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Lertnitikul N, Teerasukpimol L, Aekanantakul P, Pooreecharurot N, Sukrong S, Boonyong C, Poldorn P, Rungrotmongkol T, Sukandar ER, Aonbangkhen C, Suttisri R. A new benzoquinone and a new stilbenoid from Paphiopedilum exul (Ridl.) Rolfe. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38646864 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2344196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
One new alkyl benzoquinone, paphionone (1), one new trans-stilbenoid, (E)-6,5'-dihydroxy-2,3'-dimethoxystilbene (2), and eight known stilbenoids and flavonoids (3-10) were isolated from the leaves and roots of Paphiopedilum exul (Orchidaceae). Their chemical structures were determined based on IR, ECD, MS and NMR analyses. Cytotoxicity of all isolated compounds towards human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line was examined in vitro by MTT assay. The para-hydroxybenzyl substituted stilbene 10 was potently cytotoxic to the cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 4.80 ± 1.10 μM (selectivity index = 20.83). All compounds were non-toxic to normal human embryo fibroblast (OUMS-36) cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonthalert Lertnitikul
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ladawan Teerasukpimol
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattatorn Aekanantakul
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naphatsawan Pooreecharurot
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchada Sukrong
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Cherdsak Boonyong
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Rangsit University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Poldorn
- Hong Kong Quantum AI Laboratory, Ltd, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Edwin Risky Sukandar
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanat Aonbangkhen
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry (CENP), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rutt Suttisri
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hu Z, Huang L, Gan X, Han Y, Chu J, Song Z. Cost-Effective Rechargeable Magnesium Battery Based on a Fluorinated Alkoxyaluminate Electrolyte and a Carbonyl Polymer Cathode. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:19014-19025. [PMID: 38573769 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) are one of the most promising "post-lithium" battery technologies, but the electrochemical performance is still far from expectation due to the sluggish reaction kinetics of divalent Mg2+ ions. Herein, we report a low-cost, high-performance Mg-organic battery based on the combination of a fluorinated alkoxyaluminate electrolyte and a carbonyl polymer cathode material. First, the one-pot synthesized Mg[Al(HFIP)4]2 (HFIP = hexafluoro-2-propanol) is proved superior to the Mg[B(HFIP)4]2 analogue in both Mg anode compatibility and electrochemical window, as the electrolyte salt in the G2-DME (G2 = diethylene glycol dimethyl ether; DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) mixture solvent. Second, a simple wet grinding method is proposed to effectively improve the dispersion uniformity of the poly(benzoquinone-pyrrole) (PBQPy) active material in the cathode. Third, the elaborate Mg-PBQPy battery exhibits superior electrochemical performance within 0.4-3.0 V, including a high reversible capacity of 197 mA h g-1, a high average discharge voltage of 1.6 V, and a high capacity retention of 71% after 500 cycles. Finally, based on various electrochemical analysis and ex situ characterization results, we propose a general microscopic structure evolution model to reveal the electrochemical behaviors of carbonyl polymer cathode in RMBs, including the swelling of polymer active material, trapping of Mg2+ ions, and reversible redox reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Hu
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaotang Gan
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Han
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Chu
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhiping Song
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Smith TR, Tay A, Koprivnikar J. Effects of insect host chemical secretions on the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e63. [PMID: 37522182 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Given the threat presented by parasites and pathogens, insects employ various defences to protect themselves against infection, including chemical secretions. The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum releases a secretion containing the benzoquinones methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (MBQ) and ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (EBQ) into the environment. These compounds have known antimicrobial effects; however, their role in defence against macroparasites is not known. Entomopathogenic nematodes, such as Steinernema carpocapsae, present a serious threat to insects, with successful infection leading to death. Thus, quinone-containing secretions may also aid in host defence. We tested how exposure to the individual components of this quinone secretion, as well as a mix at naturally-occurring proportions, affected the survival and thrashing behaviour of S. carpocapsae, as well as their virulence to a model host (Galleria mellonella). Exposure to high concentrations of MBQ and EBQ, as well as the quinone mix, significantly increased nematode death but did not consistently reduce thrashing, which would otherwise be expected given their toxicity. Rather, quinones may act as a host cue to S. carpocapsae by triggering increased activity. We found that exposure to quinones for 24 or 72 hours did not reduce nematode virulence, and surviving nematodes remained infective after non-lethal exposure. Our results indicate that quinone secretions likely serve as a defence against multiple infection threats by reducing S. carpocapsae survival, but further research is required to contextualize their roles by testing against other nematodes, as well as other helminths using insects as hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - A Tay
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - J Koprivnikar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
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Chan-Zapata I, Borges-Argáez R, Ayora-Talavera G. Quinones as Promising Compounds against Respiratory Viruses: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041981. [PMID: 36838969 PMCID: PMC9967002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses represent a world public health problem, giving rise to annual seasonal epidemics and several pandemics caused by some of these viruses, including the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2, which continues to date. Some antiviral drugs have been licensed for the treatment of influenza, but they cause side effects and lead to resistant viral strains. Likewise, aerosolized ribavirin is the only drug approved for the therapy of infections by the respiratory syncytial virus, but it possesses various limitations. On the other hand, no specific drugs are licensed to treat other viral respiratory diseases. In this sense, natural products and their derivatives have appeared as promising alternatives in searching for new compounds with antiviral activity. Besides their chemical properties, quinones have demonstrated interesting biological activities, including activity against respiratory viruses. This review summarizes the activity against respiratory viruses and their molecular targets by the different types of quinones (both natural and synthetic). Thus, the present work offers a general overview of the importance of quinones as an option for the future pharmacological treatment of viral respiratory infections, subject to additional studies that support their effectiveness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Chan-Zapata
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Merida 97205, Mexico
| | - Rocío Borges-Argáez
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Merida 97205, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-99-99-42-83-30
| | - Guadalupe Ayora-Talavera
- Departamento de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Paseo de Las Fuentes, Merida 97225, Mexico
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Cheng YH, Kirschner AY, Chang CC, He Z, Nassr M, Emrick T, Freeman BD. Surface Modification of Ultrafiltration Membranes with 1,4- Benzoquinone and Polyetheramines to Improve Fouling Resistance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:52390-52401. [PMID: 36346915 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fouling remains a key challenge for membrane separations. Hydrophilic membrane surface modification can mitigate irreversible foulant deposition, thereby improving fouling resistance. We report new hydrophilic membrane coatings based on 1,4-benzoquinone and various commercially available polyetheramines. These coatings, prepared from 1,4-benzoquinone and Jeffamine EDR 148, poly(benzoquinone-Jeffamine EDR 148) (p(BQ-EDR 148)), were used to modify polysulfone (PS) ultrafiltration membranes. In fouling experiments using an oil/water emulsion, membranes exhibited comparable fouling resistance to that of polydopamine (pDA)-modified membranes. Based on contact angle measurements, p(BQ-EDR 148) and pDA-modified membranes have similar levels of hydrophilicity, and both exhibited higher threshold flux values than those of their unmodified analogues. Based on their similar threshold flux values, p(BQ-EDR 148)-modified (76 LMH) and pDA-modified membranes (74 LMH) should have similar fouling resistance. Moreover, the mean pore size of p(BQ-EDR 148)-modified membranes can be tuned, while keeping the pure water permeance constant, by changing the deposition time and molar ratio of benzoquinone to EDR 148 in the modification solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Heng Cheng
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Education and Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, 2501 Speedway, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Alon Y Kirschner
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Education and Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, 2501 Speedway, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Chia-Chih Chang
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Zhengwang He
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Education and Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, 2501 Speedway, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Mostafa Nassr
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Education and Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, 2501 Speedway, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Benny D Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Education and Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, 2501 Speedway, Austin, Texas78712, United States
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Görmez Ö, Saçlı B, Çağlayan U, Kalderis D, Gözmen B. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Siderite and Application as Catalyst in the Electro-Fenton Oxidation of p- Benzoquinone. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 36432157 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A weak aspect of the electro-Fenton (EF) oxidation of contaminants is the dependence of the Fenton reaction on acidic pH values. Therefore, the rationale of this work was to develop a novel catalyst capable of promoting the EF oxidation process at near-neutral and basic pH values. In this framework, rhombohedral FeCO3 was synthesized hydrothermally and used as a catalyst in the EF oxidation of p-benzoquinone (BQ). The catalyst was characterized using various surface and spectroscopic methods. Moreover, the effects of applied current (100-500 mA), time (1-9 h), catalyst dosage (0.25-1.00 g L-1), and initial concentration of BQ (0.50-1.00 mM) on the total organic carbon removal efficiency were determined. The results indicated that a 400 mA current was sufficient for a 95% total organic carbon removal and that the increase in catalyst dosage had a positive effect on the mineralization of BQ. It was determined that at pH 3, FeCO3 behaved like a homogeneous catalyst by releasing Fe3+ ions; whereas, at the pH range of 5-7, it shifted to a homogeneous/heterogeneous catalyst. At pH 9, it worked solely as a heterogeneous catalyst due to the decrease of Fe ions passing into the solution. Finally, the spent catalyst did not undergo structural deformations after the EF treatment at higher pH values and could be regenerated and used several times.
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Chu J, Li G, Wang Y, Zhang X, Yang Z, Han Y, Cai T, Song Z. Benzoquinone-Pyrrole Polymers as Cost-Effective Cathodes toward Practical Organic Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:25566-25575. [PMID: 35611969 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic cathode materials (OCMs) for rechargeable Li and Na batteries show great advantages in resource sustainability and huge potential in electrochemical performance but suffer from dissolution problems and costly synthesis. Herein, for the first time, we investigated the copolymer of benzoquinone (BQ) and pyrrole (Py), namely, poly(benzoquinone-pyrrole) (PBQPy), as an OCM for Li batteries. The low-cost raw materials and solvent-free synthesis provide PBQPy much brighter prospects in large-scale production compared to other carbonyl-based polymer cathode materials. Nevertheless, PBQPy showed one of the best electrochemical performances among all OCMs, including excellent energy density (2.32 V × 255 mAh g-1 = 592 Wh kg-1), rate capability (79%@2000 mA g-1), and cycling stability (81%@1000th cycle). By introducing poly(benzoquinone-methyl pyrrole) for comparison, as well as employing density functional theory calculations and various characterizations for in-depth understanding, the synthesis mechanism, polymer structure, electrochemical behavior, and redox mechanism were clearly clarified. It is believed that this work will encourage more efforts to develop cost-effective OCMs toward practical organic batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chu
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Gaofeng Li
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zihao Yang
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Han
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Taotao Cai
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhiping Song
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Yan S, Wang X, Wang W, Peng W, Wang K, Huang J, Wu L, Tian W, Xue X. Identification of Pigmented Substances in Black Honey from Leucosceptrum canum: Novel Quinonoids Contribute to Honey Color. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:3521-3528. [PMID: 35274941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leucosceptrum canum (Lamiaceae) honey (LCH) is a rare and high-value honey with an unusual dark brown color. Its pigments may be related to the purported health benefits of the honey and could serve as indicators of authentic LCH. Here, we purified the pigmented substances contributing to LCH's color and identified them using high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The major pigmented substances were 1-[4-(3-carboxy-propylamino)-3,6-dioxo-cyclohexa-1,4-dienyl]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (GPBQ), 1-[4-(3-carboxy-propylamino)-3,6-dioxo-cyclohexa-1,4-dienyl]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid. (GAPBQ), and 2,5-di-(N-prolyl)-para-benzoquinone (DPBQ). According to UHPLC-DAD data recorded at 370 nm, GPBQ, GAPBQ, and DPBQ contents ranged from 2.58 to 5.13, 2.93 to 4.96, and 4.26 to 9.22 mg/kg, respectively. These amino acid-quinone conjugates, found here for the first time, are pigments that can serve as markers to control the quality of LCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yan
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wenqian Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wenjun Peng
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Liming Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wenlin Tian
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xue
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Ali S, Hénon E, Leroy R, Massiot G. Addition of Vindoline to p- Benzoquinone: Regiochemistry, Stereochemistry and Symmetry Considerations. Molecules 2021; 26:6395. [PMID: 34770804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vindoline and catharanthine are the major alkaloids of Catharanthus roseus and are extracted in large quantities to prepare the pharmaceutically important Vinca type alkaloids vincaleukoblastine, vincristine and navelbine. The higher yield of vindoline relative to catharanthine makes it an attractive substrate for developing new chemistry and adding value to the plant. In this context, we have reacted vindoline with a selection of electrophiles among which benzoquinone. Conditions were developed to optimize the synthesis of a mono-adduct, of five bis-adducts, and of tri-adducts and tetra-adducts, several of these adducts being mixtures of conformational isomers. Copper(II) was added to the reactions to promote reoxidation of the intermediate hydroquinones and simplify the reaction products. The structures were solved by spectroscopic means and by symmetry considerations. Among the bis-isomers, the 2,3-diadduct consists of three unseparable species, two major ones with an axis of symmetry, thus giving a single set of signals and existing as two different species with indistinguishable NMR spectra. The third and minor isomer has no symmetry and therefore exhibits nonequivalence in the signals of the two vindoline moieties. These isomers are designated as syn (minor) and anti (major) and there exists a high energy barrier between them making their interconversion difficult. DFT calculations on simplified model compounds demonstrate that the syn-anti interconversion is not possible at room temperature on the NMR chemical shift time scale. These molecules are not rigid and calculations showed a back-and-forth conrotatory motion of the two vindolines. This “windshield wiper” effect is responsible for the observation of exchange correlations in the NOESY spectra. The same phenomenon is observed with the higher molecular weight adducts, which are also mixtures of rotational isomers. The same lack of rotations between syn and anti isomers is responsible for the formation of four tri-adducts and of seven tetra-adducts. On a biological standpoint, the mono adduct displayed anti-inflammatory properties at the 5 μM level while the di-adducts and tri-adducts showed moderate cytotoxicity against Au565, and HeLa cancer cell lines.
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Winant P, Dehaen W. A visible-light-induced, metal-free bis-arylation of 2,5-dichloro benzoquinone. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2315-2320. [PMID: 34621394 PMCID: PMC8450952 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A metal-free protocol for the direct bis-arylation of 2,5-dichlorobenzoquinone with aryldiazonium salts is reported. The reactive salts are generated in situ and converted to radicals through irradiation with visible light. Reaction products precipitate from the solvent, eliminating the need for purification and thus providing a novel green method for the synthesis of versatile bis-electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan Winant
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Hussain MI, Danish S, Sánchez-Moreiras AM, Vicente Ó, Jabran K, Chaudhry UK, Branca F, Reigosa MJ. Unraveling Sorghum Allelopathy in Agriculture: Concepts and Implications. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:1795. [PMID: 34579328 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is an ecological phenomenon that involves the production and release of biomolecules from different crops, cultivated plants, and bacteria or fungi into the soil rhizosphere and impacts other organisms in the vicinity. Sorghum possesses vital allelopathic characteristics due to which it produces and releases different biomolecules from its root hairs, stems, and grains. Several studies have reported that sorghum acts as an allelopathic crop, decreasing the growth and eco-physiological attributes of surrounding plants and weeds growing simultaneously or subsequently in the field. Sorghum allelopathy has been exploited in the context of green manure, crop rotations, cover crops, and intercropping or mulching, whereas plant aqueous extracts or powder might be an alternate method of weed control. A diverse group of allelochemicals, including benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, m-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, p-hydroxibenzaldehyde, dhurrin, sorgoleone, m-hydroxybenzoic acid and protocatechuic acid, have been isolated and identified from different plant tissues of sorghum and root exudates. These allelochemicals, especially sorgoleone, have been investigated in terms of their mode(s) of action, specific activity and selectivity, release in the rhizosphere and uptake and translocation in sensitive species. The present review describes the importance of sorghum allelopathy as an ecological tool in managing weeds, highlighting the most recent advances in the allelochemicals present in sorghum, their modes of action, and their fate in the ecosystem. Further research should focus on the evaluation and selection of sorghum cultivars with high allelopathic potential, so that sorghum allelopathy can be better utilized for weed control and yield enhancement.
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Kozack CV, Tereniak SJ, Jaworski JN, Li B, Bruns DL, Knapp SMM, Landis CR, Stahl SS. Benzoquinone Cocatalyst Contributions to DAF/Pd(OAc) 2-Catalyzed Aerobic Allylic Acetoxylation in the Absence and Presence of a Co(salophen) Cocatalyst. ACS Catal 2021; 11:6363-6370. [PMID: 34422447 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Palladium(II)-catalyzed allylic acetoxylation has been the focus of extensive development and investigation. Methods that use molecular oxygen (O2) as the terminal oxidant typically benefit from the use of benzoquinone (BQ) and a transition-metal (TM) cocatalyst, such as Co(salophen), to support oxidation of Pd0 during catalytic turnover. We previously showed that Pd(OAc)2 and 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (DAF) as an ancillary ligand catalyze allylic oxidation with O2 in the absence of cocatalysts. Herein, we show that BQ enhances DAF/Pd(OAc)2 catalytic activity, nearly matching the performance of reactions that include both BQ and Co(salophen). These observations are complemented by mechanistic studies of DAF/Pd(OAc)2 catalyst systems under three different oxidation conditions: (1) O2 alone, (2) O2 with cocatalytic BQ, and (3) O2 with cocatalytic BQ and Co(salophen). The beneficial effect of BQ in the absence of Co(salophen) is traced to synergistic roles of O2 and BQ, both of which are capable of oxidizing Pd0 to PdII The reaction of O2 generates H2O2 as a byproduct, which can oxidize hydroquinone to quinone in the presence of PdII NMR spectroscopic studies, however, show that hydroquinone is the predominant redox state of the quinone cocatalyst in the absence of Co(salophen), while inclusion of Co(salophen) maintains oxidized quinone throughout the reaction, resulting in better reaction performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin V. Kozack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Stephen J. Tereniak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jonathan N. Jaworski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David L. Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Spring M. M. Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Clark R. Landis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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13
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B A, Fernandez A, Laila SP, Nair AS, Vishnu VS. Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking and anticancer studies of fluoroaniline derivatives of hydroxy benzoquinone and hydroxynaphthoquinone. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3917-3927. [PMID: 33314966 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1852116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two series of fluoro substituted-anilino derivatives of naturally occurring hydroxybenzoquinone and hydroxynaphthoquinone were synthesized using TFA as catalyst to improve the product yield. Recently, fluorine containing compounds are being used as anticancer drugs. The aim of this study is to find compounds that are active against melanoma cells. This six new fluoro substituted quinone compounds were synthesized and characterized. All of these compounds were then subjected to molecular docking studies against B-raf protein using Discovery Studio 4.0 and the binding affinities were calculated. The energy scores of in silico analysis revealed that all the compounds exhibited better binding affinity towards B-raf protein. Moreover, all the derivatives and the parent compounds, embelin and plumbagin along with standard drug, PLX4032 were investigated for its in vitro cytotoxicity in A375 cell lines (Melanoma) and in vitro ELISA assay in B-raf isolated from melanoma cells. Among them, 5-(3-chloro-4-trifluoromethoxy-phenylamino)-2-hydroxy-3-undecyl-[1,4]benzoquinone exhibited lower cell viability with lowest LC50 of 12.25 μg/mL and thus poses suitability to be a lead molecule for further drug discovery.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar B
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Annette Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Shiny P Laila
- Department of Chemistry, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Achuthsankar S Nair
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - V S Vishnu
- Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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14
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Chen X, Gao M, Jian R, Hong WD, Tang X, Li Y, Zhao D, Zhang K, Chen W, Zheng X, Sheng Z, Wu P. Design, synthesis and α-glucosidase inhibition study of novel embelin derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020. [PMID: 31969031 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.171538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Embelin is a naturally occurring para-benzoquinone isolated from Embelia ribes (Burm. f.) of the Myrsinaceae family. It was first discovered to have potent inhibitory activity (IC50 = 4.2 μM) against α-glucosidase in this study. Then, four series of novel embelin derivatives were designed, prepared and evaluated in α-glucosidase inhibition assays. The results show that most of the embelin derivatives synthesised are effective α-glucosidase inhibitors, with IC50 values at the micromolar level, especially 10d, 12d, and 15d, the IC50 values of which are 1.8, 3.3, and 3.6 μM, respectively. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies suggest that hydroxyl groups in the 2/5-position of para-benzoquinone are very important, and long-chain substituents in the 3-position are highly preferred. Moreover, the inhibition mechanism and kinetics studies reveal that all of 10d, 12d, 15d, and embelin are reversible and mixed-type inhibitors. Furthermore, docking experiments were carried out to study the interactions between 10d and 15d with α-glucosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Rongchao Jian
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Weiqian David Hong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Denggao Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Xi Zheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Zhaojun Sheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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15
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Chen X, Gao M, Jian R, Hong WD, Tang X, Li Y, Zhao D, Zhang K, Chen W, Zheng X, Sheng Z, Wu P. Design, synthesis and α-glucosidase inhibition study of novel embelin derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:565-573. [PMID: 31969031 PMCID: PMC7006637 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1715386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Embelin is a naturally occurring para-benzoquinone isolated from Embelia ribes (Burm. f.) of the Myrsinaceae family. It was first discovered to have potent inhibitory activity (IC50 = 4.2 μM) against α-glucosidase in this study. Then, four series of novel embelin derivatives were designed, prepared and evaluated in α-glucosidase inhibition assays. The results show that most of the embelin derivatives synthesised are effective α-glucosidase inhibitors, with IC50 values at the micromolar level, especially 10d, 12d, and 15d, the IC50 values of which are 1.8, 3.3, and 3.6 μM, respectively. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies suggest that hydroxyl groups in the 2/5-position of para-benzoquinone are very important, and long-chain substituents in the 3-position are highly preferred. Moreover, the inhibition mechanism and kinetics studies reveal that all of 10d, 12d, 15d, and embelin are reversible and mixed-type inhibitors. Furthermore, docking experiments were carried out to study the interactions between 10d and 15d with α-glucosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Rongchao Jian
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Weiqian David Hong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Denggao Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Xi Zheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Zhaojun Sheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, P.R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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16
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Boonsombat J, Thongnest S, Kheawchaum S, Mahidol C, Ruchirawat S, Prawat H. Uvarmicranones A and B, two new benzoquinones and cytotoxic constituents from the stems of Uvaria micrantha (A. DC.) Hook. f. & Thomson. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:5643-5652. [PMID: 32957800 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1824221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two novel benzoquinones, uvarmicranones A (1) and B (2), along with 15 known compounds (3 - 17) were isolated from the stems of Uvaria micrantha (Annonaceae). Their structures were elucidated by analyses of NMR and high-resolution mass data. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of uvarmicranone A (1) via Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction was also proposed. Some isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities. Compounds 1, 14, and 15 showed moderate cytotoxic effects against T-cell acute lymphoblastic cells (MOLT-3), with IC50 values of 7.83 ± 0.83, 6.53 ± 1.01, and 4.20 ± 0.29 μM, respectively. Additionally, compound 15 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) with an IC50 value of 7.00 ± 3.15 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutatip Boonsombat
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanit Thongnest
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surasak Kheawchaum
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chulabhorn Mahidol
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.,Program of Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.,Program of Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), PERDO, The Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hunsa Prawat
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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Misaki Y, Noda S, Kato M, Yamauchi T, Oshima T, Yoshimura A, Shirahata T, Yao M. Fused Tetrathiafulvalene and Benzoquinone Triads: Organic Positive-Electrode Materials Based on a Dual Redox System. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:2312-2320. [PMID: 32096607 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fused donor-acceptor triads composed of two tetrathiafulvalenes (TTFs) and benzoquinone (BQ; 1) or naphthoquinone (NQ; 2) were successfully synthesized. X-ray structure analysis of the bis(n-butylthio) derivative revealed that the molecules are stacked in a head-to-tail manner. The bis(n-hexylthio)-1 exhibited six-pairs of one-electron transfer waves in the cyclic voltammogram, corresponding to the formation of both reduction and oxidation states from -2 to +4. The unsubstituted and bis(methylthio) derivatives of 1 and 2 were active materials in positive electrodes for rechargeable batteries, several of which displayed energy densities exceeding 800 mWh g-1 . The bis(methylthio)-2 also functions as a positive electrode material for a rechargeable sodium-ion battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohji Misaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
- Research Unit for Power Generation and Storage Materials, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
- Research Unit for Development of Organic Superconductors, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Noda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Minami Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yamauchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Toko Oshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Aya Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
- Research Unit for Development of Organic Superconductors, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Shirahata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
- Research Unit for Power Generation and Storage Materials, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
- Research Unit for Development of Organic Superconductors, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masaru Yao
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
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18
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Strätker K, Haidar S, Amesty Á, El-Awaad E, Götz C, Estévez-Braun A, Jose J. Development of an in vitro screening assay for PIP5K1α lipid kinase and identification of potent inhibitors. FEBS J 2020; 287:3042-3064. [PMID: 31876381 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type I α (hPIP5K1α) participates in the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Despite the evidence that hPIP5K1α plays a role in the development of prostate cancer (PCa), only one inhibitor is known to date. With the aim of identifying new inhibitors, a nonradiometric assay for measurement of the hPIP5K1α enzyme activity was developed. The assay is based on the separation of the fluorescently labeled substrate phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P) and the resulting product phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2 ) by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Furthermore, an inactive mutant K261A of hPIP5K1α was generated by site-directed mutagenesis and used as a control. Michaelis-Menten analysis revealed a Km value of 21.6 µm and Vmax of 0.65 pmol·min-1 for the cosubstrate ATP. The average Z' value was determined to be 0.86, indicating a high reliability of the assay. An in silico screening of an in-house compound library was performed employing the crystal structure of zebrafish PIP5K1α. By applying this strategy, three compounds with a 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyranobenzoquinone scaffold were identified and tested using the CE-based assay. These compounds inhibited hPIP5K1α to > 90% at a concentration of 50 µm. Subsequently, the inhibitory activity of all compounds with a pyranobenzoquinone scaffold (29) was tested on hPIP5K1α. Compound 4-(2-amino-3-cyano-6-hydroxy-5,8-dioxo-7-undecyl-5,8-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-yl)benzoic acid appeared to be the most potent inhibitor of hPIP5K1α identified so far with an IC50 value of 1.55 µm, exhibiting a substrate-competitive mode of action. The effects of this compound on cell viability and the induction of apoptosis were investigated in LNCaP, DU145, and PC3 PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Strätker
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Samer Haidar
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Syria
| | - Ángel Amesty
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ehab El-Awaad
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Claudia Götz
- Universität des Saarlandes Medizinische Biochemie und Molekularbiologie Geb, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
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19
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Ba Z, Wang Z, Luo M, Li HB, Li Y, Huang T, Dong J, Zhang Q, Zhao X. Benzoquinone-Based Polyimide Derivatives as High-Capacity and Stable Organic Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:807-817. [PMID: 31820911 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multicarbonyl polyimide derivatives were synthesized by a facial condensation polymerization of dianhydrides with a new diamine monomer containing a benzoquinone unit that was prepared according to the Michael addition reaction. The ingenious combination of dedicated carbonyl groups from the benzoquinone and dianhydride with an aniline structure linkage not only provided stable polymeric chains with a high number of carbonyl groups per unit but also guaranteed their large π-conjugated main chains, which is favorable to their long cycle life and fast kinetics. When explored as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the polyimide derivatives based on naphthalic dianhydride delivered a reversible specific capacity of 145 mAh/g at 0.1 C, a high rate performance with a capacity of 108 mAh/g at 1 C, and an ultralong stable cyclic performance with a capacity retention of 80.3% after 1000 cycles at 0.5 C. Based on the theoretical calculations and the exploration of the electrochemical behaviors, sensible predictions for the reversible ion-insertion reaction of the as-prepared sample were proposed to deeply understand the charge storage mechanisms. Moreover, a stable solid electrolyte interphase film formed in the ether-based electrolyte was confirmed to improve the electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohu Ba
- State Key Laboratory For Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials. College of Materials Science and Engineering , Donghua University , No. 2999, North Renmin Road, Songjiang , Shanghai 201620 , PR China
| | - Zhengxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory For Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials. College of Materials Science and Engineering , Donghua University , No. 2999, North Renmin Road, Songjiang , Shanghai 201620 , PR China
| | - Mo Luo
- School of Ocean , Shandong University , Weihai 264209 , PR China
| | - Hai-Bei Li
- School of Ocean , Shandong University , Weihai 264209 , PR China
| | - Yingzhi Li
- Southern University Science and Technology , Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Shenzhen 518055 , PR China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory For Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials. College of Materials Science and Engineering , Donghua University , No. 2999, North Renmin Road, Songjiang , Shanghai 201620 , PR China
| | - Jie Dong
- State Key Laboratory For Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials. College of Materials Science and Engineering , Donghua University , No. 2999, North Renmin Road, Songjiang , Shanghai 201620 , PR China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory For Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials. College of Materials Science and Engineering , Donghua University , No. 2999, North Renmin Road, Songjiang , Shanghai 201620 , PR China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory For Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials. College of Materials Science and Engineering , Donghua University , No. 2999, North Renmin Road, Songjiang , Shanghai 201620 , PR China
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20
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Song Y, Jeong HY, Lee JK, Choi YS, Kim DO, Jang D, Park CS, Maeng S, Kang H. Enzyme Treatment Alters the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Water Extract of Wheat Germ In Vitro and In Vivo. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2490. [PMID: 31623257 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat germ is rich in quinones that exist as glycosides. In this study, we used Celluclast 1.5L to release the hydroxyquinones, which turn into benzoquinone, and prepared the water extract from enzyme-treated wheat germ (EWG). We investigated whether enzyme treatment altered the anti-inflammatory activity compared to the water extract of untreated wheat germ (UWG). UWG inhibited the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin (IL)-12 and induced the production of IL-10 and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Enzyme treatment resulted in greater inhibition of iNOS and IL-10 and induction of HO-1 compared to UWG, possibly involving the modulation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). Mice fed UWG or EWG had decreased serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and increased serum IL-10 levels after intraperitoneal injection of LPS, with UWG being more effective for IL-10 and EWG more effective for TNF-α. Hepatic HO-1 gene was only expressed in mice fed EWG. We provide evidence that enzyme treatment is a useful biotechnology tool for extracting active compounds from wheat germ.
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21
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Podolak I, Mynarski A, Wróbel D, Grabowska K, Galanty A. Bioactive benzoquinones content variability in red-berry and white-berry varieties of Ardisia crenata Sims. and assessment of cytotoxic activity. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:157-161. [PMID: 31135229 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1614575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ardisia crenata Sims (Myrsinaceae) occurs in two varieties differing in the fruit color, the red berries being common while the white ones are rare. The roots of red-berried A. crenata are a valued TCM product which contains bioactive benzoquinones such as embelin and rapanone. In this study we compared their profiles in different organs of the plant to provide an insight in the pattern of their accumulation within the two varieties. Moreover, cytotoxic activity against human melanoma and prostate cancer cells was evaluated. Quantitative HPLC revealed that the white-berried variety differs profoundly in the content of rapanone, with its total level of 606.5 mg/100 g d.w., as compared to 16.2 mg/100 g d.w. in A. crenata 'red'. Embelin was less distributed and found in minor amounts in both varieties. This is the first report on rapanone content in various parts of Ardisia crenata and on benzoquinones in the white-berried variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Podolak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Adam Mynarski
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Dagmara Wróbel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Karolina Grabowska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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van Leest NP, Grooten L, van der Vlugt JI, de Bruin B. Uncatalyzed Oxidative C-H Amination of 9,10-Dihydro-9-Heteroanthracenes: A Mechanistic Study. Chemistry 2019; 25:5987-5993. [PMID: 30793814 PMCID: PMC6563809 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the one‐step C−H amination of xanthene and thioxanthene with sulfonamides is reported, without the need for any metal catalyst. A benzoquinone was employed as a hydride (or two‐electron and one‐proton) acceptor. Moreover, a previously unknown and uncatalyzed reaction between iminoiodanes and xanthene, thioxanthene and dihydroacridines (9,10‐dihydro‐9‐heteroanthracenes or dihydroheteroanthracenes) is disclosed. The reactions proceed through hydride transfer from the heteroarene substrate to the iminoiodane or benzoquinone, followed by conjugate addition of the sulfonamide to the oxidized heteroaromatic compounds. These findings may have important mechanistic implications for metal‐catalyzed C−H amination processes involving nitrene transfer from iminoiodanes to dihydroheteroanthracenes. Due to the weak C−H bond, xanthene is an often‐employed substrate in mechanistic studies of C−H amination reactions, which are generally proposed to proceed via metal‐catalyzed nitrene insertion, especially for reactions involving nitrene or imido complexes that are less reactive (i.e., less strongly oxidizing). However, these substrates clearly undergo non‐catalyzed (proton‐coupled) redox coupling with amines, thus providing alternative pathways to the widely assumed metal‐catalyzed pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas P van Leest
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Grooten
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Farooq U, Pan Y, Disasa D, Qi J. Novel Anti-Aging Benzoquinone Derivatives from Onosma bracteatum Wall. Molecules 2019; 24:E1428. [PMID: 30978970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate anti-aging molecules from Onosma bracteatum Wall, a traditional medicinal plant used in the Unani and Ayurvedic systems of medicine. During bioassay-guided isolation, two known benzoquinones, allomicrophyllone (1) and ehretiquinone (2) along with three novel benzoquinones designated as ehretiquinones B-D (3-5) were isolated from O. bracteatum. Their structures were characterized by spectroscopic analysis through 1D and 2D NMR, by MS spectroscopic analysis and comparing with those reported in the literatures. The anti-aging potential of the isolated benzoquinones was evaluated through a yeast lifespan assay, and the results indicated that 1, 2, 4 and 5 significantly extended the replicative lifespan of K6001 yeast, indicating that these benzoquinones obtained from O. brateatum have the ability to be employed as a potential therapeutic agent against age-related diseases.
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Sangsopha W, Lekphrom R, Schevenels FT, Saksirirat W, Bua-Art S, Kanokmedhakul K, Kanokmedhakul S. New p-terphenyl and benzoquinone metabolites from the bioluminescent mushroom Neonothopanus nambi. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:2186-2193. [PMID: 30810369 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1578763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two new p-terphenyls, neonambiterphenyls A and B (1-2), a new benzoquinone, neonambiquinone A (3), together with six known sesquiterpenes (4-9), were isolated from the bioluminescent mushroom Neonothopanus nambi PW3. The isolated compounds were identified by mass, IR and spectroscopic analyses (1D and 2D NMR). Compounds 1-3 and 5-7 showed cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines such as KB, NCI-H187 and MCF-7 with IC50 values ranging from 1.45 to 49.31 µg/mL. In addition, compounds 1 and 5 showed cytotoxicity against Vero cells with IC50 values of 38.72 and 32.90 µg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watchara Sangsopha
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ratsami Lekphrom
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Florian T Schevenels
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Weerasak Saksirirat
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center for Sustainable Economy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sureeporn Bua-Art
- Department of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Research Group Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanjai Kanokmedhakul
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Somdej Kanokmedhakul
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Flood JJ, Copley SD. Genome-Wide Analysis of Transcriptional Changes and Genes That Contribute to Fitness during Degradation of the Anthropogenic Pollutant Pentachlorophenol by Sphingobium chlorophenolicum. mSystems 2018; 3:e00275-18. [PMID: 30505947 PMCID: PMC6247019 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00275-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a highly toxic pesticide that was first introduced in the 1930s. The alphaproteobacterium Sphingobium chlorophenolicum, which was isolated from PCP-contaminated sediment, has assembled a metabolic pathway capable of completely degrading PCP. This pathway produces four toxic intermediates, including a chlorinated benzoquinone that is a potent alkylating agent and three chlorinated hydroquinones that react with O2 to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). RNA-seq analysis revealed that PCP causes a global stress response that resembles responses to proton motive force uncoupling and membrane disruption, while surprisingly, little of the response resembles the responses expected to be produced by the PCP degradation intermediates. Tn-seq was used to identify genes important for fitness in the presence of PCP. By comparing the genes that are important for fitness in wild-type S. chlorophenolicum and a non-PCP-degrading mutant, we identified genes that are important only when the PCP degradation intermediates are produced. These include genes encoding two enzymes that are likely to be involved in protection against ROS. In addition to these enzymes, the endogenous levels of other enzymes that protect cells from oxidative stress appear to mitigate the toxic effects of the chlorinated benzoquinone and hydroquinone metabolites of PCP. The combination of RNA-seq and Tn-seq results identify important mechanisms for defense against the toxicity of PCP. IMPORTANCE Phenolic compounds such as pentachlorophenol (PCP), triclosan, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) represent a common class of anthropogenic biocides. Despite the novelty of these compounds, many can be degraded by microbes isolated from contaminated sites. However, degradation of this class of chemicals often generates toxic intermediates, which may contribute to their recalcitrance to biodegradation. We have addressed the stresses associated with degradation of PCP by Sphingobium chlorophenolicum by examining the transcriptional response after PCP exposure and identifying genes necessary for growth during both exposure to and degradation of PCP. This work identifies some of the mechanisms that protect cells from this toxic compound and facilitate its degradation. This information could be used to engineer strains capable of improved biodegradation of PCP or similar phenolic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake J. Flood
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Shelley D. Copley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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26
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Shimizu H, Yoshimura A, Noguchi K, Nemykin VN, Zhdankin VV, Saito A. Oxidative cycloaddition of hydroxamic acids with dienes or guaiacols mediated by iodine(III) reagents. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:531-536. [PMID: 29623114 PMCID: PMC5852453 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
[Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene (BTI) and (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (DIB) efficiently promote the formation of acylnitroso species from hydroxamic acids in the presence of various dienes to give the corresponding hetero-Diels–Alder (HDA) adducts in moderate to high yields. The present method could be applied to the HDA reactions of acylnitroso species with o-benzoquinones generated by the oxidative dearomatization of guaiacols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Shimizu
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.,The Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Keiichi Noguchi
- Instrumentation Analysis Center, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Akio Saito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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27
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Kim HJ, Kim Y, Shim J, Jung KH, Jung MS, Kim H, Lee JC, Lee KT. Environmentally Sustainable Aluminum-Coordinated Poly(tetrahydroxy benzoquinone) as a Promising Cathode for Sodium Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:3479-3486. [PMID: 29298374 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Na-ion batteries are attractive as an alternative to Li-ion batteries because of their lower cost. Organic compounds have been considered as promising electrode materials due to their environmental friendliness and molecular diversity. Herein, aluminum-coordinated poly(tetrahydroxybenzoquinone) (P(THBQ-Al)), one of the coordination polymers, is introduced for the first time as a promising cathode for Na-ion batteries. P(THBQ-Al) is synthesized through a facile coordination reaction between benzoquinonedihydroxydiolate (C6O6H22-) and Al3+ as ligands and complex metal ions, respectively. Tetrahydroxybenzoquinone is environmentally sustainable, because it can be obtained from natural resources such as orange peels. Benzoquinonedihydroxydiolate also contributes to delivering high reversible capacity, because each benzoquinonedihydroxydiolate unit is capable of two electron reactions through the sodiation of its conjugated carbonyl groups. Electrochemically inactive Al3+ improves the structural stability of P(THBQ-Al) during cycling because of a lack of a change in its oxidation state. Moreover, P(THBQ-Al) is thermally stable and insoluble in nonaqueous electrolytes. These result in excellent electrochemical performance including a high reversible capacity of 113 mA h g-1 and stable cycle performance with negligible capacity fading over 100 cycles. Moreover, the reaction mechanism of P(THBQ-Al) is clarified through ex situ XPS and IR analyses, in which the reversible sodiation of C═O into C-O-Na is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Joong Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjin Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Shim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Jung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Jung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Tae Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Abdissa N, Frese M, Sewald N. Antimicrobial Abietane-Type Diterpenoids from Plectranthus punctatus. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111919. [PMID: 29112171 PMCID: PMC6150224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Four new para-benzoquinone containing abietane-type diterpenoids (1–4) along with thirteen known diterpenoids (5–17) were isolated from the roots of Plectranthus punctatus. The structures of the compounds were established by detailed spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature data. The compounds were tested for their antibacterial and cytotoxic activity and showed significant inhibitory activity against all bacterial strains used, with compounds 6, 8, 10, and 11 showing an inhibition zone for Staphylococcus warneri even greater than the reference drug, gentamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negera Abdissa
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, Bielefeld 33501, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma 251, Ethiopia.
| | - Marcel Frese
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, Bielefeld 33501, Germany.
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, Bielefeld 33501, Germany.
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29
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Shuveksh PS, Ahmed K, Padhye S, Schobert R, Biersack B. Chemical and Biological Aspects of the Natural 1,4- Benzoquinone Embelin and its (semi-)Synthetic Derivatives. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:1998-2009. [PMID: 28093981 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170116125731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like the impressive biological properties of embelin, its chemical aspects have raised the interest of scientists in the field as well. A detailed understanding of the chemistry of embelin is necessary to fully exploit it medicinally. METHODS Search for embelin isolation and its chemical modifications was carried out using web-based literature searching tools such as Pubmed and Scifinder. Pertinent literature is covered up to 2016. Structures of bioactive embelin derivatives are provided. RESULTS Pure embelin, obtained from Embelia ribes berries extraction or by total synthesis, was applied for a number of biological assays. Semi-synthetic and total synthetic approaches led to new high affinity embelin-derived inhibitors of crucial protein targets and to new embelin derivatives with improved pharmacological properties (e.g., with better water-solubility or as applications for drug carrier systems). CONCLUSION This review provides a summary of the rich chemistry of embelin and the latest developments in the field of optimized (semi-)synthetic embelin derivatives including their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khursheed Ahmed
- ISTRA, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, University of Pune, Pune 411001, India
| | - Subhash Padhye
- ISTRA, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, University of Pune, Pune 411001, India
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, and Earth Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, and Earth Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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30
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Xu C, Sun X, Jin M, Zhang X. A Novel Benzoquinone Compound Isolated from Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Triggers Apoptosis of Tumor Cells. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E200. [PMID: 28672882 PMCID: PMC5532642 DOI: 10.3390/md15070200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are important sources for screening bioactive natural products. However, natural products from deep-sea microbes have not been extensively explored. In this study, the metabolites of bacteriophage GVE2 -infected (Geobacillus sp. E263 virus) thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus sp. E263, which was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, were characterized. A novel quinoid compound, which had anti-tumor activity, was isolated from the phage-challenged thermophile. The chemical structure analysis showed that this novel quinoid compound was 2-amino-6-hydroxy-[1,4]-benzoquinone. The results indicated that 2-amino-6-hydroxy-[1,4]-benzoquinone and its two derivatives could trigger apoptosis of gastric cancer cells and breast cancer cells by inducing the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Therefore, our study highlighted that the metabolites from the phage-challenged deep-sea microbes might be a kind of promising sources for anti-tumor drug discovery, because of the similarity of metabolic disorder between bacteriophage-infected microbes and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xumei Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Min Jin
- College of Life Sciences and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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31
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Pattillo CC, Strambeanu II, Calleja P, Vermeulen NA, Mizuno T, White MC. Aerobic Linear Allylic C-H Amination: Overcoming Benzoquinone Inhibition. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1265-72. [PMID: 26730458 PMCID: PMC4831720 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An efficient aerobic linear allylic C-H amination reaction is reported under palladium(II)/bis-sulfoxide/Brønsted base catalysis. The reaction operates under preparative, operationally simple conditions (1 equiv of olefin, 1 atm O2 or air) with reduced Pd(II)/bis-sulfoxide catalyst loadings while providing higher turnovers and product yields than systems employing stoichiometric benzoquinone (BQ) as the terminal oxidant. Pd(II)/BQ π-acidic interactions have been invoked in various catalytic processes and are often considered beneficial in promoting reductive functionalizations. When such electrophilic activation for functionalization is not needed, however, BQ at high concentrations may compete with crucial ligand (bis-sulfoxide) binding and inhibit catalysis. Kinetic studies reveal an inverse relationship between the reaction rate and the concentration of BQ, suggesting that BQ is acting as a ligand for Pd(II) which results in an inhibitory effect on catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Pattillo
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Iulia I. Strambeanu
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | | | | | | | - M. Christina White
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
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Hassemer MJ, Sant'Ana J, de Oliveira MWM, Borges M, Laumann RA, Caumo M, Blassioli-Moraes MC. Chemical Composition of Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Abdominal Glands and the Influence of 1,4- benzoquinones on its Behavior. J Econ Entomol 2015; 108:2107-2116. [PMID: 26470358 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify and quantify the compounds present in the abdominal glands of Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer, 1797 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and to evaluate the influence of these compounds on its behavior. The extraction of volatiles present in the abdominal glands was made by dissection (10 individuals per sex) and by air entrainment (200 insects per sex), and they were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer, and gas chromatograph-electroantennography detector (GC-EAD). The influence of these volatiles on the behavior of conspecifics was evaluated in a four-arm olfactometer. Twenty-three compounds were identified from male and female abdominal gland extracts, of which six were quinones: the 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone and the 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone were the major components, and 1,4 benzoquinone and three hydroquinones were registered for the first time for this species. The GC-EAD analysis using the crude extracts from abdominal glands showed that male and female antennae responded to the three major benzoquinones. For the olfactometer bioassays, both genders were repelled either by the abdominal gland extracts or by synthetic solutions containing the three benzoquinones. The results suggest that the 1,4-benzoquinones play a role as a repellent to A. diaperinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hassemer
- UFRGS - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica - W5 Norte, Brasília, Brazil
| | - J Sant'Ana
- UFRGS - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M W M de Oliveira
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica - W5 Norte, Brasília, Brazil
| | - M Borges
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica - W5 Norte, Brasília, Brazil
| | - R A Laumann
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica - W5 Norte, Brasília, Brazil
| | - M Caumo
- UFRGS - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M C Blassioli-Moraes
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica - W5 Norte, Brasília, Brazil
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Kunitsa AA, Bravaya KB. First-Principles Calculations of the Energy and Width of the (2)A(u) Shape Resonance in p- Benzoquinone: A Gateway State for Electron Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1053-1058. [PMID: 26262869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Quinones are versatile biological electron acceptors and mobile electron carriers in redox processes. We present the first ab initio calculations of the width of the (2)A(u) shape resonance in the para-benzoquinone anion, the simplest member of the quinone family. This resonance state located at 2.5 eV above the ground state of the anion is believed to be a gateway state for electron attachment in redox processes involving quinones. We employ the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method for electron affinity augmented by a complex-absorbing potential (CAP-EOM-EA-CCSD) to calculate the resonance position and width. The calculated width, 0.013 eV, is in excellent agreement with the width of the resonant peak in the photodetachment spectrum, thus supporting the assignment of the band to resonance excitation to the autodetaching (2)A(u) state. The methodological aspects of CAP-EOM-EA-CCSD calculations of resonances positions and widths in medium-sized molecules, such as basis set and CAP box size effects, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Kunitsa
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ksenia B Bravaya
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Walker SE, Jordan-Hore JA, Johnson DG, Macgregor SA, Lee AL. Palladium-catalyzed direct C-H functionalization of benzoquinone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13876-9. [PMID: 25302965 PMCID: PMC4502976 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A direct Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization of benzoquinone (BQ) can be controlled to give either mono- or disubstituted BQ, including the installation of two different groups in a one-pot procedure. BQ can now be directly functionalized with aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and cycloalkene groups and, moreover, the reaction is conducted in environmentally benign water or acetone as solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Walker
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS (UK)
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Chacón-García L, Valle-Sánchez M, Contreras-Celedón CA. A Novel Semisynthetic Anion Receptor: Synthesis and Ion Recognition of (1-H-pyrrol-2-yl)-4-oxo-perezone. LETT ORG CHEM 2013; 10:632-636. [PMID: 24143142 PMCID: PMC3796890 DOI: 10.2174/15701786113109990035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of the novel 2-(1,5-dimethyl-4-oxo-hexyl)-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-6-pyrrolyl-1,4-benzoquinone 2 from the natural product perezone 1. The anion-guest properties of the new compound were evaluated in the presence of fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide tetrabutylammonium salts using 1H NMR titration techniques in deuterated dichloromethane or dimethylformamide. The title compound showed interesting colorimetric behavior in the presence of inorganic salts.
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Zhang R, Curreli M, Thompson ME. Selective, electrochemically activated biofunctionalization of In2O3 nanowires using an air-stable surface modifier. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2011; 3:4765-9. [PMID: 22039782 PMCID: PMC3247642 DOI: 10.1021/am2012454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Selective electrochemically activated biofunctionalization of In(2)O(3) nanowires (NWs) has been achieved, using monolayer coatings of p-dimethoxybenzene derivatives. Monolayer coatings of 4-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)butyl-phosphonic acid (DMP-PA) were deposited on planar indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes and In(2)O(3) NWs. The electrochemical behavior of the monolayer coating was first studied using ITO electrodes, as a model system for In(2)O(3) nanowires. When a potential of 950 mV vs a Ag/AgCl reference electrode is applied to an ITO electrode coated with DMP-PA in PBS buffer, the p-dimethoxyphenyl groups are converted to p-benzoquinone (BQ). The electrochemically formed benzoquinone groups react readily with alkyl thiol groups via a Michael addition. The reaction strategy optimized on ITO was applied to an In(2)O(3) NW mat sample coated with DMP-PA. Applying a potential of 950 mV to metal electrodes deposited on NWs converts the DMP-PA NW coating to BQ-PA, which reacts with a thiol-terminated 20-base oligonucleotide. These NWs showed strong fluorescence response after paring with the dye labeled compliment, demonstrating that the probe was bound to the NW surface and that it remained active toward hybridization with its compliment. The unactivated DMP-PA coated NWs showed no response, demonstrating the selective electrochemical functionalization of NWs and the potential of using them in multiplex sensing. We also compared the p-dimethoxybenzene derivative to the conventional hydroquinone analog. The results show that the former can largely enhance the selectivity during the functionalization of both ITO and In(2)O(3) NWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. 90089
| | - Marco Curreli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. 90089
| | - Mark E. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. 90089
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Abstract
Treatment of substituted 4-methoxyanilines with ceric ammonium nitrate in a 1:1 mixture of water and acetonitrile resulted in formation of 1,4-benzoquinones in acceptable yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Rose S, Minagawa J, Seufferheld M, Padden S, Svensson B, Kolling DRJ, Crofts AR, Govindjee. D1-arginine257 mutants (R257E, K, and Q) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have a lowered QB redox potential: analysis of thermoluminescence and fluorescence measurements. Photosynth Res 2008; 98:449-68. [PMID: 18777103 PMCID: PMC2978033 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Arginine257 (R257), in the de-helix that caps the Q(B) site of the D1 protein, has been shown by mutational studies to play a key role in the sensitivity of Photosystem II (PS II) to bicarbonate-reversible binding of the formate anion. In this article, the role of this residue has been further investigated through D1 mutations (R257E, R257Q, and R257K) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We have investigated the activity of the Q(B) site by studying differences from wild type on the steady-state turnover of PS II, as assayed through chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence yield decay after flash excitation. The effects of p-benzoquinone (BQ, which oxidizes reduced Q(B), Q(B)(-) ) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU, which blocks electron flow from Q(A)(-) to Q(B)) were measured. The equilibrium constants of the two-electron gate were obtained through thermoluminescence measurements. The thermoluminescence properties were changed in the mutants, especially when observed after pretreatment with 100 microM BQ. A theoretical analysis of the thermoluminescence data, based mainly on the recombination pathways model of Rappaport et al. (2005), led to the conclusion that the free-energy difference for the recombination of Q(B)(-) with S(2) was reduced by 20-40 mV in the three mutants (D1-R257K, D1-R257Q, and D1-R257E); this was interpreted to be due to a lowering of the redox potential of Q(B)/Q(B)(-). Further, since the recombination of Q(A)(-) with S(2) was unaffected, we suggest that no significant change in redox potential of Q(A)/Q(A)(-) occurred in these three mutants. The maximum variable Chl a fluorescence yield is lowered in the mutants, in the order R257K > R257Q > R257E, compared to wild type. Our analysis of the binary oscillations in Chl a fluorescence following pretreatment of cells with BQ showed that turnover of the Q(B) site was relatively unaffected in the three mutants. The mutant D1-R257E had the lowest growth rate and steady-state activity and showed the weakest binary oscillations. We conclude that the size and the charge of the amino acid at the position D1-257 play a role in PS II function by modulating the effective redox potential of the Q(B)/Q(B)(-) pair. We discuss an indirect mechanism mediated through electrostatic and/or surface charge effects and the possibility of more pleiotropic effects arising from decreased stability of the D1/D2 and D1/CP47 interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Lin YS, Vermeulen R, Tsai CH, Waidyanatha S, Lan Q, Rothman N, Smith MT, Zhang L, Shen M, Li G, Yin S, Kim S, Rappaport SM. Albumin adducts of electrophilic benzene metabolites in benzene-exposed and control workers. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:28-34. [PMID: 17366815 PMCID: PMC1797829 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolism of benzene produces reactive electrophiles, including benzene oxide (BO), 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ), and 1,2-benzoquinone (1,2-BQ), that are capable of reacting with blood proteins to produce adducts. OBJECTIVES The main purpose of this study was to characterize relationships between levels of albumin adducts of these electrophiles in blood and the corresponding benzene exposures in benzene-exposed and control workers, after adjusting for important covariates. Because second blood samples were obtained from a subset of exposed workers, we also desired to estimate within-person and between-person variance components for the three adducts. METHODS We measured albumin adducts and benzene exposures in 250 benzene-exposed workers (exposure range, 0.26-54.5 ppm) and 140 control workers (exposure range < 0.01-0.53 ppm) from Tianjin, China. Separate multiple linear regression models were fitted to the logged adduct levels for workers exposed to benzene < 1 ppm and > or =1 ppm. Mixed-effects models were used to estimate within-person and between-person variance components of adduct levels. RESULTS We observed nonlinear (hockey-stick shaped) exposure-adduct relationships in log-scale, with inflection points between about 0.5 and 5 ppm. These inflection points represent air concentrations at which benzene contributed marginally to background adducts derived from smoking and from dietary and endogenous sources. Adduct levels were significantly affected by the blood-collection medium (serum or plasma containing either heparin or EDTA), smoking, age, and body mass index. When model predictions of adduct levels were plotted versus benzene exposure > or =1 ppm, we observed marked downward concavity, particularly for adducts of the benzoquinones. The between-person variance component of adduct levels increased in the order 1,2-BQ < 1,4-BQ < BO, whereas the within-person variance components of the three adducts followed the reverse order. CONCLUSIONS Although albumin adducts of BO and the benzoquinones reflect exposures to benzene > or = 1 ppm, they would not be useful biomarkers of exposure at ambient levels of benzene, which tend to be < 0.01 ppm, or in those working populations where exposures are consistently < 1 ppm. The concavity of exposure-adduct relationships is consistent with saturable metabolism of benzene at air concentrations > 1 ppm. The surprisingly large effect of the blood-collection medium on adduct levels, particularly those of the benzoquinones, should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chin H. Tsai
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Qing Lan
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Luoping Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Min Shen
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guilan Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Songnian Yin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen M. Rappaport
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to S.M. Rappaport, CB# 7431, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA. Telephone: (919) 966-5017. Fax: (919) 966-0521. E-mail:
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