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Field MC. Ras superfamily GTPases and signal transduction in Euglena gracilis. Protist 2024; 175:126017. [PMID: 38295671 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2024.126017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Biological complexity is challenging to define, but can be considered through one or more features, including overall genome size, number of genes, morphological features, multicellularity, number of life cycle stages and the ability to adapt to different environments. Euglena gracilis meets several of these criteria, with a large genome of ∼38,000 protein coding genes and a considerable ability to survive under many different conditions, some of which can be described as challenging or harsh. Potential molecular exemplars of complexity tying these aspects together are signalling pathways, including GTPases, kinases and ubiquitylation, which increase the functionality of the gene-encoded proteome manyfold. Each of these examples can modulate both protein activity and gene expression. To address the connection between genome size and complexity I have undertaken a brief, and somewhat qualitative, survey of the small ras-like GTPase superfamily of E. gracilis. Unexpectedly, apart from Rab-GTPases which control intracellular transport and organelle identify, the size of the GTPase cohort is modest, and, for example, has not scaled with gene number when compared to the close relatives, trypanosomatids. I suggest that understanding the functions of this protein family will be vital to uncovering the complexity of E. gracilis biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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2
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Fischer F, Ernst L, Frey A, Holstein K, Prasad D, Weichselberger V, Balaji R, Classen AK. A mismatch in the expression of cell surface molecules induces tissue-intrinsic defense against aberrant cells. Curr Biol 2024; 34:980-996.e6. [PMID: 38350446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-intrinsic error correction enables epithelial cells to detect abnormal neighboring cells and facilitate their removal from the tissue. One of these pathways, "interface surveillance," is triggered by cells with aberrant developmental and cell-fate-patterning pathways. It remains unknown which molecular mechanisms provide cells with the ability to compare fate between neighboring cells. We demonstrate that Drosophila imaginal discs express an array of cell surface molecules previously implicated in neuronal axon guidance processes. They include members of the Robo, Teneurin, Ephrin, Toll-like, or atypical cadherin families. Importantly, a mismatch in expression levels of these cell surface molecules between adjacent cells is sufficient to induce interface surveillance, indicating that differences in expression levels between neighboring cells, rather than their absolute expression levels, are crucial. Specifically, a mismatch in Robo2 and Robo3, but not Robo1, induces enrichment of actin, myosin II, and Ena/Vasp, as well as activation of JNK and apoptosis at clonal interfaces. Moreover, Robo2 can induce interface surveillance independently of its cytosolic domain and without the need for the Robo-ligand Slit. The expression of Robo2 and other cell surface molecules, such as Teneurins or the Ephrin receptor is regulated by fate-patterning pathways intrinsic and extrinsic to the wing disc, as well as by expression of oncogenic RasV12. Combined, we demonstrate that neighboring cells respond to a mismatch in surface code patterns mediated by specific transmembrane proteins and reveal a novel function for these cell surface proteins in cell fate recognition and removal of aberrant cells during development and homeostasis of epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedericke Fischer
- Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics, and Metabolism, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laurin Ernst
- Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics, and Metabolism, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Frey
- Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Holstein
- Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Deepti Prasad
- Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Weichselberger
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Aix Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7288, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Ramya Balaji
- Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Classen
- Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Nishibe N, Maruta S. Photocontrol of small GTPase Ras fused with a photoresponsive protein. J Biochem 2024:mvae017. [PMID: 38366640 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Ras plays an important role in intracellular signal transduction and functions as a molecular switch. In this study, we used a photoresponsive protein as the molecular regulatory device to photoregulate Ras GTPase activity. Photo zipper (PZ), a variant of the photoresponsive protein Aureochrome1 developed by Hisatomi et al. (1-9) was incorporated into the C-terminus of Ras as a fusion protein. The three constructs of the Ras-PZ fusion protein had spacers of different lengths between Ras and PZ. They were designed using an Escherichia coli expression system. The Ras-PZ fusion proteins exhibited photoisomerization upon blue light irradiation and in the dark. Ras-PZ dimerized upon light irradiation. Moreover, Ras GTPase activity, which is accelerated by the Ras regulators guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins, is controlled by photoisomerization. It has been suggested that light-responsive proteins are applicable to the photoswitching of the enzymatic activity of small GTPases as photoregulatory molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Nishibe
- Department of Biosciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Maruta
- Department of Biosciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
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Yang K, Qi ZX, Sun MX, Xie LP. Hyperoside induces cell cycle arrest and suppresses tumorigenesis in bladder cancer through the interaction of EGFR- Ras and Fas signaling pathways. Int J Med Sci 2024; 21:690-702. [PMID: 38464829 PMCID: PMC10920848 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.90261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperoside is a natural flavonol glycoside widely found in plants and has been reported to have a variety of pharmacological effects, including anticancer abilities. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that hyperoside inhibited the proliferation of bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, hyperoside could not only induce cell cycle arrest, but also induce apoptosis of a few bladder cancer cells. Quantitative proteomics, bioinformatics analysis and Western blotting confirmed that hyperoside induced the overexpression of EGFR, Ras and Fas proteins, which affects a variety of synergistic and antagonistic downstream signaling pathways, including MAPKs and Akt, ultimately contributing to its anticancer effects in bladder cancer cells. This study reveals that hyperoside could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the prevention of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Putar D, Čizmar A, Chao X, Šimić M, Šoštar M, Ćutić T, Mijanović L, Smolko A, Tu H, Cosson P, Weber I, Cai H, Filić V. IqgC is a potent regulator of macropinocytosis in the presence of NF1 and its loading to macropinosomes is dependent on RasG. Open Biol 2024; 14:230372. [PMID: 38263885 PMCID: PMC10806400 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
RasG is a major regulator of macropinocytosis in Dictyostelium discoideum. Its activity is under the control of an IQGAP-related protein, IqgC, which acts as a RasG-specific GAP (GTPase activating protein). IqgC colocalizes with the active Ras at the macropinosome membrane during its formation and for some time after the cup closure. However, the loss of IqgC induces only a minor enhancement of fluid uptake in axenic cells that already lack another RasGAP, NF1. Here, we show that IqgC plays an important role in the regulation of macropinocytosis in the presence of NF1 by restricting the size of macropinosomes. We further provide evidence that interaction with RasG is indispensable for the recruitment of IqgC to forming macropinocytic cups. We also demonstrate that IqgC interacts with another small GTPase from the Ras superfamily, Rab5A, but is not a GAP for Rab5A. Since mammalian Rab5 plays a key role in early endosome maturation, we hypothesized that IqgC could be involved in macropinosome maturation via its interaction with Rab5A. Although an excessive amount of Rab5A reduces the RasGAP activity of IqgC in vitro and correlates with IqgC dissociation from endosomes in vivo, the physiological significance of the Rab5A-IqgC interaction remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darija Putar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Čizmar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Xiaoting Chao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Marija Šimić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Šoštar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Ćutić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Mijanović
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Smolko
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hui Tu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pierre Cosson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Igor Weber
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Huaqing Cai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Vedrana Filić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Piper-Brown E, Dresel F, Badr E, Gourlay CW. Elevated Levels of Mislocalised, Constitutive Ras Signalling Can Drive Quiescence by Uncoupling Cell-Cycle Regulation from Metabolic Homeostasis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1619. [PMID: 38002301 PMCID: PMC10669370 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Ras plays an important role in connecting external and internal signalling cues to cell fate in eukaryotic cells. As such, the loss of RAS regulation, localisation, or expression level can drive changes in cell behaviour and fate. Post-translational modifications and expression levels are crucial to ensure Ras localisation, regulation, function, and cell fate, exemplified by RAS mutations and gene duplications that are common in many cancers. Here, we reveal that excessive production of yeast Ras2, in which the phosphorylation-regulated serine at position 225 is replaced with alanine or glutamate, leads to its mislocalisation and constitutive activation. Rather than inducing cell death, as has been widely reported to be a consequence of constitutive Ras2 signalling in yeast, the overexpression of RAS2S225A or RAS2S225E alleles leads to slow growth, a loss of respiration, reduced stress response, and a state of quiescence. These effects are mediated via cAMP/PKA signalling and transcriptional changes, suggesting that quiescence is promoted by an uncoupling of cell-cycle regulation from metabolic homeostasis. The quiescent cell fate induced by the overexpression of RAS2S225A or RAS2S225E could be rescued by the deletion of CUP9, a suppressor of the dipeptide transporter Ptr2, or the addition of peptone, implying that a loss of metabolic control, or a failure to pass a metabolic checkpoint, is central to this altered cell fate. Our data suggest that the combination of an increased RAS2 copy number and a dominant active mutation that leads to its mislocalisation can result in growth arrest and add weight to the possibility that approaches to retarget RAS signalling could be employed to develop new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Campbell W. Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK
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Stanfill SB, Hecht SS, Joerger AC, González PJ, Maia LB, Rivas MG, Moura JJG, Gupta AK, Le Brun NE, Crack JC, Hainaut P, Sparacino-Watkins C, Tyx RE, Pillai SD, Zaatari GS, Henley SJ, Blount BC, Watson CH, Kaina B, Mehrotra R. From cultivation to cancer: formation of N-nitrosamines and other carcinogens in smokeless tobacco and their mutagenic implications. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:658-701. [PMID: 38050998 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2264327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Tobacco products, including smokeless tobacco (ST), generally contain tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs), such as N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone (NNK), which are potent carcinogens that cause mutations in critical genes in human DNA. This review covers the series of biochemical and chemical transformations, related to TSNAs, leading from tobacco cultivation to cancer initiation. A key aim of this review is to provide a greater understanding of TSNAs: their precursors, the microbial and chemical mechanisms that contribute to their formation in ST, their mutagenicity leading to cancer due to ST use, and potential means of lowering TSNA levels in tobacco products. TSNAs are not present in harvested tobacco but can form due to nitrosating agents reacting with tobacco alkaloids present in tobacco during certain types of curing. TSNAs can also form during or following ST production when certain microorganisms perform nitrate metabolism, with dissimilatory nitrate reductases converting nitrate to nitrite that is then released into tobacco and reacts chemically with tobacco alkaloids. When ST usage occurs, TSNAs are absorbed and metabolized to reactive compounds that form DNA adducts leading to mutations in critical target genes, including the RAS oncogenes and the p53 tumor suppressor gene. DNA repair mechanisms remove most adducts induced by carcinogens, thus preventing many but not all mutations. Lastly, because TSNAs and other agents cause cancer, previously documented strategies for lowering their levels in ST products are discussed, including using tobacco with lower nornicotine levels, pasteurization and other means of eliminating microorganisms, omitting fermentation and fire-curing, refrigerating ST products, and including nitrite scavenging chemicals as ST ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Stanfill
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andreas C Joerger
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pablo J González
- Department of Physics, Universidad Nacional Litoral, and CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luisa B Maia
- Department of Chemistry, LAQV, REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria G Rivas
- Department of Physics, Universidad Nacional Litoral, and CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - José J G Moura
- Department of Chemistry, LAQV, REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), Caparica, Portugal
| | | | - Nick E Le Brun
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jason C Crack
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Pierre Hainaut
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Courtney Sparacino-Watkins
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, PA, USA
| | - Robert E Tyx
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suresh D Pillai
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National Center for Electron Beam Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ghazi S Zaatari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - S Jane Henley
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Centre for Health, Innovation and Policy Foundation, Noida, India
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Singh J, Karunaraj P, Luf M, Pfleger CM. Lysines K117 and K147 play conserved roles in Ras activation from Drosophila to mammals. G3 (Bethesda) 2023; 13:jkad201. [PMID: 37665961 PMCID: PMC10627255 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Ras signaling plays an important role in growth, proliferation, and developmental patterning. Maintaining appropriate levels of Ras signaling is important to establish patterning in development and to prevent diseases such as cancer in mature organisms. The Ras protein is represented by Ras85D in Drosophila and by HRas, NRas, and KRas in mammals. In the past dozen years, multiple reports have characterized both inhibitory and activating ubiquitination events regulating Ras proteins. Inhibitory Ras ubiquitination mediated by Rabex-5 or Lztr1 is highly conserved between flies and mammals. Activating ubiquitination events at K117 and K147 have been reported in mammalian HRas, NRas, and KRas, but it is unclear if these activating roles of K117 and K147 are conserved in flies. Addressing a potential conserved role for these lysines in Drosophila Ras activation requires phenotypes strong enough to assess suppression. Therefore, we utilized oncogenic Ras, RasG12V, which biases Ras to the GTP-loaded active conformation. We created double mutants RasG12V,K117R and RasG12V,K147R and triple mutant RasG12V,K117R,K147R to prevent lysine-specific post-translational modification of K117, K147, or both, respectively. We compared their phenotypes to RasG12V in the wing to reveal the roles of these lysines. Although RasG12V,K147R did not show compelling or quantifiable differences from RasG12V, RasG12V,K117R showed visible and quantifiable suppression compared to RasG12V, and triple mutant RasG12V,K117R,K147R showed dramatic suppression compared to RasG12V and increased suppression compared to RasG12V,K117R. These data are consistent with highly conserved roles for K117 and K147 in Ras activation from flies to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiya Singh
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Prashath Karunaraj
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Max Luf
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cathie M Pfleger
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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DeWitt JT, Chinwuba JC, Kellogg DR. Hyperactive Ras disrupts cell size control and a key step in cell cycle entry in budding yeast. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad144. [PMID: 37531631 PMCID: PMC10758756 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe defects in cell size are a nearly universal feature of cancer cells. However, the underlying causes are unknown. A previous study suggested that a hyperactive mutant of yeast Ras (ras2G19V) that is analogous to the human Ras oncogene causes cell size defects, which could provide clues to how oncogenes influence cell size. However, the mechanisms by which ras2G19V influences cell size are unknown. Here, we found that ras2G19V inhibits a critical step in cell cycle entry, in which an early G1 phase cyclin induces transcription of late G1 phase cyclins. Thus, ras2G19V drives overexpression of the early G1 phase cyclin Cln3, yet Cln3 fails to induce normal transcription of late G1 phase cyclins, leading to delayed cell cycle entry and increased cell size. ras2G19V influences transcription of late G1 phase cyclins via a poorly understood step in which Cln3 inactivates the Whi5 transcriptional repressor. Previous studies found that yeast Ras relays signals via protein kinase A (PKA); however, ras2G19V appears to influence late G1 phase cyclin expression via novel PKA-independent signaling mechanisms. Together, the data define new mechanisms by which hyperactive Ras influences cell cycle entry and cell size in yeast. Hyperactive Ras also influences expression of G1 phase cyclins in mammalian cells, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Further analysis of Ras signaling in yeast could lead to discovery of new mechanisms by which Ras family members control expression of G1 phase cyclins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry T DeWitt
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Jennifer C Chinwuba
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Douglas R Kellogg
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Wu L, Wang F, Moncman CL, Pandey M, Clarke HA, Frazier HN, Young LE, Gentry MS, Cai W, Thibault O, Sun RC, Andres DA. RIT1 regulation of CNS lipids RIT1 deficiency Alters cerebral lipid metabolism and reduces white matter tract oligodendrocytes and conduction velocities. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20384. [PMID: 37780758 PMCID: PMC10539968 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) generate lipid-rich myelin membranes that wrap axons to enable efficient transmission of electrical impulses. Using a RIT1 knockout mouse model and in situ high-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) coupled with MS-based lipidomic analysis to determine the contribution of RIT1 to lipid homeostasis. Here, we report that RIT1 loss is associated with altered lipid levels in the central nervous system (CNS), including myelin-associated lipids within the corpus callosum (CC). Perturbed lipid metabolism was correlated with reduced numbers of OLs, but increased numbers of GFAP+ glia, in the CC, but not in grey matter. This was accompanied by reduced myelin protein expression and axonal conduction deficits. Behavioral analyses revealed significant changes in voluntary locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior in RIT1KO mice. Together, these data reveal an unexpected role for RIT1 in the regulation of cerebral lipid metabolism, which coincide with altered white matter tract oligodendrocyte levels, reduced axonal conduction velocity, and behavioral abnormalities in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
| | - Carole L. Moncman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
| | - Mritunjay Pandey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
| | - Harrison A. Clarke
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
| | - Hilaree N. Frazier
- Department of Pharmacological and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lyndsay E.A. Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Matthew S. Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Weikang Cai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, NY 11568, USA
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Department of Pharmacological and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ramon C. Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Douglas A. Andres
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY 40536, USA
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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11
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Neault M, Lebert-Ghali CÉ, Fournier M, Capdevielle C, Garfinkle EAR, Obermayer A, Cotton A, Boulay K, Sawchyn C, St-Amand S, Nguyen KH, Assaf B, Mercier FE, Delisle JS, Drobetsky EA, Hulea L, Shaw TI, Zuber J, Gruber TA, Melichar HJ, Mallette FA. CBFA2T3-GLIS2-dependent pediatric acute megakaryoblastic leukemia is driven by GLIS2 and sensitive to navitoclax. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113084. [PMID: 37716355 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is an aggressive blood cancer associated with poor therapeutic response and high mortality. Here we describe the development of CBFA2T3-GLIS2-driven mouse models of AMKL that recapitulate the phenotypic and transcriptional signatures of the human disease. We show that an activating Ras mutation that occurs in human AMKL increases the penetrance and decreases the latency of CBF2AT3-GLIS2-driven AMKL. CBFA2T3-GLIS2 and GLIS2 modulate similar transcriptional networks. We identify the dominant oncogenic properties of GLIS2 that trigger AMKL in cooperation with oncogenic Ras. We find that both CBFA2T3-GLIS2 and GLIS2 alter the expression of a number of BH3-only proteins, causing AMKL cell sensitivity to the BCL2 inhibitor navitoclax both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a potential therapeutic option for pediatric patients suffering from CBFA2T3-GLIS2-driven AMKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Neault
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles-Étienne Lebert-Ghali
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marilaine Fournier
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Capdevielle
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A R Garfinkle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa Obermayer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Karine Boulay
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christina Sawchyn
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah St-Amand
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kamy H Nguyen
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Béatrice Assaf
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Sébastien Delisle
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elliot A Drobetsky
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laura Hulea
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Timothy I Shaw
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja A Gruber
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Heather J Melichar
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Frédérick A Mallette
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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12
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Reynolds SB, Pettit K, Kandarpa M, Talpaz M, Li Q. Exploring the Molecular Landscape of Myelofibrosis, with a Focus on Ras and Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4654. [PMID: 37760623 PMCID: PMC10527328 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelofibrosis (MF) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) characterized clinically by cytopenias, fatigue, and splenomegaly stemming from extramedullary hematopoiesis. MF commonly arises from mutations in JAK2, MPL, and CALR, which manifests as hyperactive Jak/Stat signaling. Triple-negative MF is diagnosed in the absence of JAK2, MPL, and CALR but when clinical, morphologic criteria are met and other mutation(s) is/are present, including ASXL1, EZH2, and SRSF2. While the clinical and classic molecular features of MF are well-established, emerging evidence indicates that additional mutations, specifically within the Ras/MAP Kinase signaling pathway, are present and may play important role in disease pathogenesis and treatment response. KRAS and NRAS mutations alone are reportedly present in up to 15 and 14% of patients with MF (respectively), and other mutations predicted to activate Ras signaling, such as CBL, NF1, BRAF, and PTPN11, collectively exist in as much as 21% of patients. Investigations into the prevalence of RAS and related pathway mutations in MF and the mechanisms by which they contribute to its pathogenesis are critical in better understanding this condition and ultimately in the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Reynolds
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (K.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Kristen Pettit
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (K.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Malathi Kandarpa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Moshe Talpaz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (K.P.); (M.T.)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Qing Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (K.P.); (M.T.)
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13
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Shin DY, Takagi H, Hiroshima M, Matsuoka S, Ueda M. Sphingomyelin metabolism underlies Ras excitability for efficient cell migration and chemotaxis. Cell Struct Funct 2023; 48:145-160. [PMID: 37438131 DOI: 10.1247/csf.23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic motile cells, the active Ras (Ras-GTP)-enriched domain is generated in an asymmetric manner on the cell membrane through the excitable dynamics of an intracellular signaling network. This asymmetric Ras signaling regulates pseudopod formation for both spontaneous random migration and chemoattractant-induced directional migration. While membrane lipids, such as sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine, contribute to Ras signaling in various cell types, whether they are involved in the Ras excitability for cell motility is unknown. Here we report that functional Ras excitability requires the normal metabolism of sphingomyelin for efficient cell motility and chemotaxis. The pharmacological blockade of sphingomyelin metabolism by an acid-sphingomyelinase inhibitor, fendiline, and other inhibitors suppressed the excitable generation of the stable Ras-GTP-enriched domain. The suppressed excitability failed to invoke enough basal motility to achieve directed migration under shallow chemoattractant gradients. The fendiline-induced defects in Ras excitability, motility and stimulation-elicited directionality were due to an accumulation of sphingomyelin on the membrane, which could be recovered by exogenous sphingomyelinase or phosphatidylserine without changing the expression of Ras. These results indicate a novel regulatory mechanism of the excitable system by membrane lipids, in which sphingomyelin metabolism provides a membrane environment to ensure Ras excitation for efficient cellular motility and chemotaxis.Key words: cell polarity, cell migration, Ras, excitability, sphingomyelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Young Shin
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN
| | - Hiroaki Takagi
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN
- Department of Physics, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University
| | - Michio Hiroshima
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
| | - Satomi Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
- PRESTO, JST
| | - Masahiro Ueda
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
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14
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Ahn HM, Kim DW, Oh HJ, Kim HK, Lee HS, Lee TG, Shin HR, Yang IJ, Lee J, Suh JW, Oh HK, Kang SB. Different oncological features of colorectal cancer codon-specific KRAS mutations: Not codon 13 but codon 12 have prognostic value. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4883-4899. [PMID: 37701134 PMCID: PMC10494767 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i32.4883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 40% of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases are linked to Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations. KRAS mutations are associated with poor CRC prognosis, especially KRAS codon 12 mutation, which is associated with metastasis and poorer survival. However, the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of KRAS codon 13 mutation in CRC remain unclear. AIM To evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic value of codon-specific KRAS mutations, especially in codon 13. METHODS This retrospective, single-center, observational cohort study included patients who underwent surgery for stage I-III CRC between January 2009 and December 2019. Patients with KRAS mutation status confirmed by molecular pathology reports were included. The relationships between clinicopathological characteristics and individual codon-specific KRAS mutations were analyzed. Survival data were analyzed to identify codon-specific KRAS mutations as recurrence-related factors using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS Among the 2203 patients, the incidence of KRAS codons 12, 13, and 61 mutations was 27.7%, 9.1%, and 1.3%, respectively. Both KARS codons 12 and 13 mutations showed a tendency to be associated with clinical characteristics, but only codon 12 was associated with pathological features, such as stage of primary tumor (T stage), lymph node involvement (N stage), vascular invasion, perineural invasion, tumor size, and microsatellite instability. KRAS codon 13 mutation showed no associations (77.2% vs 85.3%, P = 0.159), whereas codon 12 was associated with a lower 5-year recurrence-free survival rate (78.9% vs 75.5%, P = 0.025). In multivariable analysis, along with T and N stages and vascular and perineural invasion, only codon 12 (hazard ratio: 1.399; 95% confidence interval: 1.034-1.894; P = 0.030) among KRAS mutations was an independent risk factor for recurrence. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that KRAS codon 13 mutation is less likely to serve as a prognostic biomarker than codon 12 mutation for CRC in a large-scale cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Min Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
| | - Duck-Woo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Oh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
| | - Hyung Kyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Shin
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
| | - In Jun Yang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
| | - Jeehye Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
| | - Jung Wook Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
| | - Heung-Kwon Oh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Kang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, South Korea
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15
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Ecke M, Prassler J, Gerisch G. Fluctuations of formin binding in the generation of membrane patterns. Biophys J 2023; 122:3386-3394. [PMID: 37488927 PMCID: PMC10465725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular actin waves that propagate on the substrate-attached membrane of Dictyostelium cells separate two distinct membrane domains from each other: an inner territory rich in phosphatidyl-(3,4,5) trisphosphate (PIP3) and an external area decorated with the PIP3-degrading 3-phosphatase PTEN. During wave propagation, the inner territory increases at the expense of the external area. Beyond a size limit, the inner territory becomes unstable, breaking into an inner and an external domain. The sharp boundary between these domains is demarcated by the insertion of an actin wave. During the conversion of inner territory to external area, the state of the membrane fluctuates, as visualized by dynamic landscapes of formin B binding. Here we analyze the formin B fluctuations in relation to three markers of the membrane state: activated Ras, PIP3, and PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ecke
- Cell Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jana Prassler
- Cell Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Günther Gerisch
- Cell Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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16
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Simão S, Agostinho RR, Martínez-Ruiz A, Araújo IM. Regulation of Ras Signaling by S-Nitrosylation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1562. [PMID: 37627556 PMCID: PMC10451275 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras are a family of small GTPases that function as signal transduction mediators and are involved in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival. The significance of Ras is further evidenced by the fact that Ras genes are among the most mutated oncogenes in different types of cancers. After translation, Ras proteins can be targets of post-translational modifications (PTM), which can alter the intracellular dynamics of the protein. In this review, we will focus on how S-nitrosylation of Ras affects the way these proteins interact with membranes, its cellular localization, and its activity. S-Nitrosylation occurs when a nitrosyl moiety of nitric oxide (NO) is covalently attached to a thiol group of a cysteine residue in a target protein. In Ras, the conserved Cys118 is the most surface-exposed Cys and the preferable residue for NO action, leading to the initiation of transduction events. Ras transduces the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) and the RalGEF cellular pathways. S-Nitrosylation of elements of the RalGEF cascade remains to be identified. On the contrary, it is well established that several components of the MAPK and PI3K pathways, as well as different proteins associated with these cascades, can be modified by S-nitrosylation. Overall, this review presents a better understanding of Ras S-nitrosylation, increasing the knowledge on the dynamics of these proteins in the presence of NO and the underlying implications in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Simão
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rafaela Ribeiro Agostinho
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Antonio Martínez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain;
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inês Maria Araújo
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Champalimaud Research Program, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
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17
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Wang Q, Zhang N, Yang X, Feng S, Wang F, Zhang W, He Z. ERα promotes SUMO1 transcription by binding with the ERE and enhances SUMO1-mediated protein SUMOylation in breast cancer. Gland Surg 2023; 12:963-973. [PMID: 37727335 PMCID: PMC10506115 DOI: 10.21037/gs-23-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Estrogen plays a crucial role in the tumorigenesis of breast cancer (BC), and epigenetic modification by SUMOylation is essential for cancer development. However, the mechanism underlying estrogen's actions on protein SUMOylation and its effect on BC development are still incompletely understood. Methods SUMO1 in BC cell lines was verified via real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot. Cell proliferation and colony formation assays was also performed to evaluate SUMOylation as mediated by SUMO1. Luciferase activity to examine whether E2 promoted the transcription of SUMO1, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay to determine the binding of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) to SUMO1 were conduction, and an animal model was used to evaluate the effects of E2-ERα-enhanced SUMO1 transcription. Results E2 promoted SUMO1 mRNA and protein expression levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner in ER-positive BC cells; it exerted no influence on SUMO2/3 expression; in E2-induced SUMO1 transcription, ERα, but not ERβ, was essential to the process. In addition, E2-ERα upregulated the transcription of SUMO1 by binding with an estrogen-response element half-site (1/2ERE, in the -134 to -123 bp region) of the SUMO1 promoter, and E2-ERα induced SUMO1 transcription-enhanced cellular viability in ER-positive BC cells. To further determine SUMOylation as mediated by SUMO1 in ER-positive BC, we evaluated novel SUMO1 target proteins such as Ras and demonstrated that E2 increased Ras SUMOylation and cellular proliferation by affecting downstream signaling-pathway transduction. Finally, our data revealed that E2-ERα enhanced SUMO1 transcription to promote tumor growth in a BC orthotopic tumor model. Conclusions Collectively, our results showed that E2 promoted the transcription and protein expression of SUMO1 via ERα binding to a 1/2ERE in the SUMO1 promoter, and that E2-ERα also augmented SUMO1-mediated Ras SUMOylation and mediated cellular responses in ER-positive BC. We therefore achieved significant insights into the mechanism involved in ER-positive BC development and provided a novel target for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quhui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaobing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian, China
| | - Shichun Feng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feiran Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhixian He
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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18
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Junk P, Kiel C. Structure-based prediction of Ras-effector binding affinities and design of "branchegetic" interface mutations. Structure 2023; 31:870-883.e5. [PMID: 37167973 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ras is a central cellular hub protein controlling multiple cell fates. How Ras interacts with a variety of potential effector proteins is relatively unexplored, with only some key effectors characterized in great detail. Here, we have used homology modeling based on X-ray and AlphaFold2 templates to build structural models for 54 Ras-effector complexes. These models were used to estimate binding affinities using a supervised learning regressor. Furthermore, we systematically introduced Ras "branch-pruning" (or branchegetic) mutations to identify 200 interface mutations that affect the binding energy with at least one of the model structures. The impacts of these branchegetic mutants were integrated into a mathematical model to assess the potential for rewiring interactions at the Ras hub on a systems level. These findings have provided a quantitative understanding of Ras-effector interfaces and their impact on systems properties of a key cellular hub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Junk
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Christina Kiel
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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19
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Kirolos SA, Hatfield CE, Rahman RJ, Consalvo KM, Dittenhauser NK, Gomer RH. A phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase inhibits Ras activation and regulates chemorepulsion in Dictyostelium discoideum. J Cell Sci 2023:312549. [PMID: 37259831 PMCID: PMC10399982 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During developmental and immune responses, cells move towards or away from some signals. Although much is known about chemoattraction, chemorepulsion (the movement of cells away from a stimulus) remains poorly understood. Proliferating Dictyostelium discoideum cells secrete a chemorepellent protein called AprA. Examining existing knockouts, we identified proteins required for AprA-induced chemorepulsion, and a genetic screen suggested that the enzyme phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase A (PIPkinA) may also be needed for chemorepulsion. Here we show that cells lacking PIPkinA are not repelled by AprA, and that this phenotype is rescued by expression of PIPkinA. To bias cell movement, AprA inhibits Ras activation at the side of the cell closest to the source of AprA, and we find that PIPkinA is required for AprA to inhibit Ras activation. PIPkinA decreases levels of the phosphatidylinositol phosphates PI(4)P and PI(3,4,5)P3, and possibly because of these effects, potentiates phagocytosis and inhibits cell proliferation. Cells lacking PIPkinA show normal AprA binding, suggesting that PIPkinA regulates chemorepulsion at a step between the AprA receptor and AprA inhibition of Ras activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Kirolos
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Chance E Hatfield
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Ryan J Rahman
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Kristen M Consalvo
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Nolan K Dittenhauser
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas, 77843-3474, USA
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20
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Blanco-Cintrón ME, Pabón-González F, Sánchez-Flores X. A rare mutation in a patient with Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines. JAAD Case Rep 2023; 36:96-98. [PMID: 37274147 PMCID: PMC10238803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xavier Sánchez-Flores
- Department of Dermatology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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21
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Khalid E, Chang JP. Small GTPase control of pituitary hormone secretion: Evidence from studies in the goldfish (Ca rassius auratus) neuroendocrine model. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 339:114287. [PMID: 37060929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The secretion of vertebrate pituitary hormones is regulated by multiple hypothalamic factors, which, while generally activating unique receptor systems, ultimately propagate signals through interacting intracellular regulatory elements to modulate hormone exocytosis. One important family of intracellular regulators is the monomeric small GTPases, a subset of which (Arf1/6, Rac, RhoA, and Ras) is highly conserved across vertebrates and regulates secretory vesicle exocytosis in many cell types. In this study, we investigated the roles of these small GTPases in basal and agonist-dependent hormone release from dispersed goldfish (Carassius auratus) pituitary cells in perifusion experiments. Inhibition of these small GTPases elevated basal LH and GH secretion, except for Ras inhibition which only increased basal LH release. However, variable responses were observed with regard to LH and GH responses to the two goldfish native gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH2 and GnRH3). GnRH-dependent LH release, but not GH secretion, was mediated by Arf1/6 GTPases. In contrast, inhibition of Rac and RhoA GTPases selectively enhanced GnRH3- and GnRH2-dependent GH release, respectively, while Ras inhibition only enhanced GnRH3-evoked LH secretion. Together, our results reveal novel divergent cell-type- and ligand-specific roles for small GTPases in the control of goldfish pituitary hormone exocytosis in unstimulated and GnRH-evoked release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enezi Khalid
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - John P Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9.
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22
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Monfort-Vengut A, de Cárcer G. Lights and Shadows on the Cancer Multi-Target Inhibitor Rigosertib (ON-01910.Na). Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041232. [PMID: 37111716 PMCID: PMC10145883 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rigosertib (ON-01910.Na) is a small-molecule member of the novel synthetic benzyl-styryl-sulfonate family. It is currently in phase III clinical trials for several myelodysplastic syndromes and leukemias and is therefore close to clinical translation. The clinical progress of rigosertib has been hampered by a lack of understanding of its mechanism of action, as it is currently considered a multi-target inhibitor. Rigosertib was first described as an inhibitor of the mitotic master regulator Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). However, in recent years, some studies have shown that rigosertib may also interact with the PI3K/Akt pathway, act as a Ras-Raf binding mimetic (altering the Ras signaling pathway), as a microtubule destabilizing agent, or as an activator of a stress-induced phospho-regulatory circuit that ultimately hyperphosphorylates and inactivates Ras signaling effectors. Understanding the mechanism of action of rigosertib has potential clinical implications worth exploring, as it may help to tailor cancer therapies and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Monfort-Vengut
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biomarkers Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM) CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biomarkers Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM) CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Babu Manoharan G, Guzmán C, Najumudeen AK, Abankwa D. Detection of Ras nanoclustering-dependent homo-FRET using fluorescence anisotropy measurements. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151314. [PMID: 37058825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Ras is frequently mutated in cancer and a driver of tumorigenesis. The recent years have shown great progress in drug-targeting Ras and understanding how it operates on the plasma membrane. We now know that Ras is non-randomly organized into proteo-lipid complexes on the membrane, called nanoclusters. Nanoclusters contain only a few Ras proteins and are necessary for the recruitment of downstream effectors, such as Raf. If tagged with fluorescent proteins, the dense packing of Ras in nanoclusters can be analyzed by Förster/ fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Loss of FRET can therefore report on decreased nanoclustering and any process upstream of it, such as Ras lipid modifications and correct trafficking. Thus, cellular FRET screens employing Ras-derived fluorescence biosensors are potentially powerful tools to discover chemical or genetic modulators of functional Ras membrane organization. Here we implement fluorescence anisotropy-based homo-FRET measurements of Ras-derived constructs labelled with only one fluorescent protein on a confocal microscope and a fluorescence plate reader. We show that homo-FRET of both H-Ras- and K-Ras-derived constructs can sensitively report on Ras-lipidation and -trafficking inhibitors, as well as on genetic perturbations of proteins regulating membrane anchorage. By exploiting the switch I/II-binding Ras-dimerizing compound BI-2852, this assay is also suitable to report on the engagement of the K-Ras switch II pocket by small molecules such as AMG 510. Given that homo-FRET only requires one fluorescent protein tagged Ras construct, this approach has significant advantages to create Ras-nanoclustering FRET-biosensor reporter cell lines, as compared to the more common hetero-FRET approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Babu Manoharan
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Camilo Guzmán
- Euro-BioImaging ERIC, Statutory Seat, Turku, Finland
| | - Arafath Kaja Najumudeen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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24
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Lipiec S, Gurba A, Agnieszczak IM, Szczepankiewicz AA, Szymański P, Taciak P, Szczepaniak R, Szeleszczuk Ł, Nieznanska H, Włodarczyk J, Fichna J, Bialy LP, Mlynarczuk-Bialy I. New gold (III) cyanide complex TGS 121 induces ER stress, proteasome inhibition and death of Ras-hyperactivated cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105556. [PMID: 36681286 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based agents in cancer therapy, like cisplatin and its derivates, have established clinical applications but also can induce serious side effects. Thus, metallotherapeutic alternatives for platinum derivatives are developed and intensively studied. Platinum is replaced by several transition metals including gold. Especially gold (III) complexes can have the same square-planar structure and are isoelectric with platinum (II). Hence, they are developed as potential anti-cancer drugs. Thus, our group projected and developed a group of novel cyanide-based gold (III) complexes. Within this work, we aimed to characterize the safety and effectivity of one of them, TGS 121. TGS 121 in our preliminary work was selective for Ras-hyperactivated cells. Here we studied the effects of the novel complex in cancerous Ras-3 T3 and non-cancerous NIH-3 T3 cells. The complex TGS 121 turned out to be non-toxic for NIH-3 T3 cells and to induce death and alternations in Ras-hyperactivated cells. We found induction of ER stress, mitochondria swelling, proteasome inhibition, and cell cycle block. Moreover, TGS 121 inhibited cell migration and induced the accumulation of perinuclear organelles that was secondary to proteasome inhibition. Results presented in this report suggest that stable gold-cyanide TGS 121 complex is non-toxic, with a targeted mechanism of action and it is promising in anticancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Lipiec
- HESA at the Department for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Gurba
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela M Agnieszczak
- HESA at the Department for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Antoni Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ludwika Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Szymański
- HESA at the Department for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Taciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Nieznanska
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ludwika Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Włodarczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Lukasz P Bialy
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Mlynarczuk-Bialy
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland.
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25
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Goebel L, Kirschner T, Koska S, Rai A, Janning P, Maffini S, Vatheuer H, Czodrowski P, Goody RS, Müller MP, Rauh D. Targeting oncogenic K RasG13C with nucleotide-based covalent inhibitors. eLife 2023; 12:82184. [PMID: 36972177 PMCID: PMC10042540 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations within Ras proteins represent major drivers in human cancer. In this study, we report the structure-based design, synthesis, as well as biochemical and cellular evaluation of nucleotide-based covalent inhibitors for KRasG13C, an important oncogenic mutant of Ras that has not been successfully addressed in the past. Mass spectrometry experiments and kinetic studies reveal promising molecular properties of these covalent inhibitors, and X-ray crystallographic analysis has yielded the first reported crystal structures of KRasG13C covalently locked with these GDP analogues. Importantly, KRasG13C covalently modified with these inhibitors can no longer undergo SOS-catalysed nucleotide exchange. As a final proof-of-concept, we show that in contrast to KRasG13C, the covalently locked protein is unable to induce oncogenic signalling in cells, further highlighting the possibility of using nucleotide-based inhibitors with covalent warheads in KRasG13C-driven cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Goebel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tonia Kirschner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sandra Koska
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Amrita Rai
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Helge Vatheuer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Paul Czodrowski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roger S Goody
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Matthias P Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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26
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Eller-Borges R, Rodrigues EG, Teodoro ACS, Moraes MS, Arruda DC, Paschoalin T, Curcio MF, da Costa PE, Do Nascimento IR, Calixto LA, Stern A, Monteiro HP, Batista WL. Bradykinin promotes murine melanoma cell migration and invasion through endogenous production of superoxide and nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 2023; 132:15-26. [PMID: 36736618 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Spatial confinement and temporal regulation of signaling by nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs in cancer cells. Signaling mediated by NO and ROS was investigated in two sub clones of the murine melanoma B16F10-Nex2 cell line, Nex10C and Nex8H treated or not with bradykinin (BK). The sub clone Nex10C, similar to primary site cells, has a low capacity for colonizing the lungs, whereas the sub clone Nex8H, similar to metastatic cells, corresponds to a highly invasive melanoma. BK-treated Nex10C cells exhibited a transient increase in NO and an inhibition in basal O2- levels. Inhibition of endogenous NO production by l-NAME resulted in detectable levels of O2-. l-NAME promoted Rac1 activation and enhanced Rac1-PI3K association. l-NAME in the absence of BK resulted in Nex10C cell migration and invasion, suggesting that NO is a negative regulator of O2- mediated cell migration and cell invasion. BK-treated Nex8H cells sustained endogenous NO production through the activation of NOS3. NO activated Rac1 and promoted Rac1-PI3K association. NO stimulated cell migration and cell invasion through a signaling axis involving Ras, Rac1 and PI3K. In conclusion, a role for O2- and NO as positive regulators of Rac1-PI3K signaling associated with cell migration and cell invasion is proposed respectively for Nex10C and Nex8H murine melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Eller-Borges
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTCMOL), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine G Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline S Teodoro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTCMOL), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam S Moraes
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTCMOL), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise C Arruda
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia (NIB), Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaysa Paschoalin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marli F Curcio
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo E da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTCMOL), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor R Do Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTCMOL), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro A Calixto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arnold Stern
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hugo P Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTCMOL), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Wagner L Batista
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil.
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27
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Jackson M, Ahmari N, Wu J, Rizvi TA, Fugate E, Kim MO, Dombi E, Arnhof H, Boehmelt G, Düchs MJ, Long CJ, Maier U, Trapani F, Hofmann MH, Ratner N. COMBINING SOS1 AND MEK INHIBITORS IN A MURINE MODEL OF PLEXIFORM NEUROFIBROMA RESULTS IN TUMOR SHRINKAGE. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 385:106-116. [PMID: 36849412 PMCID: PMC10108440 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 develop RAS-MAPK-MEK driven nerve tumors called neurofibromas. While MEK inhibitors transiently reduce volumes of most plexiform neurofibromas in mouse models and in NF1 patients, therapies that increase the efficacy of MEK inhibitors are needed. BI-3406 is a small molecule that prevents SOS1 interaction with KRAS-GDP, interfering with the RAS-MAPK cascade upstream of MEK. Single agent SOS1 inhibition had no significant effect in the DhhCre;Nf1fl/fl mouse model of plexiform neurofibroma, but PK-driven combination of Selumetinib with BI-3406 significantly improved tumor parameters. Tumor volumes and neurofibroma cell proliferation, reduced by MEK inhibition, were further reduced by the combination. Neurofibroma are rich in Iba1+ macrophages; combination treatment resulted in small and round macrophages, with altered cytokine expression indicative of altered activation. The significant effects of MEKi plus SOS1 inhibition in this pre-clinical study suggest potential clinical benefit of dual targeting of the RAS-MAPK pathway in neurofibromas. Significance Statement Interfering with the RAS-MAPK cascade upstream of MEK, together with MEK inhibition, augment effects of MEK inhibition on neurofibroma volume and tumor macrophages in a preclinical model system. This study emphasizes the critical role of the RAS-MAPK pathway in controlling tumor cell proliferation and the tumor microenvironment in benign neurofibromas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mi-Ok Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Clive J Long
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Germany, Germany
| | - Udo Maier
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Germany, Germany
| | - Francesca Trapani
- Oncology Translational Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Austria
| | - Marco H Hofmann
- Cancer Pharmacology and Disease Positioning, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Austria
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28
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Ravishankar R, Hildebrandt ER, Greenway G, Asad N, Gore S, Dore TM, Schmidt WK. Specific Disruption of Ras2 CAAX Proteolysis Alters Its Localization and Function. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0269222. [PMID: 36602340 PMCID: PMC9927470 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02692-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many CAAX proteins, such as Ras GTPase, undergo a series of posttranslational modifications at their carboxyl terminus (i.e., cysteine prenylation, endoproteolysis of AAX, and carboxylmethylation). Some CAAX proteins, however, undergo prenylation-only modification, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp40 Ydj1. We previously observed that altering the CAAX motif of Ydj1 from prenylation-only to canonical resulted in altered Ydj1 function and localization. Here, we investigated the effects of a reciprocal change that altered the well-characterized canonical CAAX motif of S. cerevisiae Ras2 to prenylation-only. We observed that the type of CAAX motif impacted Ras2 protein levels, localization, and function. Moreover, we observed that using a prenylation-only sequence to stage hyperactive Ras2-G19V as a farnesylated and nonproteolyzed intermediate resulted in a different phenotype relative to staging by a genetic RCE1 deletion strategy that simultaneously affected many CAAX proteins. These findings suggested that a prenylation-only CAAX motif is useful for probing the specific impact of CAAX proteolysis on Ras2 under conditions where other CAAX proteins are normally modified. We propose that our strategy could be easily applied to a wide range of CAAX proteins for examining the specific impact of CAAX proteolysis on their functions. IMPORTANCE CAAX proteins are subject to multiple posttranslational modifications: cysteine prenylation, CAAX proteolysis, and carboxylmethylation. For investigations of CAAX proteolysis, this study took the novel approach of using a proteolysis-resistant CAAX sequence to stage Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ras2 GTPase in a farnesylated and nonproteolyzed state. Our approach specifically limited the effects of disrupting CAAX proteolysis to Ras2. This represented an improvement over previous methods where CAAX proteolysis was inhibited by gene knockout, small interfering RNA knockdown, or biochemical inhibition of the Rce1 CAAX protease, which can lead to pleiotropic and unclear attribution of effects due to the action of Rce1 on multiple CAAX proteins. Our approach yielded results that demonstrated specific impacts of CAAX proteolysis on the function, localization, and other properties of Ras2, highlighting the utility of this approach for investigating the impact of CAAX proteolysis in other protein contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Ravishankar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily R. Hildebrandt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Grace Greenway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Nadeem Asad
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sangram Gore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothy M. Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Walter K. Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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29
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Fine RL, Mao Y, Garcia-Carracedo D, Su GH, Qiu W, Hochfeld U, Nichols G, Li YL, Dinnen RD, Raffo A, Brandt-Rauf PW. Gene Therapy with p14/tBID Induces Selective and Synergistic Apoptosis in Mutant Ras and Mutant p53 Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomedicines 2023; 11:258. [PMID: 36830797 PMCID: PMC9953161 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Any gene therapy for cancer will be predicated upon its selectivity against cancer cells and non-toxicity to normal cells. Therefore, safeguards are needed to prevent its activation in normal cells. We designed a minimal p14ARF promoter with upstream Ap1 and E2F enhancer elements and a downstream MDR1 inhibitory element, TATA box, and a transcription initiation site (hereafter p14ARFmin). The modified p14ARFmin promoter was linked to bicistronic P14 and truncated BID (tBID) genes, which led to synergistic apoptosis via the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis when expressed. The promoter was designed to be preferentially activated by mutant Ras and completely inhibited by wild-type p53 so that only cells with both mutant Ras and mutant p53 would activate the construct. In comparison to most p53 gene therapies, this construct has selective advantages: (1) p53-based gene therapies with a constitutive CMV promoter cannot differentiate between normal cells and cancer cells, and can be toxic to normal cells; (2) our construct does not induce p21WAF/CIPI in contrast to other p53-based gene therapies, which can induce cell cycle arrest leading to increased chemotherapy resistance; (3) the modified construct (p14ARFmin-p14-tBID) demonstrates bidirectional control of its promoter, which is completely repressed by wild-type p53 and activated only in cells with both RAS and P53 mutations; and (4) a novel combination of genes (p14 and tBID) can synergistically induce potent intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Fine
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Division of Medical Oncology, The Pancreas Center at Columbia, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NYPH-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yuehua Mao
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Division of Medical Oncology, The Pancreas Center at Columbia, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NYPH-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dario Garcia-Carracedo
- Department Pathology and Otolaryngology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NYPH–Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gloria H. Su
- Department Pathology and Otolaryngology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NYPH–Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wanglong Qiu
- Department Pathology and Otolaryngology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NYPH–Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Uri Hochfeld
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Division of Medical Oncology, The Pancreas Center at Columbia, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NYPH-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gwen Nichols
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Division of Medical Oncology, The Pancreas Center at Columbia, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NYPH-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yong-Liang Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Richard D. Dinnen
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Division of Medical Oncology, The Pancreas Center at Columbia, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NYPH-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anthony Raffo
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Division of Medical Oncology, The Pancreas Center at Columbia, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NYPH-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Paul W. Brandt-Rauf
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Liu X, Li X, Wang S, Liu Q, Feng X, Wang W, Huang Z, Huang Y, Wu J, Cai M, Cai X, Xu X, Cai J, Li M. ATOH8 binds SMAD3 to induce cellular senescence and prevent Ras-driven malignant transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2208927120. [PMID: 36626550 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208927120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) and the conversion between OIS and malignant transformation during carcinogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we show that following overactivation of oncogene Ras in lung epithelial cells, high-level transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)-activated SMAD3, but not SMAD2 or SMAD4, plays a determinant role in inducing cellular senescence independent of the p53/p16/p15 senescence pathways. Importantly, SMAD3 binds a potential tumor suppressor ATOH8 to form a transcriptional complex that directly represses a series of cell cycle-promoting genes and consequently causes senescence in lung epithelial cells. Interestingly, the prosenescent SMAD3 converts to being oncogenic and essentially facilitates oncogenic Ras-driven malignant transformation. Furthermore, depleting Atoh8 rapidly accelerates oncogenic Ras-driven lung tumorigenesis, and lung cancers driven by mutant Ras and Atoh8 loss, but not by mutant Ras only, are sensitive to treatment of a specific SMAD3 inhibitor. Moreover, hypermethylation of the ATOH8 gene can be found in approximately 12% of clinical lung cancer cases. Together, our findings demonstrate not only epithelial cellular senescence directed by a potential tumor suppressor-controlled transcriptional program but also an important interplay between the prosenescent and transforming effects of TGF-β/SMAD3, potentially laying a foundation for developing early detection and anticancer strategies.
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Hsu TC, Rodrigues GOL, Winer H, Hixon JA, Li W, Tarasova NI, Durum SK. A Focused Review of Ras Guanine Nucleotide-Releasing Protein 1 in Immune Cells and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36675167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Four Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing proteins (RasGRP1 through 4) belong to the family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). RasGRPs catalyze the release of GDP from small GTPases Ras and Rap and facilitate their transition from an inactive GDP-bound to an active GTP-bound state. Thus, they regulate critical cellular responses via many downstream GTPase effectors. Similar to other RasGRPs, the catalytic module of RasGRP1 is composed of the Ras exchange motif (REM) and Cdc25 domain, and the EF hands and C1 domain contribute to its cellular localization and regulation. RasGRP1 can be activated by a diacylglycerol (DAG)-mediated membrane recruitment and protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation. RasGRP1 acts downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptors (BCR), and pre-TCR, and plays an important role in the thymocyte maturation and function of peripheral T cells, B cells, NK cells, mast cells, and neutrophils. The dysregulation of RasGRP1 is known to contribute to numerous disorders that range from autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and schizophrenia to neoplasia. Given its position at the crossroad of cell development, inflammation, and cancer, RASGRP1 has garnered interest from numerous disciplines. In this review, we outline the structure, function, and regulation of RasGRP1 and focus on the existing knowledge of the role of RasGRP1 in leukemia and other cancers.
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Zamora-Domínguez JA, Olarte-Carrillo I, Ruiz-Ramos R, Ramos-Peñafiel C, Jiménez-Zamudio LA, García-Latorre EA, Centeno FC, Martínez-Tovar A. Abnormal expression of H-Ras induces S-phase arrest and mitotic catastrophe in human T-lymphocyte leukemia. Blood Res 2023; 58:20-27. [PMID: 36632684 PMCID: PMC10063590 DOI: 10.5045/br.2023.2022143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leukemia is a neoplasm with high incidence and mortality rates. Mitotic death has been observed in tumor cells treated with chemotherapeutic agents. Ras family proteins participate in the transduction of signals involved in different processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and, paradoxically, initiation of cell death. Methods This study investigated the effect of H-Ras expression on human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 cells. Cells were electroporated with either wild-type (Raswt) or oncogenic mutant in codon 12 exon 1 (Rasmut) versions of H-Ras gene and stained for morphological analysis. Cell viability was assessed using trypan blue staining and cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry. H-Ras gene expression was determined using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The t, ANOVA, and Scheffe tests were used for statistical analysis. Results Human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 cells showed nuclear fragmentation and presence of multiple nuclei and micronuclei after transfection with either wt or mutant H-Ras genes. Cell cycle analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in cells in the S phase when transfected with either wt (83.67%, P<0.0005) or mutated (81.79%, P<0.0001) H-Ras genes. Although similar effects for both versions of H-Ras were found, cells transfected with the mutated version died at 120 h of mitotic catastrophe. Conclusion Transfection of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 cells with either normal or mutated H-Ras genes induced alterations in morphology, arrest in the S phase, and death by mitotic catastrophe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Zamora-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Servicio de Hematología, Hospital General de México, "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga" Ciudad de México Molecular Biology Laboratory, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Irma Olarte-Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Servicio de Hematología, Hospital General de México, "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga" Ciudad de México Molecular Biology Laboratory, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Christian Ramos-Peñafiel
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis A Jiménez-Zamudio
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Clínica, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ethel A García-Latorre
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Clínica, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Federico Cruz Centeno
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Clínica, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Adolfo Martínez-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Servicio de Hematología, Hospital General de México, "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga" Ciudad de México Molecular Biology Laboratory, Ciudad de México, México
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Guo J, Li L, Deng N, Xu Y, Wang G, Luo H, Xu C, Li X. microRNA-203 functions as a natural Ras inhibitor in hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:1295-1309. [PMID: 37168327 PMCID: PMC10164818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNA-203 (miR203) plays an important role in the formation and development of multiple types of cancers. However, its role in hepatic carcinogenesis has not been well studied. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling is known to be activated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but there is a lack of effective drugs targeting this pathway for HCC treatment. In this study, we investigated the role of miR203 in HCC and the underlying mechanism. We found that miR203 was significantly downregulated in HCC cell lines and patient tissues compared with a hepatocyte cell line (L02) or normal liver tissues. Restoration of miR203 inhibited HCC cell growth and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In primary and xenograft HCC mouse models, miR203 also significantly blocked HCC growth. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that miR203 directly binds to the 3'UTR of NRas mRNA, resulting in decreased expression of NRas and inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Activation of MAPK signaling by ectopic NRas expression rescued the cell proliferation blocked by miR203. Together, our findings illustrate the fundamental role of miR203 as a natural inhibitor of RAS/MAPK signaling in hepatic carcinogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In light of the critical and universal activation of the MAPK pathway in HCC, miR203 has the potential to serve as a nucleotide drug for the treatment of HCC with activated MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Nan Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Guohua Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Wuhan Iron and Steel CorpWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hongbo Luo
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chuanrui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The 960 Hospital of The PLAJinan 250031, Shandong, China
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Takeshita N, Takano-Yamamoto T. Analysis of Chemotactic Property of CCN2/CTGF in Intramembranous Osteogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:237-253. [PMID: 36370354 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemotaxis is a directed migration of cells in response to a gradient of extracellular molecules called chemoattractants. Development, growth, remodeling, and fracture healing of bones are advanced through intramembranous osteogenesis. Chemotaxis of preosteoblasts toward future bone formation sites observed in the early stage of intramembranous osteogenesis is a critical cellular process for normal bone formation. However, molecular biological mechanisms of the chemotaxis of preosteoblasts are not fully understood. We have recently clarified, for the first time, the critical role of the cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2)/connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)-integrin α5-Ras axis for chemotaxis of preosteoblasts during new bone formation through intramembranous osteogenesis. In this chapter, we describe in detail the procedures of the in vivo and in vitro assays to investigate the chemotactic property of CCN2/CTGF and its underlying molecular biological mechanisms during intramembranous osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Takeshita
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Teruko Takano-Yamamoto
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Baraniskin A, Baba HA, Theegarten D, Mika T, Schroers R, Klein-Scory S. Liquid biopsy can cure early colorectal cancer recurrence - Case Report. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1141833. [PMID: 37207159 PMCID: PMC10188995 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1141833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of colorectal cancer (CRC), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is frequently used to monitor the minimal residual disease (MRD). ctDNA has become an excellent biomarker to predict which patients with CRC are likely to relapse due to the persistence of micrometastases. MRD diagnosis via analysis of ctDNA may allow much earlier detection of relapse compared with conventional diagnosis during follow-up. It should lead to an increased rate of curative-intended complete resection of an asymptomatic relapse. Besides, ctDNA can provide crucial information on whether and how intensively adjuvant or additive therapy should be administered. In the present case, analysis of ctDNA gave us a crucial hint to the use of more intensive diagnostics (MRI and Positron emission tomography-computed tomography PET-CT) which led to earlier detection of CRC relapse. Metastasis detected early are more likely to be completely resectable with curative intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Baraniskin
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hamm, Hamm, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum GmbH, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alexander Baraniskin,
| | - Hideo A. Baba
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Theegarten
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Mika
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum GmbH, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Roland Schroers
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum GmbH, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanne Klein-Scory
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum GmbH, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Dyson A, Ryan M, Garg S, Evans DG, Baines RA. Loss of NF1 in Drosophila Larvae Causes Tactile Hypersensitivity and Impaired Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction. J Neurosci 2022; 42:9450-9472. [PMID: 36344265 PMCID: PMC9794380 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0562-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition in which the mechanisms underlying its core symptomatology are largely unknown. Studying animal models of monogenic syndromes associated with ASD, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), can offer insights into its etiology. Here, we show that loss of function of the Drosophila NF1 ortholog results in tactile hypersensitivity following brief mechanical stimulation in the larva (mixed sexes), paralleling the sensory abnormalities observed in individuals with ASD. Mutant larvae also exhibit synaptic transmission deficits at the glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ), with increased spontaneous but reduced evoked release. While the latter is homeostatically compensated for by a postsynaptic increase in input resistance, the former is consistent with neuronal hyperexcitability. Indeed, diminished expression of NF1 specifically within central cholinergic neurons induces both excessive neuronal firing and tactile hypersensitivity, suggesting the two may be linked. Furthermore, both impaired synaptic transmission and behavioral deficits are fully rescued via knock-down of Ras proteins. These findings validate NF1 -/- Drosophila as a tractable model of ASD with the potential to elucidate important pathophysiological mechanisms.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects 1-2% of the overall population and can considerably impact an individual's quality of life. However, there are currently no treatments available for its core symptoms, largely because of a poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved. Examining how loss of function of the ASD-associated NF1 gene affects behavior and physiology in Drosophila may shed light on this. In this study, we identify a novel, ASD-relevant behavioral phenotype in NF1 -/- larvae, namely an enhanced response to mechanical stimulation, which is associated with Ras-dependent synaptic transmission deficits indicative of neuronal hyperexcitability. Such insights support the use of Drosophila neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) models in ASD research and may provide outputs for genetic or pharmacological screens in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Dyson
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Ryan
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Shruti Garg
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Child & Adolescent Mental Health Services, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Baines
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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Xiao J, Wang W, Dan J. Nalbuphine suppresses leukemia stem cells and acts synergistically with chemotherapy drugs via inhibiting Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 23:922-928. [PMID: 36515024 DOI: 10.2174/1871520623666221213120258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Retrospective clinical studies have shown that opioids could potentially affect the risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis. Better understanding of the effects of opioids on cancer will help to select the optimal anesthetic regimens to achieve better outcomes in cancer patients. BACKGROUND Increasing evidence has shown the direct effects of opioids on bulk cancer cells and cancer stem cells. Opioid such as nalbuphine is approved to control cancer-associated pain but little is known on their possible cancer effects. OBJECTIVE To assess the biological effects of nalbuphine on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) differentiated and stem/progenitor CD34+ cells. METHOD AML CD34+ cells were isolated with colony formation, growth and apoptosis assays performed. Biochemical and immunoblotting analyses were conducted in AML cells exposed to nalbuphine. RESULT Nalbuphine at clinically relevant concentrations was active against a panel of AML cell lines with varying IC50. Importantly, nalbuphine augmented the efficacy of cytarabine and daunorubicin in decreasing AML cell viability/growth. Besides bulk AML cells, we noted that nalbuphine was effective and selective in decreasing viability and colony formation of AML CD34+ cells while sparing normal hematopoietic CD34+ cells. The action of nalbuphine on AML cells is not associated with opioid receptors but via inhibiting Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Overexpression of constitutively active Ras partially but significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of nalbuphine on AML cells. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal the selective anti-AML activity of nalbuphine and its ability in inhibiting Ras signaling. Our work suggests that nalbuphine may be beneficial for leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Weilian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiapeng Dan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
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Hung TW, Yu MH, Yang TY, Yang MY, Chen JY, Chan KC, Wang CJ. Acarbose Protects Glucolipotoxicity-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy by Inhibiting Ras Expression in High-Fat Diet-Fed db/db Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315312. [PMID: 36499639 PMCID: PMC9736061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) exacerbates renal tissue damage and is a major cause of end-stage renal disease. Reactive oxygen species play a vital role in hyperglycemia-induced renal injury. This study examined whether the oral hypoglycemic drug acarbose (Ab) could attenuate the progression of DN in type 2 diabetes mellitus mice. In this study, 50 mg/kg body weight of Ab was administered to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed db/db mice. Their body weight was recorded every week, and the serum glucose concentration was monitored every 2 weeks. Following their euthanasia, the kidneys of mice were analyzed through hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff, Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The results revealed that Ab stabilized the plasma glucose and indirectly improved the insulin sensitivity and renal functional biomarkers in diabetic mice. In addition, diabetes-induced glomerular hypertrophy, the saccharide accumulation, and formation of collagen fiber were reduced in diabetic mice receiving Ab. Although the dosages of Ab cannot decrease the blood sugar in db/db mice, our results indicate that Ab alleviates glucolipotoxicity-induced DN by inhibiting kidney fibrosis-related proteins through the Ras/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Wei Hung
- School of Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsun Yu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Health Industry Technology Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yuan Yang
- School of Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Yuan Yang
- Department of Health Industry Technology Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yu Chen
- Department of Health Industry Technology Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Chuan Chan
- School of Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.-C.C.); (C.-J.W.); Tel.: +886-4-247-30022 (ext. 34704) (K.-C.C.); +886-4-247-30022 (ext. 11670) (C.-J.W.)
| | - Chau-Jong Wang
- Department of Health Industry Technology Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.-C.C.); (C.-J.W.); Tel.: +886-4-247-30022 (ext. 34704) (K.-C.C.); +886-4-247-30022 (ext. 11670) (C.-J.W.)
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Tang BL. At the Research Frontiers of Small GTPases. Cells 2022; 11. [PMID: 36496968 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases act as molecular switches in regulating a myriad of cellular signaling, cytoskeletal dynamics, vesicular trafficking, and membrane/organelle transport processes. Here, I provide an editorial overview of papers collected in this Special Issue on the "Regulation and Function of Small GTPases 2.0".
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O'Keeffe C, Greenwald I. EGFR signal transduction is downregulated in C. elegans vulval precursor cells during dauer diapause. Development 2022; 149:dev201094. [PMID: 36227589 PMCID: PMC9793418 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans larvae display developmental plasticity in response to environmental conditions: in adverse conditions, second-stage larvae enter a reversible, long-lived dauer stage instead of proceeding to reproductive adulthood. Dauer entry interrupts vulval induction and is associated with a reprogramming-like event that preserves the multipotency of vulval precursor cells (VPCs), allowing vulval development to reinitiate if conditions improve. Vulval induction requires the LIN-3/EGF-like signal from the gonad, which activates EGFR-Ras-ERK signal transduction in the nearest VPC, P6.p. Here, using a biosensor and live imaging we show that EGFR-Ras-ERK activity is downregulated in P6.p in dauers. We investigated this process using gene mutations or transgenes to manipulate different steps of the pathway, and by analyzing LET-23/EGFR subcellular localization during dauer life history. We found that the response to EGF is attenuated at or upstream of Ras activation, and discuss potential membrane-associated mechanisms that could achieve this. We also describe other findings pertaining to the maintenance of VPC competence and quiescence in dauer larvae. Our analysis indicates that VPCs have L2-like and unique dauer stage features rather than features of L3 VPCs in continuous development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine O'Keeffe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Iva Greenwald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Grudzien P, Jang H, Leschinsky N, Nussinov R, Gaponenko V. Conformational Dynamics Allows Sampling of an "Active-like" State by Oncogenic K- Ras-GDP. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167695. [PMID: 35752212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in K-Ras GTPase replacing Gly12 with either Asp or Val are common in cancer. These mutations decelerate intrinsic and catalyzed GTP hydrolysis, leading to accumulation of K-Ras-GTP in cells. Signaling cascades initiated by K-Ras-GTP promote cell proliferation, survival, and invasion. Despite functional differences between the most frequent G12D mutation and the most aggressive and chemotherapy resistant G12V mutation, their long-suspected distinct structural features remain elusive. Using NMR, X-ray structures, and computational methods, we found that oncogenic mutants of K-Ras4B, the predominant splice variant of K-Ras, exhibit distinct conformational dynamics when GDP-bound, visiting the "active-like" conformational state similar to the one observed in GTP-bound K-Ras. This behavior distinguishes G12V from wild type and G12D K-Ras4B-GDP. The likely reason is hydrophobic interactions between the aliphatic sidechain of V12 and the Switch II region of K-Ras4BG12V-GDP, which are distinct in K-Ras4BG12D-GDP. In the X-ray structures, crystal contacts reduce the dynamics of the sidechain at position 12 by stabilizing the Switch I region of the protein. This explains why structural differences between G12V and G12D K-Ras have yet not been reported. Together, our results suggest a previously unknown mechanism of K-Ras activation. This mechanism relies on conformational dynamics caused by specific oncogenic mutations in the GDP-bound state. Our findings also imply that the therapeutic strategies decreasing the level of K-Ras-GTP by interfering with nucleotide exchange or by expediting GTP hydrolysis may work differently in different oncogenic mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Grudzien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, U.S.A
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas Leschinsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, U.S.A
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, U.S.A.
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Liu Y, Jang H, Zhang M, Tsai CJ, Maloney R, Nussinov R. The structural basis of BCR-ABL recruitment of GRB2 in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Biophys J 2022:S0006-3495(22)00423-4. [PMID: 35651316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BCR-ABL drives chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). BCR binding to GRB2 transduces signaling via the Ras/MAPK pathway. Despite considerable data confirming the binding, molecular-level understanding of exactly how the two proteins interact, and especially, what are the determinants of the specificity of the SH2GRB2 domain-pBCR recognition are still open questions. Yet, this is vastly important for understanding binding selectivity, and for predicting the phosphorylated receptors, or peptides, that are likely to bind. Here, we uncover these determinants and ascertain to what extent they relate to the affinity of the interaction. Toward this end, we modeled the complexes of the phosphorylated BCR (pBCR) and SH2GRB2 and other pY/Y-peptide-SH2 complexes and compared their specificity and affinity. We observed that pBCR's 176FpYVNV180 motif is favorable and specific to SH2GRB2, similar to pEGFR, but not other complexes. SH2GRB2 contains two binding pockets: pY-binding recognition pocket triggers binding, and the specificity pocket whose interaction is governed by N179 in pBCR and W121 in SH2GRB2. Our proposed motif with optimal affinity to SH2GRB2 is E/D-pY-E/V-N-I/L. Collectively, we provide the structural basis of BCR-ABL recruitment of GRB2, outline its specificity hallmarks, and delineate a blueprint for prediction of BCR-binding scaffolds and for therapeutic peptide design.
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Wu M, Funahashi Y, Takano T, Hossen E, Ahammad RU, Tsuboi D, Amano M, Yamada K, Kaibuchi K. Rho-Rho-Kinase Regulates Ras-ERK Signaling Through SynGAP1 for Dendritic Spine Morphology. Neurochem Res 2022. [PMID: 35624196 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The structural plasticity of dendritic spines plays a critical role in NMDA-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) in the brain. The small GTPases RhoA and Ras are considered key regulators of spine morphology and enlargement. However, the regulatory interaction between RhoA and Ras underlying NMDA-induced spine enlargement is largely unknown. In this study, we found that Rho-kinase/ROCK, an effector of RhoA, phosphorylated SynGAP1 (a synaptic Ras-GTPase activating protein) at Ser842 and increased its interaction with 14-3-3ζ, thereby activating Ras-ERK signaling in a reconstitution system in HeLa cells. We also found that the stimulation of NMDA receptor by glycine treatment for LTP induction stimulated SynGAP1 phosphorylation, Ras-ERK activation, spine enlargement and SynGAP1 delocalization from the spines in striatal neurons, and these effects were prevented by Rho-kinase inhibition. Rho-kinase-mediated phosphorylation of SynGAP1 appeared to increase its dissociation from PSD95, a postsynaptic scaffolding protein located at postsynaptic density, by forming a complex with 14-3-3ζ. These results suggest that Rho-kinase phosphorylates SynGAP1 at Ser842, thereby activating the Ras-ERK pathway for NMDA-induced morphological changes in dendritic spines.
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Conroy M, Cowzer D, Kolch W, Duffy AG. Emerging RAS-directed therapies for cancer. Cancer Drug Resist 2022; 4:543-558. [PMID: 35582302 PMCID: PMC9094076 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2021.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RAS oncogenes are the most commonly mutated oncogenes in human cancer, and RAS-mutant cancers represent a major burden of human disease. Though these oncogenes were discovered decades ago, recent years have seen major advances in understanding of their structure and function, including the therapeutic and prognostic significance of diverse isoforms. Targeting of these mutations has proven difficult, despite some successes with inhibition of RAS effector signalling. More recently, direct RAS inhibition has been achieved in a trial setting. While this has yet to be translated to everyday clinical practice, this development carries much promise. This review summarizes the diverse approaches that have been taken to RAS inhibition and then focuses on the most recent developments in direct inhibition of KRAS(G12C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Conroy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland.,Authors contributed equally
| | - Darren Cowzer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland.,Authors contributed equally
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Austin G Duffy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
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Zheng Y, Ding L, Meng X, Potter M, Kearney AL, Zhang J, Sun J, James DE, Yang G, Zhou C. Structural insights into Ras regulation by SIN1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119990119. [PMID: 35522713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119990119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the mTORC2 and Ras-ERK pathways respond to growth factor stimulation and play critical roles in cell growth and proliferation, disarray of these pathways leads to many diseases, especially cancer. These two signaling pathways crosstalk at many levels; recently it's become clear that the SIN1 component of mTORC2 could interact with Ras family small GTPases, but how these two proteins interact at the molecular level and the functional outcomes of this interaction remain to be addressed. In this work we determined the high-resolution structure of Ras-SIN1 complexes and revealed the detailed interaction mechanism. We also showed that Ras-SIN1 association inhibits insulin-induced ERK activation. Insights from this work could improve our understanding of the disease-causing mechanism of errant mTORC2 or Ras proteins. Over the years it has been established that SIN1, a key component of mTORC2, could interact with Ras family small GTPases through its Ras-binding domain (RBD). The physical association of Ras and SIN1/mTORC2 could potentially affect both mTORC2 and Ras-ERK pathways. To decipher the precise molecular mechanism of this interaction, we determined the high-resolution structures of HRas/KRas-SIN1 RBD complexes, showing the detailed interaction interface. Mutation of critical interface residues abolished Ras-SIN1 interaction and in SIN1 knockout cells we demonstrated that Ras-SIN1 association promotes SGK1 activity but inhibits insulin-induced ERK activation. With structural comparison and competition fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays we showed that HRas-SIN1 RBD association is much weaker than HRas-Raf1 RBD but is slightly stronger than HRas-PI3K RBD interaction, providing a possible explanation for the different outcome of insulin or EGF stimulation. We also found that SIN1 isoform lacking the PH domain binds stronger to Ras than other longer isoforms and the PH domain appears to have an inhibitory effect on Ras-SIN1 binding. In addition, we uncovered a Ras dimerization interface that could be critical for Ras oligomerization. Our results advance our understanding of Ras-SIN1 association and crosstalk between growth factor-stimulated pathways.
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Lin CW, Nocka LM, Stinger BL, DeGrandchamp JB, Lew LJN, Alvarez S, Phan HT, Kondo Y, Kuriyan J, Groves JT. A two-component protein condensate of the EGFR cytoplasmic tail and Grb2 regulates Ras activation by SOS at the membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122531119. [PMID: 35507881 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122531119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceTwo-dimensional condensates of proteins on the membrane surface, driven by tyrosine phosphorylation, are beginning to emerge as important players in signal transduction. This work describes discovery of a protein condensation phase transition of EGFR and Grb2 on membrane surfaces, which is poised to have a significant impact on how we understand EGFR signaling and misregulation in disease. EGFR condensation is mediated through a Grb2-Grb2 crosslinking element, which itself is regulatable through a specific phosphotyrosine site on Grb2. Furthermore, the EGFR condensate exerts significant control over the ability of SOS to activate Ras, thus implicating the EGFR condensate as a regulator of signal propagation from EGFR to Ras and the MAPK pathway.
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Shang D, Zhou T, Zhuang X, Wu Y, Liu H, Tu Z. Molecular dissection on inhibition of Ras-induced cellular senescence by small t antigen of SV40. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:242. [PMID: 35429286 PMCID: PMC11072472 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a potentially oncogenic virus of monkey origin. Transmission, prevalence, and pathogenicity rates of SV40 are unclear, but infection can occur in humans, for example individuals with high contact with rhesus macaques and individuals that received contaminated early batches of polio vaccines in 1950-1963. In addition, several human polyomaviruses, proven carcinogenic, are also highly common in global populations. Cellular senescence is a major mechanism of cancer prevention in vivo. Hyperactivation of Ras usually induces cellular senescence rather than cell transformation. Previous studies suggest small t antigen (ST) of SV40 may interfere with cellular senescence induced by Ras. In the current study, ST was demonstrated to inhibit Ras-induced cellular senescence (RIS) and accumulation of DNA damage in Ras-activated cells. In addition, ST suppressed the signal transmission from BRaf to MEK and thus blocked the downstream transmission of the activated Ras signal. B56γ knockdown mimicked the inhibitory effects of ST overexpression on RIS. Furthermore, KSR1 knockdown inhibited Ras activation and the subsequent cellular senescence. Further mechanism studies indicated that the phosphorylation level of KSR1 rather than the levels of the total protein regulates the activation of Ras signaling pathway. In sum, ST inhibits the continuous hyperactivation of Ras signals by interfering with the normal functions of PP2A-B56γ of dephosphorylating KSR1, thus inhibiting the occurrence of cellular senescence. Although the roles of SV40 in human carcinogenesis are controversial so far, our study has shown that ST of polyomaviruses has tumorigenic potential by inhibiting oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) as a proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianchu Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinying Zhuang
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanfang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hanqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhigang Tu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Guo Y, Fan J, Liu S, Hao D. Orai1 downregulation causes proliferation reduction and cell cycle arrest via inactivation of the Ras-NF-κB signaling pathway in osteoblasts. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:347. [PMID: 35410330 PMCID: PMC8996479 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to determine the role of Orai1 in the regulation of the proliferation and cell cycle of osteoblasts. Methods The expression of Orai1 was inhibited by Orai1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) in MC3T3-E1 cells. Following Orai1 downregulation, cell proliferation and cell cycle were examined. Furthermore, the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK4, and CDK6 was analyzed. The activity of the Ras-NF-κB signaling pathway was investigated to identify the role of Orai1 in the regulation of osteoblast proliferation. Results Orai1 was successfully downregulated in MC3T3-E1 cells by the Orai1 siRNA transfection (p < 0.05). We found that MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation was decreased, and the cell cycle was arrested by Orai1 downregulation (p < 0.05). Additionally, the expression of cyclin D1 was decreased by Orai1 downregulation (p < 0.05), as was the activity of the Ras-NF-κB signaling pathway (p < 0.05). Orai1 siRNA did not further reduce cell proliferation, the proportion of cells in the S phase, and cyclin D1 expression after chemical blockage of the Ras signaling pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells (p > 0.05). Conclusions The results reveal that Orai1 downregulation may reduce cyclin D1 expression by inactivating the Ras-NF-κB signaling pathway thus blocking osteoblast proliferation and cell cycle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-022-05311-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Guo
- Department of spinal surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinzhu Fan
- Department of bone microsurgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of spinal surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Kamasaki T, Uehara R, Fujita Y. Ult rastructural Characteristics of Finger-Like Membrane Protrusions in Cell Competition. Microscopy (Oxf) 2022; 71:195-205. [PMID: 35394538 PMCID: PMC9340795 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A small number of oncogenic mutated cells sporadically arise within the epithelial monolayer. Newly emerging Ras- or Src-transformed epithelial cells are often apically eliminated during competitive interactions between normal and transformed cells. Our recent electron microscopy (EM) analyses revealed that characteristic finger-like membrane protrusions are formed at the interface between normal and RasV12-transformed cells via the cdc42–formin-binding protein 17 (FBP17) pathway, potentially playing a positive role in intercellular recognition during apical extrusion. However, the spatial distribution and ultrastructural characteristics of finger-like protrusions remain unknown. In this study, we performed both X–Y and X–Z EM analyses of finger-like protrusions during the apical extrusion of RasV12-transformed cells. Quantification of the distribution and widths of the protrusions showed comparable results between the X–Y and X–Z sections. Finger-like protrusions were observed throughout the cell boundary between normal and RasV12 cells, except for apicalmost tight junctions. In addition, a non-cell-autonomous reduction in protrusion widths was observed between RasV12 cells and surrounding normal cells under the mix culture condition. In the finger-like protrusions, intercellular adhesions via thin electron-dense plaques were observed, implying that immature and transient forms of desmosomes, adherens junctions or unknown weak adhesions were distributed. Interestingly, unlike RasV12-transformed cells, Src-transformed cells form fewer evident protrusions, and FBP17 in Src cells is dispensable for apical extrusion. Collectively, these results suggest that the dynamic reorganization of intercellular adhesions via finger-like protrusions may positively control cell competition between normal and RasV12-transformed cells. Furthermore, our data indicate a cell context–dependent diversity in the modes of apical extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kamasaki
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan.,Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ryota Uehara
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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