden of disease
- GDM, Gestational diabetes mellitus
- GDP, Gross domestic product
- HC, Healthy control
- IGT, Impaired glucose tolerance
- NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NPCDCS, National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke
- OSA, Obstructive sleep apnea
- PCOS, Polycystic ovarian syndrome
- UT, Union Territories
- diabetes mellitus
- fatty liver
- metabolic syndrome
- obesity
- steatohepatitis
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalimar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anshuman Elhence
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Bhavik Bansal
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Hardik Gupta
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhinav Anand
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thakur P. Singh
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Amit Goel
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India,Address for correspondence: Amit Goel, Additional Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
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Blair A, Siddiqi A, Frank J. Canadian report card on health equity across the life-course: Analysis of time trends and cross-national comparisons with the United Kingdom. SSM Popul Health 2018; 6:158-68. [PMID: 30302366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing social determinants of health (SDoH) has been acknowledged as an essential objective for the promotion of both population health and health equity. Extant literature has identified seven potential areas of investment to address SDoH: investments in sexual and reproductive health and family planning, early learning and child care, education, universal health care, as well as investments to reduce child poverty, ensure sustainable economic development, and control health hazards. The aim of this paper is to produce a ‘report card’ on Canada’s success in reducing socioeconomic and health inequities pertaining to these seven policy domains, and to assess how Canadian trends compare to those in the United Kingdom (UK), a country with a similar health and welfare system. Summarising evidence from published studies and national statistics, we found that Canada’s best successes were in reducing socioeconomic inequalities in early learning and child care and reproductive health—specifically in improving equity in maternal employment and infant mortality. Comparative data suggest that Canada’s outcomes in the latter areas were like those in the UK. In contrast, Canada’s least promising equity outcomes were in relation to health hazard control (specifically, tobacco) and child poverty. Though Canada and the UK observed similar inequities in smoking, Canada’s slow upward trend in child poverty prevalence is distinct from the UK’s small but steady reduction of child poverty. This divergence from the UK’s trends indicates that alternative investment types and levels may be needed in Canada to achieve similar outcomes to those in the UK. We summarize trends in health equity in Canada and compare Canadian trends to those in the United Kingdom (UK). Trends were assessed according to seven previously-identified domains of societal-level investments. Canada’s best improvements were in early learning and care and reproductive health. Trends were similar to those in the UK. Canadian equity trends in employment and universal health care were stable, and outperformed by those in the UK. Canada’s least promising trends were in smoking and child poverty. Unlike in the UK, child poverty has increaesd in Canada.
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Key Words
- CANSIM, Canadian Socio-Economic Information Management System
- CCS, Canadian Cancer Society
- CIHI, Canadian Institute for Health Information
- Canada
- ECEC, Early childhood education and child care
- GDP, Gross domestic product
- Health and social policy
- Health equity
- Lifecourse epidemiology
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- ONS, Office for National Statistics
- Public health
- SDoH, Social determinants of health
- UK, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom
- WHO, World Health Organization
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