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Weiner SP, Vasquez C, Song S, Zhao K, Ali O, Rosenkilde D, Froemke RC, Carr KD. Sex difference in the effect of environmental enrichment on food restriction-induced persistence of cocaine conditioned place preference and mechanistic underpinnings. Addict Neurosci 2024; 10:100142. [PMID: 38323217 PMCID: PMC10843874 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2024.100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Psychosocial and environmental factors, including loss of natural reward, contribute to the risk of drug abuse. Reward loss has been modeled in animals by removal from social or sexual contact, transfer from enriched to impoverished housing, or restriction of food. We previously showed that food restriction increases the unconditioned rewarding effects of abused drugs and the conditioned incentive effects of drug-paired environments. Mechanistic studies provided evidence of decreased basal dopamine (DA) transmission, adaptive upregulation of signaling downstream of D1 DA receptor stimulation, synaptic upscaling and incorporation of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of nucleus accumbens (NAc). These findings align with the still evolving 'reward deficiency' hypothesis of drug abuse. The present study tested whether a compound natural reward that is known to increase DA utilization, environmental enrichment, would prevent the persistent expression of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) otherwise observed in food restricted rats, along with the mechanistic underpinnings. Because nearly all prior investigations of both food restriction and environmental enrichment effects on cocaine CPP were conducted in male rodents, both sexes were included in the present study. Results indicate that environmental enrichment curtailed the persistence of CPP expression, decreased signaling downstream of the D1R, and decreased the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in NAc MSNs of food restricted male, but not female, rats. The failure of environmental enrichment to significantly decrease food restriction-induced synaptic insertion of CP-AMPARs, and how this may accord with previous pharmacological findings that blockade of CP-AMPARs reverses behavioral effects of food restriction is discussed. In addition, it is speculated that estrous cycle-dependent fluctuations in DA release, receptor density and MSN excitability may obscure the effect of increased DA signaling during environmental enrichment, thereby interfering with development of the cellular and behavioral effects that enrichment produced in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney P. Weiner
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Carolina Vasquez
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Diabetes Research Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Soomin Song
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Kaiyang Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Omar Ali
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Danielle Rosenkilde
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Robert C. Froemke
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Kenneth D. Carr
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
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Schaeuble D, Wallace T, Pace SA, Hentges ST, Myers B. Sex-specific prefrontal-hypothalamic control of behavior and stress responding. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 159:106413. [PMID: 37890240 PMCID: PMC10842088 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Depression and cardiovascular disease are both augmented by daily life stress. Yet, the biological mechanisms that translate psychological stress into affective and physiological outcomes are unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) has sexually divergent outcomes on behavior and physiology. Importantly, the vmPFC does not innervate the brain regions that initiate autonomic or neuroendocrine stress responses; thus, we hypothesized that intermediate synapses integrate cortical information to regulate stress responding. The posterior hypothalamus (PH) directly innervates stress-effector regions and receives substantial innervation from the vmPFC. In the current studies, circuit-specific approaches examined whether vmPFC synapses in the PH coordinate stress responding. Here we tested the effects of optogenetic vmPFC-PH circuit stimulation in male and female rats on social and motivational behaviors as well as physiological stress responses. Additionally, an intersectional genetic approach was used to knock down synaptobrevin in PH-projecting vmPFC neurons. Our collective results indicate that male vmPFC-PH circuitry promotes positive motivational valence and is both sufficient and necessary to reduce sympathetic-mediated stress responses. In females, the vmPFC-PH circuit does not affect social or preference behaviors but is sufficient and necessary to elevate neuroendocrine stress responses. Altogether, these data suggest cortical regulation of stress reactivity and behavior is mediated, in part, by projections to the hypothalamus that function in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Schaeuble
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tyler Wallace
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Sebastian A Pace
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Shane T Hentges
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Brent Myers
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Darcq E, Nouel D, Hernandez G, Pokinko M, Ash P, Moquin L, Gratton A, Kieffer B, Flores C. Reduced dopamine release in Dcc haploinsufficiency male mice abolishes the rewarding effects of cocaine but not those of morphine and ethanol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:637-646. [PMID: 36471064 PMCID: PMC10296775 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The Netrin-1/DCC guidance cue pathway is critically involved in the adolescent organization of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine circuitry. Adult mice heterozygous for Dcc show reduced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in response to amphetamine and, in turn, blunted sensitivity to the rewarding effects of this drug. OBJECTIVE Here, we tested whether the protective effects of Dcc haploinsufficiency are specific to stimulant drugs of abuse or instead extrapolate to opioids and ethanol. METHODS We used the place preference paradigm to measure the rewarding effects of cocaine (20 mg/kg), morphine (5 or 10 mg/Kg), or ethanol (20%) in adult (PND 75) male Dcc haploinsufficient mice or their wild-type litter mates. In a second experiment, we compared in these two genotypes, in vivo dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens after a single i.p. injection of morphine (10 mg/kg). RESULTS We found reduced morphine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of Dcc haploinsufficient male mice, but, contrary to the effects of stimulant drugs, there is no effect of genotype on morphine-induced conditioned preference. CONCLUSION These findings show that reduced drug-induced mesolimbic dopamine in Dcc haploinsufficient male mice protects specifically against the rewarding effects of stimulant drugs, but not against the rewarding properties of morphine and ethanol. These results suggest that these drugs exert their rewarding effect via different brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- INSERM U1114, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Nouel
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Matthew Pokinko
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Polina Ash
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Luc Moquin
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alain Gratton
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Brigitte Kieffer
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- INSERM U1114, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cecilia Flores
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Perry Pavilion, Room 2111, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal (Verdun), Québec, H4H 1R3, Canada.
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Barbosa-Méndez S, Matus-Ortega M, Hernández-Miramontes R, Salazar-Juárez A. The morphine/heroin vaccine decreased the heroin-induced antinociceptive and reinforcing effects in three inbred strains mouse. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107887. [PMID: 34186279 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials have indicated that a vaccine must be immunogenic in genetically diverse human populations and that immunogenicity and protective efficacy in animal models are two key indices required for the approval of a new vaccine. Additionally, the immune response (immunogenicity) and immunoprotection are dependent on the mouse strain. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the immune response (immunogenicity) and the protective efficacy (behavioral response) in three inbred mouse strains immunized with the M6TT vaccine. Female BALB/c, C57Bl/6, and DBA/2 inbred mice were immunized with the M6-TT vaccine. A solid-phase antibody-capture ELISA was used to monitor antibody titer responses after each booster dose in vaccinated animals. The study used tail-flick testing to evaluate the antinociceptive effects induced by heroin. Additionally, heroin-induced locomotor activity and place preference were evaluated. The M6-TT vaccine was able to generate a specific antibody titer in the three inbred mouse strains evaluated. The antibodies reduced the antinociceptive effect of different doses of heroin. In addition, they decreased the heroin-induced locomotor activity and place preference. These findings suggest that the M6-TT vaccine generates a powerful immunogenic response capable of reducing the antinociceptive and reinforcing effects of heroin in different inbred mouse strains, which supports its possible future use in clinical trials in genetically diverse human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa-Méndez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, Mexico
| | - Maura Matus-Ortega
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Hernández-Miramontes
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, Mexico
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juárez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, Mexico.
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Uddin S, Wiah S, Kim T, Watson MN, Jennings T, Rawls SM. Kratom pharmacology: Clues from planarians exposed to mitragynine. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113499. [PMID: 34146575 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitragynine (MG), the most prevalent bioactive alkaloid in kratom, displays nanomolar affinity for µ, κ and δ opioid receptors and produces opioid-dependent antinociception and dependence in rats. Here, using a battery of behavioral assays, we investigated MG effects in planarians. Acute MG exposure (< 100 μM) did not affect planarian motility or environmental preference, but reduced motility was detected during abstinence from chronic MG (1, 10 μM). MG (10 μM) produced place conditioning effects that were reduced by naltrexone (10 μΜ). These results suggest that MG produces opioid-sensitive reinforcing effects in planarians and MG pharmacology is conserved across different species.
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Wronikowska O, Zykubek M, Michalak A, Pankowska A, Kozioł P, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Kurach Ł, Łazorczyk A, Kochalska K, Talarek S, Słowik T, Pietura R, Kurzepa J, Budzyńska B. Insight into Glutamatergic Involvement in Rewarding Effects of Mephedrone in Rats: In Vivo and Ex Vivo Study. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4413-4424. [PMID: 34021482 PMCID: PMC8487417 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02404-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mephedrone is a widely used drug of abuse, exerting its effects by interacting with monoamine transporters. Although this mechanism has been widely studied heretofore, little is known about the involvement of glutamatergic transmission in mephedrone effects. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated glutamatergic involvement in rewarding effects of mephedrone using an interdisciplinary approach including (1) behavioural study on effects of memantine (non-selective NMDA antagonist) on expression of mephedrone-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats; (2) evaluation of glutamate concentrations in the hippocampus of rats following 6 days of mephedrone administration, using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS); and (3) determination of glutamate levels in the hippocampus of rats treated with mephedrone and subjected to MRS, using ion-exchange chromatography. In the presented research, we confirmed priorly reported mephedrone-induced rewarding effects in the CPP paradigm and showed that memantine (5 mg/kg) was able to reverse the expression of this effect. MRS study showed that subchronic mephedrone administration increased glutamate level in the hippocampus when measured in vivo 24 h (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) and 2 weeks (5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) after last injection. Ex vivo chromatographic analysis did not show significant changes in hippocampal glutamate concentrations; however, it showed similar results as obtained in the MRS study proving its validity. Taken together, the presented study provides new insight into glutamatergic involvement in rewarding properties of mephedrone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Wronikowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.,Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Maria Zykubek
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Michalak
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Pankowska
- Department of Radiography, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Kozioł
- Department of Radiography, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Boguszewska-Czubara
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kurach
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Łazorczyk
- Department of Radiography, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kochalska
- Department of Radiography, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Talarek
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Słowik
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8 Street, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Radosław Pietura
- Department of Radiography, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kurzepa
- I Department of Medical Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8 Street, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Budzyńska
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
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7
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László K, Péczely L, Géczi F, Kovács A, Zagoracz O, Ollmann T, Kertes E, Kállai V, László B, Berta B, Karádi Z, Lénárd L. The role of D2 dopamine receptors in oxytocin induced place preference and anxiolytic effect. Horm Behav 2020; 124:104777. [PMID: 32439347 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) is involved in the regulation of social and non-social behaviour. The central nucleus of amygdala (CeA), part of the limbic system, plays an important role in learning, memory, anxiety and reinforcing mechanisms. CeA has been shown to be rich in OT receptors in rodents. Our previous findings indicated that OT in the rat CeA has a dose dependent rewarding and anxiolytic effect. The aim of our present study was to examine in the CeA the possible interaction of OT and D2 dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist Sulpiride on reinforcement in place preference test and on anxiety in elevated plus maze test. Wistar rats were microinjected bilaterally with 10 ng OT. In different group of animals 4 μg D2 DA receptor antagonist was applied. Other animals received D2 DA receptor antagonist 15 min before 10 ng OT treatment or vehicle solution into the CeA. Rats receiving 10 ng OT spent significantly longer time in the treatment quadrant during the test session in conditioned place preference test. Prior treatment with D2 DA receptor antagonist blocked the rewarding effects of OT. Antagonist in itself did not influence the time rats spent in the treatment quadrant. In elevated plus maze test, rats receiving 10 ng OT spent significantly longer time on the open arms. Prior treatment with D2 DA receptor antagonist blocked the effects of OT. Our results show that DA system plays a role in positive reinforcing and anxiolytic effects of OT because D2 DA receptor antagonist can block these actions.
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MESH Headings
- Amygdala/drug effects
- Amygdala/metabolism
- Animals
- Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology
- Anxiety/drug therapy
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Conditioning, Classical/drug effects
- Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Fear/drug effects
- Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/drug effects
- Male
- Maze Learning/drug effects
- Oxytocin/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiology
- Receptors, Oxytocin/metabolism
- Receptors, Oxytocin/physiology
- Reinforcement, Psychology
- Reward
- Spatial Behavior/drug effects
- Sulpiride/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- K László
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - L Péczely
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - F Géczi
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - A Kovács
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - O Zagoracz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - T Ollmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - E Kertes
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - V Kállai
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - B László
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - B Berta
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Z Karádi
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Endocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, University of Pécs, Szentágothai Center, Pécs, Hungary
| | - L Lénárd
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Neuroscience Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Endocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, University of Pécs, Szentágothai Center, Pécs, Hungary
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8
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László BR, Hormay E, Szabó I, Mintál K, Nagy B, László K, Péczely L, Ollmann T, Lénárd L, Karádi Z. Disturbance of taste reactivity and other behavioral alterations after bilateral interleukin-1β microinjection into the cingulate cortex of the rat. Behav Brain Res 2020; 383:112537. [PMID: 32032742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), is known to be intimately involved in food-related motivational processes and their behavioral organization, primarily by evaluating hedonic properties of the relevant stimuli. In the present study, the involvement of cingulate cortical interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mediated mechanisms in a) gustation associated facial and somato-motor behavioral patterns of Wistar rats were examined in taste reactivity test (TR). In addition, b) conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm was performed to investigate the role of these cytokine mechanisms in taste sensation associated learning processes, c) the general locomotor activity of the animals was observed in open field test (OPF), and d) the potentially negative reinforcing effect of IL-1β was examined in conditioned place preference test (CPP). During the TR test, species specific behavioral patterns in response to the five basic tastes were analyzed. Response rates of ingestive and aversive patterns of the cytokine treated and the control groups differed significantly in case of the weaker bitter (QHCl, 0.03 mM), and the stronger umami (MSG, 0.5 M) tastes. IL-1β itself did not elicit CTA, it did not interfere with the acquisition of LiCl induced CTA, and it also failed to cause place preference or aversion in the CPP test. In the OPF paradigm, however, significant differences were found between the cytokine treated and the control groups in the rearing and grooming, the number of crossings, and in the distance moved. Our results indicate the involvement of cingulate cortical IL-1β mechanisms in the control of taste perception and other relevant behavioral processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Réka László
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Edina Hormay
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Szabó
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kitti Mintál
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Nagy
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kristóf László
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Péczely
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Ollmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Lénárd
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Neuroendocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karádi
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Neuroendocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Richardson JR, O'Dell LE, Nazarian A. Examination of nicotine and saccharin reward in the Goto-Kakizaki diabetic rat model. Neurosci Lett 2020; 721:134825. [PMID: 32036029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality attributed to type 2 diabetes have exponentially increased in the US. At exceptionally high risk is a subpopulation of persons with type 2 diabetes who smoke, which are shown to have decreased success rates of smoking cessation than euglycemic smokers. Preclinical research in our laboratory has shown that the rewarding effects of nicotine are enhanced in the streptozotocin and high-fat diet rodent model of diabetes. It is presently unclear whether this enhancement of nicotine reward can be demonstrated in other insulin resistant rat models. This study aimed to determine if a similar increase in nicotine reward is found in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a model of the spontaneous formation of insulin resistance in an inbred sub-strain of Wistar rat. Nicotine conditioned place preference (CPP) was examined in Sprague-Dawley (SD), Wistar, and GK rats. A robust nicotine CPP was found in SD and Wistar rats, but nicotine CPP was not detected in GK rats. Locomotor activity was also evaluated in all three strains, and GK rats demonstrated significantly less activity as compared to SD and Wistar rats. To further assess reward behavior in GK rats, consumption of saccharin solution was measured over a 48 -h period. GK rats showed a significant increase in saccharin intake compared to SD rats. These findings suggest that GK rats experience an enhanced hedonic processing as compared to SD rats. The lack of nicotine CPP in GK rats may be due to deficits in learning and memory, thus hindering their ability to acquire or express a place preference.
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Abstract
In this paper we review and update evidence relevant to formulating a behavior system for sexual learning. We emphasize behavioral rather than neurobiological evidence and mechanisms. Our analysis focuses on three types of responses or response modes: general search, focal search, and consummatory or copulatory behavior. We consider how these response modes are influenced by three categories of stimuli: spatially distributed contextual cues, arbitrary localized stimuli, and species-typical cues provided by the sexual partner. We characterize behavior control by these types of stimuli before and after various Pavlovian conditioning procedures in which the unconditioned stimulus is provided by copulation with a sexual partner. The results document extensive Pavlovian modifications of sexual behavior. These conditioning effects reflect new conditioned responses that come to be elicited by various categories of stimuli. In addition, the conditioning of contextual cues and localized stimuli facilitate sexual responding to species-typical cues. Thus, learning experiences enhance how the species-typical cues of a sexual partner stimulate sexual behavior. These modulatory conditioning effects not only produce significant behavioral changes but also increase rates of fertilization of eggs and numbers of offspring produced. These latter findings suggest that sexual learning can lead to differential reproductive success, which in turn can contribute to evolutionary change.
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11
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Íbias J, O'Dell LE, Nazarian A. Insulin dependent and independent normalization of blood glucose levels reduces the enhanced rewarding effects of nicotine in a rodent model of diabetes. Behav Brain Res 2018; 351:75-82. [PMID: 29803655 PMCID: PMC6026546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The rewarding effects of nicotine have been previously shown to be enhanced in rodent models of diabetes. It is presently unclear whether the enhanced nicotine reward observed in the diabetes models are mediated via an insulin or glucose mechanism. This study examined whether the enhanced rewarding effects of nicotine observed in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats are insulin-mediated. Male and female rats were treated with STZ and the rewarding effects of nicotine (0.2 mg/kg) were measured using the conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure. Some STZ-treated animals received insulin supplementation via subcutaneous pellets immediately after STZ administration, while other rats received daily injections of dapagliflozin (10 mg/kg), a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor. Both male and female STZ-treated rats displayed hyperglycemia, and their blood glucose levels (BGLs) were normalized to control levels following insulin supplementation or dapagliflozin administration. STZ-treated male rats displayed higher nicotine CPP relative to vehicle-treated controls. This effect was abolished in rats that received insulin supplementation or dapagliflozin administration. STZ-treated female rats displayed reduced levels of nicotine CPP as compared to male rats, regardless of treatment condition. These results suggest that glucose plays a major role in modulating the rewarding effects of nicotine in male rats treated with STZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Íbias
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Laura E O'Dell
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Arbi Nazarian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
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12
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Dziedowiec E, Nayak SU, Gruver KS, Jennings T, Tallarida CS, Rawls SM. Mu Opioid Receptor Agonist DAMGO Produces Place Conditioning, Abstinence-induced Withdrawal, and Naltrexone-Dependent Locomotor Activation in Planarians. Neuroscience 2018; 386:214-222. [PMID: 29958944 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the behavioral effects planarians display when exposed to cocaine, amphetamines, cathinones, ethanol and sucrose, effects of opioid receptor agonists, especially mu opioid receptor agonists, are poorly defined in these flatworms. Here, we tested the hypothesis that planarians exposed to a selective mu opioid receptor agonist, DAMGO (0.1, 1, 10 µM), would display a triad of opioid-like effects (place conditioning, abstinence-induced withdrawal, and motility changes). DAMGO was selected versus morphine because of its greater mu opioid receptor selectivity. In place conditioning and abstinence experiments, the planarian light/dark test (PLDT) was utilized (i.e., planarians are placed into a petri dish containing water that is split into light and dark compartments and time spent in the compartments is determined). Planarians conditioned with DAMGO (1 µM) spent more time on the drug-paired side compared to water controls. In abstinence experiments, planarians exposed to DAMGO for 30 min were removed and then placed into water, where light avoidance (e.g. defensive responding) and depressant-like effects (i.e., decreased motility) were quantified. Compared to water controls, DAMGO-withdrawn planarians spent less time in the light (10 µM) and displayed decreased motility (1, 10 µM). Acute DAMGO exposure (1 µM) produced hypermotility that was antagonized by naltrexone (1, 10, 100 µM). In contrast, acute exposure to the kappa opioid receptor agonist U50,488H (0.1, 1, 10 µM) resulted in decreased motility. Our results show that a mu opioid agonist produces mammalian-like behavioral responses in planarians that may be related to addiction and suggest opioid-like behavioral effects are conserved in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dziedowiec
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunil U Nayak
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keenan S Gruver
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tyra Jennings
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher S Tallarida
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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13
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Narayanan SN, Mohapatra N, John P, K N, Kumar RS, Nayak SB, Bhat PG. Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure effects on amygdala morphology, place preference behavior and brain caspase-3 activity in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 58:220-229. [PMID: 29413766 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the changes in amygdala morphology and emotional behaviors, upon exposure to chronic RF-EMR in adolescent rats. Four weeks old male albino Wistar rats were exposed to 900 MHz (power density:146.60 μW/cm2) from a mobile phone in silent-mode for 28 days. Amygdala morphology was studied using cresyl violet, TUNEL and Golgi-Cox staining. Place preference behavior was studied using light/dark chamber test and following this brain caspase-3 activity was determined. Number of healthy neurons was decreased in the basolateral amygdala and cortical amygdala but not in the central amygdala after RF-EMR exposure. It also induced apoptosis in the amygdala. RF-EMR exposure altered dendritic arborization pattern in basolateral amygdala but not in the central amygdala. Altered place preference and hyperactivity-like behavior was evident after RF-EMR exposure, but brain caspase-3 activity did not change. RF-EMR exposure perturbed normal cellular architecture of amygdala and this was associated with altered place preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareesh Naduvil Narayanan
- Department of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Nirupam Mohapatra
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Pamala John
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Nalini K
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Satheesha B Nayak
- Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - P Gopalakrishna Bhat
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 576 104, India
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14
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Macht VA, Kelly SJ, Gass JT. Sex-specific effects of developmental alcohol exposure on cocaine-induced place preference in adulthood. Behav Brain Res 2017; 332:259-268. [PMID: 28600000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is associated with high rates of drug addiction in adulthood. One possible basis for increased drug use in this population is altered sensitivity to drug-associated contexts. This experiment utilized a rat model of FASD to examine behavioral and neural changes in the processing of drug cues in adulthood. Alcohol was given by intragastric intubation to pregnant rats throughout gestation and to rat pups during the early postnatal period (ET group). Controls consisted of a non-treated group (NC) and a pair-fed group given the intubation procedure without alcohol (IC). On postnatal day (PD) 90, rats from all treatment groups were given saline, 0.3mg/kg, 3.0mg/kg, or 10.0mg/kg cocaine pairings with a specific context in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. While control animals of both sexes showed cocaine CPP at the 3.0 and 10.0mg/kg doses, ET females also showed cocaine CPP at 0.3mg/kg. This was accompanied by a decrease in c-Fos/GAD67 cells in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and GAD67-only cells in the NAc shell and PFC at this 0.3mg/kg dose. ET males failed to show cocaine CPP at the 3.0mg/kg dose. This was associated with an increase in c-Fos only-labeled cells in the NAc core and PFC at this 3.0mg/kg dose. These results suggest that developmental alcohol exposure has a sexually-dimorphic effect on cocaine's conditioning effects in adulthood and the NAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Macht
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Sandra J Kelly
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Justin T Gass
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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15
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Borland JM, Frantz KJ, Aiani LM, Grantham KN, Song Z, Albers HE. A novel operant task to assess social reward and motivation in rodents. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 287:80-88. [PMID: 28587895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social reward plays a critical role in the development of beneficial social relationships, and disorders of the mechanisms controlling social reward are involved in the etiology of many psychiatric diseases. NEW METHOD We present a novel operant social preference task to quantify social reward in rodents using an apparatus with three chambers separated by one-way vertical-swing doors. The experimental animal is placed in the larger chamber while the two smaller chambers either remain empty or contain a stimulus animal or other potential reward stimulus. Adding weights to the door can alter effort required for rewards. RESULTS Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) entered the chamber containing a stimulus hamster significantly more frequently than an empty chamber. When the reinforcing effects of social interactions were compared to food reward under progressive cost requirements, the reinforcing effects of social interaction and sunflower seeds were similar. Progressively increasing the door weight decreased number of entries, but increased time spent attempting to open the doors. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The quantification of the rewarding properties of social interactions has almost exclusively used the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Although robust and reliable, CPP includes a memory component, because it relies on the association of place with the social interaction while the operant task presented here does not. CONCLUSIONS This task allows for detailed and direct assessment of social and non-social rewards that may serve as effective behavioral reinforcers in this operant conditioning model, and it can be used to investigate the neural mechanisms regulating motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan M Borland
- Neuroscience Institute, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyle J Frantz
- Neuroscience Institute, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lauren M Aiani
- Neuroscience Institute, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kymberly N Grantham
- Neuroscience Institute, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhimin Song
- Neuroscience Institute, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H Elliott Albers
- Neuroscience Institute, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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16
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Cain SW, Rawashdeh OA, Siu M, Kim SC, Ralph MR. Dopamine dependent setting of a circadian oscillator underlying the memory for time of day. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 141:78-83. [PMID: 28366864 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Animals learn and remember the time of day that significant conditions occur, and anticipate recurrence at 24-h intervals, even after only one exposure to the condition. On several place-conditioning tasks, animals show context avoidance or preference only near the time of day of the experience. The memory for time of day is registered by a circadian oscillator that is set at the time of the training. We show that manipulations of dopamine (DA) neurotransmission can set a time memory in place preference and avoidance tasks, indicating that time of day is part of the context that is learned. Single injections of the DA agonist, d-amphetamine sulfate given without further exposure to the conditioning apparatus, can reset the timing of anticipatory behavior evoked by previously acquired place-event associations. The data support a model for time memory in which DA signaling sets the phase of a circadian oscillator, which returns to the same state at regular 24-h intervals. The data also raise the possibility that some apparent impairments of memory formation or retention could reflect post-experience resetting of the optimal retrieval time rather than impairment of memory or retrieval per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Cain
- Centre for Biological Timing and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Omar A Rawashdeh
- Centre for Biological Timing and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Michael Siu
- Centre for Biological Timing and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Seung Cheol Kim
- Centre for Biological Timing and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Martin R Ralph
- Centre for Biological Timing and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada.
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17
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Ouyang K, Nayak S, Lee Y, Kim E, Wu M, Tallarida CS, Rawls SM. Behavioral effects of Splenda, Equal and sucrose: Clues from planarians on sweeteners. Neurosci Lett 2016; 636:213-217. [PMID: 27845240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sweetened diets share commonalities with drugs of abuse, but studies comparing behavioral effects of different sweeteners are lacking. Common table sugar produces rewarding and withdrawal effects in planarians. We postulated that Splenda and Equal would produce similar responses and used a tetrad of behavioral assays to test this hypothesis. Acute exposure to a relatively high concentration (10%) of each sweetener produced stereotyped responses (C-shapes) and reduced motility, with Equal producing greater motor effects than sucrose or Splenda. In experiments testing for anxiogenic-like effects, planarians withdrawn from Splenda (1, 3%) or sucrose (1, 3%), but not Equal, and placed into a petri dish with dark and light compartments spent more time in the dark compared to water controls. In place conditioning experiments, both Splenda (0.01%) and sucrose (0.01%) produced an environmental preference shift. Maltodextrin (0.1%), a principal ingredient of Splenda and Equal, produced a significant preference shift. In contrast, sucralose, an indigestible polysaccharide contained in Splenda and Equal, was ineffective. Our data reveal that Splenda produces sucrose-like rewarding and withdrawal effects in planarians that may be dependent on maltodextrin and dextrose. The ineffectiveness of Equal may be due to the presence of aspartame, which is too water insoluble to test in our planarian assay, or to its bitter aftertaste that could mask any rewarding effects produce by maltodextrin or dextrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ouyang
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunil Nayak
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Young Lee
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erin Kim
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Wu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher S Tallarida
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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18
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Hurtado MM, Puerto A. Tolerance to repeated rewarding electrical stimulation of the parabrachial complex. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:14-9. [PMID: 27283973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The parabrachial complex has been related to various rewarding behavioral processes. As previously shown, electrical stimulation of the lateral parabrachial external (LPBe) subnucleus induces opiate-dependent concurrent place preference. In this study, two groups of animals (and their respective controls) were subjected to sessions of rewarding brain stimulation daily or on alternate days. The rats stimulated every other day maintained a consistent preference for the place associated with the brain stimulation. However, as also found in the Insular Cortex, there was a progressive decay in the initial place preference of animals receiving daily stimulation. These data suggest that the rewarding effects induced by electrical stimulation of LPBe subnucleus may be subject to tolerance. These findings are discussed with respect to other anatomical areas showing reward decay and to the reinforcing effects induced by various electrical and chemical rewarding agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Hurtado
- Department of Psychobiology & Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Amadeo Puerto
- Department of Psychobiology & Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
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19
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Taylor SB, Watterson LR, Kufahl PR, Nemirovsky NE, Tomek SE, Conrad CD, Olive MF. Chronic variable stress and intravenous methamphetamine self-administration - Role of individual differences in behavioral and physiological reactivity to novelty. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:353-63. [PMID: 27163191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a contributing factor to the development and maintenance of addiction in humans. However, few studies have shown that stress potentiates the rewarding and/or reinforcing effects of methamphetamine in rodent models of addiction. The present study assessed the effects of exposure to 14 days of chronic variable stress (CVS), or no stress as a control (CON), on the rewarding and reinforcing effects of methamphetamine in adult rats using the conditioned place preference (Experiment 1) and intravenous self-administration (Experiment 2) paradigms. In Experiment 2, we also assessed individual differences in open field locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM), and physiological responses to a novel environment as possible predictors of methamphetamine intake patterns. Exposure to CVS for 14 days did not affect overall measures of methamphetamine conditioned reward or reinforcement. However, analyses of individual differences and direct vs. indirect effects revealed that rats exhibiting high physiological reactivity and locomotor activity in the EPM and open field tests self-administered more methamphetamine and reached higher breakpoints for drug reinforcement than rats exhibiting low reactivity. In addition, CVS exposure significantly increased the proportion of rats that exhibited high reactivity, and high reactivity was significantly correlated with increased levels of methamphetamine intake. These findings suggest that individual differences in physiological and locomotor reactivity to novel environments, as well as their interactions with stress history, predict patterns of drug intake in rodent models of methamphetamine addiction. Such predictors may eventually inform future strategies for implementing individualized treatment strategies for amphetamine use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - L R Watterson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - P R Kufahl
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - N E Nemirovsky
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - S E Tomek
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - C D Conrad
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - M F Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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20
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Hurtado MM, García R, Puerto A. Tolerance to repeated rewarding electrical stimulation of the insular cortex. Brain Res 2016; 1630:64-72. [PMID: 26562666 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The insular cortex (IC) has been related to various reinforcing behavioral processes. This study examined the effect of electrical stimulation of the posterior agranular IC on concurrent place preferences. Two groups of animals and their respective controls underwent rewarding brain stimulation every day or on alternate days. While the rats stimulated every other day maintained their preference for the place associated with brain stimulation, those stimulated every day evidenced a reduction in their place preference, suggesting tolerance to the stimulation's rewarding effect. A 15% increase in the current intensity produced a recovery of the preferences of the daily-stimulated rats but had no effect on those stimulated on alternate days. These results are discussed in terms of the rewarding effects induced by different electrical and chemical rewarding agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Hurtado
- Department of Psychobiology, and Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Raquel García
- Department of Psychobiology, and Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Amadeo Puerto
- Department of Psychobiology, and Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
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21
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Abstract
Sleep is conserved across phyla and can be measured through electrophysiological or behavioral characteristics. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, provides an excellent model for investigating the genetic and neural mechanisms that regulate sleep. Multiple systems exist for measuring fly activity, including video analysis and single-beam (SB) or multi-beam (MB) infrared (IR)-based monitoring. In this study, we compare multiple sleep parameters of individual flies using a custom-built video-based acquisition system, and commercially available SB- or MB-IR acquisition systems. We report that all three monitoring systems appear sufficiently sensitive to detect changes in sleep duration associated with diet, age, and mating status. Our data also demonstrate that MB-IR detection appeared more sensitive than the SB-IR for detecting baseline nuances in sleep architecture, while architectural changes associated with varying life-history and environment were generally detected across all acquisition types. Finally, video recording of flies in an arena allowed us to measure the effect of ambient environment on sleep. These experiments demonstrate a robust effect of arena shape and size as well as light levels on sleep duration and architecture, and highlighting the versatility of tracking-based sleep acquisition. These findings provide insight into the context-specific basis for choosing between Drosophila sleep acquisition systems, describe a novel cost-effective system for video tracking, and characterize sleep analysis using the MB-IR sleep analysis. Further, we describe a modified dark-place preference sleep assay using video tracking, confirming that flies prefer to sleep in dark locations. Summary: Multiple sleep acquisition systems provide efficient and accurate methods for measuring sleep duration in Drosophila, while video tracking and multibeam analysis allow for increased flexibility of behavioral paradigms and greater resolution of sleep architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Garbe
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wesley L Bollinger
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Abigail Vigderman
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pavel Masek
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA Department of Biology, SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Jill Gertowski
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Pina MM, Young EA, Ryabinin AE, Cunningham CL. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis regulates ethanol-seeking behavior in mice. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:627-38. [PMID: 26302652 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug-associated stimuli are considered important factors in relapse to drug use. In the absence of drug, these cues can trigger drug craving and drive subsequent drug seeking. One structure that has been implicated in this process is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a chief component of the extended amygdala. Previous studies have established a role for the BNST in cue-induced cocaine seeking. However, it is unclear if the BNST underlies cue-induced seeking of other abused drugs such as ethanol. In the present set of experiments, BNST involvement in ethanol-seeking behavior was assessed in male DBA/2J mice using the conditioned place preference procedure (CPP). The BNST was inhibited during CPP expression using electrolytic lesions (Experiment 1), co-infusion of GABAA and GABAB receptor agonists muscimol and baclofen (M+B; Experiment 2), and activation of inhibitory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (hM4Di-DREADD) with clozapine-N-oxide (CNO; Experiment 3). The magnitude of ethanol CPP was reduced significantly by each of these techniques. Notably, infusion of M+B (Exp. 2) abolished CPP altogether. Follow-up studies to Exp. 3 showed that ethanol cue-induced c-Fos immunoreactivity in the BNST was reduced by hM4Di activation (Experiment 4) and in the absence of hM4Di, CNO did not affect ethanol CPP (Experiment 5). Combined, these findings demonstrate that the BNST is involved in the modulation of cue-induced ethanol-seeking behavior.
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King HE, Wakeford A, Taylor W, Wetzell B, Rice KC, Riley AL. Sex differences in 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)-induced taste avoidance and place preferences. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015. [PMID: 26216834 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones, otherwise known as "bath salts", have gained significant attention in the last few years as a result of increased use and abuse. One such compound, 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), is pharmacologically and behaviorally similar to cocaine and has been shown to possess both aversive and rewarding effects. For a host of other drugs, each of these effects (and their relative balance) can be influenced by a variety of factors, including sex, which in turn impacts drug taking behavior. In this context, the present assessment sought to determine whether males and females differed in MDPV-induced CTA and CPP. Both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a combined CTA/CPP procedure, in which an injection of one of three doses of MDPV (1.0, 1.8 or 3.2mg/kg) was paired with both a novel saccharin solution and a novel environment and changes in preferences for these stimuli were examined. Taste avoidance was evident in both sexes, although this avoidance was weaker in females compared to males. MDPV also produced place preferences in all drug-treated animals, but these preferences did not vary as a function of sex. The fact that females showed a weaker avoidance response compared to males (despite comparable preferences) suggests that females may have a heightened susceptibility to use and abuse of MDPV, paralleling results seen with cocaine and other stimulants. The present findings extend the behavioral characterization of MDPV and the factors that may alter its aversive and rewarding effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E King
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States.
| | - Alison Wakeford
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States
| | - William Taylor
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States
| | - Bradley Wetzell
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Anthony L Riley
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States
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24
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King HE, Wetzell B, Rice KC, Riley AL. An assessment of MDPV-induced place preference in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 146:116-9. [PMID: 25468817 PMCID: PMC5551401 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most drugs of abuse have both aversive and rewarding effects, and the use and abuse potential of such drugs is thought to be a function of a balance of these affective properties. Characterizing these effects and their relative balance may provide insight into abuse vulnerability. One drug that has received recent attention is methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a monoamine transport inhibitor similar to, but significantly more potent than, cocaine. MDPV is self-administered and has been shown to produce aversive and rewarding effects in adult rats. The present study extended this characterization of the affective properties of MDPV by examining its ability to support place conditioning at a range of doses known to produce taste avoidance. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with MDPV (1, 1.8 or 3.2mg/kg) or saline and placed on the non-preferred side of a place conditioning apparatus for 30 min. On the next day, they were given an injection of saline and placed on the preferred side. This was repeated three times for a total of four conditioning cycles, and side preference was assessed on a final test. RESULTS All doses of MDPV produced significant increases in time spent in the drug-paired chamber, an effect not seen in vehicle-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS That the same doses of MDPV induced both taste avoidance and place preference allows assessments of how other factors might impact these effects and how they may, in turn, contribute to its abuse liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. King
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016
| | - Bradley Wetzell
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anthony L. Riley
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016
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Quintanilla ME, Rivera-Meza M, Berrios-Cárcamo PA, Bustamante D, Buscaglia M, Morales P, Karahanian E, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y. Salsolinol, free of isosalsolinol, exerts ethanol-like motivational/sensitization effects leading to increases in ethanol intake. Alcohol 2014; 48:551-9. [PMID: 25086835 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Salsolinol is formed non-enzymatically when ethanol-derived acetaldehyde binds to dopamine, yielding 2 distinct products, i.e., salsolinol and isosalsolinol. Early animal studies, revealing that salsolinol promotes alcohol consumption and recent evidence that animals will readily self-administer salsolinol into the posterior ventral tegmental area (p-VTA) together with the finding that salsolinol is able to induce conditioned place preference and to increase locomotor activity, have outlined a role of salsolinol in the behavioral and neurobiological actions of ethanol. Until recently, the only commercially available salsolinol was a mixture containing 85% salsolinol and 10-15% isosalsolinol. The possibility thus exists that either salsolinol or isosalsolinol explains the reinforcing properties of ethanol. We report here that a newly available salsolinol is free of isosalsolinol. Thus, salsolinol, free of isosalsolinol, was injected intracerebrally (30 pmol/0.2 μL, into the ventral tegmental area [VTA]) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) (10 mg/kg) to naïve rats bred as alcohol drinkers to study salsolinol's motivational effects and its role on voluntary ethanol intake. Salsolinol produced conditioned place preference and increased locomotor activity, whether injected intra-VTA or intraperitoneally. Following systemic (i.p.) administration of 10 mg/kg salsolinol, this molecule was detected in vivo by microdialysis of neostriatum, reaching an estimated concentration of 100 nM in the dialyzate. These results indicate that systemically administered salsolinol is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Repeated administration of salsolinol sensitized rats to the locomotor activity and led to increases in voluntary ethanol consumption, which was prevented by intra-VTA pretreatment with naltrexone.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mario Rivera-Meza
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A Berrios-Cárcamo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Bustamante
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marianne Buscaglia
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Karahanian
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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26
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Tallarida CS, Bires K, Avershal J, Tallarida RJ, Seo S, Rawls SM. Ethanol and cocaine: environmental place conditioning, stereotypy, and synergism in planarians. Alcohol 2014; 48:579-86. [PMID: 25212751 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
More than 90% of individuals who use cocaine also report concurrent ethanol use, but only a few studies, all conducted with vertebrates, have investigated pharmacodynamic interactions between ethanol and cocaine. Planaria, a type of flatworm often considered to have the simplest 'brain,' is an invertebrate species especially amenable to the quantification of drug-induced behavioral responses and identification of conserved responses. Here, we investigated stereotypical and environmental place conditioning (EPC) effects of ethanol administered alone and in combination with cocaine. Planarians displayed concentration-related increases in C-shaped movements following exposure to ethanol (0.01-1%) (maximal effect: 9.9±1.1 C-shapes/5 min at 0.5%) or cocaine (0.1-5 mM) (maximal effect: 42.8±4.1 C-shapes/5 min at 5 mM). For combined administration, cocaine (0.1-5 mM) was tested with submaximal ethanol concentrations (0.01, 0.1%); the observed effect for the combination was enhanced compared to its predicted effect, indicating synergism for the interaction. The synergy with ethanol was specific for cocaine, as related experiments revealed that combinations of ethanol and nicotine did not result in synergy. For EPC experiments, ethanol (0.0001-1%) concentration-dependently increased EPC, with significant environmental shifts detected at 0.01 and 1%. Cocaine (0.001-1 μM) produced an inverted U-shaped concentration-effect curve, with a significant environmental shift observed at 0.01 μM. For combined exposure, variable cocaine concentrations (0.001-1 μM) were administered with a statistically ineffective concentration of ethanol (0.0001%). For each concentration of cocaine, the environmental shift was enhanced by ethanol, with significance detected at 1 μM. Cocaethylene, a metabolite of cocaine and ethanol, also produced C-shapes and EPC. Lidocaine (0.001-10 μM), an anesthetic and analog of cocaine, did not produce EPC or C-shaped movements. Evidence from planarians that ethanol produces place-conditioning effects and motor dysfunction, and interacts synergistically with cocaine, suggests that aspects of ethanol neuropharmacology are conserved across species.
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Kasahara M, Groenink L, Bijlsma EY, Olivier B, Sarnyai Z. Lifelong, central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) overexpression is associated with individual differences in cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 753:151-7. [PMID: 25094033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress, through corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), influences all aspects of cocaine addiction. Earlier studies suggest that individual differences in responsivity to stress affect susceptibility to develop addiction. We have previously found that CRF over-expression alters individual differences in behavioural responses to novelty stress in mice. Therefore, we hypothesised that post-natal, long-term over-expression of brain CRF may alter the rewarding effects of cocaine in a manner that is sensitive to individual differences. In this study we specifically investigated cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in transgenic mice over-expressing CRF (CRF-OE) and in wild-type (WT) littermates after determining their individual locomotor and emotional responsivity to inescapable novelty. CRF-OE mice showed decreased overall locomotor activity and increased anxiety-like behaviour in response to novelty compared to WT mice. Low behavioural reactivity to novelty (LR) was associated with heightened anxiety-like behaviour in CRF-OE, but not in WT, mice. WT and CRF-OE mice developed CPP equally to both low (5mg/kg) and high (20mg/kg) doses of cocaine. However, LR CRF-OE mice expressed significantly stronger cocaine CPP than transgenic mice with high locomotor response to novelty (HR). In WT mice, on the other hand, stronger CPP induced by 20mg/kg of cocaine was found in the HR animals. Furthermore, there was a strong negative correlation between locomotor reactivity to novelty and CPP in CRF-OE, but not in WT, mice. Collectively, these results suggest that long-term, post-natal CRF over-expression increases the rewarding effects of cocaine in individuals with high emotional response to stress.
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28
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Pina MM, Cunningham CL. Effects of the novel cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist PF 514273 on the acquisition and expression of ethanol conditioned place preference. Alcohol 2014; 48:427-31. [PMID: 24954022 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The centrally expressed cannabinoid receptor (CB1) has been considered a potential therapeutic target in treating alcoholism. Though CB1 receptors have been shown to modulate primary and conditioned ethanol reward, much of this research employed animal models that require ethanol ingestion or oral routes of administration. This is problematic considering CB1 antagonist drugs have high anorectic liability and have been used clinically in the treatment of obesity. Therefore, the present study examined CB1 antagonism in DBA/2J mice using an unbiased ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure, a paradigm that does not require ethanol ingestion. To evaluate the role of CB1 receptors in primary ethanol reward, the highly potent and selective novel CB1 antagonist 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(2,2-difluoropropyl)-6,7-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-f][1,4]oxazepin-8(5H)-one (PF 514273) was administered 30 min before place preference conditioning with a fixed dose of ethanol (acquisition). To evaluate the role of CB1 receptors in ethanol-conditioned reward, PF 514273 was administered 30 min before place preference testing (expression). Although PF 514273 reduced ethanol-stimulated and basal locomotor activity, it did not perturb the acquisition or expression of ethanol-induced CPP. Results from the present study appear inconsistent with other studies that have demonstrated a role for CB1 antagonism in ethanol reward using oral administration paradigms. Our findings suggest that CB1 antagonism may have greater involvement in consummatory behavior than ethanol reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Pina
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.
| | - Christopher L Cunningham
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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29
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García R, Simon MJ, Puerto A. Rewarding effects of the electrical stimulation of the parabrachial complex: taste or place preference? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 107:101-7. [PMID: 24291574 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The lateral parabrachial complex has been related to various emotional-affective processes. It has been shown that electrical stimulation of the external Lateral Parabrachial (LPBe) nucleus can induce reinforcing effects in place preference and taste discrimination tasks but does not appear to support self-stimulation. This study examined the relative relevance of place and taste stimuli after electrical stimulation of the LPBe nucleus. A learning discrimination task was conducted that simultaneously included both sensory indexes (taste and place) in order to determine the preference of animals for one or the other. After a taste stimulus reversal task, the rewarding effect of stimulation was found to be preferentially associated with place. These results are discussed in the context of the rewarding action and biological constraints induced by different natural and artificial reinforcing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel García
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Maria J Simon
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Amadeo Puerto
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain
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Hilbert ML, May CE, Griffin WC 3rd. Conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activating effects of caffeine and ethanol combinations in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 110:168-73. [PMID: 23872371 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A growing trend among ethanol drinkers, especially young adults, is to combine caffeinated energy drinks with ethanol during a drinking episode. The primary active ingredient of these mixers is caffeine, which may significantly interact with ethanol. We tested the two hypotheses that caffeine would enhance ethanol-conditioned place preference and also enhance ethanol-stimulated locomotor activity. The interactive pharmacology of ethanol and caffeine was examined in C57BL/6J (B6) mice in a conditioned place preference procedure with 1.75 g/kg ethanol and 3 mg/kg caffeine. Additionally, we used B6 mice to evaluate ethanol/caffeine combinations on locomotor activity using 3 doses of ethanol (1.75, 2.5 and 3.25 g/kg) and 2 two doses of caffeine (3 and 15 mg/kg). Both ethanol and caffeine administered alone increased preference for the drug paired side, although the effect of caffeine was more modest than that of ethanol. The drug combination produced significant place preference itself, but this was not greater than that for ethanol alone. Additionally, the combination of caffeine and ethanol significantly increased locomotion compared to giving either drug alone. The effect was strongest with a stimulatory dose of ethanol (1.75 g/kg) and waned with increasing doses of ethanol. Thus, combinations of caffeine and ethanol had significant conditioned reinforcing and locomotor activating effects in mice.
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31
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Karimi S, Karami M, Zardooz H, Salimi SH, Sahraei H. Biphasic effects of naloxone in the rats receiving morphine overdose a place preference study. Iran J Pharm Res 2011; 10:605-10. [PMID: 24250394 PMCID: PMC3813048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Downward phase of dose-response morphine converted U shape curve was chosen as a base for investigating the effects of different doses of naloxone (0.05-0.4 mg/Kg) on morphine reward/aversion properties using place preference method. First, male Wistar rats (200-220 g) were received morphine (1-7.5 mg/Kg) for place conditioning and marginal dose of morphine (5 mg/Kg) calculated by GraphPad software. In the next part, the animals received different naloxone challenge doses (0.05-0.4 mg/Kg; IP) on the test day. Animals' behavior was monitored using a video camera during the test session. Time spent in each compartment was calculated as the main sign of drug seeking behavior. In addition, numbers of rearing and sniffing as well as locomotion activity for each animal were counted as important dopamine-dependent behavioral signs. More over, the total compartment crossing by each animal as the sign of decision making was also counted. Our results indicated that naloxone showed biphasic effects on the appearance of morphine-induced place preference. The antagonist potentiates the expression of morphine-induced place preference on the dose of 0.05 and 0.4 mg/Kg while inhibits the morphine effect on the dose of 0.1 mg/Kg. On the other hand, the total animal sniffing, rearing, locomotion, and compartment entering were not significantly changed among the groups. It could be concluded that the inhibition of opioid receptors may enhance or inhibit the expression of morphine reward according to the naloxone dose, which in turn indicate the influence of several opioid receptor in this regard. In addition, opioid receptor blocking did not enhance the signs of drug seeking behavior linked to the activity of mesolimbic dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Karimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Manizheh Karami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Homeira Zardooz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hassan Salimi
- Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah (A.S.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hedayat Sahraei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: E-mail:
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