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van Noorden CJ, Yetkin-Arik B, Serrano Martinez P, Bakker N, van Breest Smallenburg ME, Schlingemann RO, Klaassen I, Majc B, Habic A, Bogataj U, Galun SK, Vittori M, Erdani Kreft M, Novak M, Breznik B, Hira VV. New Insights in ATP Synthesis as Therapeutic Target in Cancer and Angiogenic Ocular Diseases. J Histochem Cytochem 2024; 72:329-352. [PMID: 38733294 PMCID: PMC11107438 DOI: 10.1369/00221554241249515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactate and ATP formation by aerobic glycolysis, the Warburg effect, is considered a hallmark of cancer. During angiogenesis in non-cancerous tissue, proliferating stalk endothelial cells (ECs) also produce lactate and ATP by aerobic glycolysis. In fact, all proliferating cells, both non-cancer and cancer cells, need lactate for the biosynthesis of building blocks for cell growth and tissue expansion. Moreover, both non-proliferating cancer stem cells in tumors and leader tip ECs during angiogenesis rely on glycolysis for pyruvate production, which is used for ATP synthesis in mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Therefore, aerobic glycolysis is not a specific hallmark of cancer but rather a hallmark of proliferating cells and limits its utility in cancer therapy. However, local treatment of angiogenic eye conditions with inhibitors of glycolysis may be a safe therapeutic option that warrants experimental investigation. Most types of cells in the eye such as photoreceptors and pericytes use OXPHOS for ATP production, whereas proliferating angiogenic stalk ECs rely on glycolysis for lactate and ATP production. (J Histochem Cytochem XX.XXX-XXX, XXXX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J.F. van Noorden
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bahar Yetkin-Arik
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Living Technologies, Alliance TU/e, WUR, UU, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Serrano Martinez
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noëlle Bakker
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reinier O. Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ingeborg Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Amsterdam University Medical Center Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernarda Majc
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anamarija Habic
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Bogataj
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S. Katrin Galun
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milos Vittori
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vashendriya V.V. Hira
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Zhang W, Wang M, Liu B, Chen H, Tan J, Meng Q, Li J, Ding B, Ma P, Lin J. Glutathione Induced In situ Synthesis of Cu Single-Atom Nanozymes with Anaerobic Glycolysis Metabolism Interference for Boosting Cuproptosis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402397. [PMID: 38389036 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom nanozyme (SAzyme) has sparked increasing interest for catalytic antitumor treatment due to their more tunable and diverse active sites than natural metalloenzymes in complex physiological conditions. However, it is usually a hard task to precisely conduct catalysis at tumor sites after intravenous injection of those SAzyme with high reactivity. Moreover, the explorations of SAzymes in the anticancer application are still in its infancy and need to be developed. Herein, an in situ synthesis strategy for Cu SAzyme was constructed to convert adsorbed copper ions into isolated atoms anchored by oxygen atoms (Cu-O2/Cu-O4) via GSH-responsive deformability of supports. Our results suggest that the in situ activation process could further facilitate the dissociation of copper ions and the consumption of glutathione, thereby leading to copper deposition in cytoplasm and triggering cuproptosis. Moreover, the in situ synthesis of Cu SAzyme with peroxidase-like activity enabled the intracellular reactive oxygen species production, resulting in specifically disturbance of copper metabolism pathway. Meanwhile, the in situ exposed glucose transporter (GLUT) inhibitor phloretin (Ph) can block the glycose uptake to boost cuproptosis efficacy. Overall, this in situ activation strategy effectively diminished the off-target effects of SACs-induced catalytic therapies and introduced a promising treatment paradigm for advancing cuproptosis-associated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Meifang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jia Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Binbin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Ping'an Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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3
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Shen H, Mullen L, Ojo OA, Xing C, Yassin A, Lewis Z, Bonner JA, Shi LZ. HIF1α-glycolysis engages activation-induced cell death to drive IFN-γ induction in hypoxic T cells. Res Sq 2024:rs.3.rs-3830704. [PMID: 38260594 PMCID: PMC10802708 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3830704/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The role of HIF1α-glycolysis in regulating IFN-γ induction in hypoxic T cells is unknown. Given that hypoxia is a common feature in a wide array of pathophysiological contexts such as tumor and that IFN-γ is instrumental for protective immunity, it is of great significance to gain a clear idea on this. Combining pharmacological and genetic gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches, we find that HIF1α-glycolysis controls IFN-γ induction in both human and mouse T cells activated under hypoxia. Specific deletion of HIF1α in T cells (HIF1α-/-) and glycolytic inhibition significantly abrogate IFN-γ induction. Conversely, HIF1α stabilization in T cells by hypoxia and VHL deletion (VHL-/-) promotes IFN-γ production. Mechanistically, reduced IFN-γ production in hypoxic HIF1α-/- T cells is due to attenuated activation-induced cell death but not proliferative defect. We further show that depletion of intracellular acetyl-CoA is a key metabolic underlying mechanism. Hypoxic HIF1α-/- T cells are less able to kill tumor cells, and HIF1α-/- tumor-bearing mice are not responsive to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy, indicating loss of HIF1α in T cells is a major mechanism of therapeutic resistance to ICBs. Importantly, acetate supplementation restores IFN-γ production in hypoxic HIF1α-/- T cells and re-sensitizes HIF1α-/- tumor-bearing mice to ICBs, providing an effective strategy to overcome ICB resistance. Taken together, our results highlight T cell HIF1α-anaerobic glycolysis as a principal mediator of IFN-γ induction and anti-tumor immunity. Considering that acetate supplementation (i.e., glycerol triacetate (GTA)) is approved to treat infants with Canavan disease, we envision a rapid translation of our findings, justifying further testing of GTA as a repurposed medicine for ICB resistance, a pressing unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB-SOM), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Logan Mullen
- Genomics Core Laboratory, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA
| | - Oluwagbemiga A. Ojo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB-SOM), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Chuan Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB-SOM), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Yassin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB-SOM), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Zach Lewis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB-SOM), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - James A. Bonner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB-SOM), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB-SOM, USA
| | - Lewis Zhichang Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB-SOM), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB-SOM, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute, UAB-SOM, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, UAB-SOM, USA
- Immunology Institute, UAB-SOM, USA
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4
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Wu H, Kren BT, Lane AN, Cassel TA, Higashi RM, Fan TWM, Scaria GS, Shekels LL, Klein MA, Albrecht JH. Cyclin D1 extensively reprograms metabolism to support biosynthetic pathways in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105407. [PMID: 38152849 PMCID: PMC10687208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation requires metabolic reprogramming to accommodate biosynthesis of new cell components, and similar alterations occur in cancer cells. However, the mechanisms linking the cell cycle machinery to metabolism are not well defined. Cyclin D1, along with its main partner cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4), is a pivotal cell cycle regulator and driver oncogene that is overexpressed in many cancers. Here, we examine hepatocyte proliferation to define novel effects of cyclin D1 on biosynthetic metabolism. Metabolomic studies reveal that cyclin D1 broadly promotes biosynthetic pathways including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in hepatocytes. Proteomic analyses demonstrate that overexpressed cyclin D1 binds to numerous metabolic enzymes including those involved in glycolysis and pyrimidine synthesis. In the glycolysis pathway, cyclin D1 activates aldolase and GAPDH, and these proteins are phosphorylated by cyclin D1/Cdk4 in vitro. De novo pyrimidine synthesis is particularly dependent on cyclin D1. Cyclin D1/Cdk4 phosphorylates the initial enzyme of this pathway, carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase (CAD), and metabolomic analysis indicates that cyclin D1 depletion markedly reduces the activity of this enzyme. Pharmacologic inhibition of Cdk4 along with the downstream pyrimidine synthesis enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase synergistically inhibits proliferation and survival of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. These studies demonstrate that cyclin D1 promotes a broad network of biosynthetic pathways in hepatocytes, and this model may provide insights into potential metabolic vulnerabilities in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Betsy T Kren
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew N Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Teresa A Cassel
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Richard M Higashi
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Teresa W M Fan
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - George S Scaria
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laurie L Shekels
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark A Klein
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Albrecht
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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5
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Kalashnikova MV, Polyakova NS, Belyavsky AV. [Regulation of Metabolism and the Role of Redox Factors in the Energy Control of Quiescence and Proliferation of Hematopoietic Cells]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2023; 57:1175-1187. [PMID: 38062967 DOI: 10.31857/s0026898423060095, edn: rejdyz] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the key regulators of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance is cellular metabolism. Resting HSCs use anaerobic glycolysis as the main source of energy. During expansion and differentiation under conditions of steady state hematopoiesis, the energy needs of activated HSCs increase by many fold. To meet the increased demands, cells switch to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which is accompanied by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Here, the molecular mechanisms maintaining glycolysis in HSCs, as well as the factors determining the increase in metabolic activity and the transition to mitochondrial biogenesis during HSC activation are discussed. We focus on the role of HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) proteins as key mediators of the cellular response to hypoxia, and also consider the phenomenon of extraphysiological oxygen shock (EPHOSS), leading to the forced differentiation of HSCs as well as methods of overcoming it. Finally, the role of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in hematopoiesis is discussed. Understanding the metabolic needs of normal HSCs and precursors is crucial for the development of new treatments for diseases related to the hematopoietic and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Kalashnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - N S Polyakova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - A V Belyavsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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6
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Jiang T, Du K, Wang P, Wang X, Zang L, Peng D, Chen X, Sun G, Zhang H, Fan Z, Cao Z, Zhou T. Sugarcane mosaic virus orchestrates the lactate fermentation pathway to support its successful infection. Front Plant Sci 2023; 13:1099362. [PMID: 36699858 PMCID: PMC9868461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1099362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Viruses often establish their own infection by altering host metabolism. How viruses co-opt plant metabolism to support their successful infection remains an open question. Here, we used untargeted metabolomics to reveal that lactate accumulates immediately before and after robust sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection. Induction of lactate-involved anaerobic glycolysis is beneficial to SCMV infection. The enzyme activity and transcriptional levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were up-regulated by SCMV infection, and LDH is essential for robust SCMV infection. Moreover, LDH relocates in viral replicase complexes (VRCs) by interacting with SCMV-encoded 6K2 protein, a key protein responsible for inducing VRCs. Additionally, lactate could promote SCMV infection by suppressing plant defense responses. Taken together, we have revealed a viral strategy to manipulate host metabolism to support replication compartment but also depress the defense response during the process of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Kaitong Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lianyi Zang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Dezhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Geng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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7
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In Het Panhuis W, Tsaalbi-Shtylik A, Schönke M, van Harmelen V, Pronk ACM, Streefland TCM, Sips HCM, Afkir S, Willems van Dijk K, Rensen PCN, de Wind N, Kooijman S. Rev1 deficiency induces replication stress to cause metabolic dysfunction differently in males and females. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E319-E329. [PMID: 35156394 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00357.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage responses compete for cellular resources with metabolic pathways, but little is known about the metabolic consequences of impaired DNA replication, a process called replication stress. Here we characterized the metabolic consequences of DNA replication stress at endogenous DNA lesions by using mice with a disruption of Rev1, a translesion DNA polymerase specialized in the mutagenic replication of damaged DNA. Male and female Rev1 knockout (KO) mice were compared with wild-type (WT) mice and followed over time to study the natural course of body weight gain and glucose tolerance. Follow-up measurements were performed in female mice for in-depth metabolic characterization. Body weight and fat mass were only increased in female KO mice versus WT mice, whereas glucose intolerance and a reduction in lean mass were observed in both sexes. Female KO mice showed reduced locomotor activity while male KO mice showed increased activity as compared with their WT littermates. Further characterization of female mice revealed that lipid handling was unaffected by Rev1 deletion. An increased respiratory exchange ratio, combined with elevated plasma lactate levels and increased hepatic gluconeogenesis indicated problems with aerobic oxidation and increased reliance on anaerobic glycolysis. Supplementation with the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside to stimulate aerobic respiration failed to restore the metabolic phenotype. In conclusion, replication stress at endogenous DNA lesions induces a complex metabolic phenotype, most likely initiated by muscular metabolic dysfunction and increased dependence on anaerobic glycolysis. Nicotinamide riboside supplementation after the onset of the metabolic impairment did not rescue this phenotype.NEW & NOTEWORTHY An increasing number of DNA lesions interferes with cellular replication leading to metabolic inflexibility. We utilized Rev1 knockout mice as a model for replication stress, and show a sex-dependent metabolic phenotype, with a pronounced reduction of lean mass and glucose tolerance. These data indicate that in obesity, we may end up in an infinite loop where metabolic disturbance promotes the formation of DNA lesions, which in turn interferes with cellular replication causing further metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wietse In Het Panhuis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Milena Schönke
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa van Harmelen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C M Pronk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Trea C M Streefland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty C M Sips
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Salwa Afkir
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niels de Wind
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Yu L, Liu Q, Luo W, Zhao J, Alzan HF, He L. The Structural Basis of Babesia orientalis Lactate Dehydrogenase. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:790101. [PMID: 35071043 PMCID: PMC8766848 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.790101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolytic enzymes play a crucial role in the anaerobic glycolysis of apicomplexan parasites for energy generation. Consequently, they are considered as potential targets for new drug development. Previous studies revealed that lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a glycolytic enzyme, is a potential drug target in different parasites, such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Piroplasma. Herein, in order to investigate the structural basis of LDH in Babesia spp., we determined the crystal structure of apo Babesia orientalis (Bo) LDH at 2.67-Å resolution in the space group P1. A five-peptide insertion appears in the active pocket loop of BoLDH to create a larger catalytic pocket, like other protozoa (except for Babesia microti LDH) and unlike its mammalian counterparts, and the absence of this extra insertion inactivates BoLDH. Without ligands, the apo BoLDH takes R-state (relaxed) with the active-site loop open. This feature is obviously different from that of allosteric LDHs in T-state (tense) with the active-site loop open. Compared with allosteric LDHs, the extra salt bridges and hydrogen bonds make the subunit interfaces of BoLDH more stable, and that results in the absence of T-state. Interestingly, BoLDH differs significantly from BmLDH, as it exhibits the ability to adapt quickly to the synthetic co-factor APAD+. In addition, the enzymatic activity of BoLDH was inhibited non-competitively by polyphenolic gossypol with a Ki value of 4.25 μM, indicating that BoLDH is sensitive to the inhibition of gossypol and possibly to its new derivative compounds. The current work provides the structural basis of BoLDH for the first time and suggests further investigation on the LDH structure of other Babesia spp. That knowledge would indeed facilitate the screening and designing of new LDH inhibitors to control the intracellular proliferation of Babesia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Heba F Alzan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt.,Tick and Tick-Borne Disease Research Unit, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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9
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Zhan B, Dong X, Yuan Y, Gong Z, Li B. hZIP1 Inhibits Progression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma by Suppressing NF-kB/HIF-1α Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 11:759818. [PMID: 34926261 PMCID: PMC8674186 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.759818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Accumulating literature has suggested that hZIP1 and HIF-1α play vital roles in the tumor process of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, the functional roles of hZIP1 and HIF-1α in ccRCC remain largely unknown. Methods HIF-1α protein level was evaluated by a western blot in ccRCC tissues and cell lines. ccRCC cell lines were transfected with HIF-1α-siRNA to downregulate the expression level of HIF-1α. Then the proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of ccRCC cells in vitro were detected by real-time cell analysis (RTCA) assay, wound healing assay and transwell assay, respectively. The role of HIF-1α in vivo was explored by tumor implantation in nude mice. Then the effect on glycolysis‐related proteins was performed by western blot after hZIP1 knockdown (overexpression) or HIF-1α knockdown. The effect on NF‐kB pathway was detected after hZIP1 overexpression. Results HIF-1α was markedly downregulated in ccRCC tissues compared with normal areas. But HIF-1α presented almost no expression in HK-2 and ACHN cells. Immunofluorescence indicated HIF-1α and PDK1 expression in both the cytoplasm and nucleus in ccRCC cells. Downregulation of HIF-1α suppressed ccRCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and resulted in smaller implanted tumors in nude mice. Furthermore, hZIP1 knockdown elevated HIF-1α protein levels and PDK1 protein levels in ccRCC cells. Interestingly, a sharp downregulated expression of HIF-1α was observed after hZIP1 overexpression in OSRC-2 and 786-O cells, which resulted from a downtrend of NF-kB1 moving into the cell nucleus. Conclusion Our work has vital implications that hZIP1 suppresses ccRCC progression by inhibiting NF-kB/HIF-1α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhan
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yulin Yuan
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bohan Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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10
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Schmidt CA, Fisher-Wellman KH, Neufer PD. From OCR and ECAR to energy: Perspectives on the design and interpretation of bioenergetics studies. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101140. [PMID: 34461088 PMCID: PMC8479256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological energy transduction underlies all physiological phenomena in cells. The metabolic systems that support energy transduction have been of great interest due to their association with numerous pathologies including diabetes, cancer, rare genetic diseases, and aberrant cell death. Commercially available bioenergetics technologies (e.g., extracellular flux analysis, high-resolution respirometry, fluorescent dye kits, etc.) have made practical assessment of metabolic parameters widely accessible. This has facilitated an explosion in the number of studies exploring, in particular, the biological implications of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and substrate level phosphorylation via glycolysis (i.e., via extracellular acidification rate (ECAR)). Though these technologies have demonstrated substantial utility and broad applicability to cell biology research, they are also susceptible to historical assumptions, experimental limitations, and other caveats that have led to premature and/or erroneous interpretations. This review enumerates various important considerations for designing and interpreting cellular and mitochondrial bioenergetics experiments, some common challenges and pitfalls in data interpretation, and some potential "next steps" to be taken that can address these highlighted challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron A Schmidt
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; Departments of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; Departments of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; Departments of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
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11
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Bagaloni I, Visani A, Biagiotti S, Ruzzo A, Navari M, Etebari M, Mundo L, Granai M, Lazzi S, Isidori A, Loscocco F, Li J, Leoncini L, Visani G, Magnani M, Piccaluga PP. Metabolic Switch and Cytotoxic Effect of Metformin on Burkitt Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:661102. [PMID: 34557403 PMCID: PMC8454268 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.661102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered cellular energetic metabolism has recently emerged as important feature of neoplastic cells. Indeed, interfering with cancer cell metabolism might represent a suitable therapeutic strategy. In this study, we aimed to assess glucose metabolism activation in human lymphomas and evaluate how metformin can exert its action on lymphoma cells. We studied a large series of human lymphomas (N = 252) and an in vitro model of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells. We combined molecular biology techniques, including global gene expression profiling (GEP) analysis, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting, and biochemical assays, aimed to assess pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and aerobic glycolysis rates. We found that glucose metabolism is overall enhanced in most lymphoma subtypes, based on gene expression profiling (GEP), with general shift to aerobic glycolysis. By contrast, normal B cells only showed an overall increase in glucose usage during germinal center transition. Interestingly, not only highly proliferating aggressive lymphomas but also indolent ones, like marginal zone lymphomas, showed the phenomenon. Consistently, genes involved in glycolysis were confirmed to be overexpressed in BL cells by qPCR. Biochemical assays showed that while aerobic glycolysis is increased, TCA cycle is reduced. Finally, we showed that metformin can induce cell death in BL cells by stressing cellular metabolism through the induction of GLUT1, PKM2, and LDHA. In conclusion, we unveiled glucose metabolism abnormalities in human lymphomas and characterized the mechanism of action of metformin in Burkitt lymphoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bagaloni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Axel Visani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Biagiotti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ruzzo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Mohsen Navari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.,Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.,Bioinformatics Research Group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Etebari
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lucia Mundo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Massimo Granai
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Tubingen University, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Stefano Lazzi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Jiejin Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Visani
- Hematology and Transplant Center, AORMN Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Piccaluga
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy.,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.,School of Health, Department of Pathology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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12
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Kim SH, Baek KH. Regulation of Cancer Metabolism by Deubiquitinating Enzymes: The Warburg Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126173. [PMID: 34201062 PMCID: PMC8226939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disorder of cell growth and proliferation, characterized by different metabolic pathways within normal cells. The Warburg effect is a major metabolic process in cancer cells that affects the cellular responses, such as proliferation and apoptosis. Various signaling factors down/upregulate factors of the glycolysis pathway in cancer cells, and these signaling factors are ubiquitinated/deubiquitinated via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Depending on the target protein, DUBs act as both an oncoprotein and a tumor suppressor. Since the degradation of tumor suppressors and stabilization of oncoproteins by either negative regulation by E3 ligases or positive regulation of DUBs, respectively, promote tumorigenesis, it is necessary to suppress these DUBs by applying appropriate inhibitors or small molecules. Therefore, we propose that the DUBs and their inhibitors related to the Warburg effect are potential anticancer targets.
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13
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Xue M, Zeng Y, Lin R, Qu HQ, Zhang T, Zhang XD, Liang Y, Zhen Y, Chen H, Huang Z, Hu H, Zheng P, Hakonarson H, Zhou L, Sun B. Metabolomic profiling of anaerobic and aerobic energy metabolic pathways in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1586-1596. [PMID: 33957804 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211008808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While there is no cure for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), its progressive nature and the formidable challenge to manage its symptoms warrant a more extensive study of the pathogenesis and related mechanisms. A new emphasis on COPD study is the change of energy metabolism. For the first time, this study investigated the anaerobic and aerobic energy metabolic pathways in COPD using the metabolomic approach. Metabolomic analysis was used to investigate energy metabolites in 140 COPD patients. The significance of energy metabolism in COPD was comprehensively explored by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease-GOLD grading, acute exacerbation vs. stable phase (either clinical stability or four-week stable phase), age group, smoking index, lung function, and COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score. Through comprehensive evaluation, we found that COPD patients have a significant imbalance in the aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolisms in resting state, and a high tendency of anaerobic energy supply mechanism that correlates positively with disease progression. This study highlighted the significance of anaerobic and low-efficiency energy supply pathways in lung injury and linked it to the energy-inflammation-lung ventilatory function and the motion limitation mechanism in COPD patients, which implies a novel therapeutic direction for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yifeng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Runpei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hui-Qi Qu
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Teng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xiaohua Douglas Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China
| | - Yueting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yingjie Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Haisheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Peiyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Divisions of Human Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luqian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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14
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Gupta S, Stanula A, Goswami A. Peak Blood Lactate Concentration and Its Arrival Time Following Different Track Running Events in Under-20 Male Track Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021;:1-9. [PMID: 33848978 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine (1) the time of arrival of peak blood lactate concentration ([BLa]peak) followed by various track events and (2) significant correlation, if any, between average velocity and [BLa]peak in these events. METHODS In 58 under-20 male track athletes, heart rate was recorded continuously and blood lactate concentration was determined at various intervals following 100-m (n = 9), 200-m (n = 8), 400-m (flat) (n = 9), 400-m hurdles (n = 8), 800-m (n = 9), 1500-m (n = 8), 3000-m steeplechase (n = 7), and 5000-m (n = 10) runs. RESULTS The [BLa]peak, in mmol/L, was recorded highest following the 400-m run (18.27 [3.65]) followed by 400-m hurdles (16.25 [3.14]), 800-m (15.53 [3.25]), 1500-m (14.71 [3.00]), 200-m (14.42 [3.40]), 3000-m steeplechase (11.87 [1.48]), 100-m (11.05 [2.36]), and 5000-m runs (8.65 [1.60]). The average velocity of only the 400-m run was found to be significantly correlated (r = .877, p < 0.05) with [BLa]peak. The arrival time of [BLa]peak following 100-m, 200-m, 400-m, 400-m hurdles, 800-m, 1500-m, 3000-m steeplechase, and 5000-m runs was 4.44 (0.83), 4.13 (0.93), 4.22 (0.63), 3.75 (0.83), 3.34 (1.20), 2.06 (1.21), 1.71 (1.44), and 1.06 (1.04) minutes, respectively, of the recovery period. CONCLUSION In under-20 runners, (1) [BLa]peak is highest after the 400-m run, (2) the time of appearance of [BLa]peak varies from one event to another but arrives later after sprint events than longer distances, and (3) the 400-m (flat) run is the only event wherein the performance is significantly correlated with the [BLa]peak.
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15
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Liu P, Chen T, Tan F, Tian J, Zheng L, Deng Y, Chen J, Chi X. Dexmedetomidine alleviated neuropathic pain in dorsal root ganglion neurons by inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis activity and enhancement of ROS tolerance. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20191994. [PMID: 32285913 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20191994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a kind of chronic pain that is triggered or caused primarily by damage to the nervous system and neurological dysfunction. It’s known that dexmedetomidine is a new type of highly selective alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist with sedation, anti-anxiety, analgesic and other effects. However, the function and mechanism of dexmedetomidine on neuropathic pain are not clear. Rat DRG neurons were isolated and identified using immunofluorescence assay. Following treatment with H2O2, dexmedetomidine or ROS inhibitor (NAC), the apoptosis and ROS levels were examined by flow cytometery; apoptosis- and anaerobic glycolysis-related proteins were determined by Western blot assay; glucose consumption, pyruvic acid, lactic acid and ATP/ADP ratios were also measured. The results revealed that dexmedetomidine inhibited H2O2-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rat DRG neurons and in addition, dexmedetomidine down-regulated the expression levels of anaerobic glycolysis-related proteins, significantly reduced glucose, pyruvic acid and lactic acid levels. It also increased the ATP/ADP ratio in H2O2-treated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Moreover, we also demonstrated that ROS inhibitor (NAC) also inhibited H2O2-induced apoptosis and anaerobic glycolysis in rat DRG neurons. In conclusion, dexmedetomidine suppressed H2O2-induced apoptosis and anaerobic glycolysis activity by inhibiting ROS, in rat DRG neurons. Therefore, dexmedetomidine might play a pivotal role in neuropathic pain by the inhibition of ROS.
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16
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Jeong KY, Sim JJ, Park MH, Kim HM. Remodeling of Cancer-Specific Metabolism under Hypoxia with Lactate Calcium Salt in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1518. [PMID: 33806179 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic cancer cells meet their growing energy requirements by upregulating glycolysis, resulting in increased glucose consumption and lactate production. Herein, we used a unique approach to change in anaerobic glycolysis of cancer cells by lactate calcium salt (CaLac). Human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells were used for the study. Intracellular calcium and lactate influx was confirmed following 2.5 mM CaLac treatment. The enzymatic activation of lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) through substrate reaction of CaLac was investigated. Changes in the intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were confirmed. The cell viability assay, tube formation, and wound-healing assay were performed as well as the confirmation of the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In vivo antitumor effects were evaluated using heterotopic and metastatic xenograft animal models with 20 mg/kg CaLac administration. Intracellular calcium and lactate levels were increased following CaLac treatment in CRC cells under hypoxia. Then, enzymatic activation of LDHB and PDH were increased. Upon PDH knockdown, α-ketoglutarate levels were similar between CaLac-treated and untreated cells, indicating that TCA cycle restoration was dependent on CaLac-mediated LDHB and PDH reactivation. CaLac-mediated remodeling of cancer-specific anaerobic glycolysis induced destabilization of HIF-1α and a decrease in VEGF expression, leading to the inhibition of the migration of CRC cells. The significant inhibition of CRC growth and liver metastasis by CaLac administration was confirmed. Our study highlights the potential utility of CaLac supplementation in CRC patients who display reduced therapeutic responses to conventional modes owing to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
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17
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Jeong KY, Sim JJ, Park MH, Kim HM. Remodeling of Cancer-Specific Metabolism under Hypoxia with Lactate Calcium Salt in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071518. [PMID: 33806179 PMCID: PMC8037473 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study was to prove the changes in cancer-specific metabolism caused by the introduction of lactate calcium salt into human colorectal cancer cells from the viewpoint of remodeling in anaerobic glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle under hypoxia. An influx of lactate calcium salt-induced enzymatic activation of lactate dehydrogenase B reacting to lactate followed by the decrease in the transcriptional activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α to suppress the expression of the oncogenes. Thereby, it was possible to induce anti-cancer effects on the colorectal cancer xenograft animal model. Abstract Hypoxic cancer cells meet their growing energy requirements by upregulating glycolysis, resulting in increased glucose consumption and lactate production. Herein, we used a unique approach to change in anaerobic glycolysis of cancer cells by lactate calcium salt (CaLac). Human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells were used for the study. Intracellular calcium and lactate influx was confirmed following 2.5 mM CaLac treatment. The enzymatic activation of lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) through substrate reaction of CaLac was investigated. Changes in the intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were confirmed. The cell viability assay, tube formation, and wound-healing assay were performed as well as the confirmation of the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In vivo antitumor effects were evaluated using heterotopic and metastatic xenograft animal models with 20 mg/kg CaLac administration. Intracellular calcium and lactate levels were increased following CaLac treatment in CRC cells under hypoxia. Then, enzymatic activation of LDHB and PDH were increased. Upon PDH knockdown, α-ketoglutarate levels were similar between CaLac-treated and untreated cells, indicating that TCA cycle restoration was dependent on CaLac-mediated LDHB and PDH reactivation. CaLac-mediated remodeling of cancer-specific anaerobic glycolysis induced destabilization of HIF-1α and a decrease in VEGF expression, leading to the inhibition of the migration of CRC cells. The significant inhibition of CRC growth and liver metastasis by CaLac administration was confirmed. Our study highlights the potential utility of CaLac supplementation in CRC patients who display reduced therapeutic responses to conventional modes owing to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun-Yeong Jeong
- Metimedi Pharmaceuticals Co., Research Center, 263 Central-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 22006, Korea; (J.-J.S.); (M.H.P.)
- Correspondence: (K.-Y.J.); (H.M.K.)
| | - Jae-Jun Sim
- Metimedi Pharmaceuticals Co., Research Center, 263 Central-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 22006, Korea; (J.-J.S.); (M.H.P.)
| | - Min Hee Park
- Metimedi Pharmaceuticals Co., Research Center, 263 Central-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 22006, Korea; (J.-J.S.); (M.H.P.)
| | - Hwan Mook Kim
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University 191 Hambangmoe-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-Y.J.); (H.M.K.)
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18
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Chen R, Wen C, Gu Y, Wang C, Chen Y, Zhuang S. Dietary betaine supplementation improves meat quality of transported broilers through altering muscle anaerobic glycolysis and antioxidant capacity. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:2656-2663. [PMID: 31997359 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effect of dietary betaine supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, muscle anaerobic glycolysis and antioxidant capacity of transported broilers, 1-day-old partridge-shank-broiler-chickens (n = 192) were randomly divided into three groups for a 50-day feeding trial. The broilers in the control group were fed a basal diet, and experienced 0.75-h transport before slaughter. The broilers in the other three groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 500 or 1000 mg kg-1 betaine, respectively, and experienced 3-h transport before slaughter (T, T + BET500 or T + BET1000 groups). RESULTS Dietary betaine supplementation increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain of broilers, and feed conversion ratio was also improved (P < 0.05) by 500 mg kg-1 betaine supplementation. Compared with the control group, 3-h transport increased (P < 0.05) live weight loss, serum corticosterone and cortisol concentrations, as well as muscle lactate and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, and decreased (P < 0.05) muscle pH24h , glycogen content and total superoxide dismutase activity. Compared with the T group, betaine supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) serum corticosterone and cortisol concentrations and muscle MDA content, and increased (P < 0.05) muscle a*24 h . In addition, 1000 mg kg-1 betaine supplementation further decreased (P < 0.05) muscle drip loss, lactate content and lactate dehydrogenase activity, and increased (P < 0.05) muscle glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity. CONCLUSION Betaine supplementation not only improved growth performance of broilers, but also alleviated meat quality deterioration of transported broilers through altering muscle anaerobic glycolysis and antioxidant capacity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfeng Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yueping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Su Zhuang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Zahra K, Dey T, Ashish, Mishra SP, Pandey U. Pyruvate Kinase M2 and Cancer: The Role of PKM2 in Promoting Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:159. [PMID: 32195169 PMCID: PMC7061896 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase plays a pivotal role in regulating cell metabolism. The final and rate-limiting step of glycolysis is the conversion of Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to Pyruvate, which is catalyzed by Pyruvate Kinase. There are four isomeric, tissue-specific forms of Pyruvate Kinase found in mammals: PKL, PKR, PKM1, and PKM2. PKM1 and PKM2 are formed bya single mRNA transcript of the PKM gene by alternative splicing. The oligomers of PKM2 exist in high activity tetramer and low activity dimer forms. The dimer PKM2 regulates the rate-limiting step of glycolysis that shifts the glucose metabolism from the normal respiratory chain to lactate production in tumor cells. Besides its role as a metabolic regulator, it also acts as protein kinase, which contributes to tumorigenesis. This review is focused on the metabolic role of pyruvate kinase M2 in normal cells vs. cancerous cells and its regulation at the transcriptional level. The review also highlights the role of PKM2 as a potential diagnostic marker and as a therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulsoom Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Tulika Dey
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Surendra Pratap Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Uma Pandey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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20
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Scott IM, Rubinstein GM, Poole FL, Lipscomb GL, Schut GJ, Williams-Rhaesa AM, Stevenson DM, Amador-Noguez D, Kelly RM, Adams MWW. The thermophilic biomass-degrading bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor bescii utilizes two enzymes to oxidize glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate during glycolysis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9995-10005. [PMID: 31097544 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Caldicellulosiruptor bescii is an extremely thermophilic, cellulolytic bacterium with a growth optimum at 78 °C and is the most thermophilic cellulose degrader known. It is an attractive target for biotechnological applications, but metabolic engineering will require an in-depth understanding of its primary pathways. A previous analysis of its genome uncovered evidence that C. bescii may have a completely uncharacterized aspect to its redox metabolism, involving a tungsten-containing oxidoreductase of unknown function. Herein, we purified and characterized this new member of the aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase family of tungstoenzymes. We show that it is a heterodimeric glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) ferredoxin oxidoreductase (GOR) present not only in all known Caldicellulosiruptor species, but also in 44 mostly anaerobic bacterial genera. GOR is phylogenetically distinct from the monomeric GAP-oxidizing enzyme found previously in several Archaea. We found that its large subunit (GOR-L) contains a single tungstopterin site and one iron-sulfur [4Fe-4S] cluster, that the small subunit (GOR-S) contains four [4Fe-4S] clusters, and that GOR uses ferredoxin as an electron acceptor. Deletion of either subunit resulted in a distinct growth phenotype on both C5 and C6 sugars, with an increased lag phase, but higher cell densities. Using metabolomics and kinetic analyses, we show that GOR functions in parallel with the conventional GAP dehydrogenase, providing an alternative ferredoxin-dependent glycolytic pathway. These two pathways likely facilitate the recycling of reduced redox carriers (NADH and ferredoxin) in response to environmental H2 concentrations. This metabolic flexibility has important implications for the future engineering of this and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel M Scott
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | - Farris L Poole
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Gina L Lipscomb
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Gerrit J Schut
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | - David M Stevenson
- the Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and
| | - Daniel Amador-Noguez
- the Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and
| | - Robert M Kelly
- the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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21
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Brinkkoetter PT, Bork T, Salou S, Liang W, Mizi A, Özel C, Koehler S, Hagmann HH, Ising C, Kuczkowski A, Schnyder S, Abed A, Schermer B, Benzing T, Kretz O, Puelles VG, Lagies S, Schlimpert M, Kammerer B, Handschin C, Schell C, Huber TB. Anaerobic Glycolysis Maintains the Glomerular Filtration Barrier Independent of Mitochondrial Metabolism and Dynamics. Cell Rep 2019; 27:1551-1566.e5. [PMID: 31042480 PMCID: PMC6506687 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular responses induced by mitochondrial dysfunction remain elusive. Intrigued by the lack of almost any glomerular phenotype in patients with profound renal ischemia, we comprehensively investigated the primary sources of energy of glomerular podocytes. Combining functional measurements of oxygen consumption rates, glomerular metabolite analysis, and determination of mitochondrial density of podocytes in vivo, we demonstrate that anaerobic glycolysis and fermentation of glucose to lactate represent the key energy source of podocytes. Under physiological conditions, we could detect neither a developmental nor late-onset pathological phenotype in podocytes with impaired mitochondrial biogenesis machinery, defective mitochondrial fusion-fission apparatus, or reduced mtDNA stability and transcription caused by podocyte-specific deletion of Pgc-1α, Drp1, or Tfam, respectively. Anaerobic glycolysis represents the predominant metabolic pathway of podocytes. These findings offer a strategy to therapeutically interfere with the enhanced podocyte metabolism in various progressive kidney diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Tillmann Bork
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Salou
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Athanasia Mizi
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Cem Özel
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Sybille Koehler
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - H Henning Hagmann
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Ising
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Kuczkowski
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ahmed Abed
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Victor G Puelles
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon Lagies
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Schlimpert
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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22
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Ho-Palma AC, Rotondo F, Romero MDM, Fernández-López JA, Remesar X, Alemany M. Use of 14C-glucose by primary cultures of mature rat epididymal adipocytes. Marked release of lactate and glycerol, but limited lipogenesis in the absence of external stimuli. Adipocyte 2018; 7:204-217. [PMID: 29708458 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2018.1460020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue can metabolize large amounts of glucose to glycerol and lactate. We quantitatively traced glucose label to lactate, glycerol and fats in primary cultures of mature rat epididymal adipocytes. Cells were incubated with 7/14 mM 14C-glucose for 24/48 h. Medium metabolites and the label in them and in cells' components were measured. Gene expression analysis was done using parallel incubations. Glucose concentration did not affect lactate efflux and most parameters. Glycerol efflux increased after 24 h, coinciding with arrested lipogenesis. Steady production of lactate was maintained in parallel to glycerogenesis. Changes in adipocyte metabolism were paralleled by gene expression. Glucose use for lipogenesis was minimal, and stopped (24 h-onwards) when glycerol efflux increased because of triacylglycerol turnover. Lactate steady efflux showed that anaerobic glycolysis was the main adipocyte source of energy. We can assume that adipose tissue may play a quantitatively significant effect on glycaemia, returning 3C fragments thus minimizing lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cecilia Ho-Palma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Floriana Rotondo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María del Mar Romero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-OBN Research Web, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Fernández-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-OBN Research Web, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Remesar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-OBN Research Web, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marià Alemany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-OBN Research Web, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhou J, Li M, Hou Y, Luo Z, Chen Q, Cao H, Huo R, Xue C, Sutrisno L, Hao L, Cao Y, Ran H, Lu L, Li K, Cai K. Engineering of a Nanosized Biocatalyst for Combined Tumor Starvation and Low-Temperature Photothermal Therapy. ACS Nano 2018; 12:2858-2872. [PMID: 29510031 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is one of the major challenges for the treatment of tumors, as it may negatively affect the efficacy of various anticancer modalities. In this study, a tumor-targeted redox-responsive composite biocatalyst is designed and fabricated, which may combine tumor starvation therapy and low-temperature photothermal therapy for the treatment of oxygen-deprived tumors. The nanosystem was prepared by loading porous hollow Prussian Blue nanoparticles (PHPBNs) with glucose oxidase (GOx) and then coating their surface with hyaluronic acid (HA) via redox-cleavable linkage, therefore allowing the nanocarrier to bind specifically with CD44-overexpressing tumor cells while also exerting control over the cargo release profile. The nanocarriers are designed to enhance the efficacy of the hypoxia-suppressed GOx-mediated starvation therapy by catalyzing the decomposition of intratumoral hydroperoxide into oxygen with PHPBNs, and the enhanced glucose depletion by the two complementary biocatalysts may consequently suppress the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) after photothermal treatment to reduce their resistance to the PHPBN-mediated low-temperature photothermal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yanhua Hou
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lan Hao
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging , Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , China
| | - Yang Cao
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging , Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , China
| | - Haitao Ran
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging , Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , China
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24
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Manyevitch R, Protas M, Scarpiello S, Deliso M, Bass B, Nanajian A, Chang M, Thompson SM, Khoury N, Gonnella R, Trotz M, Moore DB, Harms E, Perry G, Clunes L, Ortiz A, Friedrich JO, Murray IV. Evaluation of Metabolic and Synaptic Dysfunction Hypotheses of Alzheimer's Disease (AD): A Meta-Analysis of CSF Markers. Curr Alzheimer Res 2018; 15:164-181. [PMID: 28933272 PMCID: PMC5769087 DOI: 10.2174/1567205014666170921122458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently incurable and a majority of investigational drugs have failed clinical trials. One explanation for this failure may be the invalidity of hypotheses focusing on amyloid to explain AD pathogenesis. Recently, hypotheses which are centered on synaptic and metabolic dysfunction are increasingly implicated in AD. OBJECTIVE Evaluate AD hypotheses by comparing neurotransmitter and metabolite marker concentrations in normal versus AD CSF. METHODS Meta-analysis allows for statistical comparison of pooled, existing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) marker data extracted from multiple publications, to obtain a more reliable estimate of concentrations. This method also provides a unique opportunity to rapidly validate AD hypotheses using the resulting CSF concentration data. Hubmed, Pubmed and Google Scholar were comprehensively searched for published English articles, without date restrictions, for the keywords "AD", "CSF", and "human" plus markers selected for synaptic and metabolic pathways. Synaptic markers were acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamine, and glycine. Metabolic markers were glutathione, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and 8 other amino acids. Only studies that measured markers in AD and controls (Ctl), provided means, standard errors/deviation, and subject numbers were included. Data were extracted by six authors and reviewed by two others for accuracy. Data were pooled using ratio of means (RoM of AD/Ctl) and random effects meta-analysis using Cochrane Collaboration's Review Manager software. RESULTS Of the 435 identified publications, after exclusion and removal of duplicates, 35 articles were included comprising a total of 605 AD patients and 585 controls. The following markers of synaptic and metabolic pathways were significantly changed in AD/controls: acetylcholine (RoM 0.36, 95% CI 0.24-0.53, p<0.00001), GABA (0.74, 0.58-0.94, p<0.01), pyruvate (0.48, 0.24-0.94, p=0.03), glutathione (1.11, 1.01- 1.21, p=0.03), alanine (1.10, 0.98-1.23, p=0.09), and lower levels of significance for lactate (1.2, 1.00-1.47, p=0.05). Of note, CSF glucose and glutamate levels in AD were not significantly different than that of the controls. CONCLUSION This study provides proof of concept for the use of meta-analysis validation of AD hypotheses, specifically via robust evidence for the cholinergic hypothesis of AD. Our data disagree with the other synaptic hypotheses of glutamate excitotoxicity and GABAergic resistance to neurodegeneration, given observed unchanged glutamate levels and decreased GABA levels. With regards to metabolic hypotheses, the data supported upregulation of anaerobic glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (glutathione), and anaplerosis of the tricarboxylic acid cycle using glutamate. Future applications of meta-analysis indicate the possibility of further in silico evaluation and generation of novel hypotheses in the AD field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Manyevitch
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, St George’s University, True Blue, St George’s, Grenada, W.I., USA
| | - Matthew Protas
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, St George’s University, True Blue, St George’s, Grenada, W.I., USA
| | - Sean Scarpiello
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, St George’s University, True Blue, St George’s, Grenada, W.I., USA
| | - Marisa Deliso
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, St George’s University, True Blue, St George’s, Grenada, W.I., USA
| | - Brittany Bass
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, St George’s University, True Blue, St George’s, Grenada, W.I., USA
| | - Anthony Nanajian
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, St George’s University, True Blue, St George’s, Grenada, W.I., USA
| | - Matthew Chang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, St George’s University, True Blue, St George’s, Grenada, W.I., USA
| | - Stefani M. Thompson
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, St George’s University, True Blue, St George’s, Grenada, W.I., USA
| | - Neil Khoury
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, St George’s University, True Blue, St George’s, Grenada, W.I., USA
| | - Rachel Gonnella
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, St George’s University, True Blue, St George’s, Grenada, W.I., USA
| | - Margit Trotz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, St George’s University, Grenada, W.I., USA
| | - D. Blaine Moore
- Department of Biology, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Emily Harms
- Department of Educational Services, St George’s University, Grenada, W.I., USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Texas San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lucy Clunes
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, St George’s University, Grenada, W.I., USA
| | - Angélica Ortiz
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, St George’s University, Grenada, W.I., USA
| | | | - Ian V.J. Murray
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, St George’s University, True Blue, St George’s, Grenada, W.I., USA
- Department of Biology, University of Texas San Antonio, TX, USA
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Silvers MA, Deja S, Singh N, Egnatchik RA, Sudderth J, Luo X, Beg MS, Burgess SC, DeBerardinis RJ, Boothman DA, Merritt ME. The NQO1 bioactivatable drug, β-lapachone, alters the redox state of NQO1+ pancreatic cancer cells, causing perturbation in central carbon metabolism. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18203-18216. [PMID: 28916726 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.813923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cancer treatments, such as those for managing recalcitrant tumors like pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, cause off-target toxicities in normal, healthy tissue, highlighting the need for more tumor-selective chemotherapies. β-Lapachone is bioactivated by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). This enzyme exhibits elevated expression in most solid cancers and therefore is a potential cancer-specific target. β-Lapachone's therapeutic efficacy partially stems from the drug's induction of a futile NQO1-mediated redox cycle that causes high levels of superoxide and then peroxide formation, which damages DNA and causes hyperactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, resulting in extensive NAD+/ATP depletion. However, the effects of this drug on energy metabolism due to NAD+ depletion were never described. The futile redox cycle rapidly consumes O2, rendering standard assays of Krebs cycle turnover unusable. In this study, a multimodal analysis, including metabolic imaging using hyperpolarized pyruvate, points to reduced oxidative flux due to NAD+ depletion after β-lapachone treatment of NQO1+ human pancreatic cancer cells. NAD+-sensitive pathways, such as glycolysis, flux through lactate dehydrogenase, and the citric acid cycle (as inferred by flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase), were down-regulated by β-lapachone treatment. Changes in flux through these pathways should generate biomarkers useful for in vivo dose responses of β-lapachone treatment in humans, avoiding toxic side effects. Targeting the enzymes in these pathways for therapeutic treatment may have the potential to synergize with β-lapachone treatment, creating unique NQO1-selective combinatorial therapies for specific cancers. These findings warrant future studies of intermediary metabolism in patients treated with β-lapachone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Silvers
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Radiation Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Stanislaw Deja
- Advanced Imaging Research Center (AIRC), Division of Metabolic Mechanisms of Disease
| | - Naveen Singh
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Radiation Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Robert A Egnatchik
- the Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Jessica Sudderth
- the Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Xiuquan Luo
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Radiation Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | - Shawn C Burgess
- Advanced Imaging Research Center (AIRC), Division of Metabolic Mechanisms of Disease
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- the Children's Medical Center Research Institute, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - David A Boothman
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Radiation Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center,
| | - Matthew E Merritt
- the AIRC, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 and .,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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Hertz L, Chen Y. Integration between Glycolysis and Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle Flux May Explain Preferential Glycolytic Increase during Brain Activation, Requiring Glutamate. Front Integr Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28890689 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00018+10.3389/fnint.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1988 observation by Fox et al. (1988) that brief intense brain activation increases glycolysis (pyruvate formation from glucose) much more than oxidative metabolism has been abundantly confirmed. Specifically glycolytic increase was unexpected because the amount of ATP it generates is much smaller than that formed by subsequent oxidative metabolism of pyruvate. The present article shows that preferential glycolysis can be explained by metabolic processes associated with activation of the glutamate-glutamine cycle. The flux in this cycle, which is essential for production of transmitter glutamate and GABA, equals 75% of brain glucose utilization and each turn is associated with utilization of ~1 glucose molecule. About one half of the association between cycle flux and glucose metabolism occurs during neuronal conversion of glutamine to glutamate in a process similar to the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) except that glutamate is supplied from glutamine, not formed from α-ketoglutarate (αKG) as during operation of conventional MAS. Regular MAS function is triggered by one oxidative process in the cytosol during glycolysis causing NAD+ reduction to NADH. Since NADH cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane (MEM) for oxidation NAD+ is re-generated by conversion of cytosolic oxaloacetate (OAA) to malate, which enters the mitochondria for oxidation and in a cyclic process regenerates cytosolic OAA. Therefore MAS as well as the "pseudo-MAS" necessary for neuronal glutamate formation can only operate together with cytosolic reduction of NAD+ to NADH. The major process causing NAD+ reduction is glycolysis which therefore also must occur during neuronal conversion of glutamine to glutamate and may energize vesicular glutamate uptake which preferentially uses glycolytically derived energy. Another major contributor to the association between glutamate-glutamine cycle and glucose utilization is the need for astrocytic pyruvate to generate glutamate. Although some oxidative metabolism occurs during glutamate formation it is only one half of that during normal tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle function. Glutamate's receptor stimulation leads to potassium ion (K+) release and astrocytic uptake, preferentially fueled by glycolysis and followed by release and neuronal re-accumulation. The activation-induced preferential glycolysis diminishes with continued activation and is followed by an increased ratio between oxidative metabolism and glycolysis, reflecting oxidation of generated glutamate and accumulated lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Henry M. Jackson FoundationBethesda, MD, United States
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27
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Hertz L, Chen Y. Integration between Glycolysis and Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle Flux May Explain Preferential Glycolytic Increase during Brain Activation, Requiring Glutamate. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:18. [PMID: 28890689 PMCID: PMC5574930 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1988 observation by Fox et al. (1988) that brief intense brain activation increases glycolysis (pyruvate formation from glucose) much more than oxidative metabolism has been abundantly confirmed. Specifically glycolytic increase was unexpected because the amount of ATP it generates is much smaller than that formed by subsequent oxidative metabolism of pyruvate. The present article shows that preferential glycolysis can be explained by metabolic processes associated with activation of the glutamate-glutamine cycle. The flux in this cycle, which is essential for production of transmitter glutamate and GABA, equals 75% of brain glucose utilization and each turn is associated with utilization of ~1 glucose molecule. About one half of the association between cycle flux and glucose metabolism occurs during neuronal conversion of glutamine to glutamate in a process similar to the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) except that glutamate is supplied from glutamine, not formed from α-ketoglutarate (αKG) as during operation of conventional MAS. Regular MAS function is triggered by one oxidative process in the cytosol during glycolysis causing NAD+ reduction to NADH. Since NADH cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane (MEM) for oxidation NAD+ is re-generated by conversion of cytosolic oxaloacetate (OAA) to malate, which enters the mitochondria for oxidation and in a cyclic process regenerates cytosolic OAA. Therefore MAS as well as the "pseudo-MAS" necessary for neuronal glutamate formation can only operate together with cytosolic reduction of NAD+ to NADH. The major process causing NAD+ reduction is glycolysis which therefore also must occur during neuronal conversion of glutamine to glutamate and may energize vesicular glutamate uptake which preferentially uses glycolytically derived energy. Another major contributor to the association between glutamate-glutamine cycle and glucose utilization is the need for astrocytic pyruvate to generate glutamate. Although some oxidative metabolism occurs during glutamate formation it is only one half of that during normal tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle function. Glutamate's receptor stimulation leads to potassium ion (K+) release and astrocytic uptake, preferentially fueled by glycolysis and followed by release and neuronal re-accumulation. The activation-induced preferential glycolysis diminishes with continued activation and is followed by an increased ratio between oxidative metabolism and glycolysis, reflecting oxidation of generated glutamate and accumulated lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Henry M. Jackson FoundationBethesda, MD, United States
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Hertz L, Chen Y. Integration between Glycolysis and Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle Flux May Explain Preferential Glycolytic Increase during Brain Activation, Requiring Glutamate. Front Integr Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28890689 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00018 10.3389/fnint.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1988 observation by Fox et al. (1988) that brief intense brain activation increases glycolysis (pyruvate formation from glucose) much more than oxidative metabolism has been abundantly confirmed. Specifically glycolytic increase was unexpected because the amount of ATP it generates is much smaller than that formed by subsequent oxidative metabolism of pyruvate. The present article shows that preferential glycolysis can be explained by metabolic processes associated with activation of the glutamate-glutamine cycle. The flux in this cycle, which is essential for production of transmitter glutamate and GABA, equals 75% of brain glucose utilization and each turn is associated with utilization of ~1 glucose molecule. About one half of the association between cycle flux and glucose metabolism occurs during neuronal conversion of glutamine to glutamate in a process similar to the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) except that glutamate is supplied from glutamine, not formed from α-ketoglutarate (αKG) as during operation of conventional MAS. Regular MAS function is triggered by one oxidative process in the cytosol during glycolysis causing NAD+ reduction to NADH. Since NADH cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane (MEM) for oxidation NAD+ is re-generated by conversion of cytosolic oxaloacetate (OAA) to malate, which enters the mitochondria for oxidation and in a cyclic process regenerates cytosolic OAA. Therefore MAS as well as the "pseudo-MAS" necessary for neuronal glutamate formation can only operate together with cytosolic reduction of NAD+ to NADH. The major process causing NAD+ reduction is glycolysis which therefore also must occur during neuronal conversion of glutamine to glutamate and may energize vesicular glutamate uptake which preferentially uses glycolytically derived energy. Another major contributor to the association between glutamate-glutamine cycle and glucose utilization is the need for astrocytic pyruvate to generate glutamate. Although some oxidative metabolism occurs during glutamate formation it is only one half of that during normal tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle function. Glutamate's receptor stimulation leads to potassium ion (K+) release and astrocytic uptake, preferentially fueled by glycolysis and followed by release and neuronal re-accumulation. The activation-induced preferential glycolysis diminishes with continued activation and is followed by an increased ratio between oxidative metabolism and glycolysis, reflecting oxidation of generated glutamate and accumulated lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Henry M. Jackson FoundationBethesda, MD, United States
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McDougal AD, Dewey CF. Modeling oxygen requirements in ischemic cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11760-11776. [PMID: 28487363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.751826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease remains the leading cause of death globally. Although reperfusion following myocardial ischemia can prevent death by restoring nutrient flow, ischemia/reperfusion injury can cause significant heart damage. The mechanisms that drive ischemia/reperfusion injury are not well understood; currently, few methods can predict the state of the cardiac muscle cell and its metabolic conditions during ischemia. Here, we explored the energetic sustainability of cardiomyocytes, using a model for cellular metabolism to predict the levels of ATP following hypoxia. We modeled glycolytic metabolism with a system of coupled ordinary differential equations describing the individual metabolic reactions within the cardiomyocyte over time. Reduced oxygen levels and ATP consumption rates were simulated to characterize metabolite responses to ischemia. By tracking biochemical species within the cell, our model enables prediction of the cell's condition up to the moment of reperfusion. The simulations revealed a distinct transition between energetically sustainable and unsustainable ATP concentrations for various energetic demands. Our model illustrates how even low oxygen concentrations allow the cell to perform essential functions. We found that the oxygen level required for a sustainable level of ATP increases roughly linearly with the ATP consumption rate. An extracellular O2 concentration of ∼0.007 mm could supply basic energy needs in non-beating cardiomyocytes, suggesting that increased collateral circulation may provide an important source of oxygen to sustain the cardiomyocyte during extended ischemia. Our model provides a time-dependent framework for studying various intervention strategies to change the outcome of reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D McDougal
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - C Forbes Dewey
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
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Chen WH, Luo GF, Lei Q, Hong S, Qiu WX, Liu LH, Cheng SX, Zhang XZ. Overcoming the Heat Endurance of Tumor Cells by Interfering with the Anaerobic Glycolysis Metabolism for Improved Photothermal Therapy. ACS Nano 2017; 11:1419-1431. [PMID: 28107631 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a general method to decorate plasmonic gold nanorods (GNRs) with a CD44-targeting functional polymer, containing a hyaluronic acid (HA)-targeting moiety and a small molecule Glut1 inhibitor of diclofenac (DC), to obtain GNR/HA-DC. This nanosystem exhibited the superiority of selectively sensitizing tumor cells for photothermal therapy (PTT) by inhibiting anaerobic glycolysis. Upon specifically targeting CD44, sequentially time-dependent DC release could be achieved by the trigger of hyaluronidase (HAase), which abundantly existed in tumor tissues. The released DC depleted the Glut1 level in tumor cells and induced a cascade effect on cellular metabolism by inhibiting glucose uptake, blocking glycolysis, decreasing ATP levels, hampering heat shock protein (HSP) expression, and ultimately leaving malignant cells out from the protection of HSPs to stress (e.g., heat), and then tumor cells were more easy to kill. Owing to the sensitization effect of GNR/HA-DC, CD44 overexpressed tumor cells could be significantly damaged by PTT with an enhanced therapeutic efficiency in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry and ‡The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Feng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry and ‡The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry and ‡The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry and ‡The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xiu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry and ‡The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Han Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry and ‡The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Xue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry and ‡The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry and ‡The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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Supriya R, Tam BT, Pei XM, Lai CW, Chan LW, Yung BY, Siu PM. Doxorubicin Induces Inflammatory Modulation and Metabolic Dysregulation in Diabetic Skeletal Muscle. Front Physiol 2016; 7:323. [PMID: 27512375 PMCID: PMC4961708 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer agent doxorubicin (DOX) has been demonstrated to worsen insulin signaling, engender muscle atrophy, trigger pro-inflammation, and induce a shift to anaerobic glycolytic metabolism in skeletal muscle. The myotoxicity of DOX in diabetic skeletal muscle remains largely unclear. This study examined the effects of DOX on insulin signaling, muscle atrophy, pro-/anti-inflammatory microenvironment, and glycolysis metabolic regulation in skeletal muscle of db/db diabetic and db/+ non-diabetic mice. Non-diabetic db/+ mice and diabetic db/db mice were randomly assigned to the following groups: db/+CON, db/+DOX, db/dbCON, and db/dbDOX. Mice in db/+DOX and db/dbDOX groups were intraperitoneally injected with DOX at a dose of 15 mg per kg body weight whereas mice in db/+CON and db/dbCON groups were injected with the same volume of saline instead of DOX. Gastrocnemius was immediately harvested, weighed, washed with cold phosphate buffered saline, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80°C for later analysis. The effects of DOX on diabetic muscle were neither seen in insulin signaling markers (Glut4, pIRS1Ser(636∕639), and pAktSer(473)) nor muscle atrophy markers (muscle mass, MuRF1 and MAFbx). However, DOX exposure resulted in enhancement of pro-inflammatory favoring microenvironment (as indicated by TNF-α, HIFα and pNFκBp65) accompanied by diminution of anti-inflammatory favoring microenvironment (as indicated by IL15, PGC1α and pAMPKβ1Ser108). Metabolism of diabetic muscle was shifted to anaerobic glycolysis after DOX exposure as demonstrated by our analyses of PDK4, LDH and pACCSer(79). Our results demonstrated that there might be a link between inflammatory modulation and the dysregulation of aerobic glycolytic metabolism in DOX-injured diabetic skeletal muscle. These findings help to understand the pathogenesis of DOX-induced myotoxicity in diabetic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Supriya
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, China
| | - Bjorn T Tam
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao M Pei
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher W Lai
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, China
| | - Lawrence W Chan
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin Y Yung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, China
| | - Parco M Siu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, China
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Korzeniewski B, Zoladz JA. Possible mechanisms underlying slow component of V̇O2 on-kinetics in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1240-9. [PMID: 25767031 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00027.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A computer model of a skeletal muscle bioenergetic system is used to study the background of the slow component of oxygen consumption V̇O2 on-kinetics in skeletal muscle. Two possible mechanisms are analyzed: inhibition of ATP production by anaerobic glycolysis by progressive cytosol acidification (together with a slow decrease in ATP supply by creatine kinase) and gradual increase of ATP usage during exercise of constant power output. It is demonstrated that the former novel mechanism is potent to generate the slow component. The latter mechanism further increases the size of the slow component; it also moderately decreases metabolite stability and has a small impact on muscle pH. An increase in anaerobic glycolysis intensity increases the slow component, elevates cytosol acidification during exercise, and decreases phosphocreatine and Pi stability, although slightly increases ADP stability. A decrease in the P/O ratio (ATP molecules/O2 molecules) during exercise cannot also be excluded as a relevant mechanism, although this issue requires further study. It is postulated that both the progressive inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis by accumulating protons (together with a slow decrease of the net creatine kinase reaction rate) and gradual increase of ATP usage during exercise, and perhaps a decrease in P/O, contribute to the generation of the slow component of the V̇O2 on-kinetics in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Korzeniewski
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; and
| | - Jerzy A Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
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Walls AB, Eyjolfsson EM, Schousboe A, Sonnewald U, Waagepetersen HS. A subconvulsive dose of kainate selectively compromises astrocytic metabolism in the mouse brain in vivo. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1340-6. [PMID: 24824917 PMCID: PMC4126094 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the well-established use of kainate as a model for seizure activity and temporal lobe epilepsy, most studies have been performed at doses giving rise to general limbic seizures and have mainly focused on neuronal function. Little is known about the effect of lower doses of kainate on cerebral metabolism and particularly that associated with astrocytes. We investigated astrocytic and neuronal metabolism in the cerebral cortex of adult mice after treatment with saline (controls), a subconvulsive or a mildly convulsive dose of kainate. A combination of [1,2-(13)C]acetate and [1-(13)C]glucose was injected and subsequent nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of cortical extracts was employed to distinctively map astrocytic and neuronal metabolism. The subconvulsive dose of kainate led to an instantaneous increase in the cortical lactate content, a subsequent reduction in the amount of [4,5-(13)C]glutamine and an increase in the calculated astrocytic TCA cycle activity. In contrast, the convulsive dose led to decrements in the cortical content and (13)C labeling of glutamate, glutamine, GABA, and aspartate. Evidence is provided that astrocytic metabolism is affected by a subconvulsive dose of kainate, whereas a higher dose is required to affect neuronal metabolism. The cerebral glycogen content was dose-dependently reduced by kainate supporting a role for glycogen during seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Walls
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elvar M Eyjolfsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ursula Sonnewald
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hasty P, Christy BA. p53 as an intervention target for cancer and aging. Pathobiol Aging Age Relat Dis 2013; 3:22702. [PMID: 24124625 PMCID: PMC3794078 DOI: 10.3402/pba.v3i0.22702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
p53 is well known for suppressing tumors but could also affect other aging processes not associated with tumor suppression. As a transcription factor, p53 responds to a variety of stresses to either induce apoptosis (cell death) or cell cycle arrest (cell preservation) to suppress tumor development. Yet, the effect p53 has on the non-cancer aspects of aging is complicated and not well understood. On one side, p53 could induce cellular senescence or apoptosis to suppress cancer but as an unintended consequence enhance the aging process especially if these responses diminish stem and progenitor cell populations. But on the flip side, p53 could reduce growth and growth-related stress to enable cell survival and ultimately delay the aging process. A better understanding of diverse functions of p53 is essential to elucidate its influences on the aging process and the possibility of targeting p53 or p53 transcriptional targets to treat cancer and ameliorate general aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hasty
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA ; Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA ; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Abstract
This article is an autobiographical account of my career as a human physiologist. I have spent 55 years traversing mountains, continents, seas, and skies, carrying out research in the laboratories of several international institutions as well as in the field. My scientific roots, approach to the mountains and altitude populations, both in Europe and in Asia, together with an account of my experimental studies at altitude, including extreme conditions, shall be presented together with pertinent occasional reflections of a personal nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cerretelli
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C,N,R,), via Fratelli Cervi, 93, Segrate, Milan 20090, Italy.
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Piña Y, Decatur C, Murray T, Houston S, Gologorsky D, Cavalcante M, Cavalcante L, Hernandez E, Celdran M, Feuer W, Lampidis T. Advanced retinoblastoma treatment: targeting hypoxia by inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in LH(BETA)T(AG) retinal tumors. Clin Ophthalmol 2011; 5:337-43. [PMID: 21468343 PMCID: PMC3065577 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s16172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the dose response of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, rapamycin, on tumor burden and hypoxia, and study the treatment effect on vasculature in LHBETATAG retinal tumors. Methods: This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and follows Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology guidelines. Eighteen-week-old LHBETATAG retinal tumor eyes (n = 30) were evaluated. Mice were divided into five groups and received periocular injections once weekly for two consecutive weeks of: a) 80% DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide, vehicle control), b) 0.00333 mg/kg, c) 0.167 mg/kg, d) 3.33 mg/kg, and e) 6.67 mg/kg of rapamycin. Tumor sections were analyzed for hypoxia, tumor burden, and vasculature with immunohistochemistry techniques. Results: Reduction in tumor burden and hypoxia was significantly different between rapamycin doses and control (P < 0.002). Eyes treated with rapamycin at 0.167, 3.33, and 6.67 mg/kg showed a significant decrease in tumor burden in comparison with the vehicle control group (P = 0.019, P = 0.001, P = 0.009, respectively) and the 0.00333 mg/kg dose response (P = 0.023, P = 0.001, P = 0.010, respectively). Eyes treated with rapamycin at 3.33 mg/kg showed a significant reduction in the amount of hypoxia in comparison with the lower concentration groups (0.00333 and 0.167 mg/kg) of rapamycin (P = 0.024 and P = 0.052, respectively). The number of mature vessels was significantly lower in the 3.33 mg/kg treated versus vehicle control (P = 0.015; equal variances assumed, t-test for equality of means). The number of neovessels was not significantly different between both groups (P = 0.092). Conclusion: Inhibition of mTOR was shown to reduce tumor burden, hypoxia, and vasculature in the LHBETATAG retinoblastoma tumor model. Rapamycin may have a role in combination with chemotherapy or other adjuvant therapies to enhance retinoblastoma tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Piña
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Martin NA, Zoeller RF, Robertson RJ, Lephart SM. The comparative effects of sports massage, active recovery, and rest in promoting blood lactate clearance after supramaximal leg exercise. J Athl Train 1998; 33:30-5. [PMID: 16558481 PMCID: PMC1320372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the comparative effect of sports massage, active recovery, and rest on promoting blood lactate clearance after maximal anaerobic (supramaximal) leg exercise. DESIGN AND SETTING A counterbalanced experimental design with repeated measures was used. The repeated measures were the three treatment conditions. The order of the conditions was determined by random assignment to a counterbalanced test sequence. All data were collected in the Human Energy Research Laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh. SUBJECTS Ten male competitive cyclists volunteered for this investigation. MEASUREMENTS Serial venous blood samples were drawn and analyzed for blood lactate concentration for each test condition. RESULTS There were significant main effects for both absolute and relative values of blood lactate concentration between the three treatment groups and across time within groups. CONCLUSIONS After supramaximal leg exercise, active recovery produced significant decreases in both absolute and relative measures of blood lactate concentration when compared with the sports massage and rest conditions. No significant difference was found between sports massage and rest for either absolute or relative changes in blood lactate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Martin
- Center for Sports Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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