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Yuan Y, Shi Y, Banerjee J, Sadeghpour A, Azevedo HS. Structuring supramolecular hyaluronan hydrogels via peptide self-assembly for modulating the cell microenvironment. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100598. [PMID: 36942310 PMCID: PMC10024175 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of synthetic extracellular matrices (ECMs) in fundamental in vitro cell culture studies has been instrumental for investigating the interplay between cells and matrix components. To provide cells with a more native environment in vitro, it is desirable to design matrices that are biomimetic and emulate compositional and structural features of natural ECMs. Here, the supramolecular fabrication of peptide-hyaluronan (HA) hydrogels is presented as potential ECM surrogates, combining native HA and rationally designed cationic amphipatic peptides [(KI)nK, lysine (K), isoleucine (I), n = 2-6] whose mechanical properties and microstructure are tunable by the peptide sequence. (KI)nK peptides adopt β-sheet configuration and self-assemble into filamentous nanostructures triggered by pH or ionic strength. The self-assembly propensity of (KI)nK peptides increases with the sequence length, forming single phase hydrogels (shorter peptides) or with phase separation (longer peptides) in presence of the anionic polyelectrolyte HA through electrostatic complexations. The gel phase formed in (KI)nK-HA complexes exhibits viscoelastic behavior and triggers the formation of human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) spheroids which disassemble over the time. It is anticipated that these (KI)nK-HA hydrogels with tunable physical and biochemical properties offer a promising platform for in vitro applications and in stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Yuan
- School of Engineering and Materials Science & Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yejiao Shi
- School of Engineering and Materials Science & Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Jayati Banerjee
- School of Engineering and Materials Science & Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Amin Sadeghpour
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Helena S. Azevedo
- School of Engineering and Materials Science & Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-180, Porto, Portugal
- Corresponding author. i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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Evrard C, Faway E, De Vuyst E, Svensek O, De Glas V, Bergerat D, Salmon M, De Backer O, Flamion B, Le-Buanec H, Lambert de Rouvroit C, Poumay Y. Deletion of TNFAIP6 Gene in Human Keratinocytes Demonstrates a Role for TSG-6 to Retain Hyaluronan Inside Epidermis. JID Innov 2021; 1:100054. [PMID: 34909750 PMCID: PMC8659394 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TSG-6 is a soluble protein secreted in the extracellular matrix by various cell types in response to inflammatory stimuli. TSG-6 interacts with extracellular matrix molecules, particularly hyaluronan (HA), and promotes cutaneous wound closure in mice. Between epidermal cells, the discrete extracellular matrix contains HA and a tiny amount of TSG-6. However, challenges imposed to keratinocytes in reconstructed human epidermis revealed strong induction of TSG-6 expression, after exposure to T helper type 2 cytokines to recapitulate the atopic dermatitis phenotype or after fungal infection that causes secretion of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides. After both types of challenge, enhanced release of TSG-6 happens simultaneously with increased HA production. TSG-6 deficiency in N/TERT keratinocytes was created by inactivating TNFAIP6 using CRISPR/Cas9. Some TSG-6 -/- keratinocytes analyzed through scratch assays tend to migrate more slowly but produce reconstructed human epidermis that exhibits normal morphology and differentiation. Few significant alterations were noticed by transcriptomic analysis. Nevertheless, reduced HA content in TSG-6 -/- reconstructed human epidermis was observed, along with enhanced HA release into the culture medium, and this phenotype was even more pronounced after the challenging conditions. Reintroduction of cells producing TSG-6 in reconstructed human epidermis reduced HA leakage. Our results show a role for TSG-6 in sequestering HA between epidermal cells in response to inflammation.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- HA, hyaluronan
- HAS, hyaluronan synthase
- KC, keratinocyte
- KLK, kallikrein
- RHE, reconstructed human epidermis
- RNA-seq, RNA sequencing
- Th, T helper type
- crRNA, CRISPR RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Evrard
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Emilie Faway
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Evelyne De Vuyst
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Olivier Svensek
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Valérie De Glas
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | | | - Olivier De Backer
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Bruno Flamion
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Hélène Le-Buanec
- Laboratory of Oncodermatology, Immunology, and Cutaneous Stem Cells, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U976, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lambert de Rouvroit
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Yves Poumay
- Research Unit of Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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Parnigoni A, Caon I, Moretto P, Viola M, Karousou E, Passi A, Vigetti D. The role of the multifaceted long non-coding RNAs: A nuclear-cytosolic interplay to regulate hyaluronan metabolism. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 11:100060. [PMID: 34435179 PMCID: PMC8377009 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the extracellular matrix (ECM), the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) hyaluronan (HA) has different physiological roles favouring hydration, elasticity and cell survival. Three different isoforms of HA synthases (HAS1, 2, and 3) are responsible for the production of HA. In several pathologies the upregulation of HAS enzymes leads to an abnormal HA accumulation causing cell dedifferentiation, proliferation and migration thus favouring cancer progression, fibrosis and vascular wall thickening. An intriguing new player in HAS2 gene expression regulation and HA production is the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) hyaluronan synthase 2 antisense 1 (HAS2-AS1). A significant part of mammalian genomes corresponds to genes that transcribe lncRNAs; they can regulate gene expression through several mechanisms, being involved not only in maintaining the normal homeostasis of cells and tissues, but also in the onset and progression of different diseases, as demonstrated by the increasing number of studies published through the last decades. HAS2-AS1 is no exception: it can be localized both in the nucleus and in the cytosol, regulating cancer cells as well as vascular smooth muscle cells behaviour. Hyaluronan is a component of the extracellular matrix and is synthetised by three isoenzymes named HAS1, 2, and 3. In several pathologies an upregulation of HAS2 leads to an abnormal accumulation of HA. The long non-coding RNA is a new specific epigenetic regulator of HAS2. In the nucleus HAS2-AS1 modulates chromatin structure around HAS2 promoter increasing transcription. In the cytosol, HAS2-AS1 can interact with several miRNAs altering the expression of several genes as well as can stabilise HAS2 mRNA forming RNA: RNA duplex.
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Key Words
- 4-MU, 4-methylubelliferone
- 4-MUG, 4-methylumbelliferyl glucuronide
- Atherosclerosis
- Cancer
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- Epigenetics
- Extracellular matrix
- GAG, glycosaminoglycans
- Glycosaminoglycans
- HA, hyaluronan
- HAS2
- HAS2, hyaluronan synthase 2
- HAS2-AS1
- HAS2–AS1, hyaluronan synthase 2 natural antisense 1
- HIFs, hypoxia-inducible factors
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κ–light-chain enhancer of activated B cell
- PG, proteoglycan
- PTM, post-translational modification
- Proteoglycans
- RBP, RNA-binding protein
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- SMCs, smooth muscle cells
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor alpha
- UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
- UDP-GlcUA, UDP-glucuronic acid
- ceRNA, competitive endogenous RNA
- lncRNA, long non-coding RNA
- miRNA, micro-RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Parnigoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caon
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Moretto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix is engaged in an ever-evolving and elegant ballet of dynamic reciprocity that directly and bi-directionally regulates cell behavior. Homeostatic and pathophysiological changes in cell-matrix signaling cascades manifest as complex matrix phenotypes. Indeed, the extracellular matrix can be implicated in virtually every known human disease, thus, making it the most critical and dynamic "organ" in the human body. The overall goal of this Special Issue is to provide an accurate and inclusive functional definition that addresses the inherent complexity of matrix phenotypes. This goal is summarily achieved via a corpus of expertly written articles, reviews and original research, focused at answering this question empirically and fundamentally via state-of-the-art methods and research strategies.
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Key Words
- ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloproteinases
- AGE, advanced glycation end products
- Angiogenesis
- Cancer
- Collagen
- DDR1, discoidin domain receptor 1
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMILIN1, elastin microfibril interfacer 1
- EMILIN2, elastin microfibril interfacer 2
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ERα, estrogen receptor α
- ERβ, estrogen receptor β
- GBM, glioblastoma
- HA, hyaluronan
- HAS2, hyaluronan synthase 2
- HAS2-AS1, HAS2 antisense 1
- HB-EGF, heparin binding EGF
- HMGA2, high-mobility group AT-Hook 2
- IBC, inflammatory breast cancer
- IGF-IR, insulin growth factor I receptor
- IR-A, insulin receptor A
- LEKTI, lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitor
- LOX, lysyl oxidases
- LTBP, latent TGFβ-binding proteins
- MAGP, microfibril-associated glycoproteins
- MET, mesenchymal-epithelial transition
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinases
- Methodologies
- OB, osteoblast
- OI, osteogenesis imperfecta
- PARs, protease activated receptors
- PG, proteoglycans
- PLL, poly-l-lysine
- Proteoglycans
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SLRP, small leucine rich proteoglycans
- SSR, solar-simulated radiation
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TNT, tunneling nanotubes
- UVR, ultraviolet radiation
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- miR, microRNA
- tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator
- uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Kapoor A, Chen CG, Iozzo RV. A simplified aortic ring assay: A useful ex vivo method to assess biochemical and functional parameters of angiogenesis. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100025. [PMID: 33543023 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a simplified method for conducting aortic ring assays which yields robust sprouting and high reproducibility targeted towards matrix biologists studying angiogenesis and extracellular matrix signaling. Main adjustments from previously established protocols include embedding aortic rings between two layers of 3D type I collagen matrix and supplementing with vascular endothelial media. We also introduce a concise and effective staining protocol for obtaining high-resolution images of intracellular and extracellular matrix proteins along with a more accurate protocol to quantify angiogenesis. Importantly, we present a novel method to perform biochemical analyses of vessel sprouting without contamination from the aortic ring itself. Overall, our refined method enables detection of low abundance and phosphorylated proteins and provides a straightforward ex vivo angiogenic assay that can be easily reproduced by those in the matrix biology field. We report a simplified ex vivo aortic ring assay with enhanced sprouting. We use a two-layered 3D collagen matrix to encapsulate aortic rings. We obtain high-resolution images of intracellular and extracellular matrix proteins. We achieve reproducible biochemical and immunological analyses of aortic rings.
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Key Words
- Aortic rings
- Collagen
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidine-2′-phenylindole dihydrochloride
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Endothelial cell markers
- Extracellular matrix
- HA, hyaluronan
- HABP, HA-binding protein
- Hyaluronan binding protein
- IB4, Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PERK, protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- RIPA buffer, radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer
- Sprouts
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Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system has been minimally explored in the liver despite its essential functions including maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis. The discovery of specific markers for lymphatic endothelial cells has advanced the study of lymphatics by methods including imaging, cell isolation, and transgenic animal models and has resulted in rapid progress in lymphatic vascular research during the last decade. These studies have yielded concrete evidence that lymphatic vessel dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. This article reviews the current knowledge of the structure, function, and markers of the hepatic lymphatic vascular system as well as factors associated with hepatic lymphangiogenesis and compares liver lymphatics with those in other tissues.
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Key Words
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- Cirrhosis
- EHE, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
- HA, hyaluronan
- HBx Ag, hepatitis B x antigen
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammation
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- LYVE-1, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1
- LyEC, lymphatic endothelial cell
- NO, nitric oxide
- Portal Hypertension
- Prox1, prospero homeobox protein 1
- VEGF
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Yasuko Iwakiri, PhD, Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S223B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. fax: (203) 785-7273.Section of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineTAC S223B, 333 Cedar StreetNew HavenConnecticut 06520
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Soroosh A, Albeiroti S, West GA, Willard B, Fiocchi C, de la Motte CA. Crohn's Disease Fibroblasts Overproduce the Novel Protein KIAA1199 to Create Proinflammatory Hyaluronan Fragments. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:358-368.e4. [PMID: 27981209 PMCID: PMC5042354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Crohn's Disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Fibrosis, a serious complication of CD, occurs when activated intestinal fibroblasts deposit excessive amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) in affected areas. A major component of the ECM is high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (HA) that, when depolymerized to low-molecular-weight fragments, becomes proinflammatory and profibrotic. Mechanisms for HA degradation are incompletely understood, but the novel protein KIAA1199 recently was discovered to degrade HA. We hypothesized that KIAA1199 protein is increased in CD colon fibroblasts and generates HA fragments that foster inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS Fibroblasts were isolated from explants of surgically resected colon tissue from CD and non-inflammatory bowel disease control (ND) patients. Protein levels and tissue distribution of KIAA1199 were assessed by immunoblot and immunostaining, and functional HA degradation was measured biochemically. RESULTS Increased levels of KIAA1199 protein were produced and deposited in the ECM by cultured CD fibroblasts compared with controls. Treatment of fibroblasts with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 6 increased deposition of KIAA1199 in the ECM. CD fibroblasts also produce significantly higher levels of IL6 compared with controls, and antibody blockade of IL6 receptors in CD colon fibroblasts decreased the level of KIAA1199 protein in the ECM. Colon fibroblasts degrade HA, however, small interfering RNA silencing of KIAA1199 abrogated that ability. CONCLUSIONS CD fibroblasts produce increased levels of KIAA1199 primarily through an IL6-driven autocrine mechanism. This leads to excessive degradation of HA and the generation of proinflammatory HA fragments, which contributes to maintenance of gut inflammation and fibrosis.
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Key Words
- CD, Crohn’s disease
- Crohn’s Disease
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Fibrosis
- HA, hyaluronan
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- HIF, human intestinal fibroblasts
- HYAL, hyaluronidase
- Hyaluronan
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL, interleukin
- IL6R, interleukin 6 receptor
- KIAA1199
- LC-MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- ND, non–inflammatory bowel disease control
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- PBST, phosphate-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween-20
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Artin Soroosh
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sami Albeiroti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gail A. West
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Belinda Willard
- Research Core Services, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Carol A. de la Motte
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Carol A. de la Motte, PhD, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, NC22, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195. fax: (216) 636-0104.Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland ClinicNC22, 9500 Euclid AvenueClevelandOhio 44195
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Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality, and accounts for about 90% of cancer deaths. Although cancer survival rate has been significantly improved over the years, the improvement is primarily due to early diagnosis and cancer growth inhibition. Limited progress has been made in the treatment of cancer metastasis due to various factors. Current treatments for cancer metastasis are mainly chemotherapy and radiotherapy, though the new generation anti-cancer drugs (predominantly neutralizing antibodies for growth factors and small molecule kinase inhibitors) do have the effects on cancer metastasis in addition to their effects on cancer growth. Cancer metastasis begins with detachment of metastatic cells from the primary tumor, travel of the cells to different sites through blood/lymphatic vessels, settlement and growth of the cells at a distal site. During the process, metastatic cells go through detachment, migration, invasion and adhesion. These four essential, metastatic steps are inter-related and affected by multi-biochemical events and parameters. Additionally, it is known that tumor microenvironment (such as extracellular matrix structure, growth factors, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases) plays a significant role in cancer metastasis. The biochemical events and parameters involved in the metastatic process and tumor microenvironment have been targeted or can be potential targets for metastasis prevention and inhibition. This review provides an overview of these metastasis essential steps, related biochemical factors, and targets for intervention.
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Key Words
- Adhesion
- BM, basement membrane
- CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CAMs, cell adhesion molecules
- CAT, collective amoeboid transition
- CCL2, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2
- CCR3, chemokine receptor 3
- COX2, cyclooxygenase 2
- CSF-1, chemokine colonystimulating factor–1
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- CXCR2, chemokine receptor type 2
- Cancer
- Col, collagen
- DISC, death-inducing signaling complex
- Detachment
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, EGF receptor
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- FAs, focal adhesions
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FN, fibronectin
- HA, hyaluronan
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HIFs, hypoxia-inducible factors
- IKK, IκB kinase
- Invasion
- JAK, the Janus kinases
- LN, laminin
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MAT, mesenchymal to amoeboid transition
- MET, mesenchymal–epithelial transition
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases
- Metastasis
- Migration
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- STATs, signal transducers and activators of transcription
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- VCAMs, vascular cell adhesion molecules
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VN, vitronectin
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Yoshida H, Nagaoka A, Nakamura S, Sugiyama Y, Okada Y, Inoue S. Murine homologue of the human KIAA1199 is implicated in hyaluronan binding and depolymerization. FEBS Open Bio. 2013;3:352-356. [PMID: 24251095 PMCID: PMC3821019 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have disclosed that human KIAA1199 (hKIAA1199) is a hyaluronan (HA) binding protein implicated in HA depolymerization. Although a murine homologue (mKiaa1199) was previously cloned, no information about the function of the molecule was available. Here, we show that cells transfected with mKiaa1199 cDNA selectively catabolized HA via the clathrin-coated pit pathway. A glycosaminoglycan-binding assay demonstrated the specific binding of mKiaa1199 to HA. These results were similar to our observations with hKIAA1199, although slight differences were found in the peak sizes of the minimum degradates of HA. We conclude that like hKIAA1199, mKiaa1199 is a hyaladherin, leading to HA depolymerization.
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Key Words
- CHC, clathrin heavy chain
- CPC, cetylpyridinium chloride
- CS, chondroitin sulfate
- Catabolism
- DS, dermatan sulfate
- Extracellular matrix
- FA, fluoresceinamine
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine
- HA, hyaluronan
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HS, heparan sulfate
- HYAL, hyaluronidase
- Hep, heparin
- Hyaluronan
- KIAA1199
- LDS, lithium dodecyl sulfate
- ORF, open reading frame
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PBS-T, PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- siRNA, short interfering RNA
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